Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Limite à flux nul'
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Bally, Pascale. "Etude expérimentale des parties convective et à petits nombres d'onde des fluctuations de pression pariétale sous une couche limite turbulente en gradient de pression nul et positif." Aix-Marseille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX22073.
Full textHrubý, Radomír. "Technologie odstranění oxidů síry (SOx) ze spalin pro velká spalovací zařízení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-416651.
Full textPoláková, Annamária. "Distribuce těžkých kovů na spalovně odpadů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231703.
Full textMinář, Marek. "Snižování oxidů dusíku z proudu spalin na katalyzátorech při nestandardních podmínkách." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442856.
Full textBrahic, N. "MECANISMES DE REMONTEE CAPILLAIRE EN NAPPE SUPERFICIELLE - Analyse des hypothèses du modèle de flux limite." Phd thesis, Institut national agronomique paris-grignon - INA P-G, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717750.
Full textTesař, Jan. "Snížení emisí SO2 ve spalinách z fluidního kotle." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241676.
Full textSaid, Frédérique. "Etude expérimentale de la couche limite marine structure turbulente et flux de surface (expérience Toscane-T) /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376183904.
Full textMaroneze, Rafael. "Modelo simplificado para turbulência na camada limite noturna." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9256.
Full textThe appropriate estimation of turbulent fluxes in very stable conditions is a great challenge for numerical models that simulate the average behavior of the stable boundary layer. Although many features of the flow are usually reproduced, the intermittent variation turbulence is not simulated by most atmospheric models that use K theory for the determination of turbulent fluxes in the stable boundary layer. Moreover, the transition between the very stable and weakly stable regimes of the stable boundary layer is not well understood and described by numerical models. Therefore, in this work a one-and-a-half order numerical model is proposed to represent the average behavior of the nocturnal boundary layer. The model is based in the one proposed by Costa et al. (2011). In the presently proposed scheme, both the sensible heat flux and temperature variance are solved by prognostic equations in order to add degrees of freedom and physical detail to the model. Throughout the work, comparisons are made among the solutions varying different parameters. Results are also compared to the solutions obtained using the model proposed by Costa et al. (2011). The results show that the present model is able to reproduce the transition between the coupled and decoupled stable boundary layer regimes, in a manner similar to what is observed in nature. It also reproduces the occurrence of intermittent non periodical events and the formation of shallow mixing in weak wind conditions. The inclusion of prognostic equations for the sensible heat flux and for the temperature variance provides transitions between regimes at larger winds than those obtained when these quantities are parameterized, and closer to the observed values. The model provides a dependence of the potential temperature scale, θ∗ and of the sensible heat flux on the wind speed that is similar to observations. It also reproduces abrupt transitions between the stable boundary layer regimes, something not observed in the model proposed by Costa et al. (2011). The turbulent kinetic energy balance obtained by the model is closer to the observed by Acevedo et al. (2016) than was obtained by Costa et al. (2011). Dissipation is the dominat mechanism of turbulence destruction in very stable conditions, a role played by buoyant destruction in the model by Costa et al. (2011). The results sustain the hypothesis proposed by Van Weil et al. (2012), that the very stable regime happens when turbulence is not capable of sustaining turbulent heat fluxes large enough to accompany the long wave radiative loss.
A estimativa adequada dos fluxos turbulentos em condições muito estáveis ainda é um grande desafio para os modelos numéricos que descrevem o comportamento médio da CLE. Embora, muitas características do escoamento sejam simuladas, a variação intermitente da turbulência não é reproduzida por grande parte dos modelos atmosféricos que utilizam teoria K na estimativa dos fluxos turbulentos na CLE. Além disso, a transição entre os regimes muito estável e fracamente estável da CLE, ainda, não é bem compreendida e descrita pelos modelos numéricos. No presente trabalho é proposto um modelo numérico, de uma ordem e meia, para descrever o comportamento médio de uma camada limite noturna. O modelo é baseado no que foi proposto por COSTA et al. (2011). O modelo aqui proposto tanto o fluxo de energia na forma de calor sensível como a variância de temperatura são estimados através de equações prognósticas, afim de acrescentar graus de liberdade ao sistema e de modo a acrescentar detalhamento físico à solução. Ao longo do trabalho, foram realizadas comparações entre as soluções obtidas no modelo variando diferentes parâmetros. As soluções também são comparadas com as obtidas utilizando o modelo proposto por Costa et al. (2011). Os resultados mostram que o presente modelo é capaz de reproduzir as transições entre os estados acoplado e desacoplado da camada limite estável, de forma semlhante à observada na natureza. São simulados eventos intermitentes não periódicos que se assemelham aos observados na camada limite. O modelo também reproduz a ocorrência de mistura rasa em condições de vento fraco. A inclusão de equações prognósticas para o fluxo de energia na forma de calor sensível e para a variância de temperatura proporciona transições entre os estados e em condições de vento mais intensas que as obtidas quando essas quantidades são parametrizadas, e mais próximo dos valores observados. Ao observar a dependêndia das quantidades turbulentas, tais como a escala de temperatura potencial, θ∗, e o fluxo de energia na forma de calor sensível em função da velocidade do vento, o presente modelo modelo apresentou os resultados mais semelhante aos observados, se mostrando capaz de reproduzir as transições entre os estados de forma abrupta, diferente do que ocorre no modelo proposto por Costa et al. (2011). O balanço de ECT obtido pelo presente modelo, se aproxima mais do observado por Acevedo et al. (2016) que o obtido por Costa et al. (2011). A dissipação é o mecanismo dominante de destruição de turbulência no estado desacoplado, papel que era ocupado pela destruição térmica no modelo de Costa et al. (2011). Os resultados coroboram a hipótese de Van de Weil et al. (2012), de que o regime muito estável ocorre quando a turbulência não é capaz de produzir fluxos de energia na forma de calor sensível capazes de acompanhar a perda de energia por radiação.
Said, Frédérique. "Etude expérimentale de la couche limite marine : structure turbulente et flux de la surface (expérience TOXANE-T)." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30022.
Full textPhordoy, Jacques. "Influence d'une transpiration sur un écoulement turbulent en canal, mesure des flux de chaleur." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT108H.
Full textAffre, Christine. "Méthodologie de la mesure (aéroportée et au sol) des flux turbulents. Application à l'ozone aux échelles locale et régionale." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30112.
Full textKučera, Jan. "Technologie odstranění oxidů dusíku (NOx) ze spalin pro velká spalovací zařízení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-416447.
Full textPergaud, Julien. "Étude et paramétrisation de la turbulence et des nuages de couche limite." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2340/.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis was to develop a new parameterization enabling to improve the mixing and representation of clouds in convective boundary layers. We thus developed a parameterization based on the concept EDMF for Eddy- Diffusivity/Mass Flux and in which the mass _ux scheme represents idealized thermal which can exchange air with its environment and whose air parcels can condensate. In the dry part of the updraft, entrainment and detrainment are defined as proportional to the buoyancy and inversely proportional to the vertical velocity in the updraft. This formalism allows the exchanges to adapt depending on the type of boundary layer or the intensity of convection. In the cloud, the buoyancy sort formalism was chosen. Indeed, it is well suited to represent exchanges between the cloud and its environment. Tests in a single column model helped highlight the contribution of such a scheme in the representation of the turbulence but also boundary layer clouds. It allows a good representation of the counter-gradient area and corrects a well-knwon defect of eddy-diffusivity parameterizations. 3D results are presented and demonstrate the need for such a scheme for models with 2. 5km resolution. It has been well implemented in the new operational mesoscale model at Météo-France named AROME
Viaud, Bertrand. "Etude de la transition à la turbulence dans une cavité en rotation à flux radical forcé, par simulation numérique directe pseudo-spectrale." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30016.
Full textThe transition process in a rotating boundary layer is numerically investigated, using pseudo-spectral direct numerical simulation. The study is conducted in an open rotating cavity made of two disks of finite radial extent, rotating around the same axis, and fed by a forced inflow. Increasing the control parameter, we are able to successively identify the different types of instability, convective then absolute, and to focus on both nonlinear and non-parallel effects. The results exhibit the presence of a subcritical global bifurcation, toward a nonlinear global mode. Further work evidences the competition between different transition processes, while demonstrating the existence of a direct route through secondary instability of the primary global mode
Zhong, Ming. "Estimation des flux de couche limite en presence de petits nuages de beau temps au cours de l'experience mesogers-84." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066667.
Full textMehdaoui, Ahmed. "Caractérisation de supraconducteurs haute température critique par susceptibilité initiale dans la limite des champs magnétiques faibles : relation entre champs critiques dynamiques et homogénéité." Mulhouse, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MULH0174.
Full textCabrit, Olivier. "Modélisation des flux pariétaux sur les tuyères des moteurs à propergol solide." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20239.
Full textThe nozzles of solid rocket motors must resist to severe wall fluxes. Carbon/carbon composite materials are then chosen to insure the structure integrity. In spite of their excellent thermo-mechanical properties, these materials are exposed to the ablation phenomenon: chemical oxidation of the solid material by the combustion products. On the one hand, this feature protects the nozzle structure since this process considerably reduces the wall heat flux. On the other hand, the ablation process must be perfectly controlled because of the geometrical changes induced by the surface recession. The assessment of mass/momentum/heat fluxes at the wall is thus a crucial part for the nozzle design. Numerical simulations are nowadays commonly used to define new nozzles. However, considering the power of the available computers, the use of wall models is a necessary step to simulate full scale devices. With this framework, one presents a set of direct numerical simulations whose analysis allows to derive new wall functions integrating several complex physical aspects that modify the "classical" behavior of the turbulent boundary layer: multicomponent reacting compressible flow, with non-unity Prandtl number, radiative transfer, streamwise pressure gradient, and wall ablation. These new models are now ready to be tested on realistic configurations
Rivest, Sébastien. "Variations altitudinales des interactions biotiques et de la phénologie de la floraison chez deux plantes de sous-étage de l'est de l'Amérique du Nord." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10593.
Full textTerra, Nova Filipe. "The time-dependence of reversed flux patches in archeomagnetic field models and numerical dynamo simulations : implication for the South Atlantic Anomaly evolution." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4023/document.
Full textArcheomagnetic field models and numerical dynamo simulations provide important insights to the geodynamo. I investigated the existence and mobility of reversed flux patches (RFPs) in archeomagnetic field models. I compared the tracking of RFPs with seismic anomalies of the lowermost mantle to explore if RFPs have preferred locations prescribed by lower mantle lateral heterogeneity and interpreted in terms of core dynamics and core-mantle thermal interactions. Correlation in co-latitude and a shift in longitude allowed inferring azimuthal orientation of toroidal field below the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and the presence of large fluid upwelling structures at the top of the core. The South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) is a region of weak geomagnetic field intensity at the Earth's surface, which is commonly attributed to RFPs on the CMB. While the SAA is clearly affected by the reversed flux region below the South Atlantic, I showed that the relation between the SAA and RFPs is not straightforward. The SAA minimum is determined by the interplay among several robust flux patches at the CMB. Simple secular variation (SV) scenarios suggest that while the SAA path can be explained by advection, its intensity decrease requires magnetic diffusion. Investigating whether lower mantle thermal heterogeneity may explain the location of the SAA was tested with run numerical dynamos with heterogeneous CMB heat flux. Histograms of the coordinates of surface intensity minima show two peaks of preferred longitudinal position of weakest surface field intensity, one close to the present SAA minimum longitude. The ingredients to reproduce the SAA coordinates are related to north-south asymmetry of normal and reversed flux
Honnert, Rachel. "Quelle turbulence dans les modèles atmosphériques à l'échelle kilométrique ?" Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0119/document.
Full textThe turbulence is well-represented on grid coarser than 2 km. Indeed, in meso-scale models, the turbulence is entirely sub-grid. The turbulence is also well-represented at very high resolution (10 to 100 m) by LES models for which turbulence is mainly resolved. However we do not know which part of the turbulence should be resolved and which part of it should be parameterized when a model runs at kilometric scales, the so-called “Terra Incognita“ from Wyngaard (2004). Thanks to increasing computational resources, in a near future, limited area NWP models will reach grid spacings on the order of 1 km or even 500 m. The aim of this study is to develop a parameterization which will provide adequate turbulence to these new-generation, high-resolution models. At first, this study describes a new diagnostic based on LES, which clarifies which part of turbulence should be parameterized at kilometric scales. This reference called “partial similarity function“ is a precious tool to quantify the error made by atmospheric models when running at kilometric scales. These errors are quantified for a state-of-the-art meso-scale model (Méso-NH) with several turbulence mixing options : different mixing lengths, different dimensionalities, a K-gradient scheme or an EDMF approach (K-gradient with a mass-flux scheme). K-gradient turbulence schemes are unable to reproduce the counter-gradient zone. In the grey-zone, this characteristic has a disastrous effect. As the instability is too large, the boundary layer is mixed by the dynamic of the model and the resolved mixing is too strong. The counter-gradient zone can be reproduced by adding a mass-flux scheme to the K-gradient turbulence scheme (Pergaud et al. (2009)). However the mass-flux scheme in its original form only produces wholly subgrid thermals at a grid size for which boundary-layer thermals should be partly resolved. In this case, the subgrid mixing is too strong. So the question arises as what is a subgrid thermal in the “grey zone“, when the mesh contains one thermal at the most and a part of the thermal has to be resolved by the advection scheme of the model. A conditional sampling is defined in order to detect the subgrid part of the thermals. It allows to determine the characteristics of the subgrid thermals in the “grey zone“ and to find out which assumptions of the mass-flux schemes are not verified. In the light of this study, the mass-flux scheme equations are established by taking the thermal fraction and the resolved vertical velocity into account. Finally, the system of equations is closed. The new parameterization is valid in the grey zone
Sa, Leonardo Deane de Abreu. "Les flux turbulents dans la couche limite de surface analysés à partir de mesures aéroportées : validation d'une méthode dissipative-inertielle et étude de variabilité." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30088.
Full textDiagne, Ndeye Wemsy. "Le nettoyage : une étape-clef pour une production durable par procédé à membrane : réflexion sur le lien entre conditions de production et nettoyabilité d'une membrane PES de l'industrie laitière." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01019725.
Full textSanz, Garcia Elena. "Influence de la micromorphologie de surface dans les échanges thermiques convectifs." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ECDL0023.
Full textThis experimental thesis focuses on the understanding of heat transfer in a turbulent boundary layer. In particular we investigated the action of an ordered, three-dimensional and anisotropic roughness, which is completely immersed in the viscous sublayer of the turbulent boundary layer. A measurement technique has been developed in order to realize this study. This technique, based on thin film technology, has been tested and validated. Results show a measurable effect on the heat transfer coefficient, as well as on the mean velocity profiles. This effect is however not observed in a laminar boundary layer and it is quenched by an external freestream turbulence. Hence one can conclude that the observed effect is due to the interaction between the rough elements and the turbulent structures generated at the wall. An influence of this micro-roughness is also observed in the transition to turbulence of a laminar boundary layer. We also perform a statistical study of the heat transfer process in a turbulent boundary layer when subjected to freestream turbulence. The frequency spectra show a scaling law with a -7/3 exponent for the temperature in the immediate wake of the heated surface. The inertial range of the heat flux spectrum shows a dependence on the Reynolds number, with an exponent ranging from -5/3 to -7/3, as observed in the case of a homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in the presence of a mean temperature gradient
Arduini, Gabriele. "Processus de la couche limite atmosphérique stable hivernale en vallée alpine." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU006/document.
Full textAlpine valleys are rarely closed systems, implying that the atmospheric boundary layer of a particular valley is influenced by the surrounding terrain and large-scale flows. A detailed characterisation and quantification of these effects is required in order to design appropriate parameterisation schemes for complex terrains. The focus of this work is to improve the understanding of the effects of surrounding terrain (plains, valleys or tributaries) on the heat and mass budgets of the stable boundary layer of a valley, under dry and weak large-scale wind conditions. Numerical simulations using idealised and real frameworks are performed to meet this goal. Several idealised terrains (configurations) were considered: an infinitely long valley (i.e. two-dimensional), and upstream valleys opening either on a plain (valley-plain), on a wider valley (draining) or on a narrower valley (pooling). In three-dimensional valleys, two main regimes can be identified for all configurations: a transient regime, before the down-valley flow develops, followed by a quasi-steady regime, when the down-valley flow is fully developed. The presence of a downstream valley reduces the along-valley temperature difference, therefore leading to weaker down-valley flows. As a result, the duration of the transient regime increases compared to the respective valley-plain configuration. Its duration is longest for pooling configuration. For strong pooling the along-valley temperature difference can reverse, forcing up-valley flows from the narrower towards the wider valley. In this regime, the volume-averaged cooling rate is found maximum and its magnitude dependent on the configuration considered. Therefore pooling and draining induce colder and deeper boundary layers than the respective valley-plain configurations. In the quasi-steady regime the cooling rate is smaller than in the transient regime, and almost independent of the configuration considered. Indeed, as the pooling character is more pronounced, the warming contribution from advection to the heat budget decreases because of weaker down-valley flows, and so does the cooling contribution from the surface sensible heat flux. The mass budget of the valley boundary layer was found to be controlled by a balance between the convergence of downslope flows at the boundary layer top and the divergence of down-valley flows along the valley axis, with negligible contributions of subsidence far from the slopes. The mass budget highlighted the importance of the return current above the down-valley flow, which may contribute significantly to the inflow of air at the top of the boundary layer. A case-study of a persistent cold-air pool event which occurred in February 2015 in the Arve River Valley during the intensive observation period 1 of the PASSY-2015 field campaign, allowed to quantify the effects of neighbouring valleys on the heat and mass budgets of a real valley atmosphere. The cold-air pool persisted because of warm air advection at the valley top, associated with the passage of an upper-level ridge over Europe. The contributions from each tributary valley to the mass and heat budgets of the valley atmosphere were found to vary from day to day within the persistent stage of the cold-air pool, depending on the large-scale flow. Tributary flows had significant impact on the height of the inversion layer and the strength of the cold-air pool, transporting a significant amount of mass within the valley atmosphere throughout the night. The strong stratification of the near-surface atmosphere prevented the tributary flows from penetrating down to the valley floor. The evolution of the large-scale flow during the episode had a profound impact on the near-surface circulation of the valley. The channelling of the large-scale flow at night, can lead to the decrease of the horizontal temperature difference driving the near-surface down-valley flow, favouring the stagnation of the air close to the ground
Brion, Elisabeth. "Mesure du flux de rayons gamma entre 50 et 350 GeV du blazar Mrk 501 avec l'expérience CELESTE." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00089747.
Full textCette thèse présente la démarche effectuée jusqu'à la détection de Mrk 501 : dans un premier temps, par la validation de l'analyse utilisée sur des observations de la nébuleuse du Crabe, chandelle standard des télescopes Tcherenkov atmosphériques ; puis la détermination des coupures d'analyse, dépendantes de la région du ciel pointée, à partir d'observations du blazar Mrk 421, de même déclinaison que Mrk 501, dont la forte activité permet une détection claire. Enfin, des simulations, tenant compte de la qualité de l'atmosphère et améliorées pour mieux reproduire le détecteur, ont permis d'établir la surface effective de l'instrument pour en déduire le flux de Mrk 501 entre avril et juin 2000. Ce flux a été comparé avec un modèle d'émission de type synchrotron self-Compton et avec des données prises en rayons X. Elles indiquent que Mrk 501 apparaissait légèrement plus actif durant cette période par rapport au reste de l'année et à l'année 2001. Une limite supérieure au flux est calculée pour l'ensemble des autres mesures. C'est une première mesure dans le domaine d'énergie 50 - 350 GeV (gamme représentant les limites en énergie pour lesquelles le taux de comptage, c'est-à-dire la convolution du spectre de l'astre avec la surface effective de collection de l'instrument, se révèle supérieur à 20 % du maximum de comptage). Elle apporte des contraintes sur la position du maximum d'émission Compton inverse et tend à favoriser, dans ce cas précis, des processus d'émission X et gamma par deux populations d'électrons différentes (la variation dans le domaine X est faible comparée à celle du domaine gamma).
Dupland, Laure. "Modélisation de la turbulence thermique : modèles algébriques pour la prévision des flux de chaleur turbulents." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ESAE0023.
Full textRiquier, Laurent. "Perturbation des environnements marins à la limite Frasnien-Famennien (Dévonien terminal) : apport de la géochimie inorganique et du magnétisme des roches." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00206195.
Full textL'analyse du signal magnétique montre que les apports détritiques ont progressivement dimi-nué au cours du Frasnien. Ces apports sont minimaux lors du dépôt des deux horizons Kellwasser au Frasnien terminal. A l'inverse, le Famennien inférieur enregistre une hausse de ces apports. Ces varia-tions sont associées aux fluctuations globales du niveau marin reconnues au Dévonien supérieur, ainsi qu'à des changements profonds du régime d'érosion sur les continents. Notre étude suggère que l'évolution du détritisme et de la production carbonatée sur les marges continentales ait été contrôlée par des variations climatiques majeures. Selon nous, la limite entre ces deux étages représente une période de transition entre des conditions chaudes et humides de type "greenhouse", typiques du Dé-vonien, et des conditions plus froides et plus sèches, annonçant les climats de type "icehouse" du Car-bonifère.
L'analyse géochimique des horizons Kellwasser a mis en évidence la hausse de la productivité primaire et a confirmé l'appauvrissement en oxygène des eaux de fonds dans la plupart des environ-nements marins. Nos travaux montrent que le degré et la durée de l'appauvrissement en oxygène ne semblent pas être identiques pour chacun de ces deux horizons. L'horizon Kellwasser inférieur est caractérisé par la mise en place de conditions dysoxiques dans les environnements peu profonds (pla-tes-formes ou hauts-fonds marins), alors que l'horizon Kellwasser supérieur enregistre la mise en place de conditions anoxiques à euxiniques dans les environnements profonds (bassins) et oxiques à dysoxiques dans les environnements moins profonds.
Durant l'épisode de dépôt de l'horizon Kellwasser inférieur, l'appauvrissement en oxygène se-rait le résultat d'une hausse importante de la productivité primaire. Cette hausse de productivité et la consommation d'oxygène auraient été induites par l'eutrophisation des milieux marins peu profonds. La libération accrue de nutriment proviendrait d'une intensification de l'altération chimique, faisant suite au développement des plantes vasculaires et à la mise en place de la chaîne éovarisque à partir du Dévonien supérieur. Ce phénomène d'altération a vraisemblablement été favorisé par un climat parti-culièrement chaud et humide. Durant l'épisode de dépôt de l'horizon Kellwasser supérieur, l'appauvrissement en oxygène résulterait de la stratification des eaux dans les environnements pro-fonds, due à une diminution de la circulation océanique, causée par un confinement plus important des bassins. Cette stratification a été accrue durant la période de haut niveau marin associée à l'horizon Kellwasser supérieur. Les eaux anoxiques ont pu se répandre dans les environnements de plates-formes à la faveur de la montée eustatique. La mise en place de conditions anoxiques, voire locale-ment euxiniques, a favorisé la diffusion des nutriments libérés par la reminéralisation de la matière organique. Ces nutriments ont pu rejoindre épisodiquement les eaux de surface, à la faveur d'interruptions temporaires de la stratification des eaux, et ainsi intensifier la productivité primaire.
Il est proposé que cette période de stockage accrue de carbone organique dans les sédiments ait fortement perturbé le cycle du carbone à long terme, conduisant, au final, à une chute notable de la pression de CO2 atmosphérique et au refroidissement du climat à la base du Famennien. Ainsi, ces travaux suggèrent que la formation des horizons Kellwasser résulte de la conjonction de divers phé-nomènes, comprenant la tectonique s.l., l'évolution des végétaux, la physiographie des océans, la pro-ductivité marine, le tout en interactions directes et indirectes avec le climat.
Litt, Maxime. "Etude de la couche de surface atmosphérique et des flux turbulents sur deux glaciers de montagne dans les Andes tropicales et les alpes Françaises." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU005/document.
Full textWe study turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat, that are a poorly-known and difficult term to measure over glaciers, with the help of two field campaigns deployed over the ablation zone of Zongo glacier (16°S, Bolivia, 4900-6000 m.a.s.l.) during the austral winter dry season and over the Saint-Sorlin glacier (French Alps, 45°N, 2600-3400 m.a.s.l.) during the boreal summer. A 6-m mast allowing for wind speed and air temperature vertical profile measurements was installed, along with 2-m masts holding eddy-covariance systems. The focus is on the temporal evolution of turbulent fluxes and the applicability of the aerodynamic profile method in the complex terrain of high mountains. The assumptions of the method are discussed by characterizing the wind regimes and the turbulence. We then compute fluxes and associated errors. Above Zongo glacier, under weak synoptic forcing, katabatic flows are observed from late afternoon to early morning, with a wind-speed maximum at around 2 m. Strong synoptic forcing roughly aligns with the glacier, leading to strong downslope flows for which no wind-speed maximum is observed. Most of the days around noon, upslope flows are observed. On Saint-Sorlin glacier in summer, flows associated with low-pressure systems coming from the west or Foehn events roughly align with the glacier, leading to strong downslope winds. Wind-speed maxima are observed night and day, ~50% of the time, when synoptic forcing is moderate. Upslope flows are observed 15% of the time, when synoptic forcing is weak. The surface layer is disturbed by outer-layer eddies in strong flows and by slow oscillations if katabatic flow prevails. These disturbances influence turbulent fluxes. Random errors on the fluxes derived from the profile method are mainly due to temperature uncertainties. Errors remain small on the mean fluxes. The surface layer is rarely deeper than 2 m on both glaciers and the profile method with measurements made above that height underestimates the surface fluxes by 20% to 70%. When a wind-speed maximum is observed, fluxes are underestimated even at 2 m. The influence on the fluxes of the surface-layer disturbances is not captured by the profile method, and fluxes are about 40% smaller than the eddy-covariance fluxes. The latter are affected by large random errors due to inadequate statistical sampling of large-scale eddies and are probably underestimated, mainly due to vertical wind speed underestimation (~15%) and to vertical flux divergence. Above Zongo glacier, due to the dry high-elevation air, sublimation (a few millimeters w. e. per day) is a large energy loss for the surface. Sensible heat flux is a large energy gain in strong nocturnal downslope flows (from 30 to 50 W m-2) and strong winds, due to a marked temperature inversion. When a wind-speed maximum is observed, low wind speeds cause small turbulent fluxes (from 5 to 20 W m-2). The sum of turbulent fluxes is small in those two cases because the fluxes are opposed in sign and the biases mostly compensate. In upslope flows, the sensible heat flux is small (<5 W m-2) due to near-neutral stratification, but latent heat losses remain large (around -25 to -35 W m-2), so that the net turbulent flux is large and the biases do not compensate. Above Saint-Sorlin glacier, the latent heat flux remains small because the air is generally humid, whereas the sensible heat flux can be large (~25 W m-2) when wind speed is high. The net flux is large when wind speed is high, and the biases on net turbulent fluxes derived from the profiles can be significant
Descamps, Isabelle. "Érosion éolienne d'un lit de particules à large spectre granulométrique." Valenciennes, 2004. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/44494702-5d08-4012-8430-5783e7c50c30.
Full textThis research deals with diffuse dust emissions on steelwork sites. It aims to estimate more accurately dust emissions due to wind erosion of exposed aggregate storage piles. Previous studies have shown the importance of the surface material's characteristics on aerodynamic entrainment. Only few recent experimental investigations focused on multiple grain-sized bed. They show that coarser particles at the bed's surface induces a temporal decrease in the emitted mass flux. In the present study, a stochastic wind erosion model, which takes into account a wide size distribution of materials, has been developed. It is based on the interaction between particles take-off and turbulent coherent structures. It allows to predict a temporal decrease in emitted mass flux from a multiple grain-size bed exposed to a turbulent flow. The rate of this decrease depends on the flow velocity and the characteristics of the particles. Numerical results were compared to experimental datas for adjustments
Messager, Cyril. "Estimation des flux de gaz à effet de serre à l'échelle régionale à partir de mesures atmosphériques." Phd thesis, Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077114.
Full textI build up a new System to measure continuously CO2 (or CO), CH4, N2O and SF6 mixing ratios. It is based on a commercial gas chromatograph (Agilent 6890N) which have been modified to reach better precisions. Reproducibility computed with a target gas on a 24 hours time step gives: 0. 06 ppm for CO2, 1. 4 ppb for CO, 0. 7 ppb for ChU, 0. 2 ppb for N2O and 0. 05 ppt for SF6. The instrument's run is fully automated, an air sample analysis takes about 5 minutes. In July 2006, I install instrumentation on a telecommunication tall tower (200m) situated near Orleans forest in Trainou, to monitor continuously greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6), atmospheric tracers (CO, Radon-222) and meteorological parameters. Intake lines were installed at 3 levels (50, 100 and 180 m) and allow us to sample air masses along the vertical. Continuous measurement started in January 2007. I used Mace Head (Ireland) and Gif-sur-Yvette continuous measurements to estimate major greenhouse gases emission fluxes at regional scale. To make the link between atmospheric measurements and surface fluxes, we need to quantify dilution due to atmospheric transport. I used Radon-222 as tracer (radon tracer method) and planetary boundary layer heights estimates from ECMWF model (boundary layer budget method) to parameterise atmospheric transport. In both cases I compared results to available emission inventories
Quentin, Céline. "Etude de la surface océanique, de la signature radar et de ses interactions avec les flux turbulents de quantité de mouvement dans le cadre de l'expérience FETCH." Paris 6, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010934.
Full textJelínek, Jan. "Nelineární analýza ztráty stability spalinového potrubí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241689.
Full textTorinesi, Olivier. "Contribution à l'étude du climat antarctique : variabilité de la fonte de surface par télédétection micro-onde entre 1979 et 1999 ; et paramétrisation de la couche limite atmosphérique stable." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00755689.
Full textQUENTIN, Céline Gwenaëlle. "Etude de la surface océanique, de sa signature radar et de ses interactions avec les flux turbulents de quantité de mouvement dans le cadre de l'experience FETCH." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010934.
Full textBarbut, Jean-Marc. "Texturation d'YBa2Cu3O(7-[delta]) par fusion de zone sous champ magnétique : détermination par mesure de courant critique de son diagramme de phase dans le plan [H,[THETA]] à 77 K : mise en évidence par mesures résistives de l'existence en champ nul d'une transition du 1er ordre dans l'état supraconducteur." Grenoble 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10049.
Full textBrodeau, Laurent. "Contribution à l'Amélioration de la Fonction de Forçage des Modèles de Circulation Générale Océanique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260841.
Full textde diverses paramétrisations utilisées pour estimer les flux de surface servant de conditions limites, le modèle de circulation générale de l'océan et des glaces de mer NEMO est utilisé sur sa configuration à 2° de résolution pour valider des jeux de données atmosphériques spécialement destinés au forçage des modèles haute résolution du projet DRAKKAR. Ces jeux de données combinent, sur une période allant de 1958 à 2004, des champs atmosphériques de surface corrigés issus de ERA-40, une recalibration des radiations satellitaires de L'ISCCP ainsi que des précipitations incorporant différents produits globaux. Divers diagnostics confirment que ces nouveaux forçages mènent à une meilleure simulation de certaines caractéristiques clefs de la circulation océanique globale.
Andreu, Burillo Isabel. "Etude d'impact de l'assimilation de la température de surface de la mer dans un modèle d'océan aux équations primitives : application au cas sémaphore." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30182.
Full textCierco, François-Xavier. "Étude des instationnarités du transport de neige par le vent." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10270.
Full textBlowing snow causes disturbances that affect both tourism and transportation. Moreover, snowdrifts and accelerated snow metamorphosis dramatically increase the risk of avalanches. These observations call for more scientific and technical researches like those realized in Cemagref, Grenoble, France, where this Ph-D was achieved. Past works contributed to the development of physical and numerical models about blowing snow but the difficulties encountered to match the results get in the field and the general complexity involved in Aeolian particle transport required more studies. That’s why new experimental measurements were recorded either in a wind-tunnel or in the field. On one hand, image processing and spectral analysis were used to investigate the fluctuations of particle concentration blown in a stationary turbulent flow. On the other hand, the variability of concentration profiles during natural events of blowing snow was studied thanks to flux measurements. These latter required some dedicated sensors with specific calibration
Daris, Thomas. "Étude des modèles de turbulence à quatre équations de transport pour la prévision des écoulements turbulents faiblement chauffés." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ESAE0017.
Full textGamel, Hervé. "Caractérisation expérimentale de l'écoulement et de la dispersion autour d'un obstacle bidimensionnel." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0002/document.
Full textIn the last decades, there has been an increasing use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)simulations to evaluate the impact of atmospheric pollutants dispersion in within industrial and urban sites. Given the high geometrical complexity of these sites, these simulations are mainly performed adopting a Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach and using k−e closure models. As is well known from previous studies, RANS k−e simulations are affected by some limitations that prevent them correctly reproducing the dynamics of the flow and the pollutant dispersion in complex geometrical configurations. The aim of the PhD is to provide a detailed experimental characterization of the flow and the turbulent dispersion around an idealized two-dimensional obstacle placed within a boundary layer flow. This is subsequently used to analyse the reliability of RANS closure models as predictive tools for the atmospheric dispersion of airborne pollutants. Initially we focus on the flow dynamics of a boundary layer flow developing over a rough wall and in the wake of a 2D obstacle. The velocity field is investigated experimentally by means of different measurement techniques, namely Hot Wire Anemometry (HWA), Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and Stereo-Particle Imagery Velocimetry (PIV). A particular attention was devoted to the estimate of the turbulent viscosity nt as well as of the terms composing the turbulent kinetic energy budget (TKE), including its rate of dissipation e which was determined adopting different approaches. These measurements allowed us to analyse the accuracy of the parameterizations included in a standard k−e closure model. Our analysis show that a value of the coefficient Cμ = 0.09 leads to significant overestimation of nt in a boundary layer flow. Conversely, adopting Cμ = 0.09 provides a good agreement between modeled and direct estimates of nt in the wake of the obstacle. As a second step, we studied the dispersion of a passive scalar emitted by a ground level line source. To that purpose we measured the first four order moments of the concentration probability density function by mean of a flame ionization detector (FID). Furthermore, the coupling of the FID system with the LDA or HWA system allowed us to directly measure the turbulent mass transfer, i.e. the correlation between velocity and concentration fluctuations. The combination of these two techniques was carefully analyzed, in order to quantify eventual mutual disturbances of one measurement technique on the other. The measurements of the velocity/concentration correlations allowed us to determine experimentally the turbulent diffusivity Dt and the turbulent Schmidt number Sct , and therefore to test the accuracy of different closure models of the advection-distribution equation. Our results show that the value of the turbulent Schmidt number is approximately equal to 0.7 in most of the domain, except in the recirculation zone on the wake of the obstacle. Experimental data provide also a complete description of the spatial distribution of the concentration variance, and of the term composing its budget (with a focus on its dissipation). As for the velocity field, we test the reliability of different closure model proposed in the literature of the turbulent mass transfer terms, enlightening the shortcomings of simple gradient-law closer models
DURAND, Emmanuel. "Recherche de photons pulsés au-dessus de 30 GeV dans le pulsar du Crabe et PSR B1951+32 avec le détecteur Tchérenkov atmosphérique CELESTE." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002815.
Full textFarias, Priscila Cavalheiro. "FLUXOS DE CALOR E DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO ENTRE O OCEANO E A ATMOSFERA NA REGIÃO COSTEIRA E OCEÂNICA AO SUL DO BRASIL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10280.
Full textO Oceano Atlântico Sudoeste é caracterizado, no inverno, pela presença de uma frente oceanográfica entre a Corrente do Brasil (CB) e a Corrente Costeira do Brasil (CCB). A frente oceanográfica CB/CCB gera intensos gradientes horizontais termais entre as águas frias da plataforma continental do Sul do Brasil, dominadas pela CCB, e águas quentes do oceano profundo, dominadas pela CB. Esse trabalho analisa, pela primeira vez na literatura conhecida, os mecanismos de acoplamento entre o oceano e a atmosfera a partir de dados observacionais da atmosfera e do oceano que foram tomados simultaneamente durante um cruzeiro de pesquisa oceanográfica na costa sul do Brasil entre 11 a 21 de junho de 2012. Nesse experimento, foram lançadas radiossondas atmosféricas e realizadas estações hidrográficas para medidas de temperatura e salinidade do oceano. A área de estudo foi escolhida com base no gradiente termal local apresentado pela frente CB/CCB. Foram realizados cinco transectos perperndiculares à costa sul do Brasil, iniciando-se na localidade de Paranaguá (PR) até o Chuí (Rio Grande do Sul). As características oceanográficas e meteorológicas de inverno foram consideradas na determinação da derrota do navio. A instalação de uma torre micrometeorológica na proa do navio permitiu a realização de medições diretas dos fluxos de calor, momentum e CO2. Este estudo analisa as condições meteorológicas de grande escala e investiga o comportamento da camada limite atmosférica marinha a partir dos dados in situ das radiossondagens. No período em que os dados foram coletados foram observadas condições atmosféricas típicas de inverno, como a passagem de frente fria associada à incursão de uma massa de ar frio pós-frontal e a formação de ciclone extratropical. Observações meteorológicas e oceanográficas realizadas pelos instrumentos instalados no navio foram utilizadas para estimar os fluxos de calor pelo método bulk formulas. Essas estimativas foram comparadas aos fluxos medidos diretamente pelos sensores instalados na proa do navio. As medidas são obtidas utilizando o método de Covariância de Vórtices, usado amplamente em pesquisas micrometeorológicas. Para obter os fluxos turbulentos na interação oceano-atmosfera são necessárias correções nos dados observados devido ao movimento do navio. Durante a maior parte do período estudo, a temperatura da superfície do mar esteve maior do que a temperatura do ar, gerando uma transferência de calor do oceano para atmosfera. Os fluxos de calor foram, geralmente, positivos em ambos os lados da frente oceanográfica CB (quente)/CCB (frio). Contudo, há diferença na magnitude dos fluxos de calor entre os dois lados da frente com a troca foi mais intensa no lado da CB. Os resultados apresentados mostram que os intensos gradientes horizontais termais entre as águas da CB e da CCB que ocorrem durante o inverno ao largo da costa do RS, os sistemas transientes e as advecções térmicas têm um papel importante na modulação da camada limite atmosférica marinha e nos fluxos de calor e CO2. Observações meteorológicas e oceanográficas são fundamentais para ampliar o entendimento dos processos que ocorrem na interface oceano-atmosfera e tem importância primária para a previsão do tempo e clima.
Leroyer, Sylvie. "SIMULATIONS NUMERIQUES DE L'ATMOSPHERE URBAINE AVEC LE MODELE SUBMESO : APPLICATION A LA CAMPAGNE CLU-ESCOMPTE SUR L'AGGLOMERATION DE MARSEILLE." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128672.
Full textChovet, Camila. "Manipulation de la turbulence en utilisant le contrôle par mode glissant et le contrôle par apprentissage : de l'écoulement sur une marche descendante à une voiture réelle." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0016/document.
Full textThe present work aims to pre-evaluate flow control parameters to reduce the drag in a real vehicle. Two different actuation mechanisms (Murata’s micro-blower, and air-knives) are characterized and compared to define their advantages and limitations. Murata micro-blowers energized the boundary layer to directly perturb the vortex structures formed in the shear layer region. The air-knife has a rounded surface, adjacent to the slit exit, that could be considered as an active boat-tail (Coanda effect) for drag reduction. Different open-loop and closed-loop control strategies are examined, such as continuous blowing, periodic forcing, sliding mode control (SMC) and machine learning control (MLC). SMC is a robust closed-loop algorithm to track, reach and maintain a predefined set-point; this approach has on-line adaptivity in changing conditions. Machine learning control is a model-free control that learns an effective control law that is judged and optimized with respect to a problem-specific cost/objective function. A hybrid between MLC and SMC may provide adaptive control exploiting the best non-linear actuation mechanisms. Finally, all these parameters are brought together and tested in real experimental applications representative of the mean wake and shear-layer structures related to control of real cars. For the backward-facing step, the goal is to experimentally reduce the recirculation zone. The flow is manipulated by a row of micro-blowers and sensed by pressure sensors. Initial measurements were carried out varying the periodic forcing. MLC is used to improve performance optimizing a control law with respect to a cost function. MLC is shown to outperform periodic forcing. For the Ahmed body, the goal is to reduce the aerodynamic drag of the square-back Ahmed body. The flow is manipulated by an air-knife placed on the top trailing edge and sensed by a force balance. Continuous blowing and periodic forcing are used as open-loop strategies. SMC and MLC algorithms are applied and compared to the open-loop cases. The pre-evaluation of the flow control parameters yielded important information to reduce the drag of a car. The first real vehicle experiments were performed on a race track. The first actuator device concept and sensor mechanism are presented
Hugues, Florian. "Modelling the vibrations generated by turbulent flows in ducts." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2470/document.
Full textPipeline and duct vibrations can cause a range of issues from unplanned shutdownsto decreased equipment life time. Thus, the prediction of flow-induced vibrations is essential in piping design in many industrial plants, especially, for Gas industry. This study deals with the prediction of pipe flow noise and vibration at low Mach number. We aim to present a numerical and experimental study which can offer engineers a better understanding of the coupling between random excitation and duct section for two geometries (circular or rectangular). An experimental facility and measurement approach is developed and used to validate numerical predictions. Two cases are investigated: (i) a straight duct with no singularity, duct acoustic modes are excited by the Turbulent Boundary Layer (TBL) and (ii) a straight duct with a diaphragm inserted upstream generating a localized acoustic source. The acoustic contribution is either measured via cross-spectra based methods or calculated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and aeroacoustic analogies. The response of the structure is estimated via a ‘blocked’ approach using analytical modal Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) of a simply supported finite duct. Measurements will lead to evaluate and suggest improvements to existing Cross Power Spectral Density (CPSD) empirical models in a context of internal turbulent flows. Experimental modalanalysis of a finite rectangular duct are confronted to computational methods to assess the effect of the Boundary Conditions (BCs), the resistive damping from coupling with the internal acoustic medium and aerodynamic damping. The fluid-structure coupling is analyzed through the joint acceptance function both in the spatial and wave number domain. The excitation includes both the acoustic and hydrodynamic contributions using CPSD written on the basis of Corcos, Diffuse Acoustic Field (DAF) and acoustic duct mode coherence functions. Finally, the numerical and experimental studies in this thesis were used to develop a framework for studying and modelling pipe flow noise and vibration which links CFD, analytical and empirical models to efficient random analysis techniques
Hoareau, Johan. "Utilisation d'une approche couplée hydrogéophysique pour l'étude des aquifères - Applications aux contextes de socle et côtier sableux." Phd thesis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00470297.
Full textStará, Lenka. "Gibbsův jev v nespojité Galerkinově metodě." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-387358.
Full textCierco, François-Xavier. "Étude des instationnarités du transport de neige par le vent." Phd thesis, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350186.
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