Journal articles: 'Limit states method'

1

Gusev, E. V. "Bethe method: Thermodynamics and limit states." Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 67, no. 3 (June 1986): 606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01028696.

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Acar, Erdem. "A reliability index extrapolation method for separable limit states." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 53, no. 5 (December 23, 2015): 1099–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-015-1391-0.

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YUKALOV, V. I. "METHOD OF THERMODYNAMIC QUASIAVERAGES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 05, no. 20 (December 1991): 3235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979291001267.

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A new method is developed to define pure states for many-body systems with spontaneous symmetry breaking. The advantage of the method is in the use of solely the standard thermodynamic limit, as compared to the Bogolubov method of infinitesimal external sources which invokes two limiting procedures: the standard thermodynamic limit and the elimination of external sources. The general conditions for obtaining pure states are formulated. When these conditions do not hold mixed states appear. The method is illustrated by calculations for two simple models.

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MURASE, Yoshihide. "Limit States Design Method of Cranes (Preliminary) and its Discussion." Proceedings of the Transportation and Logistics Conference 2002.11 (2002): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetld.2002.11.29.

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Nazarova, Sh Sh. "Some principles of normalization of multi-level design of structures with specified parameters of limit states." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 6 (2020): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-6-104-116.

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The article presents a method for calculating the seismic resistance at multi-level design of structures, in which as a result a scenario of damage accumulation in the structure from earthquakes is created. The level of calculated impact for various limit states is set for various limit states and the criteria for transitions to limit states are described. The limit states of structures are considered at calculating for the impact of design earthquakes (DE) on the structure performance. Criteria for limiting plastic deformations, energy intensity, and damage are considered for maximum calculated earthquake (MCE).To assess the damage rate, the use of damage spectra of the structure is proposed. A variant of using the linear-spectral method (LSM) for estimating the seismic stability of structures at different limit states is presented.

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Gharagheizi, Farhad, Poorandokht Ilani-Kashkouli, and Amir H. Mohammadi. "Corresponding States Method for Estimation of Upper Flammability Limit Temperature of Chemical Compounds." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51, no. 17 (April 24, 2012): 6265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie300375k.

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Gilberto Quevedo Sotolongo, Sc. "Employment of the Limit-States Method and the Safety Theory in Geotechnical Design." Science Innovation 3, no. 6 (2015): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.si.20150306.15.

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Bomberg, Mark, and Dave Allen. "Use of Generalized Limit States Method for Design of Building Envelopes for Durability." Journal of Thermal Insulation and Building Envelopes 20, no. 1 (July 1996): 18–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109719639602000104.

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Packer, Jeffrey A., Glenn A. Morris, and Gwynne Davies. "A limit states design method for welded tension connections to I-section webs." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 12, no. 1 (January 1989): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(89)90048-5.

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Behr, Richard A., and Abdeldjelil Belarbi. "Seismic Test Methods for Architectural Glazing Systems." Earthquake Spectra 12, no. 1 (February 1996): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585871.

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An ongoing effort is being made at the University of Missouri-Rolla to develop standard laboratory test methods and codified design procedures for architectural glass under seismic loadings. Recent laboratory work has yielded some promising results regarding the development of an appropriate seismic test method for architectural glass, as well as identifying ultimate limit states that quantify the seismic performance and damage thresholds of various glass types. Specifically, a straightforward “crescendo-like” in-plane dynamic racking test, performed at a constant frequency, has been employed successfully. Two ultimate limit states for architectural glass have been defined: (1) a lower ultimate limit state corresponding to major glass crack pattern formation; and (2) an upper limit state corresponding to significant glass fallout. Early crescendo tests have yielded distinct and repeatable ultimate limit state data for various storefront glass types tested under dynamic racking motions. Crescendo tests will also be used to identify and quantify serviceability limit states for architectural glass and associated glazing components under dynamic loadings. These limit state data will support the development of rational design procedures for architectural glass under seismic loadings.

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Olabode, Dagbegnon Luc, Julien Yovogan, and Jean Bio Chabi Orou. "Determination of Analytical Solution and Limit Cycle of Nonlinear Chemical Oscillations." Applied Physics Research 11, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v11n2p79.

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This work studies the determination of analytical solution and cycle limite in nonlinear chemical oscillations gouverned by a forced modified Van der Pol-Duffing oscillator. We considered the dynamic of nonlinear chemical systems subjected to an external sinusoidal excitation. The first order appoximative solution of the oxcillator is determined using the Lindstedt’sperturbation method. The limit cycle number of the oscillator is found as well as the effect of certain parameters of the model on cycle limit analyzes. The harmonic balance method is used to find the amplitudes of the oscillatory states. The effect of the constraint parameter β of the oscillator are observed on amplitude-response curves. Numerical simulations are used to validate the results obtained by analytical methods.

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BASAGA, H. B., M. E. KARTAL, and A. BAYRAKTAR. "RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF STEEL BRACED REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES WITH SEMI-RIGID CONNECTIONS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 12, no. 05 (October 2012): 1250037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021945541250037x.

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This paper presents the reliability analysis of the frame structures with semi-rigid connections. For this purpose, the SEMIFEM finite element program that is capable of dealing with the semi-rigid connections is coded in FORTRAN. Then, this program is connected to the reliability algorithm. The direct coupling method, which is a combination of the reliability method and finite element method, is utilized to determine the reliability indexes and probabilities of failure for the structure. The first order reliability method (FORM) is the one favored in the present reliability analysis. Two sets of steel framed structures are analyzed; each of four and eight stories, consisting of a portal frame and three types of concentrically braced frames. Concrete compression strength limit state in reinforced concrete (RC) columns, steel strength limit state in steel braces and inter-story drift limit state are considered in reliability evaluation. According to the limit states, X braced frames are determined as the safest structures, while the portal frames are regarded as the most unsafe structures. As the connection percentage increases, the safety of the structure increases in terms of inter-story drift and steel strength limit states, but decreases for concrete compression strength limit states.

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Valsangkar, A. J., and A. B. Schriver. "Partial and total factors of safety in anchored sheet pile design." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-098.

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Recently, the limit states design approach has been recommended in geotechnical design. The Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual (1985) details the new approach for design of foundations, slopes, and retaining structures. Some recent research has indicated that the use of the limit states design approach leads to conservative designs when compared with conventional methods of design. Results of a parametric study are presented in this paper. The study investigated the influence of sheet pile wall geometry, type of water-pressure distribution considered, and different methods of analysis on the required depth of penetration of an anchored sheet pile wall. Modifications are suggested to make the new design method compatible with the conventional methods of design. Key words: factor of safety, working stress design, ultimate limit states design, anchored sheet pile wall.

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Wang, Zhong Wen, Jian Qin Fang, Cai Chu Xia, Yue Wei Bian, and Kun He. "A Method for Determining Second Lining Supporting Opportunity in Soft Rock Tunnel." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 3644–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.3644.

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The determination criteria and methods are summarized for the reasonable supporting opportunity which is obtained from the numerical calculation of GeoFEM. It is the limit state of surrounding rock when the second lining undertakes 10 percent of load in Ⅳ grade rock(buried depth 121m), and the surrounding rock with burial depth 43meters reaches its limit state when the second lining bears 5 percent of load in Ⅴ grade rock. The reasonable supporting opportunity will be obtained from those two limit states with the criteria.

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STAAT, MANFRED. "LIMIT AND SHAKEDOWN ANALYSIS UNDER UNCERTAINTY." International Journal of Computational Methods 11, no. 03 (June 2014): 1343008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876213430081.

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Structural reliability analysis is based on the concept of a limit state function separating failure from safe states of a structure. Upper and lower bound theorems of limit and shakedown analysis are used for a direct definition of the limit state function for failure by plastic collapse or by inadaptation. Shakedown describes an asymptotic and therefore time invariant structural behavior under time variant loading. The limit state function and its gradient are obtained from a mathematical optimization problem. The method is implemented into a general purpose finite element model (FEM) code. Combined with first-order methods/second-order methods (FORM/SORM) robust and precise analyses can be performed for structures with high reliability. This approach is particularly effective because the sensitivities which are needed by FORM/SORM are derived from the solution of the deterministic problem.

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Eshghi, M., M. Hamzavi, and S. M. Ikhdair. "Exact Solutions of a Spatially Dependent Mass Dirac Equation for Coulomb Field plus Tensor Interaction via Laplace Transformation Method." Advances in High Energy Physics 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/873619.

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The spatially dependent mass Dirac equation is solved exactly for attractive scalar and repulsive vector Coulomb potentials including a tensor interaction potential under the spin and pseudospin (p-spin) symmetric limits by using the Laplace transformation method (LTM). Closed forms of the energy eigenvalue equation and wave functions are obtained for arbitrary spin-orbit quantum number κ. Some numerical results are given too. The effect of the tensor interaction on the bound states is presented. It is shown that the tensor interaction removes the degeneracy between two states in the spin doublets. We also investigate the effects of the spatially-dependent mass on the bound states under the conditions of the spin symmetric limit and in the absence of tensor interaction (T=0).

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17

Číhal, Michal, Jaromír Kabeláč, Michael Konečný, and Lukáš Juříček. "Serviceability Limit State Evaluation in Discontinuity Regions." Solid State Phenomena 292 (June 2019): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.292.203.

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Discontinuity Region Design method was recently extended to allow assessment of serviceability limit states (SLS) for regions of concrete structural members where the Bernoulli-Navier hypothesis does not hold, such as dapped ends, openings, frame corners, etc. The method uses material models which consider the impact of short- and long-term loading effects (creep) as well as the influence of tension stiffening, which are calculated from reinforcement ratios. The method can be used to perform assessment of stress limitation SLS as well as to calculate crack widths. Crack width calculations for both stabilized and non-stabilized cracks have been compared with real-world experiments. Calculations regarding deflection and strain in concrete and concrete rebars are compared with analytical calculations.

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Liang, Bo, Jing Cao, Hai Xing Yang, Zu De Ding, and Hui Ming Zhao. "Method of Calculating Chamber Earth Pressure of EPB Shield." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.426.

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In order to calculate earth pressure in working chamber, three calculation modes which corresponding to status of elastic balanced, active limit equilibrium and passive limit equilibrium of the soil on the excavation face was built. The relationship of relative displacement between the soil in the chamber and the soil on the excavation face of shallow EPB shield tunnel was analyzed based on Rankines earth pressure theory. The threshold of chamber earth pressure values which correspond to the limit states of subsidence and upheaval were deduced and the reasonable range of the values were obtained. Combined with a shield tunnel construction practice, the theoretical and measured values are compared. The results show that the theoretical equations are valid and can provide a theoretical approach for the selection of chamber earth pressure.

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19

Wu, Yih-Tsuen. "Demonstration of a New, Fast Probability Integration Method for Reliability Analysis." Journal of Engineering for Industry 109, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187088.

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The performance of a new, fast probability integration method which combines an improved equivalent normal concept and a scheme for linearizing a quadratic limit state is carefully examined. The examples tested include various combinations of linear and nonlinear limit states with normal and non-normal variables; some examples are considered the worst possible cases. It is demonstrated that the new method is able to provide accurate probability-of-failure estimates for most cases and performs reasonably well when the Rackwitz-Fiessler method produces severe errors.

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20

Grozdanov, Tasko. "Gerade-ungerade symmetry breaking in HD: States close to N=2 dissociation limit." Facta universitatis - series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology 6, no. 1 (2008): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fupct0801029g.

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We review the consequences of the gerade-ungerade symmetry breaking in HD molecule. A particular attention is devoted to electronic states close to n=2 dissociation limit. The effects of the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation are discussed. For the description of the molecular dynamics the formulation of the coupled-sates method is given. The method is applied to calculations of loosely bound states in the outer well of the II'1?g potential. The results are in excellent agreement with experimental data and calculations based on a semi-empirical potential.

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Bathurst, Richard J., Sina Javankhoshdel, and Tony M. Allen. "LRFD Calibration of Simple Soil-Structure Limit States Considering Method Bias and Design Parameter Variability." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 143, no. 9 (September 2017): 04017053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001735.

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22

Firstov, Sergiy A., Tamara G. Rogul, Victor F. Gorban, and Engel P. Pechkovsky. "Ultimate Strengthening, Theoretical and Limit Tool Hardness." Key Engineering Materials 409 (March 2009): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.409.128.

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The influence of passing from a microcrystalline to a nanocrystalline structure on the mechanical properties of chromium deposited by magnetron sputtering is studied. The possibility of additional strengthening nanomaterials due to enrichment of grain boundaries by “useful” additives elements is established. A wide spectrum of materials in different structural states was investigated by the method of micromechanical tests. The notions of the “theoretical” hardness (largest hardness for the material) and “limit tool” hardness, connected with tool limitations in indentation, are introduced.

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DAS, A. N., and JAYITA CHATTERJEE. "TWO-SITE POLARON PROBLEM: A PERTURBATION APPROACH WITH VARIATIONAL BASIS STATES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 32 (December 30, 1999): 3903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299004070.

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A convergent perturbation method using modified Lang Firsov transformation is developed for a two-site single-polaron system. The method is applicable for the entire range of the electron–phonon coupling strength from the antiadiabatic limit to the intermediate region of hopping. The single-electron energies, oscillator wavefunctions and correlation functions, calculated using this method, are in good agreement with the exact results.

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Ward, Jeffrey S., George R. Stephens, and Francis J. Ferrandino. "Influence of Cutting Method on Stand Growth in Sawtimber Oak Stands." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/22.1.59.

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Abstract Many upland oak forests in the eastern United States are approaching economic and biological maturity. A study was established in 1981–1984 in three central Connecticut forests to examine the effects of six distinct cutting methods (shelterwood, diameter limit, multiaged crop tree, high grading, silvicultural clearcut, forest preserve) on stand growth and dynamics in sawtimber oak stands. Board-foot volumes (International 1/4) averaged 8.4 mbf/ac before the initial harvest. Sixty-nine percent of sawtimber trees had butt-log grades of 2 or better. Volume growth was significantly lower on high grading plots (36 bf/ac/year) than on the forest preserve, diameter limit, shelterwood, and multiaged crop tree plots (∼214 bf/ac/year) through two cutting cycles. Total board-foot yield (final volumes plus harvested volumes) for the silvicultural clearcut plots (7.3 mbf/ac) was significantly lower than for uncut, shelterwood, and diameter limit cuts, 12.3, 12.5, and 13.0 mbf/ac, respectively. This study showed that three distinct cutting methods: shelterwood, multiaged crop tree, and forest preserve resulted in similar stand volume growth rates in sawtimber oak stands. The first two methods can be used by landowners who wish to generate income to offset expenses. The choice will depend on the aesthetic and regeneration goals of the landowner. Diameter-limit cutting also had similar volume rates, but it was necessary to lower the diameter limits for the second cutting cycle to maintain economically viable harvests. As a consequence, residual stand structure after the second cutting cycle was similar to that for the high grading plots. Although high grading had the highest harvested volume during the first cutting cycle, low quality of residual trees and depressed stand growth rates indicate it is not a viable option for long-term forest management. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):59–67.

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Vrecl Kojc, H., and L. Trauner. "Upper-bound approach for analysis of cantilever retaining walls." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 9 (September 2010): 999–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-004.

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The proposed method for the analysis of cantilever retaining walls is based on ultimate limit states, but in contrast to other methods, which are recognized worldwide, also considers the condition of vertical force equilibrium, which includes the wall unit weight and the vertical component of the soil–structure interaction. The two-dimensional analytical model with polygonal soil pressure distribution is based on two new characteristics: the parameter α and the passive pressure coefficient at the embedment depth, Kb. The kinematic approach of limit analysis is used to examine the limit equilibrium state of the cantilever retaining wall according to soil properties and other loadings. The failure mechanism, composed of a classical determination of the passive pressure in the embedded part of the wall and a kinematically admissible velocity field at the retained side of the wall, estimates the limiting value of the passive earth pressure at the embedment depth. The advantage of the proposed method is that it enables the design of more slender cantilever retaining walls, at which the comparable level of safety for geotechnical and structural bearing capacity limit states is reached, which is the basic condition for safe design of retaining structures.

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MORI, Kenjiro, and Takumi ITO. "ESTIMATION METHOD OF ULTIMATE SEISMIC LIMIT STATES OF REPAIRED STEEL FRAMES AFTER PLASTIC FAILURE MECHANISM FORMED." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 83, no. 745 (2018): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.83.439.

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Zamick, L., S. Yeager, Y. Y. Sharon, and S. J. Q. Robinson. "Lawson method for obtaining wave functions and g factors of Ar isotopes." International Journal of Modern Physics E 28, no. 01n02 (February 2019): 1950002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301319500022.

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Lawson has shown that one can obtain sensible wave functions even in the weak deformation limit of the Nilsson model as long as one projects out states of good total angular momentum. We apply this method to obtain wave functions and magnetic [Formula: see text] factors of excited states of select even–even Ar isotopes with emphasis on the comparison of [Formula: see text]Ar and [Formula: see text]Ar. These [Formula: see text] factors are compared with the values that are obtained by matrix diagonalization in the same space using the WBT residual interaction.

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Hu, Zhen, Saideep Nannapaneni, and Sankaran Mahadevan. "Efficient Kriging surrogate modeling approach for system reliability analysis." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 31, no. 2 (May 2017): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089006041700004x.

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AbstractCurrent limit state surrogate modeling methods for system reliability analysis usually build surrogate models for failure modes individually or build composite limit states. In practical engineering applications, multiple system responses may be obtained from a single setting of inputs. In such cases, building surrogate models individually will ignore the correlation between different system responses and building composite limit states may be computationally expensive because the nonlinearity of composite limit state is usually higher than individual limit states. This paper proposes a new efficient Kriging surrogate modeling approach for system reliability analysis by constructing composite Kriging surrogates through selection of Kriging surrogates constructed individually and Kriging surrogates built based on singular value decomposition. The resulting composite surrogate model will combine the advantages of both types of Kriging surrogate models and thus reduce the number of required training points. A new stopping criterion and a new surrogate model refinement strategy are proposed to further improve the efficiency of this approach. The surrogate models are refined adaptively with high accuracy near the active failure boundary until the proposed new stopping criterion is satisfied. Three numerical examples including a series, a parallel, and a combined system are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Nakamura, Susumu, Ikumasa Yoshida, and Masuhiro Beppu. "Approach to Assess Influence of Earthquake-Induced Slope Collapse on Nuclear Power Plant Facilities." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 12, no. 04 (October 2018): 1841011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431118410117.

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As a result of the disaster of nuclear power plant caused by the 2011 off the pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake, establishment of a method to estimate the influence of slopes on the seismic safety of nuclear facilities has become necessary. The creation of such a method can yield important information regarding potential risk as well as risk management regarding seismic safety. The existing guidelines used to evaluate landslide risk provide guidance for landslide zoning as well as how landslide risk can be reduced and avoided. According to these guidelines, either people or houses are typically used as targets of risk evaluation. Particularly, for a specific slope, it is necessary to evaluate the damage of the potentially affected structures quantitatively and systematically. Therefore, the definition and basic assessment procedure of three limit states (stability limit, reachable limit and damage limit) are herein described. Furthermore, an evaluation case for a slope model describes the influence of slope collapse due to an earthquake. In this case, the fragility curves, as well as the occurrence probability for each limit state are described and an evaluation example is provided. Regarding new ideas and methods to evaluate the conditional reachable probability and the conditional damage probability as well as a method to evaluate the total probability of all three limit states are proposed. From the results obtained in our example case, it is found that systematical assessment of the risk information of facilities damaged due to slope collapse is useful, and is made possible via numerical analysis.

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Liu, Tong, Zhiyi Chen, Yong Yuan, and Xiaoyun Shao. "Fragility analysis of a subway station structure by incremental dynamic analysis." Advances in Structural Engineering 20, no. 7 (October 12, 2016): 1111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216671319.

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Fragility analysis constitutes the basis in seismic risk assessment and performance-based earthquake engineering during which the probability of a structure response exceeding a certain limit state at a given seismic intensity is sought to relate seismic intensity and structural vulnerability. In this article, the seismic vulnerability assessment of a subway station structure is investigated using a probabilistic method. The Daikai subway station was selected as an example structure and its seismic responses are modeled according to the nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis procedure. The limit states are defined in terms of the deformation and waterproof performance of the subway station structure based on the central column drift angle and the structural tension damage distribution obtained from the incremental dynamic analysis. Fragility curves were developed at those limit states and the probability of exceedance at the limit states of operational, slight damage, life safety, and collapse prevention was determined for the two seismic hazard levels. Results reveal that the proposed fragility analysis implementation procedure to the subway station structure provides an effective and reliable seismic vulnerability analysis method, which is essential for these underground structural systems considering their high potential risk during seismic events.

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Vahed, A., and C. W. Omlin. "A Machine Learning Method for Extracting Symbolic Knowledge from Recurrent Neural Networks." Neural Computation 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08997660460733994.

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Neural networks do not readily provide an explanation of the knowledge stored in their weights as part of their information processing. Until recently, neural networks were considered to be black boxes, with the knowledge stored in their weights not readily accessible. Since then, research has resulted in a number of algorithms for extracting knowledge in symbolic form from trained neural networks. This article addresses the extraction of knowledge in symbolic form from recurrent neural networks trained to behave like deterministic finite-state automata (DFAs). To date, methods used to extract knowledge from such networks have relied on the hypothesis that networks' states tend to cluster and that clusters of network states correspond to DFA states. The computational complexity of such a cluster analysis has led to heuristics that either limit the number of clusters that may form during training or limit the exploration of the space of hidden recurrent state neurons. These limitations, while necessary, may lead to decreased fidelity, in which the extracted knowledge may not model the true behavior of a trained network, perhaps not even for the training set. The method proposed here uses a polynomial time, symbolic learning algorithm to infer DFAs solely from the observation of a trained network's input-output behavior. Thus, this method has the potential to increase the fidelity of the extracted knowledge.

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Chen, Geng, Peng Yin, Wen-Hao Zhang, Gong-Chu Li, Chuan-Feng Li, and Guang-Can Guo. "Beating Standard Quantum Limit with Weak Measurement." Entropy 23, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030354.

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Weak measurements have been under intensive investigation in both experiment and theory. Numerous experiments have indicated that the amplified meter shift is produced by the post-selection, yielding an improved precision compared to conventional methods. However, this amplification effect comes at the cost of a reduced rate of acquiring data, which leads to an increasing uncertainty to determine the level of meter shift. From this point of view, a number of theoretical works have suggested that weak measurements cannot improve the precision, or even damage the metrology information due to the post-selection. In this review, we give a comprehensive analysis of the weak measurements to justify their positive effect on prompting measurement precision. As a further step, we introduce two modified weak measurement protocols to boost the precision beyond the standard quantum limit. Compared to previous works beating the standard quantum limit, these protocols are free of using entangled or squeezed states. The achieved precision outperforms that of the conventional method by two orders of magnitude and attains a practical Heisenberg scaling up to n=106 photons.

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Ashkinadze, Konstantin. "Proposals for limit states torsional strength design of wide-flange steel members." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 2 (February 2008): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-099.

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This paper addresses the design of wide-flange steel members subjected to torsional forces as well as axial forces and moments about their strong and weak axes. The current Canadian steel design standard (CSA S16–01) gives no specific guidance on methodology with respect to torsional design. Codes of other countries (American, British, Australian) provide useful insight but are different in format from the Canadian standard and cannot be used directly in conjunction with it. Specialized second-order finite element programs have the capacity for torsional analysis, but are too complicated and costly to use in design practice. There is, therefore, a need for a practical design method that would allow engineers to account for the effects of torsion simply and accurately. This paper, written by a practicing design engineer, suggests a number of approaches that, subject to discussion and approval by experts in the field, could constitute the basis for design of steel members in torsion.

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Rahman, Md Moshiur, Mohd Zamin Jumaat, and Md Akter Hosen. "Genetic Algorithm for Material Cost Minimization of External Strengthening System with Fiber Reinforced Polymer." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 1817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.1817.

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An optimization procedural method for designing fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) plate for strengthening reinforced concrete beam is presented. The optimization procedure is formulated to find the design variables leading to the minimum cost of structural strengthening system using CFRP plate with constraints imposed based on TR55 code provisions. Genetic algorithm based approach is utilized to solve the optimization task. The cost of FRP plate and epoxy adhesive is included in the formulation of the objective function. The ultimate limit states and the serviceability limit states are included in formulation of constraints. A numerical example is given to show the validity of the proposed optimization method.

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Wen, Ai Ling, Rui Ming Ren, Sheng Wu Wang, and Jun Yong Yang. "Effect of Surface Nanocrystallization Method on Fatigue Strength of TA2." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.545.

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The enhancement of the fatigue strength is significant for the engineering applications of commercial pure titanium and its alloys. The paper investigated improvement of fatigue strength for commercial pure titanium by combined high-energy shot peening. Firstly, nano-crystallization in surface layer of pure titanium was carried out by high-energy shot peening, and then the shot peening with small diameter shots was introduced to degrade the surface roughness, enhancing the quality of the nano-grained surface. The fatigue limit of pure titanium by high-energy shot peening turns out to be increased by 34%, and the fatigue limit of pure titanium by compound high-energy shot peening turns out to be increased by 52.3%, according to the results. Effective factors such as surface states etc. to fatigue life, the fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviors were also discussed in this paper.

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Užpolevičius, Benediktas. "PROBABILISTIC AND STATISTICAL METHODS FOR DESIGNING AND ANALYZING LIMIT STATES/TIKIMYBINIS IR STATISTINIS RIBINŲ BŪVIŲ PROJEKTAVIMO IR ANALIZĖS METODAI." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 5 (October 31, 2001): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531763.

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Errors of partial reliability factor (PRF) method, being used in operating codes to provide required reliability of construction work (foundations, structures and their systems), are discussed. It is pointed out that additional resistance (strength, stiffness, etc) of the members to compensate these errors is required, and it makes much more than 10%. The main cause of these shortcomings is that in the PRF method, for the sake of simplicity, independent partial coefficients and limited number of these coefficients are applied. Direct probabilistic and statistical methods (without application of partial coefficients and design values) are proposed. It is demonstrated that these methods are free of systematic errors which are characteristic of the known codified (standardized) probability calculations. The proposed methods make up a unified method used for foundations and structures, uniformly based on theoretical conclusions of probability theory and mathematical statistics. These economy seeking methods are intended for effective use (without change of codes) of available additional information, which is made of different amount of data of statistical measurements or statistical observations on minimal values of soils and building material mechanical characteristics of structures and maximum values of loads, actions and their combinations during the operation period, geometrical dimensions of critical cross-sections, errors of algorithms for calculation of resistance and action effects, control errors made by people during design, construction, operation of construction works, etc. In case of a limited amount of information the proposed statistical model is to be used. In addition, the proposed method is adjusted for effective use of the known reliability solutions of economical and social optimisation (in relation to economical and social damage caused by the limit state, human safety and other factors) co-ordinating them with application experience of PRF code method and statistical multidimensional data of limit state frequency. Areas of application and economy of the proposed probabilistic and statistical methods are presented in Table 1. National and established specifications prepared for probabilistic and statistical calculation design and tests of foundations, structures and their systems are discussed. Practical application and economical comparison of calculation of construction members by PRF, probabilistic and statistical methods (area of the cross-section, foundation pad base A % in relation to that determined by SNiP codes)

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Ashley, S. F., and Et al. "Search for E(5) Symmetry in 102Pd." HNPS Proceedings 18 (November 23, 2019): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2548.

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Lifetimes of the excited states in the yrast band of 102Pd have been deter- mined using the Recoil-Distance Doppler Shift experiment at INFN, Labo- ratori Nazionali di Legnaro. Excited states in 102Pd were populated by the 92Zr(13C,3n)102Pd fusion-evaporation reaction. Lifetimes were deduced using the Differential Decay Curve method and the corresponding B(E2) values were compared to the E(5) critical-point symmetry, and also the U(5) and O(6) limits of the Interacting Boson Model-1. It is evident that 102Pd agrees poorly with the predicted E(5) symmetry but has a very good (and somewhat surprising) agreement with the O(6) limit.

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PLAHTE, ERIK, THOMAS MESTL, and STIG W. OMHOLT. "STATIONARY STATES IN FOOD WEB MODELS WITH THRESHOLD RELATIONSHIPS." Journal of Biological Systems 03, no. 02 (June 1995): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339095000526.

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A new method for analysing stationary states in complex differential equation systems when the interaction terms contain sigmoid functions is presented. Originally aimed at simplifying the analysis of certain gene regulatory networks, the method is applicable to models comprising a wide range of sigmoid functions. The basic idea is to analyse the limiting case when the sigmoids approach the step function, and consider sigmoids with finite steepness as a perturbation. After a brief presentation the method is applied to a model for a herbivore feeding on two competing autotrophs. Analytical expresssions for the stationary points in the step function limit are given, and their dependence on the parameter values is analysed and interpreted.

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Callisto, Luigi. "A factored strength approach for the limit states design of geotechnical structures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 9 (September 2010): 1011–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-005.

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This paper discusses the implications of an approach to the limit states design of geotechnical structures in which the soil strength parameters are factored, as is the one contained in the European construction code. It is shown that a factored strength approach has very different implications for the two customary types of geotechnical analyses; namely, the study of plastic mechanisms and interaction analyses. The relationship between partial safety factors and the reliability of a system is highlighted first, with the aid of approximate reliability calculations relative to two example problems. It is then demonstrated that the method of factoring the soil strength may be regarded as an effective way to assess the distance of a structure from the activation of a plastic mechanism, and to relate this distance to a conventional measure of its reliability. Using the same examples, it is argued that the procedure of factoring the soil strength parameters is not appropriate for the evaluation of the internal forces in structural elements: most of the soil–structure interaction analyses are nonlinear and, at least partly, empirically based. The insertion of unrealistic parameters, such as the factored strength properties, in a complex calculation may produce ambiguous and uncontrollable results.

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Yang, Fan, Fan Wang, Fan Ding, Huachun Tan, and Bin Ran. "Identify Optimal Traffic Condition and Speed Limit for Hard Shoulder Running Strategy." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 1822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041822.

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Highway system is experiencing increasing traffic congestion with fast-growing number of vehicles in metropolitan areas. Implementing traffic management strategies such as utilizing the hard shoulder as an extra lane could increase highway capacity without extra construction work. This paper presents a method of determining an optimal traffic condition and speed limit of opening hard shoulder. Firstly, the traffic states are clustered using K-Means, mean shift, agglomerative and spectral clustering methods, and the optimal clustering algorithm is selected using indexes including the silhouette score, Davies-Bouldin Index and Caliski-Harabaz Score. The results suggested that the clustering effect of using K-Means method with three categories is optimal. Then, cellular automata model is used to simulate traffic conditions before and after the hard shoulder running strategy is applied. The parameters of the model, including the probabilities of random deceleration, slow start and lane change, are calibrated using real traffic data. Four indicators including the traffic volume, the average speed, the variance of speed, and the travel time of emergency rescue vehicles during traffic accident obtained using the cellular automata model are used to evaluate various hard shoulder running strategies. By using factor analysis and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) methods, the optimal traffic condition and speed limit of opening hard shoulder could be determined. This method could be applied to highway segments of various number of lanes and different speed limits to optimize the hard shoulder running strategy for highway management.

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Krasnoshchekov, Yu V. "Probability calculation of building structures considering asymmetry of random values and functions distribution." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 17, no. 5 (November 11, 2020): 636–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2020-17-5-636-650.

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Introduction. The calculation of structures by the semi-probability method of limit states does not answer the question how reliable the construction is. Probabilistic methods are still imperfect, and attempts to use them to evaluate structures reliability calculated with limit states sometimes lead to contradictory results. A possible reason for this is the lack of research on the influence of the asymmetry of variable distribution functions on the theoretical reliability of structures. The purpose of the research is to develop a practical method for calculating the reliability of structures with considering the asymmetry of the functions distribution and to test the method for evaluating the reliability of bent reinforced concrete elements.Materials and methods. The reliability of structures is estimated by the variability of the strength reserve function based on the methods of moments and design points. A method is proposed for approximating the reliability of fairly complex compositions of random variables using statistical parameters (expectation, standard deviation, and skewness coefficient) of two-element functions approximated by a lognormal three-parameter distribution.Conclusions. Considering the coefficient of the values system asymmetry in the probability calculation allows to justify the reliability of the bent reinforced concrete element designed according to the limit states. On the example of the calculation with the proposed method shown that the availability of the calculation values of the bearing strength of the reinforce concrete element in normal cross section is equal despite the values of the forces in the pressed reinforce concrete or positive reinforcement are indicated. If there is a positive asymmetry, the calculation results using the normal distribution may be significantly underestimated. It is concluded that the value of the asymmetry coefficient of the system of variables can be a justification for the use of normal or lognormal distribution for evaluating the reliability of structures. Ignoring the asymmetry of variables in probabilistic calculations can significantly distort the assessment of the reliability of structures.

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Garber, Nicholas J., John S. Miller, Bo Yuan, and Xin Sun. "Safety Effects of Differential Speed Limits on Rural Interstate Highways." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1830, no. 1 (January 2003): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1830-08.

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To compare the safety effects of a uniform speed limit (USL) for all vehicles and a differential speed limit (DSL) for cars and heavy trucks, crash, speed, and volume data for rural Interstate highways for the period 1991 through 2000 were obtained from nine states. These states were divided into four policy groups based on the type of speed limit employed during the period: maintenance of a uniform limit only, maintenance of a differential limit only, a change from a uniform to a differential limit, and a change from a differential to a uniform limit. Statistical tests (analysis of variance, Tukey’s test, and Dunnett’s test) and the empirical Bayes method were used to study speed and crash rate changes in the four policy groups. The focus here is only on the statistical tests. The safety effects of DSL and USL were not different within the scope of the study. The mean speed, 85th percentile speed, median speed, and crash rates tended to increase over the 10-year period regardless of which type of speed limit was employed. When all sites within a state were analyzed, temporal differences in these variables were often not significant.

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Yuan, Zi Hou, Wei Sun, and Yi Chen Yuan. "To Confirm Structural Coefficient for Design of Penstocks in Hydropower Stations by Partial Factors-Based Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 641-642 (September 2014): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.345.

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When confirming the partial factors in design formulas by the probability-based limit states design method (PLSDM), the structural coefficient can determined by two methods. On one hand, the structural coefficient is determined by the engineering experience calibration method, which is calculated by decomposition of the safety coefficient in the former specifications SD144-85. On the other hand, it can be determined by the probability analysis method and optimization calculation based on the target reliability index resulted from reliability calibration analysis. The appropriate value is finally determined by synthesizing results of the two methods.

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Wolniewicz, L., and J. D. Poll. "On the vibration–rotational energy levels of the hydrogen molecular ion HD+." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-196.

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A new method for calculating vibration–rotational energies of diatomic molecules is discussed and applied to the case of HD+. This method is designed to obtain accurate results for all vibrational states including those close to the dissociation limit. Nonadiabatic, relativistic, and radiative effects are taken into account for all the bound vibrational states with rotational quantum numbers J ≤ 5; the estimated accuracy is of the order of 0.001 cm−1.

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KLOTZ, V., ART HILL, K. WARRINER, M. GRIFFITHS, and J. ODUMERU. "Assessment of the Colorimetric and Fluorometric Assays for Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Cow's, Goat's, and Sheep's Milk." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 1884–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.9.1884.

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Raw milk is a well-established vehicle for the carriage of human pathogens, and many regulatory bodies have consequently mandated compulsory pasteurization as a food safety intervention. The residual activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has historically been used to verify the adequacy of pasteurization of cow's milk. However, there is uncertainty on how the current ALP standards and methods of analysis can be applied to sheep's and goat's milk, which naturally contain different levels of the enzyme than that found in cow's milk. The official ALP methods applied in Canada (colorimetric assay; MFO-3) and in the United States (Fluorophos) were assessed for their ability to detect enzyme activity in raw and pasteurized milk derived from cows, sheep, and goats. The detection limit and the limit of quantitation were 0.8 and 2.02 μg/ml phenol, respectively, for the MFO-3 method and 43 and 85 mU/liter, respectively, for the Fluorophos method. The average ALP levels in raw goat's, cow's, and sheep's milk were 165, 1,562, and 3,512 μg/ml phenol, respectively. Raw milk detection limits, which correspond to raw milk phosphatase levels, were 0.051, 0.485, and 0.023% in cow's, goat's, and sheep's milk, respectively, for the MFO-3 method and 0.007, 0.070, and 0.004%, respectively, for the Fluorophos method. Although both methods can be used for ALP determination in cow's, goat's, and sheep's milk, the Fluorophos assay was superior to the colorimetric MFO-3 method based on sensitivity and time required to complete the analysis.

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Вахрушев, Денис, and Denis Vakhrushev. "DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY FREESTANDING RIGID RETAINING WALL ON THE METHODS OF LIMIT ANALYSIS." Construction and Architecture 4, no. 4 (December 16, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23213.

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The article describes the method of determining the lower bound bearing capacity freestanding rigid retaining wall. This method is based on the extreme properties of strength limit states described in the first theorem of A.A. Gvozdeva about lower bound on the bearing capacity of the “wall-surrounding soil mass.” The existing graphic-analytical method for calculating the free-rigid sheet retaining walls has been reviewed .The numerical solutions of problems for each of the design models were found, and the results of calculations were analyzed.

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Rahmanov, Nariman, Viсtor Kurbatsky, Huseyngulu Guliyev, Nikita Tomin, and Famil Ibrahimov. "Method for assessing the voltage stability limit during emergency outages of the line and generators in the power system." E3S Web of Conferences 139 (2019): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913901020.

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The paper proposes method and algorithm for obtaining the maximum transmitted power limit in the power system under the voltage stability conditions in case of emergency outages of its elements - power lines and generating sets. The method is based on the analysis of the exaggerated states of the system created by increasing the values of the power sources (generators of power plants). The model of system states in extreme modes is described in the form of “extreme transmitted power – generating power values” relationships. The efficiency of the method is investigated on IEEE test schemes and the real Azerenergy system scheme. A comparison of the proposed method results with the evaluation of the critical conditions on the basis of trained neural network is presented.

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Bathurst, Richard J., Peiyuan Lin, and Tony Allen. "Reliability-based design of internal limit states for mechanically stabilized earth walls using geosynthetic reinforcement." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 6 (June 2019): 774–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0074.

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This paper demonstrates reliability-based design for tensile rupture and pullout limit states for mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls constructed with geosynthetic (geogrid) reinforcement. The general approach considers the accuracy of the load and resistance models that appear in each limit state equation plus uncertainty due to the confidence (level of understanding) of the designer at the time of design. The reliability index is computed using a closed-form solution that is easily implemented in a spreadsheet. The general approach provides a quantitative link between nominal factor of safety, which is familiar in allowable stress design practice, and reliability index used in modern civil engineering reliability-based design practice. A well-documented MSE wall case study is used to demonstrate the general approach and to compare margins of safety using different load and resistance model combinations. A practical outcome from the case study example is the observation that the pullout limit state is much less likely to control design than the ultimate tensile rupture state for walls with continuous reinforcement coverage. The more accurate “simplified stiffness method” that is used to compute tensile loads in the reinforcement under operational conditions is shown to generate a more cost-effective reinforcement option than the less accurate American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) simplified method.

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Montiel, Marco A., and Sonia E. Ruiz. "Seismic Design Method for Reliability-Based Rehabilitation of Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 1 (February 2006): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2162572.

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A reliability-based design method for the rehabilitation of buildings with energy-dissipating devices is proposed. The design method is formulated within the demand and capacity factor design (DCFD) format. The proposed approach is based on verifying that the confidence levels (associated with the serviceability and the ultimate limit states) corresponding to the rehabilitated structure are equal to or larger than the confidence levels associated with a similar conventional structure that is designed in accordance with a reference seismic design code. The method is illustrated with a five-story building rehabilitated with steel TADAS energy-dissipating plates.

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Russell, Benjamin, and Susan Stepney. "The Geometry of Speed Limiting Resources in Physical Models of Computation." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 28, no. 04 (June 2017): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054117500204.

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We study the maximum speed of quantum computation and how it is affected by limitations on physical resources. We show how the resulting concepts generalize to a broader class of physical models of computation within dynamical systems and introduce a specific algebraic structure representing these speed limits. We derive a family of quantum speed limit results in resource-constrained quantum systems with pure states and a finite dimensional state space, by using a geometric method based on right invariant action functionals on [Formula: see text]. We show that when the action functional is bi-invariant, the minimum time for implementing any quantum gate using a potentially time-dependent Hamiltonian is equal to the minimum time when using a constant Hamiltonian, thus constant Hamiltonians are time optimal for these constraints. We give an explicit formula for the time in these cases, in terms of the resource constraint. We show how our method produces a rich family of speed limit results, of which the generalized Margolus–Levitin theorem and the Mandelstam–Tamm inequality are special cases. We discuss the broader context of geometric approaches to speed limits in physical computation, including the way geometric approaches to quantum speed limits are a model for physical speed limits to computation arising from a limited resource.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Limit states method'

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