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1
Md Ghazaly, Zuhayr, Mustaqqim Abdul Rahim, Kok Alfred Chee Jee, Nur Fitriah Isa, and Liyana Ahmad Sofri. "Landslide Simulation Using Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element Method." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.555.
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Slope stability analysis is one of the ancient tasks in the geotechnical engineering. There are two major methods; limit equilibrium method (LEM) and finite element method (FEM) that were used to analyze the factor of safety (FOS) to determine the stability of slope. The factor of safety will affect the remediation method to be underdesign or overdesign if the analysis method was not well chosen. This can lead to safety and costing problems which are the main concern. Furthermore, there were no statement that issued one of the analysis methods was more preferred than another. To achieve the objective of this research, the soil sample collected from landslide at Wang Kelian were tested to obtain the parameters of the soils. Then, those results were inserted into Plaxis and Slope/W software for modeling to obtain the factor of safety based on different cases such as geometry and homogenous of slope. The FOS obtained by FEM was generally lower compared to LEM but LEM can provide an obvious critical slip surface. This can be explained by their principles. Overall, the analysis method chosen must be based on the purpose of the analysis.
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Kong, Ying, Hua Peng Shi, and Hong Ming Yu. "Analysis of Unstable Rock-Mass Stability Based on Limit Equilibrium Method and Strength Reduction Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 858 (November 2016): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.858.73.
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With the slope unstable rock masses of a stope in Longsi mine, Jiaozuo City, China as the target, we computed and analyzed the stability of unstable rock masses using a limit equilibrium method (LEM) and a discrete element strength reduction method (SRM). Results show that the unstable rock masses are currently stable. Under the external actions of natural weathering, rainfall and earthquake, unstable rock mass 1 was manifested as a shear slip failure mode, and its stability was controlled jointly by bedding-plane and posterior-margin steep inclined joints. In comparison, unstable rock mass 2 was manifested as a tensile-crack toppling failure mode, and its stability was controlled by the perforation of posterior-margin joints. From the results of the 2 methods we find the safety factor determined from SRM is larger, but not significantly, than that from LEM, and SRM can simulate the progressive failure process of unstable rock masses. SRM also provides information about forces and deformation (e.g. stress-strain, and displacement) and more efficiently visualizes the parts at the slope that are susceptible to instability, suggesting SRM can be used as a supplementation of LEM.
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Syamsul, Syamsul, Ichsan Rauf, Kusnadi Kusnadi, and Nyong Hamin. "Road Slope Stability Analysis with Limit Equilibrium Method." IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development) 6, no. 2 (2023): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v6i2.2129.
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Purpose: Landslides are hydrometeorological disasters frequently occurring in many places, particularly during the wet season. Slope stability analysis is the initial stage in defining countermeasures to prevent slope failure and mitigate the negative consequences. This study aims to apply the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) to examine the slope stability of the Dufadufa - Jambula road, with the SLIDE version 6.0 application serving as an analytical tool.
 Design/methodology/approach: Researchers use field measurement data to build a slide application slope model. The soil data used as input parameters are derived using the Robertson chart to interpret the sonder test findings.
 Findings: According to the results, the minimal slope factor of safety (fs) at the area under consideration is 0.247. It demonstrates that the road slope, which is the study location, is in critical condition; in other words, the slope of the Jambula-Dufadufa road segment has the potential to undergo a slide.
 Paper type: Research paper
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Timalsina, Hare Ram. "Enhanced Rock Slope Stability Analysis: Integrating the Partial Factor Method into the Limit Equilibrium Method." Journal of Engineering and Sciences 3, no. 1 (2024): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jes2.v3i1.66235.
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Rock slope stability is crucial for sustainable design. Especially concerning natural or artificial rock-cut slopes. The stability of these slopes depends largely on features of rock mass, particularly discontinuities. Failure modes are determined by these features and are evaluated using kinematics analysis with stereographic projections. Various methods exist for analyzing rock slopes, including the limit equilibrium method (LEM), which assesses stability based on a factor of safety (FS). Conversely, the partial factor method (PFM), predominantly used in Europe, offers a more reliable and probabilistic approach, incorporating uncertainty factors. Although Eurocode, which employs the PFM, is widely utilized, it faces disputes and undergoes updates based on ISRM recommendations. The partial factor method is considered more conservative than the limit equilibrium method due to its comprehensive probabilistic approach. The choice between methods depends on project requirements, data availability, and expertise. This study compares the limit equilibrium and partial factor methods for rock slope analysis, concluding that the partial factor method is more conservative and sustainable for long-term stability assessment. Whereas, the traditional method is often used for short-term assessments.
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Li, Hong Jun, Yan Yi Zhang, and Zu Wen Yan. "A Further Study on Soil Slope Stability Analysis by Finite Element Slip Surface Stress Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.492.
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In this paper, it proves that the necessary and sufficient condition for the potential sliding body reaching the ultimate limit equilibrium state is that the summation of shear stresses along the sliding surface equals to that of resistant shear strength. Based on the rigorous theory analyses and derivations, it is clearly shown that the definition of factor of safety (FOS) in the slip surface stress method (SSSM) is irrelevant with the shape of slip surface. Thus, the authors demonstrate that the FOS of noncircular slip surface can also be defined as the ratio of the sum of resistant sliding force along slip surface to that of sliding force. Furthermore, the physical meaning of the FOS in the SSSM, which can be taken as the average evaluation of the strength reduction coefficient that makes the sliding body reach the ultimate limit equilibrium state along the slip surface in nature, is formulated on the basis of strength reserving theory rather than the overloading theory like that in the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) and the Shear Strength Reduction Method (SSRM). Finally, the factors of safety (FOS) and the locations of critical failure surfaces obtained by the SSSM, LEM and SSRM are compared for various geotechnical practices. It is found that the SSSM can achieve precise and reasonable stability assessments for the soil slopes on the basis of actual stress field. Consequently, compared with the LEM and SSRM, the SSSM is demonstrated to be effective and efficient alternative approach for routine analysis and design in geotechnical engineering practice with a high level of confidence.
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Mohd Pauzi, Nur Irfah, Mohd Shahril Mat Radhi, and Thang Kel Win. "Analysis of a Nailed Soil Slope Using Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element Methods – A Review." MATEC Web of Conferences 400 (2024): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202440002003.
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Reviewing the two most used techniques for slope stability analysis is the goal of this research. The analysis derived from PLAXIS 2D (finite element based) and SLOPE/W (limit equilibrium based). Two 45degree and 60-degree slope angles that are strengthened with nails at three different inclinations—0, 15, and 30—are used for the analysis. All nail inclinations and slope angles are measured from the horizontal. A comparative analysis of stability metrics, including critical slip surfaces, nail forces, and factor of safety, has been conducted. It is discovered that the limit equilibrium approach produces greater values of the factor of safety when compared to the finite element method. There are notable differences between the failure surfaces obtained from the two methods.Large nail forces are seen using the LEM approach for 45 slopes with all nail inclinations, however the FEM method indicates an increase in the nail forces for 60 slope angles. In conclusions, both FEM and LEM methods have advantages and disadvantages. These two methods give the precise results if both methods are combined. The analysis using the LEM to compute the factor of safety are further enhanced with the Finite Element using PLAXIS 3D to compute the stress strain displacement of the soil with added soil nailing or structure member such as retaining wall.
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Nurtjahjaningtyas, Indra, Luthfi Amri Wicaksono, and Achmad Magh Robi Shofi. "Modeling Geocells as Slope Reinforcement Using the Limit Equilibrium Method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1249, no. 1 (2023): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1249/1/012007.
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Abstract Geocell is a geosynthetic used in foundation works, road construction and slope reinforcement. This research on slope reinforcement with geocells was conducted in a landslide affected area. The case study is a landslide on an access road to a tourist area in East Java, Indonesia, which resulted in almost the entire road body collapsing. In this research, modeling will be carried out using the LEM (Limit Equilibrium method) method with geoslope software to determine the increase in the Safety Factor (SF) value. The results of the slope stability analysis in the condition without reinforcement resulted in an SF value of 0,585. Reinforcement planning was carried out with 3 models at a depth of 9.6 meters and using a 57°slope. Modeling 1, 2, and 3 respectively used geocell sizes with lengths of 1.5 and 4 meters, 1.5 meters and 5 meters, 1.5 meters and 6 meters. The results of the slope stability analysis in modeling 1, 2, and 3 resulted in SF values of 0.783, 0.912, and 1.027, which means that in this study the increase in SF value in direct backfill conditions without reinforcement compared to modeling 1, 2, and 3 was 33.85%, 55.90% and 75.56%.
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Sazzad, Md Mahmud, and Shakila Afroz. "Stability Analysis of Slope Using Concrete Piles by Limit Equilibrium Method." Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering 7, no. 3 (2025): 54–60. https://doi.org/10.46610/jocce.2021.v07i03.005.
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Investigation of the stability of slope is significant to geotechnical engineers considering its social and economical aspects. This study aims at evaluating the effect of using two and three concrete piles in slope on the factor of safety (FOS) of the slope. SLOPE/W was used to analyze the model and the investigation was done using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The study depicts that the position and inclination angles of concrete piles in the slope have noticeable impacts on the FOS of the slope. Elevated values of FOS of the slope are obtained when two piles are placed in the middle to lower region of the slope with pile inclination angle of 45⁰, 75⁰, 90⁰ and 105⁰. Maximum value of FOS for two concrete piles in slope is aobtained for a pile inclination of 105⁰. On the contrary, the use of three concrete piles at a time gives maximum value of FOS when the pile inclination angle is 60⁰.
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Citrowati, Sekar Ayu, Kevin Febri, Marojahan Benedict Efrata Efrata, and Widya Spalanzani. "Optimalisasi Lereng Produksi Quarry Batugamping J dengan Metode Limit Equilibrium." Jurnal Jaring SainTek 6, no. 2 (2024): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.31599/cvfkv256.
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Penambangan batugamping di Indonesia umumnya dilakukan pada morfologi conical hill, akibatnya penambangan dapat mengalami longsor sehingga perlu dilakukannya analisis kestabilan lereng. Tujuan penelitian adalah memberikan rekomendasi kelerengan pada penambangan batugamping menggunakan Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) dan kinematika lereng quarry “J”. Terdapat struktur geologi right slip fault pada daerah dominan satuan batugamping. Hasil analisis LEM dilakukan dengan skenario pada kemiringan lereng aktual (41°), landai (30°), dan terjal (60°). Nilai faktor keamanan lereng aktual sebesar 393.656 menggunakan metode Fellenius yang termasuk dalam kategori lereng stabil, hal ini wajar dikarenakan nilai properti material (UCS, kohesi, dan phi) batugamping yang tinggi. Hasil analisis kinematika menunjukkan dapat terjadinya dua potensi longsor yaitu wedge dan toppling akibat keberadaan struktur geologi pada lereng. Tipe wedge menunjukkan nilai critical percentage kelongsoran sebesar 1,3% pada slope aktual, apabila slope diterjalkan, nilai critical percentage kelongsoran meningkat pada slope 54°-58° sebesar 3,4-6%. Sedangkan tipe toppling menunjukkan nilai critical percentage kelongsoran sebesar 0% pada slope aktual, apabila slope diterjalkan, nilai critical percentage kelongsoran meningkat pada slope 58°-60° sebesar 2,2-3%. Berdasarkan hasil kedua metode, direkomendasikan slope lereng penambangan diterjalkan sampai 60o sehingga produksi penambangan batugamping meningkat sesuai dengan faktor keamanan dan kestabilitas lerengnya
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Yunus, Ahmad Anwar Mohd, Anuar Kasa, Zamri Chik, and Taha Mohd Raihan. "Stability Analyses of an Earth Dam Using Limit Equilibrium and Finite Element Methods." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.319.
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The objective of this research is to study the relationships between the stability of earth dam and its soil strength parameters. The soil strength parameters include cohesion, unit weight of soil and angle of friction. GeoStudio, commercially available software, was used to obtain the overall factor of safety using limit equilibrium method (LEM) and finite element method (FEM). Tables to show the relationships among soil strength parameters for factor of safety 1.0 and 1.5 are presented in this paper.
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Chu, Xuesong, Jiahui Wen, and Liang Li. "Reliability analysis using Limit equilibrium and Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-based method for homogeneous soil slopes." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (2024): e0300293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300293.
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This paper develops a combined method to predict the volume of sliding mass for homogeneous slopes in an efficient manner. Firstly, the failure surface with minimum factor of safety (FS) in Limit Equilibrium Method is equated to that one determined by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics algorithm to obtain the threshold displacement value for unstable and stable particles. Secondly, the threshold displacement value is used to identify the volume of sliding mass using SPH. Finally, a regression model is developed based on a finite number of SPH simulations for homogeneous soil slopes. The proposed LEM-SPH based method is illustrated through a cohesive soil slope. It is concluded that the use of failure surface with minimum FS in LEM tends to underestimate the volume of sliding mass and to give an unconservative risk value. The Coefficient of Variation (Cov) of volume of sliding mass are 0.14, 0.28, 0.4, 0.48, 0.53 for Cov of soil properties = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6, respectively. The uncertainty of soil properties has a significant effect on the mean value of volume of sliding mass and therefore the landslide risk value. The proposed method is necessitated for cases where large uncertainties in soil properties exist.
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Sugo, D., S. Fujita, N. Dolojan, et al. "Performance Validation of Three-Dimensinonal Limit Equilibrium Method for Shallow Landslides Over a Wide Area." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1480, no. 1 (2025): 012039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1480/1/012039.
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Abstract Slope stability analysis based on the limit equilibrium theory has been widely employed in practice. However, the application of the three-dimensional (3D) limit equilibrium method (LEM) for multiple slopes over a large area has not been extensively discussed. In this study, a 3D LEMs-based slope stability analysis was conducted over a large area with actual terrain data under the conditions of shallow failures that occur during heavy rainfall events. The results confirmed that the three different methods have similar trends in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves though each evaluated factor of safety is different. In other words, under the conditions of shallow landslides, the Hovland method, which has the lowest computational cost among 3D LEMs, can produce results comparable to those of more advanced methods only by changing the threshold of the factor of safety.
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Samirsinh, P. Parmar. "Transition From ASD to LRFD: A Comprehensive Review of Geotechnical Design Methods, Their Evolution, Challenges and Future Scopes." Journal of Advances in Geotechnical Engineering 8, no. 2 (2025): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14970156.
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<em>This research paper presents a comparative analysis of various geotechnical design methodologies, including Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM), Limit State Method (LSM), Allowable Stress Design (ASD), Ultimate Limit State (ULS), and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). The study explores their fundamental equations, assumptions, and factors affecting bearing capacity calculations for shallow foundations. A parametric analysis is conducted using predefined soil and foundation parameters to evaluate the conservatism, reliability, and efficiency of each method. The results highlight the strengths and limitations of deterministic versus probabilistic approaches, emphasizing LRFD as a robust methodology for modern geotechnical engineering due to its ability to explicitly consider uncertainties in load and resistance factors. The study provides insights into the suitability of different methods for various geotechnical applications and contributes to the ongoing discourse on improving geotechnical design standards.</em>
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Steiakakis, Emmanouil, George Xiroudakis, Ilias Lazos, Dionysios Vavadakis, and George Bazdanis. "Stability Analysis of a Multi-Layered Slope in an Open Pit Mine." Geosciences 13, no. 12 (2023): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13120359.
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The design of slopes in open pit mines requires an in-depth understanding of the ground behavior to predict the potential failure mechanism and to better determine the stabilization measures. This study compares the critical slip surface defined by the limit equilibrium method (LEM), the limit analysis (LA), and the finite elements method (FEM) for the stability analysis to better approach the stability on a multi-layered slope. The safety factor, the size, and the location of the critical slip surface obtained from the applied methods are considered in the comparisons. This study highlights some features that affect the slope stability and presents a procedure for addressing the evaluation challenges in a multi-layered formation. Moreover, it presents some aspects of the upper-bound computation on the safety factor of a layered slope subjected to the effects of pore water pressures. Based on the obtained results, the critical slip surface defined by the limit equilibrium method compares well with the slip mechanism suggested by the limit analysis and the finite element approach. In view of the differences in the shape and location of the critical slip surface, as well as the values obtained for the safety factor, it is recommended that an engineer should analyze critical slopes using the finite element method in combination with the limit equilibrium or limit analysis method as a cross reference. The authors propose that in defining the potential failure mass, consideration must be given to the conducted field research and monitoring.
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Li, Hongjun, Hong Zhong, Zuwen Yan, and Xuedong Zhang. "Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Coupled with Finite Element Limit Equilibrium Method for Geotechnical Practices." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/498690.
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This paper proposes a modified particle swarm optimization algorithm coupled with the finite element limit equilibrium method (FELEM) for the minimum factor of safety and the location of associated noncircular critical failure surfaces for various geotechnical practices. During the search process, the stress compatibility constraints coupled with the geometrical and kinematical compatibility constraints are firstly established based on the features of slope geometry and stress distribution to guarantee realistic slip surfaces from being unreasonable. Furthermore, in the FELEM, based on rigorous theoretical analyses and derivation, it is noted that the physical meaning of the factor of safety can be formulated on the basis of strength reserving theory rather than the overloading theory. Consequently, compared with the limit equilibrium method (LEM) and the shear strength reduction method (SSRM) through several numerical examples, the FELEM in conjunction with the improved search strategy is proved to be an effective and efficient approach to routine analysis and design in geotechnical practices with a high level of confidence.
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Li, Yong Quan, Hang Jing, Qing Huan Wang, and Jun Fu Chen. "Stability Analysis of Soil Slope and the Design of Anti-Slide Piles during Unsteady Seepage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.689.
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Principle of calculation of water and earth pressures together by Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) is introduced, and coupled deformation and seepage analysis is conducted by Finite Element Method (FEM ).The response of one soil slope is simulated during rapid drawdown of water level by LEM and FEM. The results calculated show that seepage upraises the critical slip surfaces, and critical slip surfaces and safety factors by two ways are pretty close. To assure the safety of the slope, the design of anti-slide piles is carried out. Those ways used may provide reference to engineering practice.
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Bastarie, Guge Faizal Rahman, I. Gde Budi Indrawan, and Agung Setianto. "Stability Analysis at Inlet Slope of Matenggeng Dam Diversion Tunnel with Limit Equilibrium Method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1443, no. 1 (2025): 012018. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1443/1/012018.
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Abstract Slope stability must be analyzed to prevent potential slope collapse by considering the safety factor in the design. In this research, the inlet of the Matenggeng Dam diversion tunnel was analyzed under static load and seismic load using Morgenstern-Price and Spencer’s Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The analysis used parameter data obtained from surface geological mapping, evaluation of underground core samples, evaluation of rock quality using the GSI system, and laboratory tests on rock samples such as the Uniaxial Compressive Strength test and Index Properties test. The intake slope consists of andesite, conglomeratic sandstone, and conglomerate rock material with fair to good rock quality. The results of the slope stability analysis are safe as the safety factor value meets the specifications of the Indonesian National Standard SNI 8460: 2017.
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Tan, Wen Hui, Ya Liang Li, and Cong Cong Li. "Research on 2D Limit Equilibrium Method of Slopes Considering the Effect of Horizontal In Situ Stress." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.245.
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At present, in-situ stress was not considered in Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) of slopes, the influence of in-situ stress is very small on the stability of conventional slopes, but in deep-depressed open-pit mines, the influence should not be neglected. Formula for calculating the Factor of Safety (FOS) under the effect of horizontal in-situ stress was deduced using General Slice Method (GSM) of two-dimensional (2D) limit equilibrium method in this paper，a corresponding program SSLOPE was built, and the software was used in a deep- depressed open-pit iron mine. The results show that the FOS of the slope decreased by 20% when horizontal in-situ stress is considered, some reinforcements must be taken. Therefore, the influence of in-situ stress on slope stability should be taken into account in deep open –pit mines.
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Ukleja, Janusz. "Stability estimation of slopes with determined slip surface by the MSTAB-3D method based on sliding body limit equilibrium analysis." MATEC Web of Conferences 262 (2019): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926204004.
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The method developed for this study, established on the premises of the limit equilibrium flat analysis for a spatial solution, is a modification of the STAB-3D method, previously described by the author. It combines the analyses methods of 2D slices of flat cross–sections with the spatial analyses methodology rooted in a specific breakdown of a landslide sliding body into 3D elements assuming some simplifying solution. However, this method is solely applicable in case of a landslide failure with a stipulated slip surface and with a consistent decline of a determined slide direction. Such a method was developed in the article published earlier, which provided then its basic assumptions and the equilibrium formulations. The following publication thereof, presents overall suppositions for this method as well as its modification involving the resultant forces brought to the equilibrium with the generalized slide direction. Apart from that, a comparative analysis was carried out on the impact of this modification applicability of the obtained results with regard to the STAB-3D method. The algorithm was also presented concerning the modified method with its results being compared to a couple of selected methods LEM (limit equilibrium method). The undertaken analysis reveals that the modified MSTAB-3D method determines stability indicators that are very similar to its earlier version. Moreover, the results occur to be also approximating the values obtained in the course of other methods with regard to the flat cross-section analysis.
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Martiane, Wieta, I. Gde Budi Indrawan, and Ferian Anggara. "Evaluation of slope stability at Samarinda tunnel inlet portal using Limit Equilibrium Method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1462, no. 1 (2025): 012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1462/1/012017.
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Abstract The stability of tunnel portal slopes is crucial to ensure the safety and continuity of tunnel construction projects. This study evaluates the slope stability at the tunnel inlet portal on Jl. Sultan Alimuddin - Jl. Kakap in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The geotechnical investigation included interpreting borehole data, sampling soil and rock, and conducting laboratory tests to determine parameters such as cohesion, internal friction angle, and unconfined compressive strength. Slope stability analysis was performed using the Bishop Simplified and Morgenstern-Price methods under static and dynamic conditions with Slide 6 software. The results show that the slopes at this location are generally safe, with safety factors of 1.278 and 1.166 for the Bishop method, and 1.336 and 1.225 for the Morgenstern-Price method under static and dynamic conditions, respectively. Although the obtained safety factors indicate stable slopes, additional reinforcement such as soil nailing, rock bolts, or shotcrete is recommended to meet the higher safety standards suggested by SNI 8460:2017. This study demonstrates that the tunnel portal slopes have a good safety factor but require regular monitoring and maintenance to ensure long-term stability, especially considering the complex geological conditions and climate variability in the area.
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Aung, T. Z., C. T. T. Naing, L. C. Nguyen, and K. T. Nguyen. "A comparison of countermeasures against landslide on the road No.152, Sapa Town, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289, no. 1 (2023): 012093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1289/1/012093.
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Abstract Landslide hazards are one of the most common geological disasters due to the impacts of natural factors, mainly rainfall, and human activities, such as the construction of transport infrastructure and mining projects. In Vietnam, most of the landslides and slippage frequently occur in mountainous areas, especially in Lao Cai province during the rainy season. In 2021, a slope failure happened near the Mong Hoa valley, on Road No. 152, sections Km 2+728.26–Km 2+827.04 in Cau May ward, Sapa town, Lao Cai province. In this study, topographical features, geomorphological features, hydrological features, geological investigation, and laboratory tests were performed to analyse the slope stability. This study used the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) to analyse the slope stability, and several countermeasures were proposed for this slope such as the retaining wall, ground anchors, and soil nails. This numerical result showed that the ground anchors and soil nails are the suitable method to prevent the instability of the slope. This study shows that compared with the traditional LEM method and advanced FEM method is that it can capture more results not only safety factor but also horizontal displacement and load anchor result. As a result, this analysis showed that the safety factor value in the finite element method was greater than that in the limit equilibrium method.
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Luden, Alesandro Sejo, I. Gde Budi Indrawan, and Dwikorita Karnawati. "Slope stability analyses by circular failure chart and limit equilibrium methods: the inlet and outlet of diversion tunnel of Bolango Ulu Dam, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 325 (2021): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132501015.
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The objective of this research is to evaluate the stability of the natural slopes at the inlet and outlet portals of the Bolangu Ulu diversion tunnel, Gorontalo. The natural slopes were considered stable, and therefore slope stability analyses were not carried out previously in the tunnel portal design. The slope stability analyses were carried out using the Circular Failure Chart (CFC) and Limit Equilibrium Methods (LEM). Input data for the slope stability analyses were obtained from field mapping and laboratory testing of soil and rock samples. The results show that the portal slopes consist of diorite and residual soil. Both stability analysis methods yield nearly the same results. The slope at the outlet section had the factor of safety (FOS) values of 1.29 and 1.30 based on the CFC method and LEM, respectively, indicating the slope in a stable condition. However, the slope at the inlet section had the FOS values of 1.01 and 1.07 based on the CFC method and LEM, respectively, indicating the slope in a critical condition. The results suggest that stabilization of the portal slopes, particularly the portal slope at the inlet section, is required to prevent slope failures under static and earthquake loads.
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Nata, Refky Adi, Gaofeng Ren, Yongxiang Ge, et al. "The Role of LEM in Mine Slope Safety: A Pre- and Post-Blast Perspective." Safety 10, no. 4 (2024): 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety10040101.
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Slopes are formed as a result of mining operations. These slopes are classified as artificial slopes. Improper planning of slopes can lead to instability and potentially trigger landslides. PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya employs the open-pit mining method in its coal mining operations. Slopes are naturally formed in open-pit mines. Additionally, PT. Allied Indo Coal Jaya utilizes blasting for rock demolition. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the impact of blasting activities on slope stability. This study investigates the influence of blasting on slope stability in coal mines using the limit equilibrium method (LEM). The study evaluates the effects of factors such as ground vibration, blast distance, and blast hole count on the factor of safety (FoS) of slopes. The limit equilibrium method (Fellenius, Bishop, Janbu, Spencer, and Morgenstern-Price) is employed to determine the factor of safety. The factor of safety is modeled using RocScience SLIDE version 6.0 in this study. The factor of safety (FoS) is defined as the ratio of the stabilizing force to the destabilizing force acting on the slope. This study also models the influence of ground vibration, distance, and total number of blast holes on the factor-of-safety (FoS) value. The results indicate that the slope remains stable both pre- and post-blasting, with an overall FoS value greater than 1 for the five slopes examined using various limit equilibrium method (LEM) techniques. However, the FoS value decreased prior to blasting due to the impact of ground vibration and blast distance. It is evident that the ground vibration (PPA) increases with the number of blast holes. The amount of ground vibration decreases as the number of blast holes increases. An increased number of blast holes leads to a decrease in the FoS value. The observed decline in slope FoS values and the increase in PPAs is attributable to the growing number of blast holes. The type of explosive, along with its power and rate of detonation, influences the amount of energy produced, which in turn affects the degree of ground vibration. The findings indicate that the slopes remain stable (FoS > 1) both before and after blasting, although blasting slightly reduces the FoS. The study reveals that as the number of blast holes increases, both ground vibration (PPA) and the reduction in FoS increase, underscoring the effects of explosive power and detonation rate on slope stability.
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Digdoyo, S. K., I. G. B. Indrawan, and R. Hidayat. "Limit Equilibrium Method of Slope Stability Analysis: A Case Study of Outlet Tunnel Portal of Bagong Dam East Java Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1451, no. 1 (2025): 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1451/1/012009.
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Abstract Bagong Dam, located in Trenggalek Regency, has a diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel is designed as a horseshoe-type tunnel with a diameter of 4 m and a length of 416 m. Although a general engineering geological investigation has been conducted at the dam site, slope stability has yet to be analyzed. This research seeks to categorize rock masses based on the Geological Strength Index (GSI) and evaluate the stability of the slope at the tunnel outlet using the Bishop Simplified and Morgenstern-Price Limit Equilibrium Methods (LEM), considering scenarios with and without seismic load. The results will determine the appropriate slope for the tunnel outlet portal. The data for the LEM analysis were gathered through surface geological mapping, subsurface core sampling, and laboratory testing of the rock samples. The geological engineering of the Bagong Dam tunnel outlet consists of andesite breccia (fair to good), interbedded sandstone clay (poor to good), and poor-quality limestone. The horizontal seismic load coefficient (kh) at this location is 0.175. LEM analysis shows that the portal slope is stable after excavation according to the design, static load shows a safety factor (Fs) = 2.16 > 1.5 using the Bishop Simplified and also shows a safety factor (Fs) = 2.15 > 1.5 using Morgenstren-Price. Post-seismic load analysis also shows a safety factor (Fs) = 1.94 > 1.1 using the Bishop Simplified and also shows a safety factor (Fs) = 1.89 > 1.1 using Morgenstren-Price. Slope failure does not occur because the safety factor values can be achieved using the original slope design, both with and without seismic load.
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Kakoty, Rishiraj. "Limit Equilibrium Method Based Slope Stability Analysis of One of the Most Highly Landslide Susceptible Region of Guwahati." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 3 (2024): 3194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.59608.
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Abstract: Guwahati, situated in a hilly region, faces the constant threat of landslides due to its susceptibility to high rainfall. The city has a history of several instances of landslides, causing substantial loss of life and property. The Assam State Disaster Management Authority (ASDMA) has identified at least 366 locations within the city as highly seismic-prone areas. In response to this, a comprehensive analysis of slope vulnerability has been initiated. One of the targeted sites, recently affected by landslides, is undergoing thorough examination using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). To achieve this, a detailed survey of the slope profile has been conducted, including the collection of geological data and soil samples. The geotechnical parameters are being meticulously analysed based on the obtained soil test reports, considering factors such as drainage conditions and historical rainfall intensity data. This crucial information serves as input for a LEM-based software, which is commonly available for slope stability analysis. The software utilizes sophisticated algorithms to assess the vulnerability of the slope under varying rainfall intensities, offering valuable insights into potential landslide risks. By combining field surveys, geotechnical testing, and advanced software analysis, this comprehensive approach aims to provide a holistic understanding of slope stability, aiding in the formulation of effective strategies for landslide mitigation in the identified vulnerable regions of Guwahati. This initiative aligns with the broader goal of enhancing disaster preparedness and resilience in the face of natural hazards in the region.
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Mohamed, Tariq, Anuar Kasa, and Taha Mohd Raihan. "Prediction of Safety Factor for Slope Designed with Various Limit Equilibrium Methods." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 611–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.611.
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The purpose of this study is to predict the stability of slope using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Based on limit equilibrium theory, four different methods of analyses, i.e. Morgenstern-Price, Janbu, Bishop and Ordinary were used to calculate the overall safety factor of various slope designs. Neuro-fuzzy inference system was used to map from a given input to an output. Important parameters such as height of slope (H), unit weight of soil (γ), angle of slope (θ), coefficient of cohesion (c) and internal angle of friction (ф) were used as the input parameters while overall safety factor was the output. ANFIS model to predict the stability of the slopes was generated from the calculated data. Results showed that factors of safety predicted using ANFIS agreed well with factors of safety calculated using Limit Equilibrium Methods (LEM).
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Q. Arca, Ma Catherine, and Glen A. Lorenzo. "Landslide hazard mapping using limit equilibrium method with GIS application of roadway traversing mountain slopes: The case of Kitaotao Bukidnon, Philippines." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 55, no. 1 (2018): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v55i1.22796.
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The national highway section of the Municipality of Kitaotao along the Davao City route plays a vital role in the transport of goods and services in the region. However, this national highway is prone to rainfall-induced landslides. Records show that almost every year this highway is being disrupted by landslide and road clearing operations would take several hours or even up to several days. This study aimed to improve the present landslide hazard map using Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) and GIS techniques in order to present the spatial distribution of Factor of Safety (FS) in the area. A LEM based software (SLOPE /W) was utilized in the present study and Bishop Simplified slope stability model was adopted in calculating the FS. Geotechnical properties like cohesion, friction angle and unit weight were used in the analyses. The soil thickness data gathered were correlated to the slope angle in order to determine the spatial distribution of soil thickness in the area. The LHZM revealed that areas with low to very low stability are extensively found in the southern part and some areas in the northern portion. The accuracy of the model was validated through actual field observations and also by overlying the landslide inventory over the LHZM. It was found that 77.80 % of inventoried landslides are in low to very low stability zones. The present study adapts a deterministic approach using LEM of slope stability analysis and clusters the hazard zonation in terms of the spatial variation of FS in every 20 m x 20 m slope area employing GIS techniques; hence, this provides better insight on the landslide susceptibility throughout the study area and can be used directly for engineering design purposes.
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Apriliana, Raditya, I. Gde Budi Indrawan, and I. Wayan Warmada. "Utilizing the Limit Equilibrium Method: Slope stability analysis of the outlet diversion tunnel portal at Jatinegara Dam, Tegal District, Central Java." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1462, no. 1 (2025): 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1462/1/012034.
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Abstract The purpose of the Jatinegara Dam is to irrigate agricultural land in the villages of Cacaban dan Rambut. Investigations involving engineering geology have been carried out, however a slope stability analysis is still required. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the stability of the slope at the outlet portal of the Jatinegara Dam using the Bishop Simplified and Morgenstern-Price limit equilibrium methods (LEM). These methods analyze the stability of the slope under both static and seismic loading, and the results are used to determine the value of Safety Factor (SF). The primary source of data was rock and soil evaluations taken from the surface and rock cores of the outlet tunnel portal. Rock quality assessment based on Geological Strength Index (GSI) and laboratory testing. The outlet portal slope consists of volcanic breccia, sandstone, and siltstone with quality ranges from very poor to good. The results of LEM show that the outlet portal slope is in stable condition under both static and seismic loads, as per the SNI 8460:2017 standards.
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Deng, Dong-ping, Liang Li, and Lian-heng Zhao. "Limit equilibrium method (LEM) of slope stability and calculation of comprehensive factor of safety with double strength-reduction technique." Journal of Mountain Science 14, no. 11 (2017): 2311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4537-2.
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Cała, Marek, Thi Cat Tuong Le, and Agnieszka Stopkowicz. "Three-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Stability Analysis of Bentonite Slurry Trenches Using a Shear Strength Reduction Technique and Limit Equilibrium Methods." Applied Sciences 14, no. 12 (2024): 5251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14125251.
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Bentonite slurry trenches are becoming increasingly popular in the excavation of trenches, especially for diaphragm wall construction. The problem that needs to be addressed is the stability of bentonite slurry trenches. This paper presents a stability analysis of trenches with temporary support from bentonite slurry, with unit weights ranging from 10.5 to 12.0 kN/m3 in the realistic stratum, and C3 in the Hue city area. Our analysis employs the Shear Strength Reduction Technique (SSR) with Mohr–Coulomb materials to numerically evaluate the factor of safety (FS). The finite element method (FEM) software program (RS2 v. 121 and RS3 v. 4.0) and the finite difference method (FDM) FLAC v. 7.0 software were used. Additionally, the limit equilibrium method (LEM) of Bell–Washbourne and three-dimensional (3D) Bishop were used to calculate trench stability. The results of the analysis show a good agreement between RS2 and FLAC2D, and between RS3 and FLAC3D. Secondly, upon comparison, it was noted that the factor of safety of the 3D software programs (RS3 v. 4.0, FLAC v. 7.0) was higher than that of the 2D software programs (RS2 v. 11.0, FLAC v. 7.0), ranging from 52.3 to 63.0% for trench lengths of 6 m. However, for trench lengths of 54 m, the factor of safety values in 2D and 3D configurations were nearly equal. Thirdly, the factor of safety of the Bell–Washbourne method (LEM) was lower than that of the numerical analysis methods (FLAC and RS programs). Using the three-dimensional numerical method appears to be effective for estimating stability.
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Rashid, Mehboob ur, Waqas Ahmed, Ihtisham Islam, Petros Petrounias, Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou, and Nikolaos Koukouzas. "Impact of Climate Change on the Stability of the Miacher Slope, Upper Hunza, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan." Climate 11, no. 5 (2023): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli11050102.
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Especially in recent years, the study of landslide phenomena is considered as very important because of the effects of climate change. The aim of this paper is to examine the stability of the slope located in Miacher Nagar village along the Hunza River (HR), using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The Miacher slope rises to a height of 900 m from the foot of the Hunza River and has a base angle of 50 degrees. Meta-sediments and quaternary recent glaciated deposits make up the majority of the slope’s composition. The slope movement of Miacher was first triggered in 1995, and was further triggered in 2010 and 2013. The slope was geologically, geomorphologically, geotechnically and geochemically investigated as well as modeled by Slope/w to determine the safety factor. Soil samples were analyzed for their geotechnical, geological and geomorphological properties. The Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) was employed in this study to analyze the Factor of Safety (FOS) of the slope, based on assumptions of the Morgenstern and Price, Ordinary, Janbu and Bishop Methods, using the Slope/w software. Various factors, including pore water pressure, unit weight, cohesion, angle of internal friction and overburden, were examined by analyzing different scenarios. The findings showed that an increase in cohesion and angle of internal friction resulted in an increase in FOS, whereas an increase in unit weight and overburden caused a decrease in FOS. The influence of pore water pressure was positive to a certain extent, but a further increase led to a significant reduction in FOS. The results showed that the Miacher slope is currently stable, as all FOS values were greater than one, based on the existing strength parameters and simulated results obtained using Slope/w.
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Ma, Lili, Zhiyuan Zhao, Kuanjun Wang, Yupei Huang, Haochen Liu, and Qinfeng Yang. "Stability Analysis of Earth Dams in a Landfill: A Case Study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2519, no. 1 (2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2519/1/012010.
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Abstract The dam is an important structure of landfill, and its stability is vital to the landfill safety. However, due to lack of specific design specifications, the design and stability of landfill dam have been conducted based on several relevant specifications. Therefore, taking the landfill project in Hangzhou for example, stability analyses of three temporal earth dams are performed, based on limit equilibrium method (LEM) and strength reduction method (SRM). It is found that two dams are stable, while the third one is in basically stable state by LEM and in understable state by SRM, respectively. Then it is recommended that the construction should strictly follow the design requirements, backfilling simultaneously on both sides of the dam. Finally, the analytical framework or few conclusions in this paper is expected to be a reference for earth dams in landfill.
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Rizali, Muhammad Adi Ibrahim, and Yusep Muslih Purwana. "Seismic Safety Evaluation of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Wall for Highway Construction." Indonesian Geotechnical Journal 3, no. 2 (2024): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.56144/igj.v3i2.78.
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The usage of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls has grown in popularity over the last few decades and has been widely used in many countries for highway construction, including Indonesia. As a country with a high risk against seismic hazards, a considerable stability analysis against earthquakes for construction must be conducted. This paper is directed to evaluate the static and seismic stability of MSE wall by adopting design criteria from SNI 8460:2017 using the pseudo-static approach with Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) which modelling earthquake as a seismic coefficient, a one-way constant load and dynamic response approach with Finite Element Method (FEM) which modelling earthquake as ground motion, a fluctuating load which varies in time. The stability analysis is performed by considering three failure mechanisms that mostly occurred in MSE Walls; base sliding, tensile overstress, and slope failure. The earthquake load is modelled based 1000-year return period earthquake. Based on the analysis result, the most potential failure mechanism that may occur in the MSE wall is tensile overstress, while the least potential failure is base sliding. The analysis result also shows that the finite element method obtained higher safety factors compared to limit equilibrium, while on the other hand, the remaining two failure mechanisms shows the different result, with the finite element method obtaining lower safety factors than limit equilibrium. Modelling seismic load as an accelerogram indicates that earthquakes have higher impacts on structure stability compared to seismic coefficient, based on seismic safety factor reduction of each method. Although show differences in the value of the safety factor, the minimum safety factor required still complies with both methods.
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Oreste, Pierpaolo, and Silvia Soldano. "Static and dynamic analyses of the stability of mining wastes (Ravaneti) in the Carrara marble area (Apuan Alps, Italy) / Analiza statyczna i dynamiczna stabilności hałd odpadów górniczych w regionie wydobycia marmurów Carrara (Alpy Apuańskie, Italia)." Archives of Mining Sciences 57, no. 3 (2012): 667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10267-012-0043-0.
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Abstract The problem of the stability of “ravanetos” (debris piles of mining waste material extracted from the Apuan Alps, Italy) is very relevant, because of the consequences a landslide would have on the people and the existing civil infrastructures throughout the territory. In this work, the stability of two ravanetos that can be considered as representative of those in the Carrara area has been studied: the Polvaccio ravaneto, a recent type of debris pile and the Torrione-Tecchione, an old debris pile at present undergoing re-naturalisation. The study using the LEM (Limit Equilibrium Method) in a static and pseudo-static field, has made it possible to first carry out a back-analysis to define the most probable apparent cohesion and friction angle values of the material that makes up the ravanetos. Subsequently, it was possible to determine the intensity of the seismic wave that would be able to lead the two ravanetos to limit stability conditions and to determine the probability of such a seismic wave occurring in the next 50 years. A more accurate analysis, carried out with a numerical method in the dynamic field, of the most critical condition (the Polvaccio ravaneto) has led to more conservative results (higher safety factors) than those obtained with the LEM. This result allows us to reveal how the LEM can be considered a cautionary instrument to judge the stability of debris piles during a seismic event and that the likelihood of a landslide occurring in the two studied representative ravanetos over the next 50 years is very slim.
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Samirsinh, P. Parmar. "Contemporary Approaches to Slope Stability Back Analysis." Journal of Advances in Geotechnical Engineering 8, no. 3 (2025): 13–33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15589554.
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<em>This paper presents a comprehensive overview of back analysis techniques in slope stability assessment. Back analysis involves the retroactive determination of material properties or conditions that led to a slope failure. Various methodologies, including numerical modelling, probabilistic approaches, and data-driven techniques, are discussed. The paper also explores the applications of back analysis in real-world slope stability problems and provides insights into future research directions. This paper presents an in-depth exploration of back analysis techniques in slope stability assessment, focusing on methodologies, case studies, applications, and future research directions. Back analysis plays a crucial role in understanding the factors contributing to slope failures and estimating material properties. Various methods such as Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM), Finite Element Method (FEM), Bayesian Framework, and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) are discussed, along with their applications in real-world scenarios. The paper also highlights the potential of advanced data analytics and remote sensing technologies in enhancing back analysis accuracy and addressing uncertainties.</em>
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Peng, Pu, Ze Li, Xiaoyan Zhang, Wei Zhang, and Wushu Dong. "Efficient Method for Calculating Slope Failure Risk Based on Element Failure Probability." Applied Sciences 13, no. 8 (2023): 4806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13084806.
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The finite element method (FEM) and the limit equilibrium method (LEM) are commonly used for calculating slope failure risk. However, the FEM needs to carry out post-processing to estimate slope sliding surface, while the LEM requires assumption of the shape and location of the sliding surface in advance. In this paper, an element failure risk method (EFR) for calculating soil slope failure risk is proposed based on element failure probability (EFP) acquired by plastic limit analysis. The proposed method does not require any assumptions about failure modes. Firstly, the non-common-node triangle element is used to discrete the slope then the random field is generated based on the Cholesky decomposition midpoint method. According to the reliability stochastic programming model and solution strategy, the external overload coefficient, bulk overload coefficient, slope stability coefficient and velocity field of the slope under each random field are obtained, according to which the failure of the element is judged and the failure risk of the slope is calculated. In order to verify the correctness of the proposed method, two classical slopes are systematically analyzed. The research shows that compared with the traditional slope failure risk analysis method, the greatest advantage of the proposed method is that it can capture all failure modes of the slope and greatly simplify the calculation of the slope failure consequences of each failure mode. An efficient upper bound method (UBM) parallel program is prepared, which greatly improves the calculation efficiency.
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Rahman, Aftab Ur, Guangcheng Zhang, Salman A. AlQahtani, et al. "Geotechnical Assessment of Rock Slope Stability Using Kinematic and Limit Equilibrium Analysis for Safety Evaluation." Water 15, no. 10 (2023): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15101924.
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The purpose of this study is to identify the leading causes of slope instability along a local highway in Anhui, People’s Republic of China. As part of the east expansion project, the mountain range will be excavated to create a two-way, nearly 30 m wide highway. The site’s topography consists of a hill with palm-shaped faces carved from limestone running along its sides. The geological characteristics and slope stability of the research area highlight the possibility of slope failure along both sides of the roadway. Slope stability analysis was performed in order to determine the failure mechanism and create a stable slope. Initial slope characterization and shear properties of the rock were determined by means of fieldwork and laboratory analysis. By causing wedging failure and toppling collapse, the bedding joints and discontinuity orientations increase instability, as determined by a kinematic analysis performed with DIP.6 software. The Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) of analysis is presented in the software Slide 6.020 to illustrate the instability of the slope. The unstable condition of the slopes was determined using empirical methods that were validated and enhanced by limit equilibrium analysis.
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Souza, Isabella, Daniela Rojas, Ana Pires, Márcio Farias, and Manoel Cordão Neto. "Shear strength reduction factor used in critical state models with hardening." Soils and Rocks 46, no. 4 (2023): e2023004123. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2023.004123.
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The slope stability analyses are important to predict environmental, financial, and human life impacts. The Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) is commonly used to estimate a slope’s Safety Factor (SF). However, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is increasingly applied to slope stability analyses, using different approaches, among which the technique of Shear Strength Reduction (SSR) is commonly used in perfectly plastic elastic models. The objective of this study is to present a discussion about these two methodologies, using critical state models with or without hardening will be used to model the stress-strain behavior of the soil mass. The results obtained in the case study presented, using LEM and FEM considering critical state models with and without hardening are consistent and allowed verifying the stability condition of the slope. Also, the reduction factors are smaller when compared to the results using perfectly plastic elastic models.
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Purwanto, A., I. G. B. Indrawan, and A. Setianto. "Analysis of Consolidation Grouting Effect on The Stability of Portal Slope of The Spillway Tunnel in The Bulango Ulu Dam, Gorontalo, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1233, no. 1 (2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1233/1/012002.
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Abstract The problem of portal slope instability often occurs caused by the poor lithological conditions composing the slope. During the portal excavation of the outlet spillway tunnel in the Bulango Ulu Dam, the slope failed. The slope was then reinforced by consolidation grouting. The objectives of this research were to characterize the soil and rock masses composing the slope, evaluate the grouting effectiveness by Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM), and recommend an alternative slope reinforcement method. Surface engineering geological mapping, borehole data evaluation, and laboratory testing were conducted to obtain slope stability analysis parameters. The results showed that the slope consisted of diorite having poor to very poor rock masses. After 7 days of grouting, the triaxial test showed that the soil samples had similar cohesion and increased internal friction angle insignificantly, as compared to the soil samples prior to grouting. The LEM analysis indicated that the portal slope was unstable and consolidation grouting did not increase the slope safety factor (Fs) significantly. As the grouting effect may take significantly long, an alternative slope reinforcement method by soil nailing was proposed. The LEM analysis showed that the soil nailing increased the slope Fs from 0.63 to 1.49.
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Niemiec, Dominik, Roman Bulko, and Juraj Mužík. "The Meshfree Localized Petrov-Galerkin Approach in Slope Stability Analysis." Civil and Environmental Engineering 15, no. 1 (2019): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2019-0011.
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Abstract The article focuses on the use of the meshfree numerical method in the field of slope stability computations. There are many meshfree implementations of numerical methods. The article shows the results obtained using the meshfree localized Petrov-Galerkin method (MLPG) – localized weak-form of the equilibrium equations with an often used elastoplastic material model based on Mohr-Coulomb (MC) yield criterion. The most important aspect of MLPG is that the discretization process uses a set of nodes instead of elements. Node position within the computational domain is not restricted by any prescribed relationship. The shape functions are constructed using just the set of nodes present in the simple shaped domain of influence. The benchmark slope stability numerical model was performed using the developed meshfree computer code and compared with conventional finite element (FEM) and limit equilibrium (LEM) codes. The results showed the ability of the implemented theoretical preliminaries to solve the geotechnical stability problems.
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Mennaai, Amor, Abdallah Zatar, Djamal Hamadi, and Samir Djireb. "An efficient genetic algorithm for locating critical failure surfaces in slope stability analysis with limit equilibrium method." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 2 (2024): e12327. https://doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n2-823.
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The determination of the critical failure surface in geotechnical field is carried out in the process of evaluating the stability of slopes, embankments, dam, excavations, retaining walls and many others. As in many other studies, the problem of slope stability is analyze by limit equilibrium method (LEM) in homogeneous soil. These methods frequently make it possible to identify the critical circular slip surface (CFS) corresponding to the minimum factor of safety (FOS). Finding the critical slip surface (CFS) and minimum safety factor (FOS) in slope stability analysis can be performed using global optimization metaheuristic techniques. The paper presents a new modified genetic algorithm (MGA), based on Multi-Parametric Convex Crossover (MPCX), to search the critical circular for locating failure surfaces (CFS) and determining the lowest (FOS). The performance of the modified genetic algorithm proposed based on (MPCX), is explored by solving four benchmark applications from the literature. This proposed program converge rapidly to the optimal solution in function of the number of iterations, the results demonstrate that using the approach proposed (MGA) can be applied within the very well result including the analysis of the stability of the slopes, since it presents improved performances compared to the other methods such as grid search and genetic algorithm.
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Md., Mahmud Sazzad, and Mohayminul Islam Md. "Stability Analysis of an Earthen Embankment Dam with Internal Clay Core." Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies 4, no. 1 (2019): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2629532.
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This study aims at evaluating the effect of the material properties of dam, saturation conditions and seismic loads on the stability of earthen embankment dam with internal clay core by using Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM). The cross-section of two dimensional geometric model of the earthen embankment dam with internal clay core is incorporated in GEO5, a tool for analyzing the LEM based slope stability problems. The factor of safety of earthen embankment dam with internal clay core is calculated by using Bishop, Spencer, Fellenius, Janbu and Morgenstern-Price methods. From the analysis, it is observed that the property of clay used in the internal core of an earthen embankment dam is very important to stabilize a slope. Internal clay core imparts greater safety to the dam slope at dry condition than at saturated condition. If the clay of higher cohesion is used in internal core, it imparts the stability of slope rather than compromising its stability. It is also depicted that the application of seismic load at fully saturated condition is the most vulnerable condition for the stability of earthen embankment dam with internal clay core.
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Li, Liang, and Xuesong Chu. "Failure Mechanism and Factor of Safety for Spatially Variable Undrained Soil Slope." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 18, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8575439.
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This paper aims to investigate the differences in factor of safety (FS) and failure mechanism (FM) for spatially variable undrained soil slope between using finite element method (FEM) , finite difference method (FDM), and limit equilibrium method (LEM). The undrained shear strength of cohesive soil slope is modeled by a one-dimensional random field in the vertical direction. The FS and FM for a specific realization of random field are determined by SRT embedded in FEM- and FDM-based software (e.g., Phase2 6.0 and FLAC) and LEM, respectively. The comparative study has demonstrated that the bishop method (with circular failure surface) exhibits performance as fairly good as that of SRT both in FS and FM for the undrained slope cases where no preferable controlling surfaces such as hydraulic tension crack and inclined weak seams dominate the failure mechanism. It is, however, worthwhile to point out that unconservative FM is provided by the Bishop method from the aspect of failure consequence (i.e., the failure consequence indicated by the FM from the Bishop method is smaller than that from SRT). The rigorous LEM (e.g., M-P and Spencer method with noncircular failure surface) is not recommended in the stability analysis of spatially variable soil slopes before the local minima and failure to converge issues are fully addressed. The SRT in combination with FEM and/or FDM provides a rigorous and powerful tool and is highly preferable for slope reliability of spatially variable undrained slope.
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Liu, Zhenzhen, Tian Li, Yuxi Ding, and Shuihua Jiang. "A Soil Tensile Strength Based Headcut Migration Model of Breach Side Slope." Water 12, no. 10 (2020): 2666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102666.
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The headcut migration describes the physical process of breach side slope retreat that governs the widening of the breach. Modeling the growth of a breach due to embankment failure is the first step in mapping the resulting inundation in a floodplain. As removal of soil from the toe of the headcut effectively removes physical support for the upper part, the headcut fails on the plane normal to the direction of tensile stress. This process is a typical mode of tensile failure. A numerical model of the headcut migration was established by integrating the effects of the soil tensile strength, soil permeability and embankment geotechnical characteristics. Thus, a simple analytical equation was finally obtained to predict the critical length of the headcut. Furthermore, the presented model was verified by using the limit equilibrium method (LEM) for three typical embankment scales (2, 4 and 6 m high). The comparisons between the present model and the LEM show good agreements. The present model could provide a simple method to predict the critical length of the headcut migration and easily be adopted to breach widening models.
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Dinata, Edden Umaga, I. Gde Budi Indrawan, and Arifudin Idrus. "Slope stability analysis of the drainage tunnel portal in Tanju Dam, Dompu District, West Nusa Tenggara." E3S Web of Conferences 325 (2021): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132501016.
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This paper presents design results of the tunnel portal slopes at the Tanju Dam, Dompu, West Nusa Tenggara. The objective of this research was to analyse the stability of the tunnel portal slopes using circular failure chart (CFC) method, limit equilibrium method (LEM), and finite element method (FEM). Input parameters were obtained from drill core evaluations and laboratory tests. By considering the rock mass rating (RMR) values of rock masses, which are categorized as class II, at the two slopes, adjustments for the cohesion and inner friction angle values are made. The inlet slope (IL) have cohesion values of 350 kPa and 40º inner friction angle and the outlet slope (OL) have cohesion values of 400 kPa and 45º inner friction angle. The CFC method shows that the IL and OL have safety factor (FS) values of 3.5 and 3.44, respectively. The LEM shows that the IL and OL have the FS values of 3.69 and 3.65, respectively. Meanwhile, the FEM shows that the IL and OL have FS values of 4.78 and 4.79, respectively. The stability analysis results indicate that designed slopes are stable.
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Zhang, Guorong, Guangyin Lu, Chengzhi Xia, Dongxin Bai, and Taoying Liu. "A Time-Scale Varying Finite Difference Method for Analyzing the Influence of Rainfall and Water Level on the Stability of a Bank Slope." Applied Sciences 13, no. 9 (2023): 5268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095268.
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A time-scale varying finite difference method (TSFDM) was proposed to analyze the influence of rainfall infiltration and water level fluctuation on the stability of a bank slope in the Yunnan Pulang tailings pond. The stability of the slope obtained by the TSFDM and the limit equilibrium method (LEM) were compared. The result indicates that the TSFDM can obtain reliable spatiotemporal variation features of geotechnical parameters of the bank slope under different conditions. The water level fluctuation has a greater impact on the stability than rainfall infiltration. In addition, the safety factor decreases as the shear strain rate increases on the weathering interface. The safety factors under all conditions are smaller than one, so corresponding measures should be taken. The research provides references for preventing disasters caused by bank slope failure.
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Lakehal, Rida, and Lakhdar Djemili. "Studying the effect of a variation in the main parameters on stability of homogeneous earth dams using design experiment." Journal of Water and Land Development 34, no. 1 (2017): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0051.
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Abstract Deterministic approaches such as the limit equilibrium method (LEM) especially Bishop modified method has been traditionally used to evaluate the stability of embankment dams. However, the uncertainty associated with the material properties necessitates the use of the probabilistic method to account the sensitivity of this uncertainty on the response of the deterministic approaches. In this study, the authors propose the application of design experiment, especially central composite design (CCD) to determine the effects of independent uncertain parameters on the response of stability. A second-order polynomial model with cross terms is used to create an approximating function referred to as response surface for the implicit limit state surface, for which the input data were provided by stability analyses of different heights of homogeneous earth dams (10 m, 20 m, and 30 m) with a depth ratio of DH = 1.5 and a circular slip surface using the Bishop modified limit equilibrium method. The proposed models obtained from this application represent higher prediction accuracy. The study of the effect of geotechnical parameters (material properties of embankment) on safety factor show the importance of individual factors in level of linear effect with a positive effect of c’ or φ’ and a negative effect of H, γd, γsat and significant influence of two-factors interaction, the effect of c’ highly dependent on H, β, γd and φ’. Moreover, the effect of φ’ is dependent on the values of H and β. Lastly, the optimization of safety factor with respect to the range of values of material properties was made, and two failures modes are discussed which are (φ’, c’ reduction and γd increase).
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Belo, Jean Lucas dos Passos, Jefferson Lins da Silva, and Paulo Ivo Braga de Queiroz. "Reliability Analysis of an Embankment Built and Reinforced in Soft Ground Using LE and FE." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (2022): 2224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042224.
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A coupling method is presented to integrate well-known geotechnical modeling commercial programs with a reliability one. Coupling enables us to use transformation methods, such as the first-order reliability method (FORM), to evaluate the reliability index (β) of a model, via the limit equilibrium (LEM) or the finite-element method (FEM). It was applied to a case study of a stage-constructed embankment on soft ground by considering two conditions, unreinforced and reinforced, to investigate its probabilistic stability. In addition, the value of β associated with a postconstruction settlement was acquired, and it showed one possibility that the coupling method is able to provide. The influence of the uncertainty level on reliability analysis was also analyzed. The outcomes were compared to the crude Monte Carlo simulation. As a result, the proposed approach was satisfactory, and the advantage of using it is presented; with a much lower computational cost than simulation methods, evaluation time may be up to 13.8 times faster than usual with great precision. Moreover, this approach can apply to other commercial programs widely used in practice.
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Rina Zusianti, Luthfi Amri Wicaksono, and Paksitya Purnama Putra. "PENGGUNAAN COUNTERWEIGHT DAN SOIL NAILING SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PERKUATAN LERENG SUNGAI GANDONG MAGETAN JAWA TIMUR PASCA LONGSOR." PADURAKSA: Jurnal Teknik Sipil Universitas Warmadewa 11, no. 2 (2022): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/pd.11.2.5534.214-221.
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Longsor terjadi di lereng Sungai Gandong Magetan. Lokasi sungai yang berada di tengah perkotaan mengakibatkan longsoran hampir mencapai rumah warga. Perlu dilakukan upaya peningkatan stabilitas lereng agar aman terhadap longsor. Analisis stabilitas lereng menggunakan metode LEM (Limit Equilibrium Method) dengan progam bantu Geoslope. Hasil analisis stabilitas lereng kondisi eksisting mendapatkan nilai faktor keamanan 0.379. Alternatif perkuatan yang direncanakan ialah pembuatan lereng counterweight. Perencanaan timbunan lereng counterweight sebanyak 4 tingkat dengan tinggi 3 m setiap tingkatnya. Hasil analisis stabilitas lereng counterweight mendapatkan nilai faktor keamanan sebesar 0.507. Area kritis berada pada bagian atas lereng sehingga ditambahkan perkuatan soil nailing. Hasil analisis stabilitas lereng counterweight dengan perkuatan soil nailing dan bronjong didapatkan nilai faktor keamanan sebesar 1.507. Sehingga perencanaan perkuatan lereng tersebut aman terhadap longsor.
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Dwinagara, Barlian, Raden Hariyanto, Oktarian Wisnu Lusantono, and Prasodo Datu Prabandaru. "Geotechnical Perspective on Dozer-Push Method in Coal Mining Operations." RSF Conference Series: Engineering and Technology 1, no. 1 (2021): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/cset.v1i1.388.
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The rapid increase of technological development is currently playing a role in the mining industry. The dozer push exploitation method is an alternative to the conventional truck and shovel method. Heavy dozers have the ability to move large amounts of waste material in short distances at a low cost, while trucks and shovels will be more economical if over long distances. Geotechnical assessment becomes one of the critical considerations in making a decision plan and slope design for mining activities where the dozer push activities were carried out. Material conditions greatly affect slope stability, which can be defined as material behavior based on the physical and mechanical properties of the material. The slope stability analysis method used in this study was a combination of two methods, the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) and Finite Element Method (FEM). These two combinations of analytical methods will strengthen the justification of the geotechnical perspective. By understanding the behavior of the material on a slope, the risk of a slope failure can be controlled and minimized using a geotechnical perspective. The parameters that will be studied in this study are the physical and mechanical properties of the material against several conceptual design options