Journal articles: 'Limit chip width'

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Hwu, K. I., C. W. Wang, and Y. T. Yau. "Enhancement of System Stability Based on PWFM." Electronics 8, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040399.

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In this paper, a pulse width and frequency modulation (PWFM) control strategy is presented, which combines the one-comparator counter-based pulse width modulation (PWM) control with pulse frequency modulation (PFM) control to increase pseudo-1-bit resolution under constant-frequency operation. Accordingly, system stability will be enhanced significantly. As compared with the traditional counter-based PWM control, there is no difference in off-chip circuit complexity except a slight change in on-chip hardware. Finally, a prototype circuit is used to verify the proposed control concept by some experimental results with no limit cycle oscillation.

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Jin, Han, Yajie Qin, Hao Liang, Lei Wan, Hao Lan, Guoping Chen, Ran Liu, Li-rong Zheng, Patrick Chiang, and Zhi-liang Hong. "A Mobile-Based High Sensitivity On-Field Organophosphorus Compounds Detecting System for IoT-Based Food Safety Tracking." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8797435.

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A mobile-based high sensitivity absorptiometer is presented to detect organophosphorus (OP) compounds for Internet-of-Things based food safety tracking. This instrument consists of a customized sensor front-end chip, LED-based light source, low power wireless link, and coin battery, along with a sample holder packaged in a recycled format. The sensor front-end integrates optical sensor, capacitive transimpedance amplifier, and a folded-reference pulse width modulator in a single chip fabricated in a 0.18 μm 1-poly 5-metal CMOS process and has input optical power dynamic range of 71 dB, sensitivity of 3.6 nW/cm2 (0.77 pA), and power consumption of 14.5 μW. Enabled by this high sensitivity sensor front-end chip, the proposed absorptiometer has a small size of 96 cm3, with features including on-field detection and wireless communication with a mobile. OP compound detection experiments of the handheld system demonstrate a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 μmol/L, comparable to that of a commercial spectrophotometer. Meanwhile, an android-based application (APP) is presented which makes the absorptiometer access to the Internet-of-Things (IoT).

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Zong, Xiao Ping, Teng Yue Ma, and Yao Xu Lei. "The Application of SG3525 Pulse Width Modulator in Intermediate Frequency Induction Heating Power Supply." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.308.

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In This paper, we introduce a kind of intermediate frequency induction heating power supply integral design based on the pulse width modulator SG3525, analyse SG3525, KA962F driving chip, the main circuit structure and function and realize frequency and occupies emptiescompared independent can be adjusted. The main circuit adopts the series resonant type IGBT half bridge inverter circuit. It outputs pulse with difference of two phases of 180 degrees to the IGBT driver board through the SG3525, IGBT driver board receives the pulse and drive the IGBT main circuit. Circuit adds the limit frequency protection circuit design, so that the heating power supply works in the inductive state. To improve the on-site operation safety.Finally the unit circuit experiment is conducted on the basis of the field experiment, it is proved that the whole design scheme is feasibility by experiments.

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Gaul, Alexander, Daniel Emmrich, Timo Ueltzhöffer, Henning Huckfeldt, Hatice Doğanay, Johanna Hackl, Muhammad Imtiaz Khan, et al. "Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (December 3, 2018): 2968–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.276.

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Background: The application of superparamagnetic particles as biomolecular transporters in microfluidic systems for lab-on-a-chip applications crucially depends on the ability to control their motion. One approach for magnetic-particle motion control is the superposition of static magnetic stray field landscapes (MFLs) with dynamically varying external fields. These MFLs may emerge from magnetic domains engineered both in shape and in their local anisotropies. Motion control of smaller beads does necessarily need smaller magnetic patterns, i.e., MFLs varying on smaller lateral scales. The achievable size limit of engineered magnetic domains depends on the magnetic patterning method and on the magnetic anisotropies of the material system. Smallest patterns are expected to be in the range of the domain wall width of the particular material system. To explore these limits a patterning technology is needed with a spatial resolution significantly smaller than the domain wall width. Results: We demonstrate the application of a helium ion microscope with a beam diameter of 8 nm as a mask-less method for local domain patterning of magnetic thin-film systems. For a prototypical in-plane exchange-bias system the domain wall width has been investigated as a function of the angle between unidirectional anisotropy and domain wall. By shrinking the domain size of periodic domain stripes, we analyzed the influence of domain wall overlap on the domain stability. Finally, by changing the geometry of artificial two-dimensional domains, the influence of domain wall overlap and domain wall geometry on the ultimate domain size in the chosen system was analyzed. Conclusion: The application of a helium ion microscope for magnetic patterning has been shown. It allowed for exploring the fundamental limits of domain engineering in an in-plane exchange-bias thin film as a prototypical system. For two-dimensional domains the limit depends on the domain geometry. The relative orientation between domain wall and anisotropy axes is a crucial parameter and therefore influences the achievable minimum domain size dramatically.

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Cherukuri, Harish, Elena Perez-Bernabeu, Miguel Selles, and Tony Schmitz. "Machining Chatter Prediction Using a Data Learning Model." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 2 (June 8, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3020045.

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Machining processes, including turning, are a critical capability for discrete part production. One limitation to high material removal rates and reduced cost in these processes is chatter, or unstable spindle speed-chip width combinations that exhibit a self-excited vibration. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN)—a data learning model—is applied to model turning stability. The novel approach is to use a physics-based process model—the analytical stability limit—to generate a (synthetic) data set that trains the ANN. This enables the process physics to be combined with data learning in a hybrid approach. As anticipated, it is observed that the number and distribution of training points influences the ability of the ANN model to capture the smaller, more closely spaced lobes that occur at lower spindle speeds. Overall, the ANN is successful (>90% accuracy) at predicting the stability behavior after appropriate training.

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Baumann, Jonas, Andreas Wirtz, Tobias Siebrecht, and Dirk Biermann. "Disturbance of the Regenerative Effect by Use of Milling Tools Modified with Asymmetric Dynamic Properties." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4030067.

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Milling processes are often limited by self-excited vibrations of the tool or workpiece, generated by the regenerative effect, especially when using long cantilevered tools or machining thin-walled workpieces. The regenerative effect arises from a periodic modulation of the uncut chip thickness within the frequencies of the eigenmodes, which results in a critical excitation in the consecutive cuts or tooth engagements. This paper presents a new approach for disturbing the regenerative effect by using milling tools which are modified with asymmetric dynamic properties. A four-fluted milling tool was modified with parallel slots in the tool shank in order to establish asymmetric dynamic characteristics or different eigenfrequencies for consecutive tooth engagements, respectively. Measurements of the frequency response functions at the tool tip showed a decrease in the eigenfrequencies as well as an increase in the dynamic compliance in the direction of the grooves. Milling experiments with a constant width of cut and constantly increasing axial depth of cut indicated a significant increase in the stability limit for the specific preparations of up to 69%.

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Sakamoto, Satoshi, Yasuo Kondo, Kenji Yamaguchi, Keitoku Hayashi, Ryuichi Iida, and Mitsugu Yamaguchi. "L-Shaped Machining of Anisotropic Woods with a Fine Wire Cutting Tool." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.314.

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A fret-saw blade is commonly used in micromachining or curve machining of various woods. However, there is a curvature limit for machining of free-form surfaces because a fret-saw blade has a thickness of several hundred microns and a width of several millimeters. Additionally, cutting with a fret-saw blade produces much wood meal as chips. If a fine wire cutting tool is used, more flexible machining, such as machining of high curvature free-form surfaces, is possible and the quantity of chip production drastically decreases. The main purpose of this study is to clarify the fundamental machinability of anisotropic materials cut with a fine wire tool. In this report, we describe the machinability of various woods that are naturally anisotropic materials using a fine wire cutting tool that has electrodeposited diamond grains on its surface. In addition, this report discusses the performance of a trial manufactured hand tool employing the same wire cutting tool. The main conclusions obtained in this study are as follows. Acceptable machining of anisotropic woods is possible using a fine wire cutting tool, and the kerf width produced with this wire tool is narrower than that produced with a fret-saw blade. Additionally, the wood species and the cutting direction with respect to the wood grain have a significant influence on the machinability of various woods. Moreover, a relatively smooth cross section is provided when wood is cut by the hand tool using the fine wire tool.

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Hainfeld, J. F., F. R. Furuya, R. D. Powell, and W. Liu. "DNA Nanowires." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 1034–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003124x.

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Current computer chip technology is based on lithographic methods that limit components to ∼0.3 microns in size, due to the wavelength of light, and the photoresist/coating/etching processes. The size directly determines computer speed, complexity and cost, and advances in computers over the years have mostly been due to reduction in component size. It is here proposed to construct nanowires that are approximately 2 nm in diameter, or 150 times smaller than currently available. For 2 dimensions, this translates into a 1502 = 22,500-fold computational advantage. Additionally, 3 dimensional construction is proposed, bringing the potential improvement factor to 3,375,000. While it is probably unrealistic that this factor of packing density can be fully achieved, even several orders of magnitude improvement over current technology would be significant.A wire width 2 nm may be achieved by placing gold quantum dots along a DNA template. Ends of the DNA-nanowire may be designed with sequences to attach by hybridization to complementary sequences on target connection pads, so that the two ends will seek and automatically wire correctly in solution. This strategy is easily adaptable to 3-dimensional wiring. Conduction between gold quantum dots may be studied as a function of spacing, size and coatings.

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Hoang, Thi Hong Cam, Thanh Binh Pham, Thuy Van Nguyen, Van Dai Pham, Huy Bui, Van Hoi Pham, Elena Duran, et al. "Hybrid Integrated Nanophotonic Silicon-based Structures." Communications in Physics 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/29/4/13855.

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We report nanophotonic silicon-based devices for hybrid integration: 1D photonic crystal (PhC) on optical fiber, i. e. fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing probe integrated in fiber laser structure for chemical sensors and slotted planar 2D PhC cavity combined with carbon nanotube (CNT) towards light nanosources. The experiments have been carried out by integrating 1D PhC on optical fiber in fiber laser structure. This structure possesses many advantages including high resolution for wavelength shift, high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of about 50~dB, the small full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of about 0.014~nm therefore its accuracy is enhanced, as well as the precision and capability are achieved for remote sensing. Low nitrate concentration in water from 0 to 80 ppm has been used to demonstrate its sensing ability in the experiment. The proposed sensor can work with good repeatability, rapid response, and its sensitivity can be obtained of $3.2\times 10^{ - 3}$ nm/ppm with the limit of detection (LOD) of 3~ppm. For 2D PhC cavity, enhancement of photoluminescence of CNT emission is observed. The semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) solution was prepared by polymer-sorted method and coupled with the confined modes in silicon slotted PhC cavities. The enhancement ratio of 1.15 is obtained by comparing between the PL peaks at two confined modes of the cavity. The PL enhancement result of the integrated system shows the potential for the realization of on-chip nanoscale sources.

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Dies, Hannah, Maria Siampani, Carlos Escobedo, and Aristides Docoslis. "Direct Detection of Toxic Contaminants in Minimally Processed Food Products Using Dendritic Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 19, 2018): 2726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082726.

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We present a method for the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based detection of toxic contaminants in minimally processed liquid food products, through the use of a dendritic silver nanostructure, produced through electrokinetic assembly of nanoparticles from solution. The dendritic nanostructure is produced on the surface of a microelectrode chip, connected to an AC field with an imposed DC bias. We apply this chip for the detection of thiram, a toxic fruit pesticide, in apple juice, to a limit of detection of 115 ppb, with no sample preprocessing. We also apply the chip for the detection of melamine, a toxic contaminant/food additive, to a limit of detection of 1.5 ppm in milk and 105 ppb in infant formula. All the reported limits of detection are below the recommended safe limits in food products, rendering this technique useful as a screening method to identify liquid food with hazardous amounts of toxic contaminants.

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Traynor, Imelda M., Laura Plumpton, Terence L. Fodey, Cowan Higgins, and Christopher T. Elliott. "Immunobiosensor Detection of Domoic Acid as a Screening Test in Bivalve Molluscs: Comparison with Liquid Chromatography-Based Analysis." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 89, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 868–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/89.3.868.

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Abstract A rapid and sensitive immuno-based screening method was developed to detect domoic acid (DA) present in extracts of shellfish species using a surface plasmon resonance-based optical biosensor. A rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against DA was mixed with standard or sample extracts and allowed to interact with DA immobilized onto a sensor chip surface. The characterization of the antibody strongly suggested high cross-reactivity with DA and important isomers of the toxin. The binding of this antibody to the sensor chip surface was inhibited in the presence of DA in either standard solutions or sample extracts. The DA chip surface proved to be highly stable, achieving approximately 800 analyses per chip without any loss of surface activity. A single analytical cycle (sample injection, chip regeneration, and system wash) took 10 min to complete. Sample analysis (scallops, mussels, cockles, oysters) was achieved by simple extraction with methanol. These extracts were then filtered and diluted before analysis. Detection limits in the ng/g range were achieved by the assay; however, the assay parameters chosen allowed the test to be performed most accurately at the Euopean Union's official action limit for DA of 20 g/g. At this concentration, intra- and interassay variations were measured for a range of shellfish species and ranged from 4.5 to 7.4% and 2.3 to 9.7%, respectively.

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SHAHIDI, GHAVAM G. "ARE WE AT THE END OF CMOS SCALING?" International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 16, no. 01 (March 2006): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156406003503.

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CMOS scaling enabled by advances in lithography has been behind the information revolution. Over the last 15 years, there has been a new CMOS technology node approximately every two years. The key feature of every node has been 2X density shrink and ~35% performance gain per technology node. At 90 nm node a number usual knobs that have enabled the scaling have approached their limits. Furthermore chip power (both active and stand-by) has been increasing rapidly, approaching air cool limit. Chip stand-by power, which was negligible a few years ago, is now about the same order of magnitude as the active power in high end microprocessors. In this talk it will be argued that because of power density limitation of 90 nm, 65 nm, and beyond nodes, performance and ability to shrink are more than ever linked, and in fact if the performance gain would significantly slow down (for the designs that operate at the existing cooling limit). It is more than ever critical to come up with technology features that will enhance the performance, at a given device leakage.

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Boz, Ilker, Yogesh Shamsunder Kumbargeri, and M. Emin Kutay. "Performance-Based Percent Embedment Limits for Chip Seals." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 1 (January 2019): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118821370.

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Chip seal treatments are used by many state departments of transportation and counties to cover minor fatigue and low-temperature cracks, retard raveling by reducing the moisture infiltration, and improve friction. Long-term performance of a chip seal treatment is affected by several factors including the type and morphology of the aggregates, emulsion/binder type, and most importantly, the microstructural characteristics such as the percent embedment of aggregates. This paper documents the efforts towards establishing performance-based threshold values of the percent embedment to minimize the common chip seal distresses (i.e. aggregate loss and bleeding). The laboratory performance tests were performed to evaluate aggregate loss and bleeding using a retrofitted Hamburg wheel tracking device. Two emulsion types (CRS-2M and CSEA) and two aggregate sources (slag and natural aggregates) were included in the testing program. Digital image analysis techniques were utilized to quantify and analyze the laboratory test results with respect to the percent embedment as well as chip seal macrotexture. Based on the test results, the minimum and maximum percent embedment thresholds for chip seals are established as 58% and 70%, respectively.

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Xu, Jing, Jia-yu Wan, Song-tao Yang, Shou-feng Zhang, Na Xu, Nan Li, Ji-ping Li, Hai-ying Wang, Xue Bai, and Wen-sen Liu. "A surface plasmon resonance biosensor for direct detection of the rabies virus." Acta Veterinaria Brno 81, no. 2 (2012): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201281020107.

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A surface plasmon resonance biosensor chip was constructed for detection of rabies virus. For the construction of the biosensor chip, N protein specific antibody and N protein specific antibody combined with G protein specific antibody of rabies virus were linked on two different flow cells on one CM5 chip, respectively. The chip was tested for the detection of rabies virus antigens using the crude extract of rabies virus from infected BHK cell strain culture. Tenfold serial dilutions of SRV9 strain virus-infected cell cultures were tested by the biosensor chip to establish the detection limit. The limit detection was approximately 70 pg/ml of nucleoprotein and glycoprotein. The biosensor chip developed in this study was employed for the detection of rabies virus in five suspect infectious specimens of brain tissue from guinea pigs; the results were compared by fluorescent antibody test. Surface plasmon resonance biosensor chip could be a useful automatic tool for prompt detection of rabies virus infection.

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Dombovari, Zoltan, R. Eddie Wilson, and Gabor Stepan. "Estimates of the bistable region in metal cutting." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 464, no. 2100 (August 19, 2008): 3255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2008.0156.

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The classical model of regenerative vibration is investigated with new kinds of nonlinear cutting force characteristics. The standard nonlinear characteristics are subjected to a critical review from the nonlinear dynamics viewpoint based on the experimental results available in the literature. The proposed nonlinear model includes finite derivatives at zero chip thickness and has an essential inflexion point. In the case of the one degree-of-freedom model of orthogonal cutting, the existence of unstable self-excited vibrations is proven along the stability limits, which is strongly related to the force characteristic at its inflexion point. An analytical estimate is given for a certain area below the stability limit where stable stationary cutting and a chaotic attractor coexist. It is shown how this domain of bistability depends on the theoretical chip thickness. The comparison of these results with the experimental observations and also with the subcritical Hopf bifurcation results obtained for standard nonlinear cutting force characteristics provides relevant information on the nature of the cutting force nonlinearity.

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Wang, Jin An, Zhong Liang Xia, Yan Su, Min Cong Lu, Ying Wan, and Yong He. "Handheld, One-Step, and Rapid Electrochemical Biosensor Platform with Smartphone Interface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 868 (July 2017): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.868.340.

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Organophosphorous pesticide (OP), one of the most commonly used pesticides, could have serious adverse effects on human health and the environment. As the maximum residue limit (MRL) of OPs in food and water is low, it is in great demand to develop integrated, portable, user-friendly devices for the rapid and sensitive detection of OP residue. This work aims to present a homemade handhold device and screen printing electrode (SPE) chip for rapid, sensitive, and one-step detection of OPs. A handhold device was designed and fabricated to connect with smartphone to readout the electrochemical signals. Taking advantage of a three-electrode sensor chip and the inhibiting reaction of acetylcholine esterase (AchE), Trichlorphon can be detected in a considerable low detection limit of 1 ng/mL. By using the as-fabricated device and chip, the detection time was only 5 min and each test costs less than $1. The platform will allow point-of-care testing (POCT) of OPs and other targets, which shows promise for healthy and environmental monitoring.

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Sun, Ying, Peng Jing, and Qing Wen Hou. "The Design of Oxygen Content Controller in the Closed Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1225.

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Oxygen content controller in the closed environment contains two parts, master machine and slave machine, of which the master one in the control room can monitor and control the slave ones hanged on it. The master one can not only read the current value of the salve but also control the parameter values and set the upper and lower limits, and the slave one can set its own limits meanwhile. The slave machines monitor the current oxygen content by 4OX2 oxygen sensor, and convert the content signal into digital signal which is conventional to process by the microcontroller.And then the digital signal will be compared with the limit, if less than the lower limit, the relay will open the valve to release oxygen into the air. On the contrary, if more than the upper threshold, the valve will be closed. In addition, the slave machine also has the calibration function and set its own communication address using DIPswitches. The communication between the master and slave is accomplished by the full duplex RS485 through max489 chip.

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Francis, Jessica, Isaac Stamper, Jason Heikenfeld, and Eliot F. Gomez. "Digital nanoliter to milliliter flow rate sensor with in vivo demonstration for continuous sweat rate measurement." Lab on a Chip 19, no. 1 (2019): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8lc00968f.

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Herget, Philipp, Naigang Wang, Eugene J. O'Sullivan, Bucknell C. Webb, Lubomyr T. Romankiw, Robert Fontana, Gary Decad, and Gallagher. "Limits to On-Chip Power Conversion With Thin Film Inductors." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 49, no. 7 (July 2013): 4137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2013.2240442.

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Yu, Ho-Chieh (Jay), and Jason Huang. "The Direct plating copper (DPC) ceramic material on Al2O3/AlN or LTCC (Low-temperature co-fired ceramic) substrates." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2016, DPC (January 1, 2016): 001773–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2016dpc-wp46.

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RESEARCH BACKGROUND: The now used ceramic substrate or sub-mounted are normally based on Ag-printed, direct bonding copper (DBC) ceramic or LTCC (Low temperature co-fired ceramic)/HTCC (High temperature co-fired ceramic) technology.Due to the limit of the screen-printed process, the resolution and conducting material thickness the Ag-printed, LTCC and HTCC substrate are poor. The poor resolutions make these materials difficult to use in high density and flip-chip device design. And the related thinner conducting material (normally <20um) limits the power rating of the design.DBC is now widely applied in power circuit design, however, duo to the copper lamination process requirement, more than 300um in thickness of copper layer is needed. Any lower copper thickness design should have an extra costly grind to reach. Also, the DBC material is difficult to provide to the multilayer trace design. OUR GOAL: We want to provide a solution with multilayer ceramic substrate for high power and high device density applications. Besides, the material properties, the adhesion of the metal/ceramic also be considered. Following are the material characteristics required for the development:A low electrical resistance material: Copper.A thick trace material thickness of more than 3 oz.A high thermal conductivity and stability ceramics with via-holes for TSV plating (Drilled Al2O3/AlN substrate ) or non- shrinking LTCC materialHigh metal trace resolution whose line width and space could be only 50 umWell metal/ceramic adhesion uniformity and strength is required: The voids between metal/ceramic < 1%; The adhesion strength> 2 kg/2*2mm2. METHODS & RESULTS: Metal trace plating: For high resolution and lower material electrical resistance request of the trace metal, we introduce electrical casting direct-plating copper (DPC) technology. The first copper is sputtered on the ceramic substrate using Ti as combined/buffer layer between copper and ceramic to provide good adhesion strength and stability. The second copper is made by electrical casting process to increase its thickness to 3 to 5 oz. (100~150um). The key technology of the metal trace plating is the material control of the sputter layers and the second copper layer stress release during plating. Multilayer Ceramic substrates: For double layers design, we use sintered Al2O3 or AlN substrates with electrical conducting via-holes design. The via-holes are made by laser drilling. And the conducting of the front and back side is connected by the following plating process. The key technology of this process is the stability of the via-holes. We have to make sure the via-holes cleaning, impurity removing and material variation during high temperature laser drilled is well controlled. For the more than three layers design, the non-shrinking LTCC is used. The dimension mismatch of the non-shrinking LTCC can controlled less than 100um., much better than that of normal LTCC/HTCC. By the correction of the following DPC process, the tolerance of the metal trace can be controlled < 30 um. The key technology of this process is the non-shrinking LTCC technology and the adhesion of the DPC metal on LTCC material.

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Baity, Paul G., Dmytro A. Bozhko, Rair Macêdo, William Smith, Rory C. Holland, Sergey Danilin, Valentino Seferai, et al. "Strong magnon–photon coupling with chip-integrated YIG in the zero-temperature limit." Applied Physics Letters 119, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 033502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0054837.

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DOERING, ROBERT R. "System-on-Chip Integration." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 12, no. 02 (June 2002): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156402001289.

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Numerous "signal-processing products" are now driving the semiconductor market for SOC solutions enabling real-time performance, low-cost, low-power, portability, etc. A primary limit on the types of electronic (or other) functions that will be integrated into future SOCs is cost of integration, which tends to grow non-linearly with process complexity and chip area. A near-continuum of System-on/in-X solutions is emerging between traditional System-on-Chip and System-on-Board. These approaches span the tradeoff between bandwidth and cost. For the foreseeable future, digital CMOS will continue to serve as a "host platform" for integrating a wide range of mechanical, optical, biological, and, perhaps, even "quantum" technologies.

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Moreno, Sergio, Joan Canals, Victor Moro, Nil Franch, Anna Vilà, Albert Romano-Rodriguez, Joan Daniel Prades, et al. "Pursuing the Diffraction Limit with Nano-LED Scanning Transmission Optical Microscopy." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 3305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103305.

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Recent research into miniaturized illumination sources has prompted the development of alternative microscopy techniques. Although they are still being explored, emerging nano-light-emitting-diode (nano-LED) technologies show promise in approaching the optical resolution limit in a more feasible manner. This work presents the exploration of their capabilities with two different prototypes. In the first version, a resolution of less than 1 µm was shown thanks to a prototype based on an optically downscaled LED using an LED scanning transmission optical microscopy (STOM) technique. This research demonstrates how this technique can be used to improve STOM images by oversampling the acquisition. The second STOM-based microscope was fabricated with a 200 nm GaN LED. This demonstrates the possibilities for the miniaturization of on-chip-based microscopes.

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Li, Ying, Jie Xuan, Yujun Song, Ping Wang, and Lidong Qin. "A microfluidic platform with digital readout and ultra-low detection limit for quantitative point-of-care diagnostics." Lab on a Chip 15, no. 16 (2015): 3300–3306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5lc00529a.

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The DV-chip presents a digital bar chart for the biomarker detection based on direct competition between O₂ generated by the experimental and control samples. The digital readout clearly and accurately defines target concentration and further indicates the disease status.

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Guo, Yuchen, Hui Pan, Eddie Wadbro, and Zhenyu Liu. "Design Applicable 3D Microfluidic Functional Units Using 2D Topology Optimization with Length Scale Constraints." Micromachines 11, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11060613.

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Due to the limits of computational time and computer memory, topology optimization problems involving fluidic flow frequently use simplified 2D models. Extruded versions of the 2D optimized results typically comprise the 3D designs to be fabricated. In practice, the depth of the fabricated flow channels is finite; the limited flow depth together with the no-slip condition potentially make the fluidic performance of the 3D model very different from that of the simplified 2D model. This discrepancy significantly limits the usefulness of performing topology optimization involving fluidic flow in 2D—at least if special care is not taken. Inspired by the electric circuit analogy method, we limit the widths of the microchannels in the 2D optimization process. To reduce the difference of fluidic performance between the 2D model and its 3D counterpart, we propose an applicable 2D optimization model, and ensure the manufacturability of the obtained layout, combinations of several morphology-mimicking filters impose maximum or minimum length scales on the solid phase or the fluidic phase. Two typical Lab-on-chip functional units, Tesla valve and fluidic channel splitter, are used to illustrate the validity of the proposed application of length scale control.

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Zhao, Hua-Zhou, Yi Xu, Chun-Yan Wang, Rong Wang, Song-Tao Xiang, and Li Chen. "Design and fabrication of a microfluidic SERS chip with integrated Ag film@nanoAu." RSC Advances 6, no. 17 (2016): 14105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25018h.

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A “sandwich” microfluidic surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip with Ag film@nanoAu prepared in a microchannel was proposed and fabricated in situ. The detection limit for Rhodamine 6G was 10⁻⁸ M and the enhancement factor was 3.8 × 10⁵.

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Wang, Jin, Sanyang Du, Takeshi Onodera, Rui Yatabe, Masayoshi Tanaka, Mina Okochi, and Kiyoshi Toko. "An SPR Sensor Chip Based on Peptide-Modified Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Enhanced Sensitivity and Selectivity in the Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Explosives." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 17, 2018): 4461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124461.

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In this study, we developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor chip based on 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) recognition peptide-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The carboxylic acid-functionalized SWCNTs were immobilized on a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified SPR Au chip surface. Through π-stacking between the aromatic amino acids and SWCNTs, the TNT recognition peptide TNTHCDR3 was immobilized onto the surface of the SWCNTs. The peptide–SWCNTs-modified sensor surface was confirmed and evaluated by atomic force microscope (AFM) observation. The peptide–SWCNTs hybrid SPR sensor chip exhibited enhanced sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 772 ppb and highly selective detection compared with commercialized carboxymethylated dextran matrix sensor chips.

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Mrkvica, Ivan, Ryszard Konderla, Jozef Jurko, Anton Panda, and Miroslav Neslušan. "Force Load of Cutting Tool by Turning of Nickel Alloy Inconel 718 with Sintered Carbide Insert." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.441.

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This article presents achieved results by measuring of force load of tool by turning of nickel alloy Inconel 718 with sintered carbide inserts with the progressive chip breaker designed by Pramet Tools Ltd. Company. Authors deal with studying of force load which is exposed the cutting tool by condition, when are achieved the limit values in view of tool wear. In the end it is carried out a comparision of intensity of cutting force components for these limit conditions.

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Chakaja, Chaiwat, Saksorn Limwichean, Noppadon Nuntawong, Pitak Eiamchai, Sukon Kalasung, On-Uma Nimittrakoolchai, and Nongluck Houngkamhang. "Study on Detection of Carbaryl Pesticides by Using Surface-Enhance Raman Spectroscopy." Key Engineering Materials 853 (July 2020): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.853.97.

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In this research, the Ag nanorod structure was used as surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip which provides a sensitive detection signal for trace analysis of carbaryl pesticide. Carbaryl in solid form was measured by using the standard Raman spectroscopy to investigate the spectrum. Carbaryl at various concentrations was prepared in acetonitrile and dropped on the SERS chip for measuring Raman spectrum by a portable Raman spectrometer. The measurement condition including laser power and exposure time were studied to test the performance of SERS chip for carbaryl detection. From the results, the SERS chip useful for enhancing the Raman scattering signal which was increased depending on the laser power and exposure time. Carbaryl can be detected on SERS chip couple with the portable Raman spectrometer with the limit of detection of 10-5 M.

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Lee, Jae-Sung, Sae-Wan Kim, Eun-Yoon Jang, Byoung-Ho Kang, Sang-Won Lee, Gopalan Sai-Anand, Seung-Ha Lee, Dae-Hyuk Kwon, and Shin-Won Kang. "Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Lung Cancer Biomarker Using Nanoporous Biosensor Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Coupled with Interferometry." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/183438.

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We propose a nanobiosensor to evaluate a lung cancer-specific biomarker. The nanobiosensor is based on an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) chip and functions on the principles of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and interferometry. The pore-depth of the fabricated nanoporous AAO chip was 1 µm and was obtained using a two-step electrochemical anodization process. The sensor chip is sensitive to the refractive index (RI) changes of the surrounding medium and also provides simple and label-free detection when specific antibodies are immobilized on the gold-deposited surface of the AAO chip. In order to confirm the effectiveness of the sensor, the antibodies were immobilized on the surface of the AAO chip, and the lung cancer-specific biomarker was applied atop of the immobilized-antibody layer using the self-assembled monolayer method. The nanoporous AAO chip was used as a sensor system to detect serum amyloid A1, which is a lung cancer-specific biomarker. The specific reaction of the antigen-antibody contributes to the change in the RI. This in turn causes a shift in the resonance spectrum in the refractive interference pattern. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 100 ag/mL and the biosensor had high sensitivity over a wide concentration range.

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Garcia-Cordero, Jose L., and Sebastian J. Maerkl. "A 1024-sample serum analyzer chip for cancer diagnostics." Lab Chip 14, no. 15 (2014): 2642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3lc51153g.

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Wang, Lance. "System I/O Optimization with SoC, SiP, PCB Co-Design." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2019, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 000013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2019.1.000013.

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Abstract The increasing complexity of system on chips (SoCs) combined with a new generation of designs that combine multiple chips in a single package is creating new challenges in the design of packages, printed circuit boards (PCBs) and integrated circuits (ICs). The process typically involves three independent design processes – chip, package and PCB – carried out with point tools whose interface requires time-consuming manual processes that are error-prone and limit the potential for reuse. This challenge is being addressed by a new integrated 3D chip/package/board co-design environment that makes it possible to holistically optimize the package, board and IC design to a greater degree than was possible in the past by considering the system-level impact of each design decision. The new co-design approach enables designers to optimize routability via pin assignment and I/O placement to achieve minimum layer counts between chip, package and board. The end result is higher performance.

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Ng, Fei Chong, Mohamad Aizat Abas, and Mohd Zulkifly Abdullah. "Filling efficiency of flip-chip underfill encapsulation process." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 32, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssmt-07-2019-0026.

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Purpose This paper aims to introduce a new indicative parameter of filling efficiency to quantify the performance and productivity of the flip-chip underfill encapsulation process. Additionally, the variation effect of the bump pitch of flip-chip on the filling efficiency was demonstrated to provide insight for flip-chip design optimization. Design/methodology/approach The filling efficiency was formulated analytically based on the conceptual spatial and temporal perspectives. Subsequently, the effect of bump pitch on filling efficiency was studied based on the past actual-scaled and current scaled-up underfill experiments. The latter scaled-up experiment was validated with both the finite volume method-based numerical simulation and analytical filling time model. Moreover, the scaling validity of scaled-up experiment was justified based on the similarity analysis of dimensionless number. Findings Through the scaling analysis, the current scaled-up experimental system is justified to be valid since the adopted scaling factor 40 is less than the theoretical scaling limit of 270. Furthermore, the current experiment was qualitatively well validated with the numerical simulation and analytical filling time model. It is found that the filling efficiency increases with the bump pitch, such that doubling the bump pitch would triple the efficiency. Practical implications The new performance indicative index of filling efficiency enables the package designers to justify the variation effect of underfill parameter on the overall underfill process. Moreover, the upper limit of scaling factor for scaled-up package was derived to serve as the guideline for future scaled-up underfill experiments. Originality/value The performance of underfill process as highlighted in this paper was never being quantified before in the past literatures. Similarly, the scaling limit that is associated to the scaled-up underfill experiment was never being reported elsewhere too.

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Chiem, Nghia H., and D. Jed Harrison. "Microchip systems for immunoassay: an integrated immunoreactor with electrophoretic separation for serum theophylline determination." Clinical Chemistry 44, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.3.591.

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Abstract A glass microchip is described in which reagents and serum samples for competitive immunoassay of serum theophylline can be mixed, reacted, separated, and analyzed. The device functions as an automated microfluidic immunoassay system, creating a lab-on-a-chip. Electroosmotic pumping was used to control first the mixing of 50-fold-diluted serum sample with labeled theophylline tracer in a 1:1 ratio, followed by 1:1 mixing and reaction with anti-theophylline antibody. The 51-nL on-chip mixer gave the same concentration as dilution performed off-chip, within 3%. A 100-pL plug of the reacted solution was then injected into an electrophoresis separation channel integrated within the same chip. Measurements of free and bound tracer by fluorescence detection gave linear calibration curves of signal vs log[theophylline] between 0 and 40 mg/L, with a slope of 0.52 ± 0.03 and an intercept of −0.04 ± 0.04 after a 90-s reaction time. A detection limit of 0.26 mg/L in serum (expressed before the dilution step, actual concentration of 1.3 μg/L at the detector) was obtained. Recovery values were 107% ± 8% for 15 mg/L serum samples.

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Mohammed, Mohammed Sultan, Ali A. M. Al-Kubati, Norlina Paraman, Ab Al-Hadi Ab Rahman, and M. N. Marsono. "DTaPO: Dynamic Thermal-Aware Performance Optimization for Dark Silicon Many-Core Systems." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111980.

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Future many-core systems need to handle high power density and chip temperature effectively. Some cores in many-core systems need to be turned off or ‘dark’ to manage chip power and thermal density. This phenomenon is also known as the dark silicon problem. This problem prevents many-core systems from utilizing and gaining improved performance from a large number of processing cores. This paper presents a dynamic thermal-aware performance optimization of dark silicon many-core systems (DTaPO) technique for optimizing dark silicon a many-core system performance under temperature constraint. The proposed technique utilizes both task migration and dynamic voltage frequency scaling (DVFS) for optimizing the performance of a many-core system while keeping system temperature in a safe operating limit. Task migration puts hot cores in low-power states and moves tasks to cooler dark cores to aggressively reduce chip temperature while maintaining high overall system performance. To reduce task migration overhead due to cold start, the source core (i.e., active core) keeps its L2 cache content during the initial migration phase. The destination core (i.e., dark core) can access it to reduce the impact of cold start misses. Moreover, the proposed technique limits tasks migration among cores that share the last level cache (LLC). In the case of major thermal violation and no cooler cores being available, DVFS is used to reduce the hot cores temperature gradually by reducing their frequency. Experimental results for different threshold temperatures show that DTaPO can keep the average system temperature below the thermal limit. Affirmatively, the execution time penalty is reduced by up to 18% compared with using only DVFS for all thermal thresholds. Moreover, the average peak temperature is reduced by up to 10.8°C. In addition, the experimental results show that DTaPO improves the system’s performance by up to 80% compared to optimal sprinting patterns (OSP) and reduces the temperature by up to 13.6°C.

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Sidar, Barkan, Brittany R. Jenkins, Sha Huang, Jason R. Spence, Seth T. Walk, and James N. Wilking. "Long-term flow through human intestinal organoids with the gut organoid flow chip (GOFlowChip)." Lab on a Chip 19, no. 20 (2019): 3552–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00653b.

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Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) have many research applications but are structurally limited with closed epithelial surfaces that limit material transport. Here, we present a fluidic device designed to establish long-term flow through HIOs.

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ZHANG, YONG. "INTEGRATION OF NANOPARTICLES WITH PROTEIN MICROARRAYS." International Journal of Nanoscience 05, no. 02n03 (April 2006): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x0600422x.

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A variety of DNA, protein or cell microarray devices and systems have been developed and commercialized. In addition to the biomolecule related analysis, they are also being used for pharmacogenomic research, infectious and genetic disease and cancer diagnostics, and proteomic and cellular analysis.1 Currently, microarray is fabricated on a planar surface; this limits the amount of biomolecules that can be bounded on the surface. In this work, a planar protein microarray chip with nonplanar spot surface was fabricated to enhance the chip performance. A nonplanar spot surface was created by first coating the silica nanoparticles with albumin and depositing them into the patterned microwells. The curve surfaces of the nanoparticles increase the surface area for immobilization of proteins, which helps to enhance the detection sensitivity of the chip. Using this technique, proteins are immobilized onto the nanoparticles before they are deposited onto the chip, and therefore the method of protein immobilization can be customized at each spot. Furthermore, a nonplanar surface promotes the retention of native protein structure better than planar surface.2 The technique developed can be used to produce different types of microarrays, such as DNA, protein and antibody microarrays.

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Jin, Kai, Chenxuan Hu, Siyi Hu, Chengyou Hu, Jinhua Li, and Hanbin Ma. "“One-to-three” droplet generation in digital microfluidics for parallel chemiluminescence immunoassays." Lab on a Chip 21, no. 15 (2021): 2892–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1lc00421b.

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A “one-to-three” splitting method is able to generate sub-microlitre droplets beyond the “well-known” geometry limit in EWOD digital microfluidics. It helps to realise parallel on-chip CLIA with enhanced magnetic beads washing efficiency.

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Bayoumi, A. E., G. Yucesan, and L. A. Kendall. "An Analytic Mechanistic Cutting Force Model for Milling Operations: A Theory and Methodology." Journal of Engineering for Industry 116, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901948.

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An analytic mechanistic force model has been developed to simulate the cutting forces in milling operations. Steps taken to develop the model consisted of cutter surface representation, chip removal kinematics, cutter force definition, and determination of the integration limits from the force equations. The cutter surface is represented by ruled surfaces that are a function of cutter geometry. Cutter forces are determined by integrating the pressure and friction loads acting on these cutter surfaces. The integration limits that are functions of the rotation angle are established. Several techniques dealing with the process parameters are discussed. The model uses process dependent parameters representing normal pressure, chip flow friction, and chip flow kinematics. The paper discusses how process data can be used to establish values for the parameters.

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Bobkov, Anton, Alexey Varezhnikov, Ilya Plugin, Fedor S. Fedorov, Vanessa Trouillet, Udo Geckle, Martin Sommer, Vladimir Goffman, Vyacheslav Moshnikov, and Victor Sysoev. "The Multisensor Array Based on Grown-On-Chip Zinc Oxide Nanorod Network for Selective Discrimination of Alcohol Vapors at Sub-ppm Range." Sensors 19, no. 19 (October 1, 2019): 4265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194265.

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We discuss the fabrication of gas-analytical multisensor arrays based on ZnO nanorods grown via a hydrothermal route directly on a multielectrode chip. The protocol to deposit the nanorods over the chip includes the primary formation of ZnO nano-clusters over the surface and secondly the oxide hydrothermal growth in a solution that facilitates the appearance of ZnO nanorods in the high aspect ratio which comprise a network. We have tested the proof-of-concept prototype of the ZnO nanorod network-based chip heated up to 400 °C versus three alcohol vapors, ethanol, isopropanol and butanol, at approx. 0.2–5 ppm concentrations when mixed with dry air. The results indicate that the developed chip is highly sensitive to these analytes with a detection limit down to the sub-ppm range. Due to the pristine differences in ZnO nanorod network density the chip yields a vector signal which enables the discrimination of various alcohols at a reasonable degree via processing by linear discriminant analysis even at a sub-ppm concentration range suitable for practical applications.

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Deng, Xue Ming, Qiao Wei Liu, Dong Song Yang, Yi Fei Zhang, and Kan Jun Fu. "A Design of Automatic Bus Station Reporter Based on VS1003 and SD Card." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2847.

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We aim to invent an automatic bus station reporter based on GPS module, VS1003 chip and SD card. Firstly, the VS1003 chip within the reporter can both decode and play the MP3 files, greatly improving the voice quality of the reporter itself. Secondly, the SD card with giant storage can store the information of bus stations and the accordingly voice files, making it free from the limit of capacity. Besides, with the change of SD cards, the reporter can adjust itself to different bus lines and gives different voice messages.

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Lu, Minhua, Larry Mok, and R. J. Bezama. "A Graphite Foams Based Vapor Chamber for Chip Heat Spreading." Journal of Electronic Packaging 128, no. 4 (November 15, 2005): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2351908.

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A vapor chamber using high thermal conductivity and permeability graphite foam as a wick has been designed, built, and tested. With ethanol as the working fluid, the vapor chamber has been demonstrated at a heat flux of 80W∕cm2. The effects of the capillary limit, the boiling limit, and the thermal resistance in restricting the overall performance of a vapor chamber have been analyzed. Because of the high thermal conductivity of the graphite foams, the modeling results show that the performance of a vapor chamber using a graphite foam is about twice that of one using a copper wick structure. Furthermore, if water is used as the working fluid instead of ethanol, the performance of the vapor chamber will be increased further. Graphite foam vapor chambers with water as the working fluid can be made by treating the graphite foam with an oxygen plasma to improve the wetting of the graphite by the water.

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Henriksson, Anders, Laura Kasper, Matthias Jäger, Peter Neubauer, and Mario Birkholz. "An Approach to Ring Resonator Biosensing Assisted by Dielectrophoresis: Design, Simulation and Fabrication." Micromachines 11, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11110954.

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The combination of extreme miniaturization with a high sensitivity and the potential to be integrated in an array form on a chip has made silicon-based photonic microring resonators a very attractive research topic. As biosensors are approaching the nanoscale, analyte mass transfer and bonding kinetics have been ascribed as crucial factors that limit their performance. One solution may be a system that applies dielectrophoretic forces, in addition to microfluidics, to overcome the diffusion limits of conventional biosensors. Dielectrophoresis, which involves the migration of polarized dielectric particles in a non-uniform alternating electric field, has previously been successfully applied to achieve a 1000-fold improved detection efficiency in nanopore sensing and may significantly increase the sensitivity in microring resonator biosensing. In the current work, we designed microring resonators with integrated electrodes next to the sensor surface that may be used to explore the effect of dielectrophoresis. The chip design, including two different electrode configurations, electric field gradient simulations, and the fabrication process flow of a dielectrohoresis-enhanced microring resonator-based sensor, is presented in this paper. Finite element method (FEM) simulations calculated for both electrode configurations revealed ∇E2 values above 1017 V2m−3 around the sensing areas. This is comparable to electric field gradients previously reported for successful interactions with larger molecules, such as proteins and antibodies.

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Jia, Xiaoning, Joris Roels, Roel Baets, and Gunther Roelkens. "A Miniaturised, Fully Integrated NDIR CO2 Sensor On-Chip." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 8, 2021): 5347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165347.

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In this paper, we present a fully integrated Non-dispersive Infrared (NDIR) CO2 sensor implemented on a silicon chip. The sensor is based on an integrating cylinder with access waveguides. A mid-IR LED is used as the optical source, and two mid-IR photodiodes are used as detectors. The fully integrated sensor is formed by wafer bonding of two silicon substrates. The fabricated sensor was evaluated by performing a CO2 concentration measurement, showing a limit of detection of ∼750 ppm. The cross-sensitivity of the sensor to water vapor was studied both experimentally and numerically. No notable water interference was observed in the experimental characterizations. Numerical simulations showed that the transmission change induced by water vapor absorption is much smaller than the detection limit of the sensor. A qualitative analysis on the long term stability of the sensor revealed that the long term stability of the sensor is subject to the temperature fluctuations in the laboratory. The use of relatively cheap LED and photodiodes bare chips, together with the wafer-level fabrication process of the sensor provides the potential for a low cost, highly miniaturized NDIR CO2 sensor.

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Balti, Moez. "Noise Bus Modeling in Network on Chip." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 09 (April 26, 2018): 1850149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618501499.

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This paper considers the noise modeling of interconnections in on-chip communication. We present an approach to illustrate modeling and simulation of interconnections on chip microsystems that consist of electrical circuits connected to subsystems described by partial differential equations, which are solved independently. A model for energy dissipation in RLC mode is proposed for the switching current/voltage of such on-chip interconnections. The Waveform Relaxation (WR) algorithm is presented in this paper to address limiting in simulating NoCs due to the large number of coupled lines. We describe our approach to the modeling of on-chip interconnections. We present an applicative example of our approach with VHDL-AMS implementations and simulation results. This article analyzes the coupling noise, the bit error rate (BER) as well as the noise as a function of the rise/fall time of the signal source which can significantly limit the scalability of the NoCs.

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Stephenson, D. A., and S. M. Wu. "Computer Models for the Mechanics of Three-Dimensional Cutting Processes—Part II: Results for Oblique End Turning and Drilling." Journal of Engineering for Industry 110, no. 1 (February 1, 1988): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3187840.

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Using the method described in Part I, numerical models for predicting chip form and the principal components of power consumption are developed for oblique end turning and drilling. Applying the method involves mainly specifying appropriate sets of independent variables for minimization calculations. Results predicted using the rigid-viscoplastic material model are compared with measurements from unlubricated tests on steel and aluminum alloy samples. The agreement between predicted and measured results for turning is generally good, particularly for chip thickness values, chip-tool contact lengths, and the qualitative effect of varying the depth of cut. The agreement is not as good for drilling; in drilling the main cutting edge torque contribution and qualitative effects of varying the spindle speed and feed rate are accurately predicted, but the average chip thickness is consistently underestimated while chip radii of curl are overestimated. The lack of agreement for the last two outputs appears to be due to constraint from the hole drill flute surf aces which would limit maximum radii of curl.

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Frankis, Henry, Daniel Su, Dawson Bonneville, and Jonathan Bradley. "A Tellurium Oxide Microcavity Resonator Sensor Integrated On-Chip with a Silicon Waveguide." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 4061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114061.

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We report on thermal and evanescent field sensing from a tellurium oxide optical microcavity resonator on a silicon photonics platform. The on-chip resonator structure is fabricated using silicon-photonics-compatible processing steps and consists of a silicon-on-insulator waveguide next to a circular trench that is coated in a tellurium oxide film. We characterize the device’s sensitivity by both changing the temperature and coating water over the chip and measuring the corresponding shift in the cavity resonance wavelength for different tellurium oxide film thicknesses. We obtain a thermal sensitivity of up to 47 pm/°C and a limit of detection of 2.2 × 10−3 RIU for a device with an evanescent field sensitivity of 10.6 nm/RIU. These results demonstrate a promising approach to integrating tellurium oxide and other novel microcavity materials into silicon microphotonic circuits for new sensing applications.

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Sołtys-Kalina, Dorota, Katarzyna Szajko, Iwona Wasilewicz-Flis, Dariusz Mańkowski, Waldemar Marczewski, and Jadwiga Śliwka. "Quantitative trait loci for starch-corrected chip color after harvest, cold storage and after reconditioning mapped in diploid potato." Molecular Genetics and Genomics 295, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01616-1.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for chip color after harvest (AH), cold storage (CS) and after reconditioning (RC) in diploid potato and compare them with QTLs for starch-corrected chip color. Chip color traits AH, CS, and RC significantly correlated with tuber starch content (TSC). To limit the effect of starch content, the chip color was corrected for TSC. The QTLs for chip color (AH, CS, and RC) and the starch-corrected chip color determined with the starch content after harvest (SCAH), after cold storage (SCCS) and after reconditioning (SCRC) were compared to assess the extent of the effect of starch and the location of genetic factors underlying this effect on chip color. We detected QTLs for the AH, CS, RC and starch-corrected traits on ten potato chromosomes, confirming the polygenic nature of the traits. The QTLs with the strongest effects were detected on chromosomes I (AH, 0 cM, 11.5% of variance explained), IV (CS, 43.9 cM, 12.7%) and I (RC, 49.7 cM, 14.1%). When starch correction was applied, the QTLs with the strongest effects were revealed on chromosomes VIII (SCAH, 39.3 cM, 10.8% of variance explained), XI (SCCS, 79.5 cM, 10.9%) and IV (SCRC, 43.9 cM, 10.8%). Applying the starch correction changed the landscape of QTLs for chip color, as some QTLs became statistically insignificant, shifted or were refined, and new QTLs were detected for SCAH. The QTLs on chromosomes I and IV were significant for all traits with and without starch correction.

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Budell, Timothy, and Eric Tremble. "PCB Effects on On-chip Capacitor Requirements and an Efficient Resonance-Prevention ASIC Methodology." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2010, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 000392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2010-wa2-paper1.

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A method for determining adequate quantities and locations of on-chip capacitors to maintain supply voltages at all locations on a chip within pre-specified limits given the switching activity of on-chip circuits was presented in [3]. In this paper, we extend the method to include current flow from the package and PCB. The effects of on-chip capacitance and other system parasitics on the time it takes for additional supply current to flow into a chip are discussed. The relationship between switching current, capacitance, system parasitic inductances, and on-chip noise is presented. These concepts are then applied to the subject of power delivery network (PDN) resonance. A 1-dimensional model for simulating PDN resonance is presented. The model includes chip, package, and PCB components, along with explicit networks for each chip power supply and their interactions. The topology of the model and the contributions of each model component are described. A design methodology for avoiding PDN resonance, presently in use on all IBM ASIC modules, is presented.

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R. Faezal, S. F., M. N. Isa, S. Taking, S. N. Mohyar, A. B. Jambek, and A. Harun. "Design of on-chip temperature-based digital signal processing for customized wireless microcontroller." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp653-660.

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<span>Dramatic rises in power density and die sizes inside system-on-chip (SoC) design have led to the thermal issue. High temperatures or uneven temperature distributions may result not only in reliability issues, also has become the biggest issue that can limit the system performance. This paper presents the design and simulation of a temperature-based digital signal processing unit for modern system-on-chip design using the Verilog HDL. This design provides continuous monitoring of temperature and reacts to specified conditions. The simulation of the system has been done on Synopsys Software. The result showed that temperature monitoring process is within the temperature range due to the incorporation of an interrupt-based system and with an advantage of minimum chip area required.</span>

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Journal articles on the topic 'Limit chip width'

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