Academic literature on the topic 'Limit chip width'
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Journal articles on the topic "Limit chip width"
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Hwu, K. I., C. W. Wang, and Y. T. Yau. "Enhancement of System Stability Based on PWFM." Electronics 8, no. 4 (April 3, 2019): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040399.
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In this paper, a pulse width and frequency modulation (PWFM) control strategy is presented, which combines the one-comparator counter-based pulse width modulation (PWM) control with pulse frequency modulation (PFM) control to increase pseudo-1-bit resolution under constant-frequency operation. Accordingly, system stability will be enhanced significantly. As compared with the traditional counter-based PWM control, there is no difference in off-chip circuit complexity except a slight change in on-chip hardware. Finally, a prototype circuit is used to verify the proposed control concept by some experimental results with no limit cycle oscillation.
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Jin, Han, Yajie Qin, Hao Liang, Lei Wan, Hao Lan, Guoping Chen, Ran Liu, Li-rong Zheng, Patrick Chiang, and Zhi-liang Hong. "A Mobile-Based High Sensitivity On-Field Organophosphorus Compounds Detecting System for IoT-Based Food Safety Tracking." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8797435.
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A mobile-based high sensitivity absorptiometer is presented to detect organophosphorus (OP) compounds for Internet-of-Things based food safety tracking. This instrument consists of a customized sensor front-end chip, LED-based light source, low power wireless link, and coin battery, along with a sample holder packaged in a recycled format. The sensor front-end integrates optical sensor, capacitive transimpedance amplifier, and a folded-reference pulse width modulator in a single chip fabricated in a 0.18 μm 1-poly 5-metal CMOS process and has input optical power dynamic range of 71 dB, sensitivity of 3.6 nW/cm2 (0.77 pA), and power consumption of 14.5 μW. Enabled by this high sensitivity sensor front-end chip, the proposed absorptiometer has a small size of 96 cm3, with features including on-field detection and wireless communication with a mobile. OP compound detection experiments of the handheld system demonstrate a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 μmol/L, comparable to that of a commercial spectrophotometer. Meanwhile, an android-based application (APP) is presented which makes the absorptiometer access to the Internet-of-Things (IoT).
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Zong, Xiao Ping, Teng Yue Ma, and Yao Xu Lei. "The Application of SG3525 Pulse Width Modulator in Intermediate Frequency Induction Heating Power Supply." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.308.
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In This paper, we introduce a kind of intermediate frequency induction heating power supply integral design based on the pulse width modulator SG3525, analyse SG3525, KA962F driving chip, the main circuit structure and function and realize frequency and occupies emptiescompared independent can be adjusted. The main circuit adopts the series resonant type IGBT half bridge inverter circuit. It outputs pulse with difference of two phases of 180 degrees to the IGBT driver board through the SG3525, IGBT driver board receives the pulse and drive the IGBT main circuit. Circuit adds the limit frequency protection circuit design, so that the heating power supply works in the inductive state. To improve the on-site operation safety.Finally the unit circuit experiment is conducted on the basis of the field experiment, it is proved that the whole design scheme is feasibility by experiments.
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Gaul, Alexander, Daniel Emmrich, Timo Ueltzhöffer, Henning Huckfeldt, Hatice Doğanay, Johanna Hackl, Muhammad Imtiaz Khan, et al. "Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (December 3, 2018): 2968–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.276.
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Background: The application of superparamagnetic particles as biomolecular transporters in microfluidic systems for lab-on-a-chip applications crucially depends on the ability to control their motion. One approach for magnetic-particle motion control is the superposition of static magnetic stray field landscapes (MFLs) with dynamically varying external fields. These MFLs may emerge from magnetic domains engineered both in shape and in their local anisotropies. Motion control of smaller beads does necessarily need smaller magnetic patterns, i.e., MFLs varying on smaller lateral scales. The achievable size limit of engineered magnetic domains depends on the magnetic patterning method and on the magnetic anisotropies of the material system. Smallest patterns are expected to be in the range of the domain wall width of the particular material system. To explore these limits a patterning technology is needed with a spatial resolution significantly smaller than the domain wall width. Results: We demonstrate the application of a helium ion microscope with a beam diameter of 8 nm as a mask-less method for local domain patterning of magnetic thin-film systems. For a prototypical in-plane exchange-bias system the domain wall width has been investigated as a function of the angle between unidirectional anisotropy and domain wall. By shrinking the domain size of periodic domain stripes, we analyzed the influence of domain wall overlap on the domain stability. Finally, by changing the geometry of artificial two-dimensional domains, the influence of domain wall overlap and domain wall geometry on the ultimate domain size in the chosen system was analyzed. Conclusion: The application of a helium ion microscope for magnetic patterning has been shown. It allowed for exploring the fundamental limits of domain engineering in an in-plane exchange-bias thin film as a prototypical system. For two-dimensional domains the limit depends on the domain geometry. The relative orientation between domain wall and anisotropy axes is a crucial parameter and therefore influences the achievable minimum domain size dramatically.
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Cherukuri, Harish, Elena Perez-Bernabeu, Miguel Selles, and Tony Schmitz. "Machining Chatter Prediction Using a Data Learning Model." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, no. 2 (June 8, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3020045.
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Machining processes, including turning, are a critical capability for discrete part production. One limitation to high material removal rates and reduced cost in these processes is chatter, or unstable spindle speed-chip width combinations that exhibit a self-excited vibration. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN)—a data learning model—is applied to model turning stability. The novel approach is to use a physics-based process model—the analytical stability limit—to generate a (synthetic) data set that trains the ANN. This enables the process physics to be combined with data learning in a hybrid approach. As anticipated, it is observed that the number and distribution of training points influences the ability of the ANN model to capture the smaller, more closely spaced lobes that occur at lower spindle speeds. Overall, the ANN is successful (>90% accuracy) at predicting the stability behavior after appropriate training.
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Baumann, Jonas, Andreas Wirtz, Tobias Siebrecht, and Dirk Biermann. "Disturbance of the Regenerative Effect by Use of Milling Tools Modified with Asymmetric Dynamic Properties." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4030067.
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Milling processes are often limited by self-excited vibrations of the tool or workpiece, generated by the regenerative effect, especially when using long cantilevered tools or machining thin-walled workpieces. The regenerative effect arises from a periodic modulation of the uncut chip thickness within the frequencies of the eigenmodes, which results in a critical excitation in the consecutive cuts or tooth engagements. This paper presents a new approach for disturbing the regenerative effect by using milling tools which are modified with asymmetric dynamic properties. A four-fluted milling tool was modified with parallel slots in the tool shank in order to establish asymmetric dynamic characteristics or different eigenfrequencies for consecutive tooth engagements, respectively. Measurements of the frequency response functions at the tool tip showed a decrease in the eigenfrequencies as well as an increase in the dynamic compliance in the direction of the grooves. Milling experiments with a constant width of cut and constantly increasing axial depth of cut indicated a significant increase in the stability limit for the specific preparations of up to 69%.
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Sakamoto, Satoshi, Yasuo Kondo, Kenji Yamaguchi, Keitoku Hayashi, Ryuichi Iida, and Mitsugu Yamaguchi. "L-Shaped Machining of Anisotropic Woods with a Fine Wire Cutting Tool." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.314.
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A fret-saw blade is commonly used in micromachining or curve machining of various woods. However, there is a curvature limit for machining of free-form surfaces because a fret-saw blade has a thickness of several hundred microns and a width of several millimeters. Additionally, cutting with a fret-saw blade produces much wood meal as chips. If a fine wire cutting tool is used, more flexible machining, such as machining of high curvature free-form surfaces, is possible and the quantity of chip production drastically decreases. The main purpose of this study is to clarify the fundamental machinability of anisotropic materials cut with a fine wire tool. In this report, we describe the machinability of various woods that are naturally anisotropic materials using a fine wire cutting tool that has electrodeposited diamond grains on its surface. In addition, this report discusses the performance of a trial manufactured hand tool employing the same wire cutting tool. The main conclusions obtained in this study are as follows. Acceptable machining of anisotropic woods is possible using a fine wire cutting tool, and the kerf width produced with this wire tool is narrower than that produced with a fret-saw blade. Additionally, the wood species and the cutting direction with respect to the wood grain have a significant influence on the machinability of various woods. Moreover, a relatively smooth cross section is provided when wood is cut by the hand tool using the fine wire tool.
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Hainfeld, J. F., F. R. Furuya, R. D. Powell, and W. Liu. "DNA Nanowires." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 1034–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003124x.
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Current computer chip technology is based on lithographic methods that limit components to ∼0.3 microns in size, due to the wavelength of light, and the photoresist/coating/etching processes. The size directly determines computer speed, complexity and cost, and advances in computers over the years have mostly been due to reduction in component size. It is here proposed to construct nanowires that are approximately 2 nm in diameter, or 150 times smaller than currently available. For 2 dimensions, this translates into a 1502 = 22,500-fold computational advantage. Additionally, 3 dimensional construction is proposed, bringing the potential improvement factor to 3,375,000. While it is probably unrealistic that this factor of packing density can be fully achieved, even several orders of magnitude improvement over current technology would be significant.A wire width 2 nm may be achieved by placing gold quantum dots along a DNA template. Ends of the DNA-nanowire may be designed with sequences to attach by hybridization to complementary sequences on target connection pads, so that the two ends will seek and automatically wire correctly in solution. This strategy is easily adaptable to 3-dimensional wiring. Conduction between gold quantum dots may be studied as a function of spacing, size and coatings.
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Hoang, Thi Hong Cam, Thanh Binh Pham, Thuy Van Nguyen, Van Dai Pham, Huy Bui, Van Hoi Pham, Elena Duran, et al. "Hybrid Integrated Nanophotonic Silicon-based Structures." Communications in Physics 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/29/4/13855.
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We report nanophotonic silicon-based devices for hybrid integration: 1D photonic crystal (PhC) on optical fiber, i. e. fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing probe integrated in fiber laser structure for chemical sensors and slotted planar 2D PhC cavity combined with carbon nanotube (CNT) towards light nanosources. The experiments have been carried out by integrating 1D PhC on optical fiber in fiber laser structure. This structure possesses many advantages including high resolution for wavelength shift, high optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of about 50~dB, the small full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of about 0.014~nm therefore its accuracy is enhanced, as well as the precision and capability are achieved for remote sensing. Low nitrate concentration in water from 0 to 80 ppm has been used to demonstrate its sensing ability in the experiment. The proposed sensor can work with good repeatability, rapid response, and its sensitivity can be obtained of \(3.2\times 10^{ - 3}\) nm/ppm with the limit of detection (LOD) of 3~ppm. For 2D PhC cavity, enhancement of photoluminescence of CNT emission is observed. The semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) solution was prepared by polymer-sorted method and coupled with the confined modes in silicon slotted PhC cavities. The enhancement ratio of 1.15 is obtained by comparing between the PL peaks at two confined modes of the cavity. The PL enhancement result of the integrated system shows the potential for the realization of on-chip nanoscale sources.
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Dies, Hannah, Maria Siampani, Carlos Escobedo, and Aristides Docoslis. "Direct Detection of Toxic Contaminants in Minimally Processed Food Products Using Dendritic Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 19, 2018): 2726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082726.
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We present a method for the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based detection of toxic contaminants in minimally processed liquid food products, through the use of a dendritic silver nanostructure, produced through electrokinetic assembly of nanoparticles from solution. The dendritic nanostructure is produced on the surface of a microelectrode chip, connected to an AC field with an imposed DC bias. We apply this chip for the detection of thiram, a toxic fruit pesticide, in apple juice, to a limit of detection of 115 ppb, with no sample preprocessing. We also apply the chip for the detection of melamine, a toxic contaminant/food additive, to a limit of detection of 1.5 ppm in milk and 105 ppb in infant formula. All the reported limits of detection are below the recommended safe limits in food products, rendering this technique useful as a screening method to identify liquid food with hazardous amounts of toxic contaminants.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Limit chip width"
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Sedlář, Jiří. "Konstrukce dvouosého suportu vícevřetenového soustružnického automatu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443158.
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This diploma thesis deals with the design of a two-axis multi-spindle lathe carriage. In the first part, there is made a research, and its aim is to find possible variants of design solutions. After the best rated variant was selected, the thesis further continues with the necessary technical calculations of the main design nodes such as a synchronous servomotor, ball screw, linear guide and bearing. The design itself was carried out with regard to calculations and the resulting model was examined in terms of dynamic stability. The subject of examination was to find the natural frequencies of the assembly and to determine the amplitudes of the oscillations which arise from the harmonic excitation force. Finally, Lobe diagrams for grooving and longitudinal turning operations were drawn.
Books on the topic "Limit chip width"
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Elwood, Mark. Chance variation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0008.
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This chapter explains chance variation and statistical tests, including discrete and continuous measures, the concept of significance, one and two sided test, exact tests, precision and confidence limits. It shows tests of differences in proportions and chi-square tests, the Mantel-Haenszel test, and calculation of confidence limits, for simple tables and for stratified data. It covers heterogeneity tests, multiplicative and additive models, ordered exposure variables and tests of trend. It explains statistical tests for matched studies and in multivariate models. Multiple testing, the Bonferroni correction, issues of hypothesis testing and hypothesis generation, and subgroup analyses are discussed. Stopping rules and repeated testing in trials is covered. It explains how to calculate study power and the necessary size of the study. The chapter describes time to event analysis, including survival curves, product-limit and actuarial or life-table methods, and the calculation of confidence limits, relative survival ratios, the log rank test with control for confounding, and multivariate analysis.
Book chapters on the topic "Limit chip width"
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Olfos, Raimundo, and Masami Isoda. "Japanese Lesson Study for Introduction of Multiplication." In Teaching Multiplication with Lesson Study, 103–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28561-6_5.
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AbstractIn Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-28561-6_2, we posed questions about the differences in several national curricula, and some of them were related to the definition of multiplication. In Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-28561-6_3, several problematics for defining multiplication were discussed, particularly the unique Japanese definition of multiplication, which is called definition of multiplication by measurement. It can be seen as a kind of definition by a group of groups, if we limit it to whole numbers. In Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-28561-6_4, introduction of multiplication and its extensions in the Japanese curriculum terminology were illustrated to explain how this unique definition is related to further learning. Multiplicand and multiplier are necessary not only for understanding the meaning of multiplication but also for making sense the future learning. The curriculum sequence is established through the extension and integration process in relation to multiplication. In this chapter, two examples of lesson study illustrate how to introduce the definition of multiplication by measurement in a Japanese class. Additionally, how students develop and change their idea of units—that any number can be a unit in multiplication beyond just counting by one—is illustrated by a survey before and after the introduction of multiplication. After the illustration of the Japanese approach, its significance is discussed in comparison with the Chilean curriculum guidebook. Then, the conclusion illustrates the feature of the Japanese approach as being relatively sense making for students who learn mathematics by and for themselves by setting the unit for measurement (McCallum, W. (2018). Making sense of mathematics and making mathematics make sense. Proceedings of ICMI Study 24 School Mathematics Curriculum Reforms: challenges, changes and Opportunities (pp. 1–8). Tsukuba, Japan: University of Tsukuba.). A comparison with Chile is given in order to demonstrate the sense of it from the teacher’s side. In relation to lesson study, this is a good exemplar of how Japanese teachers develop mathematical thinking. It also illustrates the case for being able to see the situation based on the idea of multiplication (Isoda, M. and Katagiri, S. (2012). Mathematical thinking: How to develop it in the classroom. Singapore: World Scientific; Rasmussen and Isoda Research in Mathematics Education 21:43–59, 2019), as seen in Figs. 10.1007/978-3-030-28561-6_4#Fig2 and 10.1007/978-3-030-28561-6_4#Fig3 in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-28561-6_4 of this book.
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Moorthi, M. Narayana, and R. Manjula. "Challenges Faced in Enhancing the Performance and Scalability in Parallel Computing Architecture." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 252–69. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9479-8.ch010.
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Now a day the architecture of high performance systems are improving with more and more processor cores on the chip. This has both benefits as well as challenges. The benefit is running more task simultaneously which reduces the running time of the program or application. The challenges are what is the maximum limit of the number of cores in the given chip, how the existing and future software will make use of all the cores, what parallel programming language to choose, what are the memory and cache coherence issues involved when we increase the number of cores, how to solve the power and performance issues, how the cores are connected and how they are communicating to solve a single problem, workload distribution and load balancing issues in terms of scalability. There is a practical limit for speedup and scalability of number of cores on the chip which needs to be analyzed. So this chapter will focus on the introduction and overviews of parallel computing and the challenges faced in enhancing the performance and scalability in parallel computing architecture.
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Witkov, Carey, and Keith Zengel. "One Parameter Chi-squared Analysis." In Chi-Squared Data Analysis and Model Testing for Beginners, 18–31. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198847144.003.0003.
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The chi-squared method for parameter estimation and model testing is developed for the one-parameter case of a line with a slope but no intercept. Curve fitting is motivated, and several methods for curve fitting are introduced. The chi-squared method is shown to be the optimal curve fitting method whenever Gaussian distributed measurement uncertainties and a model are present. The central limit theorem, which assures Gaussian distributed measurement uncertainties for a wide range of physical experiments, is introduced. End-of-chapter problems are included (with solutions in an appendix).
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Olufemi Odusola, Aina, and Ayoade Adedokun. "Cultural Adaptation of a Cardiovascular Health Education Program among Hypertensive Primary Care Patients from Rural Nigeria." In Topics in Primary Care Medicine [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94542.
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Culturally adapted behavioral treatments can optimize care. Following standard guidelines we adapted and tested a hypertension education program among primary care patients with hypertension from rural Nigeria. We reviewed literature and collected qualitative information from hypertensive patients to implement the first three of five cultural adaptation stages: Information gathering, Adaptation design, and Preliminary adaptation testing. Information obtained was used to adapt a Cardiovascular Health Education Program (CHEP) from a similar program Culturally Appropriate Hypertension Education (CAHE). CHEP was evaluated among 149 hypertensive patients using pre, − post design, and performance of behavioral goals. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic contents. CHEP retained essential features of CAHE and added new culturally relevant information. Local context factors like substitutability of dietary salt and exercisability with cultural activities motivated healthy behavior and enhanced cultural fitness. Culturally permissive unhealthy practices were discouraged; intentional weight gain (big is beautiful), and non-smoking tobacco use (sniffing, licking). Performance of behavioral goals was outstanding; over 60% practiced self-set goals effectively. Standard cultural adaptation of behavioral education program demonstrated potential to limit cardiovascular diseases among hypertensive patients. Guideline-based culturally adapted intervention increased hypertension self-management capabilities among hypertensive primary care patients from rural Nigeria.
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Yoo, Taejong. "Supply Chain Simulation using Business Process Modeling in Service Oriented Architecture." In Supply Chain and Logistics Management, 857–71. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0945-6.ch040.
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For supply chain optimization, as a key determinant of strategic resources mobility along the value-added chain, simulation is widely used to test the impact on supply chain performance for the strategic level decisions, such as the number of plants, the modes of transport, or the relocation of warehouses. Traditionally, a single centralized model that encompasses multiple participants in the supply chain is built when optimization of the supply chain through simulation is required. However, due to the heterogeneity of supply chain, a centralized simulation model has a limit to reflect the dynamics of each supply chain participant. This research focuses on the conceptual and the technical issues about the supply chain simulation with a parallel and distributed simulation (PADS) concept. In particular, to ensure the decomposition of supply chain simulation model by each supply chain participant, the simulation framework is proposed using Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) in e-collaboration environment. For a clear proof of concept, the virtual supply chain simulation model is implemented and experienced using business process modeling tools in SOA. Due to the reusable, interoperable, and scalable characteristics of the proposed supply chain simulation framework, various alternatives for supply chin optimization can be generated and evaluated.
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Touchette, Hugo. "Temperature Fluctuations and Mixtures of Equilibrium States in the Canonical Ensemble." In Nonextensive Entropy. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195159769.003.0014.
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It has been suggested recently that "Q-exponential" distributions, which form the basis of Tsallis' nonextensive thermostatistical formalism, may be viewed as mixtures of exponential (Gibbs) distributions characterized by a fluctuating inverse temperature. In this chapter, we revisit this idea in connection with a detailed microscopic calculation of the energy and temperature fluctuations present in a finite vessel of perfect gas thermally coupled to a heat bath. We find that the probability density related to the inverse temperature of the gas has a form similar to a x<sup>2</sup> density, and that the "mixed" Gibbs distribution inferred from this density is non-Gibbsian. These findings are compared with those obtained by a number of researchers who worked on mixtures of Gibbsian distributions in the context of velocity difference measurements in turbulent fluids as well as secondary distributions in nuclear scattering experiments…. Most, if not all, textbooks on thermodynamics and statistical physics define temperature as being a quantity which, contrary to other thermodynamic observables like energy or pressure, does not admit fluctuations. Because of that, it is somewhat surprising to see papers with the expression "temperature fluctuations" in their titles appearing from time to time in serious scientific journals on subjects as various as particle physics and fluid dynamics (see, e.g., Ashkenazi and Steinberg [3], Ching [9], Chiu et al. [10], and Stodolsky [24]). Indeed, how can the temperature of a system, however small, fluctuate if one defines it "as equal to the temperature of a very large heat reservoir with which the system is in equilibrium and in thermal contact" [18]? Also, in the case of the reservoir, how can temperature be a fluctuating parameter if its definition requires one to assume the thermodynamic limit, in other words, to assume that the system acting as a reservoir is composed of an infinite number of particles or degrees of freedom? Presumably, the thermodynamic limit should rule out any fluctuations of thermodynamic quantities like the mean energy or the pressure, so that if temperature is related to these quantities, how can it fluctuate?
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Kan, H., B. Frew, S. Lai, A. Westmoreland, and P. Cheung. "Pushing the limits – hyperbaric manoeuvring with a rock TBM through mixed ground for the Lai Chi Kok Drainage Tunnel, Hong Kong." In Underground. The Way to the Future, 1895–902. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14769-260.
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Sowmya, B. J., Chetan Shetty, S. Seema, and K. G. Srinivasa. "Effective Prevention and Reduction in the Rate of Accidents Using Internet of Things and Data Analytics." In Improving the Safety and Efficiency of Emergency Services, 114–41. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2535-7.ch006.
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Hundreds of lives in India are lost each day due to the delayed medical response. In the present scenario, the victims completely rely on the passersby for almost every kind of medical help such as informing the hospital or ambulance. This project aims to automate the process of detecting and reporting accidents using accident detection kits in vehicles. The kit has a system on chip and various sensors which sense various parameters that change drastically during the occurrence of accidents such as the vibration levels, orientation of vehicles with respect to the ground. The accident is said to occur when these values cross the permissible threshold limit. As soon as this happens, the latitude and longitude of the accident spot is tracked using the GPS module present in the kit. The nearest hospital and police station is computed by the GPS module, which uses the latitude and longitude values as the input. The accident notifications are sent to the concerned hospital and police station over the web interface accordingly. The assignment of particular ambulance and the required traffic policemen to the accident cases is done using the web interface. The android application guides the ambulance driver as well as the policemen to the accident spot and also helps in the detailed registration of the accidents. The closest doctor facility and police headquarters is processed by the GPS module, which utilizes the scope and longitude esteems as the information. The accident warnings are sent to the concerned healing facility and police headquarters over the web interface as needs be. The task of specific rescue vehicle and policemen to the accident cases is finished utilizing the web interface. An intelligent analysis of the last five years' rich dataset uncovers the patterns followed by the accidents and gives valuable insights on how to deploy the existing resources such as ambulances and traffic-police efficiently. Various types of analysis are done to identify the cause-effect relationships and deal with this in a better way. Such technical solutions to the frequently occurring problems would result in saving many lives as well as making the cities safer and smarter.
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Barnett, Stephen. "Quantum computation." In Quantum Information. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198527626.003.0010.
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In the preceding chapter we established that a suitable set of quantum gates, complemented by quantum error correction, allows us to produce a desired multiqubit unitary transformation. This transformation is one of the three steps in a quantum computation; the others, of course, are the preparation of the qubits in their initial state and the measurement of them after the transformation has been implemented. A quantum computation is designed to solve a problem or class of problems. The power of quantum computers is that they can do this, at least for some problems, very much more efficiently and quickly than any conventional computer based on classical logic operations. If we can build a quantum computer then a number of important problems which are currently intractable will become solvable. The potential for greatly enhanced computational power is, in itself, reason enough to study quantum computers, but there is another. Moore’s law is the observation that the number of transistors on a chip doubles roughly every eighteen months. A simple corollary is that computer performance also doubles on the same timescale. Associated with this exponential improvement is a dramatic reduction in the size of individual components. If the pace is to be kept up then it is inevitable that quantum effects will become increasingly important and ultimately will limit the operation of the computer. In these circumstances it is sensible to consider the possibility of harnessing quantum effects to realize quantum information processors and computers. We start with a brief introduction to the theory of computer science, the principles of which underlie the operation of what we shall refer to as classical computers. These include all existing machines and any based on the manipulation of classical bits. The development of computer science owes much to Turing, who devised a simple but powerful model of a computing device: the Turing machine. It its most elementary form, this consists of four elements. (i) A tape for data storage, which acts as a memory. This tape has a sequence of spaces, each of which has on it one of a finite set of symbols. (ii) A processor, which controls the operations of the machine.
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Sowmya B. J., Chetan Shetty, Seema S., and Srinivasa K. G. "Effective Prevention and Reduction in the Rate of Accidents Using Internet of Things and Data Analytics." In Exploring Critical Approaches of Evolutionary Computation, 99–121. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5832-3.ch006.
Full textAbstract:
Hundreds of lives in India are lost each day due to the delayed medical response. In the present scenario, the victims completely rely on the passersby for almost every kind of medical help such as informing the hospital or ambulance. This project aims to automate the process of detecting and reporting accidents using accident detection kits in vehicles. The kit has a system on chip and various sensors which sense various parameters that change drastically during the occurrence of accidents such as the vibration levels, orientation of vehicles with respect to the ground. The accident is said to occur when these values cross the permissible threshold limit. As soon as this happens, the latitude and longitude of the accident spot is tracked using the GPS module present in the kit. The nearest hospital and police station is computed by the GPS module, which uses the latitude and longitude values as the input. The accident notifications are sent to the concerned hospital and police station over the web interface accordingly. The assignment of particular ambulance and the required traffic policemen to the accident cases is done using the web interface. The android application guides the ambulance driver as well as the policemen to the accident spot and also helps in the detailed registration of the accidents. The closest doctor facility and police headquarters is processed by the GPS module, which utilizes the scope and longitude esteems as the information. The accident warnings are sent to the concerned healing facility and police headquarters over the web interface as needs be. The task of specific rescue vehicle and policemen to the accident cases is finished utilizing the web interface. An intelligent analysis of the last five years' rich dataset uncovers the patterns followed by the accidents and gives valuable insights on how to deploy the existing resources such as ambulances and traffic-police efficiently. Various types of analysis are done to identify the cause-effect relationships and deal with this in a better way. Such technical solutions to the frequently occurring problems would result in saving many lives as well as making the cities safer and smarter.
Conference papers on the topic "Limit chip width"
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Jahanmir, Said, Michael J. Tomaszewski, and Hooshang Heshmat. "Ultra High-Speed Micro-Milling of Aluminum Alloy." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50053.
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Small precision parts with miniaturized features are increasingly used in components such as sensors, micro-medical devices, micro-fuel cells, and others. Mechanical micromachining processes, e.g., turning, drilling, milling and grinding are often used for fabrication of miniaturized components. The small micro-tools (50 μm to 500 μm diameter) used in micromachining limit the surface speeds achieved at the cutting point, unless the rotational speeds are substantially increased. Although the cutting speeds increase to 240 m/min with larger diameter tools (e.g., 500 μm) when using the highest available spindle speed of 150,000 rpm, the cutting speed with the smaller 50 μm tools is limited to 24 m/min. This low cutting speed at the tool tip is much smaller than the speeds required for efficient cutting. For example, in macro-milling of aluminum alloys the recommended speed is on the order of 60–200 m/min. The use of low cutting speeds limits the production rate, increases tool wear and tendency for burr formation, and limits the degree of dimensional tolerance and precision that can be achieved. The purpose of the present paper is to provide preliminary results that show the feasibility of ultra high-speed micro-milling of an aluminum alloy with respect to surface quality and burr formation. A new ultra high-speed spindle was used for micro-milling of an aluminum alloy with micro-end-mills ranging in diameter from 51 μm to 305 μm. Straight channels were machined to obtain an array of square patterns on the surface. High surface cutting speeds up to 340 m/min were achieved at 350,000 rpm. Inspection of the machined surfaces indicated that edge quality and burr formation tendency are related to the undeformed chip thickness, and therefore the cutting speed and feed rate. The quantity of burrs observed on the cut surfaces was generally small, and therefore, the burr types were not systematically determined. Cutting with the 305 μm tool at a cutting speed of 150 m/min produced an excellent cut quality using a chip thickness of 0.13 μm. However, the cut quality deteriorated as the chip thickness was decreased to 0.06 μm by increasing the cutting speed to 340 mm/min. This result is consistent with published data that show the dependence of bur formation on ratio of chip thickness to tool tip radius. The channel widths were also measured and the width of channels cut with the small diameter tools became larger than the tool diameter at higher speeds. The dependence of the channel widths on rotational speed and the fact that a similar variation was not observed for larger diameter tools, suggested that this phenomena is related to dynamic run-out of the tool tip, which increases the channel width at higher speeds.
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Huang, Shiuh-Jer, Shian-Shin Wu, and You-Min Huang. "Gain Scheduling Fuzzy Sliding Mode Strategy for Robotic Motion Control." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24249.
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A Mitsubishi Movemaster RV-M2 robotic system control system is retrofitted into system-on-programmable-chip (SOPC) control structure. The software embedded in Altera Nios II field programmable gate array (FPGA) micro processor has the functions of using UART to communicate with PC, robotic inverse kinematics calculation, and robotic motion control. The digital hardware circuits with encoder decoding, limit switch detecting, pulse width modulation (PWM) generating functions are designed by using Verilog language. Since the robotic dynamics has complicate nonlinear behavior, it is impossible to design a MIMO model-based controller on micro-processor. Here a novel model-free fuzzy sliding mode control with gain scheduling strategy is developed to design the robotic joint controller. This fuzzy controller is easy to implement with 1D fuzzy control rule and less trial-and-error parameters searching work. The experimental results show that this intelligent controller can achieve quick transient response and precise steady state accuracy for industrial applications.
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Shirazy, Mahmood R. S., and Luc G. Fre´chette. "A Parametric Investigation of Operating Limits in Heat Pipes Using Novel Metal Foams as Wicks." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31268.
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A parametric investigation has been performed to study the different operating limits of heat pipes employing a novel type of metal foam as wick for chip cooling applications. These foams have a unique spherical pore cluster microstructure with very high surface to volume ratio compared to traditional metal foams and exhibit higher operating limits in preliminary tests of heat pipes, suggesting high cooling rates for microelectronics. In the first part of this parametric study, widely used correlations are applied to calculate the five types of heat transfer limits (capillary, boiling, viscous, entrainment and sonic) as a function of temperature, type of foam, and porosity. Results show that the dominant limit is mostly the capillary limit, but for 50 pore-per-inch (PPI) foam, the boiling limit will be dominant. Also, 50 and 60 PPI foams have higher heat transfer limits than sintered copper powder. In the second part of this study, thermodynamic steady state modeling of a flat heat pipe has been done to study the effect of the different parameters on the dominant limit (capillary). A dimensionless number has been proposed to evaluate the balance between the pressure loss in the vapor and liquid phases as an additional design guideline to improve the capillary limit in flat heat pipes.
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Chandiramani, N. K., and T. Pothala. "Application of a Shooting Method to Regenerative Chatter During Turning." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2578.
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A two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) model comprising nonlinear delay differential equations (DDEs) is analyzed for self-excited oscillations during orthogonal turning. The model includes multiple time delays, possibility of tool leaving cut, additional process damping (due to flank interference), ploughing force, and shear-angle/friction-angle variation. An algorithm, based on an existing shooting method for DDEs, is developed to simulate tool dynamics and seek periodic solutions. The multiple-regenerative and tool-leaving-cut effects are simulated via an equivalent 1-DOF system by introducing a time shift. While the limit cycle amplitude and minimum-period obtained via shooting and via direct numerical integration compare well, the latter method converges very slowly, thus establishing the efficiency of the former. Numerical studies involving the machining parameters are presented. Only period-1 motion was observed for the range of cutting parameters considered here. Features of a subcritical Hopf bifurcation appear in the amplitude versus width-of-cut plane. This implies the possibility of subcritical instability characterized by sudden onset of finite-amplitude chatter. Additional process damping causes a reduction in chatter amplitudes as well as the subcritical instability to occur at a larger width of cut. An increase in width of cut causes frequent tool-leaving-cut events and increased chatter amplitudes. The frequency of tool disengagement increases with cutting velocity, despite cutting force in the shank direction remaining constant over a certain velocity range. The chatter amplitude at first increases and then decreases when the cutting velocity or the uncut chip thickness is increased. The present plant model and dynamics could be useful for real time active control of tool chatter.
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Tsuritani, Hiroyuki, Toshihiko Sayama, Yoshiyuki Okamoto, Takeshi Takayanagi, Kentaro Uesugi, Masato Hoshino, and Takao Mori. "Application of Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Laminography to Nondestructive Evaluation of the Fatigue Crack Propagation Process in Flip Chip Solder Joints." In ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73091.
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The reliability and lifetime of micro-joints on printed circuit boards (PCBs) is significantly affected by fatigue processes, including fatigue crack initiation and propagation to failure. Accordingly, the industries producing electronic devices and components strongly desire the development of a new nondestructive inspection technology, which detects micro-cracks appearing as thermal fatigue fractures in these joints. Accordingly, the authors have demonstrated that the micro-cracks in the micro-solder joints can be observed using the SP-μCT synchrotron X-ray micro tomography system. However, in order for such solder joint micro-cracks to be observable by SP-μCT, the observation object must have a diameter of less than roughly 1 mm. In this investigation, we applied a synchrotron radiation X-ray laminography system to three-dimensionally and nondestructively evaluate the fatigue crack propagation process in flip chip solder micro-joints. X-ray laminography is a technique for nondestructively observing planar objects. The optical system developed for use in X-ray laminography was constructed to provide the rotation stage with a 20° tilt from the horizontally incident X-ray beam. For this reason, X-rays were sufficiently transmitted through the planar object, in all directions. The observed specimens had a flip chip structure, in which a 10.04 mm square LSI chip is connected to a 52.55 mm (length) × 30.0 mm (width) FR-4 substrate by 120 μm diameter Sn-3.0wt%Ag-0.5wt%Cu lead-free solder bumps. A thermal cycle test was carried out, and specimens were collected at fixed cycle numbers. The same solder joints were observed successively using the synchrotron radiation X-ray laminography system at beamline BL20XU at SPring-8, the largest synchrotron radiation facility in Japan. An X-ray beam energy of 29.0 keV was selected to obtain laminography images with high contrast among component. The obtained laminography images clearly show the evolution of cracks, voids, and the Ag3Sn phase due to the thermal cyclic loading of the solder joints. In addition, the surface area of the same fatigue cracks was also measured, to quantify the crack propagation process. However, the surface area change measured by laminography differed from the crack propagation results obtained by standard SP-μCT. This difference may be due to an inability to observe some micro-cracks, due to crack closure to beneath than the detection limit of synchrotron radiation X-ray laminography. Consequently, these results demonstrate the possibility that nondestructive observation of fatigue cracks in the solder bumps on a large size electronic substrate by synchrotron radiation X-ray laminography, although its detection ability for narrow cracks may be limited, compared to SP-μCT.
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Li, Shifeng, David Fozdar, Dongbing Shao, Shaochen Chen, Pierre N. Floriano, Nicolaos Christodoulides, Mehnaaz F. Ali, Priya Dharshan, John T. McDevitt, and Dean Neikirk. "Disposable Polydimethylsiloxane/Silicon Hybrid Chips for Protein Detection." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62170.
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This paper presents disposable protein analysis chips with single and multiple chambers - constructed from poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and silicon. The chips are composed of a multilayer stack of PDMS layers that sandwich a silicon microchip. This inner silicon chip features an etched array of microcavities hosting agarose beads. The sample is introduced into the fluid network in the top PDMS layer where it is directed to the bead chamber. After reaction of the analyte with the probe beads, signal generated on the beads is captured with a CCD camera, digitally processed, and analyzed. An established bead-based fluorescent assay for C-reactive protein (CRP) was used here to characterize these hybrid chips. The detection limit of the single chamber protein chip was found to be 1ng/mL. Additionally, using the back pressure compensation method, the signals from each of the four-chamber chip were found to be within 10% of each other. Moreover, the fabrication of the multiple-chamber chip may increase throughput and multiplex assay capacity.
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Hung, Chu-Pao (Otis), Yu-Po Wang, Steven Chen, and Katch Wan. "Fan-Out MCM Solutions Study for Heterogeneous Integration on Intelligent Computing Application." In ASME 2020 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2020-2528.
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Abstract In recent years, semiconductor products have developed rapidly, from desktop computers with basic computing to Internet-connected smartphones, to emerging intelligent and perceived smart system products, such as mass-produced of smart home appliances, smart watches, and under development of smart glasses. The product trend is toward high performance, multi-functional integration, thinner profile and lower cost features. These requirements are interrelated with wafer technology and assembly process development. The advanced wafer technology, such as 5nm / 3nm, will provide higher performance. However, as Moore’s Law is approaching the physical limit, the industry has turned to the development of advanced packaging solution technologies to break through this bottleneck. At present, the industry’s forward-looking packaging platform includes 2.5 D, 3D, Fan-out and SiP modules, etc., which technologies can integrate chiplet, chip stack, passive components as heterogeneous integrated packaging solutions. Fan-Out MCM Platform has integrative characteristics for homogeneous / heterogeneous wafers and passives, lower cost and lower profile advantage than 2.5D, also provided comparable performance to 2.5D by proper RDL / Substrate layout design. In addition, in order to meet the high-performance characteristics of products, toward developing multi-layer RDL layers (more than 3 layers). This article will plan a series of multi-RDL layers sample tests, RDL sample build of line width/line space of 1/1um and introduce the related process challenge, microstructure data.
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Almutairi, Zeyad, Carolyn Ren, and Leonardo Simon. "Improving the Electrokinetic Properties of PDMS With Surface Treatments." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31241.
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PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) is widely used as a microfluidic chip material for various applications due to its desirable properties [1, 2]. However PDMS has several drawbacks that limit its utilization in a number of microfluidic applications [1–4]. Properties such as the hydrophobic nature, sample absorption, and low electrokinetic properties (low zeta potential) are some issues that must be considered before using PDMS for numerous applications [3]. In many PDMS based chips electroosmotic pumping is used for fluid flow and sample transport along the microchannel networks. Simplicity of implementation in microfluidic chips, fast response time, and the plug-like velocity profile are the major advantages of electroosmotic flow compared to other fluid pumping techniques [2]. This type of flow utilizes the formation of electric double layer (EDL) in microchannels and the movement of ions under an applied external electric field. Thus, the surface properties of the channel material and liquid properties (ionic concentration, pH, and viscosity) play major roles in electroosmotic pumping for different solutions in microchannels.
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Wang, Shouxu, Ruiqi Shen, Yinghua Ye, Yan Hu, Lizhi Wu, and Cheng Yang. "Investigation on combustion of porous silicon nanoenergetic chips ignited by single pulse laser." In 2nd International Symposium on Laser Interaction with Matter (LIMIS 2012), edited by Stefan Kaierle, Jingru Liu, and Jianlin Cao. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2010933.
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Wang, Peng, F. Patrick McCluskey, and Avram Bar-Cohen. "Isothermalization of an IGBT Power Electronic Chip." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-41019.
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Rapid increases in the power ratings and continued miniaturization of power electronic semiconductor devices have pushed chip heat fluxes well beyond the range of conventional thermal management techniques. The heat flux of power electronic chips for hybrid electric vehicles is now at the level of 100 to 150W/cm2 and is projected to increase to 500 W/cm2 in next generation vehicles. Such heat fluxes lead to higher and less uniform IGBT chip temperature, significantly degrading the device performance and system reliability. Maintaining the maximum temperature below a specified limit, while isothermalizing the surface of the chip, have become critical issues for thermal management of power electronics. In this work, a hybrid cooling system design, which combines microchannel liquid cooling and thermoelectric solid-state cooling, is proposed for thermal management of a 10mm × 10mm IGBT chip. The microchannel heat sink is used for global cooling of the chip while the embedded thermo-electric cooler is employed for isothermalization of the chip. A detailed package level 3D thermal model is developed to explore the potential application of this concept, with an attention focused on isothermalization and temperature reduction of IGBT chip associated with variations in thermoelectric cooler sizes, thermoelectric materials, cooling system designs, and trench structures in the DBC substrate. It is found that a thin-film superlattice TEC can deliver a superior cooling performance by eliminating more than 90% of the temperature non-uniformity on 100∼200 W/cm2 IGBT chips.