Journal articles on the topic 'LIM MN LIM MCMC'

Let I denote the set of all irrational numbers, θ ∈ I, and simple continued fraction expansion of θ be [a0, a1, …, an, …]. Then a0 is an integer and {an}n≥1 is an infinite sequence of positive integers. Let Mn(θ) = [0, an, an-1, …, a1] + [an+1, an+2, …]. Then the set of numbers { lim sup Mn(θ) ∣ θ ∈ I} is called the Lagrange Spectrum 𝔏. Notably 3 is the first cluster point of 𝔏. Essentially lim inf 𝔏 or [Formula: see text]. Perron [Über die approximation irrationaler Zahlen durch rationale, I, S.-B. Heidelberg Akad. Wiss., Abh. 4 (1921) 17 pp; Über die approximation irrationaler Zahlen durch rationale, II, S.-B. Heidelberg Akad. Wiss., Abh.8 (1921) 12 pp.] has found that lim inf { lim sup Mn(θ) ∣ θ = [a0, a1, a2, …, an, …] and [Formula: see text]. This article forwards the value of lim inf{lim sup Mn(θ) ∣ θ = [a0, a1, …, an, …] and an ≥ 4 frequently}, a long awaited cluster point of Lagrange Spectrum.

LiM(M=Fe,Al,Mg)XMn2-XO4 fine powders were synthesized by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis using metal nitrate solution. LiMn2O4 powders obtained by this method have a spherical morphology with a submicron size. XRD revealed that as-prepared powders were crystallized to spinel structure with Fd3m space group. LiM(M=Fe,Al,Mg)XMn2-XO4 showed enhanced cycling performance at room temperature. Reduced Jahn-Teller distortion of LiMn2O4 by metal doping was responsible for enhanced cycle performance of LiMn2O4.

AbstractLet Mn be the algebra of n × n matrices over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. For A ∊ Mn, denote by the collection of all matrices in Mn that are similar to A. In this paper we characterize those invertible linear operators ϕ on Mn that satisfy , where for some given A1,..., Ak ∊ Mn and denotes the (Zariski) closure of S. Our theorem covers a result of Howard on linear operators mapping the set of matrices annihilated by a given polynomial into itself, and extends a result of Chan and Lim on linear operators commuting with the function f(x) = xk for a given positive integer k ≥ 2. The possibility of weakening the invertibility assumption in our theorem is considered, a partial answer to a conjecture of Howard is given, and some extensions of our result to arbitrary fields are discussed.

The monoclinic crystal structure of lithium chromium(III) diphosphate, LiCrP2O7, isotypic with other members of the series LiM IIIP2O7 (M III = Mn, Fe, V, Mo, Sc and In), was refined from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data using the Rietveld method. The Cr3+ cation is bonded to six O atoms from five diphosphate anions to form a distorted octahedron. Links between the bent diphosphate anions and the Cr3+ cations result in a three-dimensional network, with tunnels filled by the Li+ cations in a considerably distorted tetrahedral environment of O atoms.

Abstract Let (Mn,Sn)n≥0 be a Markov random walk with positive recurrent driving chain (Mn)n≥0 on the countable state space 𝒮 with stationary distribution π. Suppose also that lim supn→∞Sn=∞ almost surely, so that the walk has almost-sure finite strictly ascending ladder epochs σn>. Recurrence properties of the ladder chain (Mσn>)n≥0 and a closely related excursion chain are studied. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the recurrence of (Mσn>)n≥0 and further show that this chain is positive recurrent with stationary distribution π> and 𝔼π>σ1><∞ if and only if an associated Markov random walk (𝑀̂n,𝑆̂n)n≥0, obtained by time reversal and called the dual of (Mn,Sn)n≥0, is positive divergent, i.e. 𝑆̂n→∞ almost surely. Simple expressions for π> are also provided. Our arguments make use of coupling, Palm duality theory, and Wiener‒Hopf factorization for Markov random walks with discrete driving chain.

The ionic conductivities (complex impedance measurements) of the olivine type Li2ZnCl4, Na2ZnCl4 and Na2CoCl4, the Sr2PbO4 type Na2MgCl4, Na2MnCl4, and Na2CdCl4, and the novel Na2CrCl4 with monoclinically distorted Sr2PbO4 structure (Na2CuF4 type) are presented. The specific conductivities of Li2ZnCl4 and the Na2MCl4 are about three orders of magnitude lower than those of the fast ionic conducting lithium chloride spinels Li[LiM ]Cl4 (M = Mg, Mn. Fe. Cd. etc.) indicating that in the latter compounds the tetrahedrally coordinated lithium ions exhibit higher mobility than those on octahedral sites. The X-ray data including those of Sr2PbO4 type Na2TiCl4 and both the IR and Raman spectra (together with a group theoretical treatment) are also given. The spectra obtained confirm the different structure types of the ternary chlorides.

Let $x=(x_{mn})$ be a double sequence of real or complex numbers. The $A^{r,\delta}$-transform of a sequence $(x_{mn})$ is defined by$$(A^{r,\delta}x)_{mn}={\sigma^{r,\delta}_{mn}(x)}=\frac{1}{(m+1)(n+1)}\sum_{j=0}^{m}\sum_{k=0}^{n}(1+r^j)(1+\delta^k)x_{jk}, \ \ \ \ \ 0<r, \delta<1$$The $A^{r,*}$ and $A^{*,\delta}$ transformations are defined respectively by$$(A^{r,*}x)_{mn}={\sigma^{r,*}_{mn}(x)}=\frac{1}{m+1}\sum_{j=0}^{m}(1+r^{j})x_{jn}, \ \ \ 0<r<1,$$and$$(A^{*,\delta}x)_{mn}={\sigma^{*,\delta}_{mn}(x)}=\frac{1}{n+1}\sum_{k=0}^{n}(1+\delta^{k})x_{mk},\ \ \ 0<\delta<1.$$ We say that $(x_{mn})$ is ($A^{r,\delta}$,1,1) summable to $l$ if $({\sigma^{r,\delta}_{mn}}(x))$ has a finite limit $l$. It is known that if $\lim_{m,n \to \infty }x_{mn}=l$ and $(x_{mn})$ is bounded, then the limit $\lim _{m,n \to \infty} \sigma_{mn}^{r,\delta}(x)=l$ exists.But the inverse of this implication is not true in general. Our aim is to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for ($A^{r,\delta}$,1,1) summability method under which the inverse of this implication holds. Following Tauberian theorems for $(A^{r,\delta},1,1)$ summability method, we also introduce $A^{r,*}$ and $A^{*,\delta}$ transformations of double sequences and obtain Tauberian theorems for the $(A^{r,*},1,0)$ and $(A^{*,\delta},0,1)$ summability methods.

AbstractWe study an interesting class of Banach function algebras of infinitely differentiable functions on perfect, compact plane sets. These algebras were introduced by H. G. Dales and A. M. Davie in 1973, called Dales-Davie algebras and denoted by D(X, M), where X is a perfect, compact plane set and M = {Mn}∞n = 0 is a sequence of positive numbers such that M0 = 1 and (m + n)!/Mm+n ≤ (m!/Mm)(n!/Mn) for m, n ∈ N. Let d = lim sup(n!/Mn)1/n and Xd = {z ∈ C : dist(z, X) ≤ d}. We show that, under certain conditions on X, every f ∈ D(X, M) has an analytic extension to Xd. Let DP [DR]) be the subalgebra of all f ∈ D(X, M) that can be approximated by the restriction to X of polynomials [rational functions with poles off X]. We show that the maximal ideal space of DP is $X^_d$, the polynomial convex hull of Xd, and the maximal ideal space of DR is Xd. Using some formulae from combinatorial analysis, we find the maximal ideal space of certain subalgebras of Dales-Davie algebras.

<abstract><p>This paper deals with the sum of reciprocal Fibonacci numbers. Let $ f_0 = 0 $, $ f_1 = 1 $ and $ f_{n+1} = f_n+f_{n-1} $ for any $ n\in\mathbb{N} $. In this paper, we prove new estimates on $ \sum\limits^\infty_{k = n}\frac{1}{f_{mk-\ell}} $, where $ m\in\mathbb{N} $ and $ 0\leq\ell\leq m-1 $. As a consequence of some inequalities, we prove</p> <p><disp-formula> <label/> <tex-math id="FE1"> \begin{document}$ \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\left\{\left(\sum\limits^\infty_{k = n}\frac{1}{f_{mk-\ell}} \right)^{-1} -(f_{mn-\ell}-f_{m(n-1)-\ell})\right\} = 0. $\end{document} </tex-math></disp-formula></p> <p>And we also compute the explicit value of $ \left\lfloor\left(\sum\limits^\infty_{k = n}\frac{1}{f_{mk-\ell}}\right)^{-1}\right\rfloor $. The interesting observation is that the value depends on $ m(n+1)+\ell $.</p></abstract>

Generation of neurons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) overcomes the limited access to human brain samples and greatly facilitates the progress of research in neurological diseases. However, it is still a challenge to generate a particular neuronal subtype with high purity and yield for determining the pathogenesis of diseased neurons using biochemical approaches. Motor neurons (MNs) are a specialized neuronal subtype responsible for governing both autonomic and volitional movement. Dysfunctions in MNs are implicated in a variety of movement diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this study, we generated functional MNs from human iPSCs via lentiviral delivery of transcription factors. Moreover, we optimized induction conditions by using different combinations of transcription factors and found that a single lentiviral vector expressing three factors [neurogenin-2 (NGN2), insulin gene enhancer 1 (ISL1), and LIM/homeobox 3 (LHX3)] is necessary and sufficient to induce iPSC-derived MNs (iPSC-MNs). These MNs robustly expressed general neuron markers [microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), neurofilament protein (SMI-32), and tubulin β-3 class III (TUBB3)] and MN-specific markers [HB9 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)] and showed electrical maturation and firing of action potentials within 3 wk. This approach significantly improved the neuronal survival, yield, and purity, making it feasible to obtain abundant materials for biochemical studies in modeling movement diseases.

We have shown different strategies1, 2 in improving capacity retention and reducing impedance rise in modifying additives: in situ electrolyte additives to synthesize the beneficial lithium tetrafluorophosphate components3, 4 or dual-salt electrolytes1 for reducing cathodic impedance. The cathodes we have tested have a LiNiO2 structure with an ultra-low amount of Co/Mn. An improved structural stability compared to that of LiNiO2 can be achieved while maintaining the high Ni content and high specific capacity. Using an optimal ratio of Ni/Mn/Co of 90/5/5 for a LiNi90Mn5Co5O2 cathodes,5 we here report the reduced reactivity of electrolytes using a combinatorial approach of reducing EC and introducing effective additives, targeting both a more robust SEI formation and a less resistive cathode electrolyte interface. Multifaceted posttest analytical methods were used to understand the failure mechanism of the baseline cells and how additives/solvents approaches help the performance. For example, the new electrolytes prevent the transesterification reactions on anode surface, form a stable cathode interface, and mitigate structural damage on the cathode surface. Further analysis also investigated the how electrolytes protect the cathode bulk structure. [1] J. Yang, M.-T. Fonseca Rodrigues, S.-B. Son, J. C. Garcia, K. Liu, J. Gim, H. Iddir, D. P. Abraham, Z. Zhang and C. Liao, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021. [2] J. Yang, I. Shkrob, K. Liu, J. Connell, N. L. Dietz Rago, Z. Zhang and C. Liao, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2020, 167, 070533. [3] J. Yang, I. Shkrob, Q. Liu, N. L. Dietz Rago, Y. Liu, K. Liu, Z. Zhang and C. Liao, Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 438, 227039. [4] I. A. Shkrob, B. Han, R. Sahore, A. P. Tornheim, L. Zhang, D. P. Abraham, F. Dogan, Z. Zhang and C. Liao, Chemistry of Materials, 2019, 31, 2459-2468. [5] C. S. Yoon, M. H. Choi, B.-B. Lim, E.-J. Lee and Y.-K. Sun, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162, A2483-A2489.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.; family Anacardiaceae) is one of the world's most important fruit crops and is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Since 2001, a leaf spot disease was found in mango orchards of Taiwan. Now, the disease was observed throughout (approximately 21,000 ha) Taiwan in moderate to severe form, thus affecting the general health of mango trees and orchards. Initial symptoms were small, yellow-to-brown spots on leaves. Later, the irregularly shaped spots, ranging from a few millimeters to a few centimeters in diameter, turned white to gray and coalesced to form larger gray patches. Lesions had slightly raised dark margins. On mature lesions, numerous black acervuli, measuring 290 to 328 μm in diameter, developed on the gray necrotic areas. Single conidial isolates of the fungus were identified morphologically as Pestalotiopsis mangiferae (Henn.) Steyaert (2,3) and were consistently isolated from the diseased mango leaves on acidified (0.06% lactic acid) potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium incubated at 25 ± 1°C. Initially, the fungus grew (3 mm per day) on PDA as a white, chalky colony that subsequently turned gray after 2 weeks. Acervuli developed in culture after continuous exposure to light for 9 to 12 days at 20 to 30°C. Abundant conidia oozed from the acervulus as a creamy mass. The conidia (17.6 to 25.4 μm long and 4.8 to 7.1 μm wide) were fusiform and usually straight to slightly curved with four septa. Three median cells were olivaceous and larger than the hyaline apical and basal cells. The apical cells bore three (rarely four) cylindrical appendages. Pathogenicity tests were conducted with either 3-day-old mycelial discs or conidial suspension (105 conidia per ml) obtained from 8- to 10-day-old cultures. Four leaves on each of 10 trees were inoculated. Before inoculation, the leaves were washed with a mild detergent, rinsed with tap water, and then surface sterilized with 70% ethanol. Leaves were wounded with a needle and exposed to either a 5-mm mycelial disc or 0.2 ml of the spore suspension. The inoculated areas were wrapped with cotton pads saturated with sterile water and the leaves were covered with polyethylene bags for 3 days to maintain high relative humidity. Wounded leaves inoculated with PDA discs alone served as controls. The symptoms described above were observed on all inoculated leaves, whereas uninoculated leaves remained completely free from symptoms. Reisolation from the inoculated leaves consistently yielded P. mangiferae, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Gray leaf spot is a common disease of mangos in the tropics and is widely distributed in Africa and Asia (1–3); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of gray leaf spot disease affecting mango in Taiwan. References: (1) T. K. Lim and K. C. Khoo. Diseases and Disorders of Mango in Malaysia. Tropical Press. Malaysia, 1985. (2) J. E. M. Mordue. No. 676 in: CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Surrey, England, 1980. (3) R. C. Ploetz et al. Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1994.

The demand for high-capacity batteries is increasing rapidly with the upcoming energetic needs of an ever increasing population, especially in the transportation sector. Lithium-ion battery (LIB) has emerged as an attractive technology, however the main restriction is his low energy density1. To make a post-transition possible the sodium-ion battery (SIB) are among the most promising alternatives due sodium is abundant, there are enormous availability and It's low cost2. Besides, the electrochemical principles governing LIB and SIB batteries are quite similar3. Nevertheless, for both emerging alternatives it is necessary to find more suitable electrode materials. Therefore, nowadays, different electrode materials have been explored to increase the capacity of those batteries. Specially, the layered-spinel structure has been used to improve the initial specific capacity and stability electrode materials. The Na-layered structure cathode facilitates Li+-ion diffusion in the structure4. Besides the incorporation of Ti4+ in the LiMn2O4 spinel phase is performed with the purpose of improving its stability by averting the Jahn-Teller effect of the Mn3+ and decreasing Mn2+ dissolution towards the electrolyte during cycling since Ti-O provides a higher binding energy (662 kJ/mol) than for Mn-O (402 kJ/mol)1. The aim of this investigation is to estimate the optimal stoichiometry in the (1-x)Li1-yNayM1-zTizO2x LiM2-zTizO4 layered-spinel by varying the concentration of Na+ and to assess the effects of the cations addition in the cycling stability of the active material. A facile sol-gel method is presented to develop new composite materials for LIB and SIB. Cathode materials were characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM, VC, EIS and charge/discharge cycling tests. Analysis of XRD patterns confirmed the existence of a spinel-layered composite where the peaks can be indexed to the cubic spinel structure ( space group) and layered structure (C 12 - m1; R-3m and P 63-mmc space group)°5. For LIB cycling was performed typically between 4.8 and 2.0V vs. Li|Li+ at a constant current of 29.0 mAg-1, equivalent to 0.1 C-rate. The stoichiometry 0,5Li0.9Na0.1Mn0.4Ni0.5Ti0.1O2-0,5LiMn1.4Ni0.5Ti0.1O4 showed an initial specific capacity, ca. 141 mAhg-1 but later it presented increasing of the specific capacity, ca. 180 mAh g-1 at 15st cycling exhibiting 98% of its charge capacity after 30st cycles. Moreover, for SIB cycling was performed typically between 4.5 and 2.0V vs. Na|Na+ at a constant current of 10.0 mAg-1, equivalent to 0.1 C-rate. In this case, the stoichiometry 0,5Li0.5Na0.5Mn0.4Ni0.5Ti0.1O2-0,5LiMn1.4Ni0.5Ti0.1O4 showed an initial specific capacity, ca. 94 mAh g- 1. Thus, by possessing interesting properties electrochemical we believe that these materials could be a potential electrode for the development of high-power rechargeable Li-ion batteries and Na-ion batteries. References N. Mosquera, F. Bedoya-Lora, V. Vásquez, F. Vásquez, and J. Calderón, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-021-01582-w. R. Klee, P. Lavela, and J. L. Tirado, Electrochimica Acta, 375 (2021). S. Rubio et al., Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 24, 2565–2573 (2020). L. Zheng and M. N. Obrovac, Electrochimica Acta, 233, 284–291 (2017) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468617304978. S. U. Vu. N and H. V, Journal of Power Sources, 355, 134–139 (2017) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.055. Figure 1

BackgroundAutologous patient T cells engineered to express antitumor T cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been effective for the treatment of certain cancer types,1–4 and tumor neoantigens encoded by cancer-specific mutations have emerged as major targets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and in adoptive cell therapy (ACT).5–9 However, only a minority of intratumoral T cells are reactive to cancer antigens while the majority represent bystander cells.10–12 Conventional approaches to isolate tumor-reactive T cells and identify their TCRs from tumors rely on T cell function and can be impaired due to T cell exhaustion and dysfunction.13 14MethodsWe performed single-cell RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing (scRNA/TCR-seq) on over 46,000 T cells isolated from eleven archival metastatic tumor samples whose primary cancer types included colon, rectal, breast, anal, and melanoma. From these samples, 15 CD8+ and 17 CD4+ neoantigen-reactive TCR clonotypes (NeoTCRs) were known. We then performed transcriptomic clustering of these cells and mapped known NeoTCR clonotypes onto the transcriptomic map. Subsequently we predicted NeoTCRs from prospective metastatic colon cancer samples based on their presence within clusters sharing gene expression with NeoTCR+ clusters in the archival samples.ResultsProjecting known NeoTCRs onto the TIL transcriptomic map, we observed 325 total T cells bearing these NeoTCRs, and the majority (>80%) of NeoTCRs were expressed by T cells within 2 clusters, one CD4+ and one CD8+, that included by expression of CXCL13, ENTPD1 (CD39), TOX, TIGIT, LAG3, and PDCD1 (PD-1), indicating a dysfunctional state. Reasoning that T cells sharing phenotypes with those within the NeoTCR clusters could be novel NeoTCRs, we developed gene signatures (NeoTCR4 and NeoTCR8) of CD4 and CD8 NeoTCR+ cells, respectively, and four prospective patients' TIL were analyzed by scRNA/TCR-seq and scored according to NeoTCR signatures. We expressed predicted NeoTCRs in healthy donor PBL and screened them with antigen presenting cells (APCs) expressing candidate neoantigens. 33/73 predicted NeoTCRs (including both CD4 and CD8) were reactive against patients' tumors or candidate neoantigens.ConclusionsThis study enabled successful detection of tumor-specific NeoTCRs in the sequenced TIL of 14/14 patients for whom reactivity was studied. Deconvolution of NeoTCRs from bystander TCRs within the tumor-immune microenvironment represents an important step in the development of personalized immunotherapeutics, and prospective NeoTCR isolation based on TIL transcriptional phenotypes will allow for rapid development of personalized immunotherapy in the form of lymphocytes expressing these tumor-specific TCRs.AcknowledgementsWe thank the Surgery Branch TIL Laboratory and clinical team for generating TIL, and patients enrolled in our clinical protocols. Support from CCR Single Cell Analysis Facility was funded by FNLCR Contract HHSN261200800001E. This work utilized the computational resources of the NIH HPC Biowulf cluster (http://hpc.nih.gov). 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Co-expression of CD39 and CD103 identifies tumor-reactive CD8 T cells in human solid tumors. Nat Commun 2018;9:2724.Simoni Y, Becht E, Fehlings M, Loh CY, Koo SL, Teng KWW, Yeong JPS, Nahar R, Zhang T, Kared H, Duan K, Ang N, Poidinger M, Lee YY, Larbi A, Khng AJ, Tan E, Fu C, Mathew R, Teo M, Lim WT, Toh CK, Ong BH, Koh T, Hillmer AM, Takano A, Lim TKH, Tan EH, Zhai W, Tan DSW, Tan IB, Newell EW, Bystander CD8 T cells are abundant and phenotypically distinct in human tumour infiltrates. Nature 2018;557:575–579.Scheper W, Kelderman S, Fanchi LF, Linnemann C, Bendle G, de Rooij MAJ, Hirt C, Mezzadra R, Slagter M, Dijkstra K, Kluin RJC, Snaebjornsson P, Milne K, Nelson BH, Zijlmans H, Kenter G, Voest EE, Haanen JBAG, Schumacher TN. Low and variable tumor reactivity of the intratumoral TCR repertoire in human cancers. 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BackgroundMALT1 protease is a promising target in aggressive lymphomas1, and two phase 1 clinical trials in hematological cancers are ongoing (NCT03900598, NCT04876092). More recently, MALT1 protease inhibition was also shown to reprogram regulatory T cells (Treg) in solid tumors, causing them to lose their immunosuppressive function and secrete interferon-gamma (IFN).2 Changes in Treg metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (TME) may account for their destabilization and selective susceptibility to reprogramming in tumor tissue.3 4 5 While strong MALT1 inhibition can cause Treg depletion in blood and induce autoimmune toxicity,6 a therapeutic window for a differentiated MALT1 inhibitor that reprograms destabilized Treg in the TME before affecting Treg in healthy tissue may exist.2 MPT-0118 is an orally dosed MALT1 inhibitor developed to reprogram destabilized Treg in the TME without causing autoimmune symptoms. A Phase 1/1b dose-escalation and cohort-expansion clinical trial evaluating MPT-0118 is underway (NCT04859777).MethodsHuman xenograft models of lymphoma were used to assess the direct activity of MPT-0118 on MALT1-dependent (but not not MALT1-independent) hematologic tumors. Effects of MPT-0118 on solid tumors were determined in syngeneic cancer models. Human and mouse tumor tissues were evaluated for Treg reprogramming by in situ hybridization or flow cytometry. Patient-derived organotypic tumor spheroids were assessed for immune-mediated cell killing. Studies in rodents and dogs assessed pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety.ResultsMPT-0118 was selective and effective in preventing growth of aggressive MALT1 protease-dependent lymphomas. Beyond direct activity on hematologic malignancies, MPT-0118 also increased anti-tumor immune responses as single-agent or in combination with anti-PD-1 in syngeneic tumor models that are otherwise unresponsive to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). MPT-0118-treated syngeneic tumors showed an increase in IFN-secreting Treg, associated with decelerated tumor growth. PK studies reveal that MPT-0118 has a high volume of distribution, and effective inhibitor concentrations are reached in the murine tumors upon oral dosing. The drug candidate caused tumor-associated Treg to produce IFN without changing the frequency of Treg circulating in the blood. Ex vivo, MPT-0118 induced Treg reprogramming in tumors resected from patients with colorectal and endometrial cancers and cell killing in spheroids derived from patients with colorectal cancer.ConclusionsThe MALT1 inhibitor MPT-0118 is a clinical candidate for treating MALT1-expressing lymphomas and Treg-infiltrated solid tumors. MPT-0118 exploits the therapeutic opportunity presented by destabilized Treg in the TME. Treg reprogramming represents a novel strategy with the potential to improve responses to ICB therapy in a broad range of solid tumors.ReferencesNagel D, Spranger S, Vincendeau M, Grau M, Raffegerst S, Kloo B, Hlahla D, Neuenschwander M, Peter von Kries J, Hadian K, Dörken B, Lenz P, Lenz G, Schendel DJ, Krappmann D. Pharmacologic inhibition of MALT1 protease by phenothiazines as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of aggressive ABC-DLBCL. Cancer Cell 2012 December 11;22(6):825–37.Di Pilato M, Kim EY, Cadilha BL, Prüßmann JN, Nasrallah MN, Seruggia D, Usmani SM, Misale S, Zappulli V, Carrizosa E, Mani V, Ligorio M, Warner RD, Medoff BD, Marangoni F, Villani AC, Mempel TR. Targeting the CBM complex causes Treg cells to prime tumours for immune checkpoint therapy. Nature 2019 June;570(7759):112–116.Lim SA, Wei J, Nguyen TM, Shi H, Su W, Palacios G, Dhungana Y, Chapman NM, Long L, Saravia J, Vogel P, Chi H. Lipid signalling enforces functional specialization of Treg cells in tumours. Nature 2021 March;591(7849):306–311.Zappasodi R, Serganova I, Cohen IJ, Maeda M, Shindo M, Senbabaoglu Y, Watson MJ, Leftin A, Maniyar R, Verma S, Lubin M, Ko M, Mane MM, Zhong H, Liu C, Ghosh A, Abu-Akeel M, Ackerstaff E, Koutcher JA, Ho PC, Delgoffe GM, Blasberg R, Wolchok JD, Merghoub T. CTLA-4 blockade drives loss of Treg stability in glycolysis-low tumours. Nature 2021 March;591(7851):652–658.Overacre-Delgoffe AE, Chikina M, Dadey RE, Yano H, Brunazzi EA, Shayan G, Horne W, Moskovitz JM, Kolls JK, Sander C, Shuai Y, Normolle DP, Kirkwood JM, Ferris RL, Delgoffe GM, Bruno TC, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Interferon-γ drives Treg fragility to promote anti-tumor immunity. Cell 2017 June 1;169(6):1130–1141.e11.Martin K, Junker U, Tritto E, Sutter E, Rubic-Schneider T, Morgan H, Niwa S, Li J, Schlapbach A, Walker D, Bigaud M, Beerli C, Littlewood-Evans A, Rudolph B, Laisney M, Ledieu D, Beltz K, Quancard J, Bornancin F, Zamurovic Ribrioux N, Calzascia T. Pharmacological inhibition of MALT1 protease leads to a progressive IPEX-Like pathology. Front Immunol 2020 April 30;11:745.

LiNiO2 (LNO, 100% Ni) is an old material first identified in the early 1990s (as a higher-capacity and lower-cost alternative to LiCoO2) but has yet to fulfill its potential. Despite intense research efforts for more than two decades, LNO still exhibits rapid capacity loss during cycling and poor thermal stability (1-3). The traditional LNO is generally prepared by solid-state reactions and recognized as Li-deficient Li1-yNi1+yO2 (4). Ex situ characterizations indicated that the performance degradation originates from the detrimental phase transition (layered to rock-salt structure) during electrochemical cycling (5-7), which is closely related to the lattice-oxygen release during charge (8, 9). To improve the performance of LNO, the structure is commonly modified by lattice doping or surface coating, which have led to improved cycle stability but at the cost of capacity loss (10). Meanwhile, these modification approaches failed to address the lattice oxygen instability, as the O2 release was still detected for the doped or surface-coated layered cathodes (11, 12). Here, we demonstrate an Li-enrichment strategy to produce a trigonal-structured layered Li-enriched LNO (Li1.04Ni0.96O2, LR-LNO) with a slight excess of Li to occupy the Ni sites, which is a possible phase according to the Li-Ni-O phase diagram but has never been experimentally synthesized (Figure 1). LR-LNO (Figure 1) enables a combination of a high specific energy density of 904 Wh kg-1, outstanding cyclability (~80% capacity retention after 400 cycles in full cells versus 35 cycles for LNO), and significantly enhanced thermal stability (>70 °C increase in thermal-runaway temperature over LNO). We further designed a double-tilt electrochemical liquid cell inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to track the local structural changes at the surface of individual particles during galvanostatic cycling (Figure 2), revealing the performance-enhancing mechanism behind the slight change in the material composition. Excess Li ions in the Ni layer promoted intralayer migration of Ni ions during delithiation in LR-LNO, generating vacancy clusters to trap the electrochemically oxidized molecular O2 in the near-surface lattice. Consequently, the oxygen redox reaction became highly reversible, and the detrimental layered-to-rock-salt phase transition are effectively inhibited, thus improving the structural reversibility of LR-LNO during cycling and the thermal stability.Our results provide a composition fine-tuning strategy to produce highly-reversible cathodes for high energy-density, low-cost and safe batteries. Beyond batteries, the double-tilt operando TEM technique will facilitate studies into complex phase transitions in a wide range of materials. Figure 1 Pristine structure and outstanding performance of LR-LNO References M. M. Thackeray, K. Amine, Layered Li–Ni–Mn–Co oxide cathodes. Nature Energy 6, 933-933 (2021). A. Manthiram, J. B. Goodenough, Layered lithium cobalt oxide cathodes. Nature Energy 6, 323-323 (2021). K. Turcheniuk, D. Bondarev, V. Singhal, G. Yushin, Ten years left to redesign lithium-ion batteries. Nature 559, 467-470 (2018). J.-H. Kim, K.-J. Park, S. J. Kim, C. S. Yoon, Y.-K. Sun, A method of increasing the energy density of layered Ni-rich Li[Ni1−2xCoxMnx]O2 cathodes (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.2). Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, 2694-2701 (2019). C. S. Yoon, D.-W. Jun, S.-T. Myung, Y.-K. Sun, Structural stability of LiNiO2 cycled above 4.2 V. ACS Energy Lett. 2, 1150-1155 (2017). D.-W. Jun, C. S. Yoon, U.-H. Kim, Y.-K. Sun, High-energy density core-shell structured Li[Ni0.95Co0.025Mn0.025]O2 cathode for lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Mater. 29, 5048-5052 (2017). C. S. Yoon, M. H. Choi, B. B. Lim, E. J. Lee, Y.-K. Sun, Review—high-capacity Li[Ni1-xCox/2Mnx/2]O2 (x = 0.1, 0.05, 0) cathodes for next-generation Li-ion battery. J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, A2483-A2489 (2015). N. Li et al., Unraveling the cationic and anionic redox reactions in a conventional layered oxide cathode. ACS Energy Lett. 4, 2836-2842 (2019). S. S. Zhang, Problems and their origins of Ni-rich layered oxide cathode materials. Energy Storage Materials 24, 247-254 (2020). M. Bianchini, M. Roca-Ayats, P. Hartmann, T. Brezesinski, J. Janek, There and back again-the journey of LiNiO2 as a cathode active material. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 58, 10434-10458 (2019). N. Li et al., Correlating the phase evolution and anionic redox in Co-Free Ni-Rich layered oxide cathodes. Nano Energy 78, (2020). F. Strauss et al., Li2ZrO3-Coated NCM622 for Application in Inorganic Solid-State Batteries: Role of Surface Carbonates in the Cycling Performance. ACS applied materials & interfaces 12, 57146-57154 (2020). Figure 1

Оксидные соединения, как основа перспективных материалов, благодаря своим электрическим и оптическим свойствам находят применение в различных областях современной техники. Некоторые из них, обладая сочетанием сегнетоэлектрических, сцинтилляционных, электрических и оптических свойств, исследуются как перспективные материалы для электроники. При этом важную роль играет их дисперсность.Традиционно синтез оксидных соединений проводят керамической технологией. Более перспективным для синтеза мелкодисперсных порошков являются методы «мягкой» химии, среди которых нами выделен и применён золь-гель метод. В этом методе «смешение» происходит на молекулярном уровне, что способствует повышению скоростей реакций и снижению температуры синтеза. Метод предполагает использовать в качестве прекурсоров неорганическиесоли в сочетании с комплексообразующими агентами (лимонная кислота). Применение таких прекурсоров позволяет достичь высокой однородности при сравнительно низких температурах. Особенностью данного подхода является использование меньшего количества органических соединений: в качестве хелатообразующего агента используется водный раствор лимонной кислоты. Целью данной работы являлось получение тройного молибдата на примере железосодержащего молибдата циркония калиевого ряда золь-гель технологией.Нами методами цитратной золь-гель технологии и твердофазного синтеза получен железосодержащий тройной молибдат циркония калиевого ряда. Тройной молибдат, полученный двумя методами, охарактеризован рентгенофазовым анализом, методами дифференциально-сканирующей калориметрией и импедансной спектроскопии. ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. Sorokin N. I. Ionic conductivity of KMg-Cr(MoO4)3 molybdate. Crystallography Reports.2017;62(3): 416–418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/s106377451703021x2. Павлова Э. Т., Цыренова Г. Д., Лазоряк Б. И.,Солодовников С. Ф. Строение и свойства двойныхсеребросодержащих молибдатов составаАg2A2(MoO4)3 (а = Mg, Mn, Cu). Вестник Бурятскогогосударственного университета. Химия. Физика.2015;3: 3–7. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=232336723. Savina A. A., Solodovnikov S. F., Belov D. A.,Basovich O. M., Solodovnikova Z. A., Pokholok K. V.,Stefanovich S. Yu., Lazoryak B. I., Khaikina E. G. Synthesis,crystal structure and properties of alluaudite-like triple molybdate Na25Cs8Fe5(MoO4)24. Journalof Solid State Chemistry. 2014;220: 217–220. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2014.09.0044. Jena P., Nallamuthua N., Patro P. K., VenkateswarluM., Satyanarayana N. Structural characterizationand electrical conductivity studies of BaMoO4nanorods prepared by modified acrylamide assistedsol–gel process. Advances in Applied Ceramics.2014;113(6): 372–379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/1743676114Y.00000001705. Балсанова Л. В. Синтез кристаллов серебро-содержащих оксидных фаз на основе молибдена,изучение их структуры и свойств. Вестник ВСГУТУ.2015;5(56): 63–69. Режим доступа: https://vestnik.esstu.ru/arhives/VestnikVsgutu5_2015.pdf6. Доржиева С. Г., Базаров Б. Г., Базарова Ж. Г.Новые молибдаты в системах Rb2MoO4-MI2MoO4-Zr(MoO4)2 (MI = Na, K) как перспективные ионопро-водящие материалы. Письма о материалах.2019;9(1): 17–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22226/2410-3535-2019-1-17-217. Spiridonova T. S., Solodovnikov S. F., SavinaA. A., Kadyrova Y. M., Solodovnikova Z. A., YudinV. N., Stefanovich S. Y. and. Khaikina E. G. Newtriple molybdate Rb2AgIn(MoO4)3: synthesis, frameworkcrystal structure and ion-transport behavior. ActaCrystallographica C Structural Chemistry. 2018;74(12):1603–1609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S20532296180147178. Lim C. S., Aleksandrovsky A. S., Molokeev M. S.,Oreshonkov A. S., Ikonnikov D. A. and Atuchin V. V.Triple molybdate scheelite-type upconversion phosphorNaCaLa(MoO4)3: Er3+/Yb3+: structural and spectroscopicproperties. Dalton Transactions. 2016;45(39):15541–15551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6DT02378A9. Доржиева C. Г., Тушинова Ю. Л., Базаров Б. Г.,Непомнящих А. И., Шендрик Р. Ю., Базарова Ж. Г.Люминесценция Ln-Zr-содержащих молибдатов.Известия РАН. Серия физическая. 2015;79(2):300–303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7868/S036767651502007610. Liao J., Zhou D., Yang B., Liu R., Zhang Q. andZhou Q. H. Sol-gel preparation and photoluminescenceproperties of CaLa2(MoO4)4: Eu3+ phosphors. Journal ofLuminescence. 2013;134: 533–538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2012.07.03311. Кожевникова Н. М. Синтез и люминесцент-ные свойства люминофора Li3Ba2La3(MoO4)8: Er3+ сшеелитоподобной структурой. Неорганическиематериалы. 2018;54(1): 616–621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7868/s0002337x1806011812. Софич Д., Доржиева С. Г., Чимитова О. Д.,Базаров Б. Г., Тушинова Ю. Л., Базарова Ж. Г., ШендрикР. Ю. Люминесценция ионов Pr3+ и Nd3+ в двой-ных молибдатах. Журнал технической физики.2019;61(5): 943–945. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2019.05.47598.35f13. Guo C., Yang H.K., Jeong J.-H. Preparation andluminescent properties of phosphor MgD2(MoO4)4: Eu3+(M=Ca, Sr, and Ba). Journal of Luminescence. 2010;130(8):1390–1393 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2010.02.05214. Liao C., Cao R., Wang W., Hu W., Zheng G., LuoZ. and Liu P. Photoluminescence properties and energytransfer of NaY(MoO4)2: R (R = Sm3+ /Bi3+, Tb3+ /Bi3+,Sm3+ /Tb3+) phosphors. Materials Research Bulletin.2018;97: 490–496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.09.05315. Song M., Liu Y., Liu Y., Wang L., Zhang N.,Wang X., Huang Z., Ji C. Sol-gel synthesis and luminescentproperties of a novel KBaY(MoO4)3: Dy3+phosphor for white light emission. Journal of Luminescence.2019; 211: 218–226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2019.03.05216. Grossman V. G., Bazarova J. G., Molokeev M. S.and Bazarov B. G. New triple molybdate K5ScHf(MoO4)6:Synthesis, properties, structure and phase equilibriain the M2MoO4–Sc2(MoO4)3–Hf(MoO4)2 (M = Li, K)systems. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 2020;283:121143. 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Интерес к изучению систем, содержащих сульфиды формулой АIВIIIСVI2, обусловлен, прежде всего, открывающимися возможностями их практического использования в изготовлении нелинейных оптических приборов, детекторов, солнечных батарей, фотодиодов, люминофоров и др. Поэтому в связи с поиском новых перспективных материаловна основе тиогаллата серебра и железа целью этой работы является исследование квазибинарного разреза FeGa2S4–AgGaS2 четырехкомпонентной системы Fe–Ag–Ga–S.Синтез сплавов системы AgGaS2–FeGa2S4 проводили из лигатур с использованием высокой чистоты: железа – 99.995 %, галлия – 99.999 %, серебра – 99.99 % и серы – 99.99 %. Исследование сплавов проводили методами дифференциально-термического, рентгенофазового, микроструктурного анализов, а также измерением микротвердости и определениемплотности.Методами физико-химического анализа впервые изучена и построена Т-x фазовая диаграмма разреза AgGaS2–FeGa2S4, который является внутренним сечением квазитройной системы FeS–Ga2S3–Ag2S. Установлено, что система относится к простому эвтектическому типу. Состав эвтектической точки: 56 мол. % FeGa2S4 и Т = 1100 К. На основе исходных компонентов были определены области твердых растворов. Растворимость на основе FeGa2S4 и AgGaS2 при эвтектической температуре достигает до 10 и 16 мол. % соответственно. С уменьшением температуры твердые растворы сужаются и при комнатной температуре составляют на основе тиогаллата железа (FeGa2S4) 4 мол. % AgGaS2,а на основе тиогаллата серебра (AgGaS2) 11 мол. % FeGa2S4. ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. Zhаo B., Zhu S., Li Z., Yu F., Zhu X., Gao D. Growth of AgGaS2 single crystal by descending cruciblewith rotation method and observation of properties. Chinese Sci. Bull. 2001; 46(23): 2009–2013. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF029019182. Горюнова Н. А. Сложные алмазоподобные полупроводники. М.: Сов. радио; 1968. 215 с.3. Абрикосов Н. Х., Шелимова Л. Е. Полупроводниковые материалы на основе соединений АIVBVI..М.:Наука; 1975. 195 с.4. Kushwaha A. K., Khenata R., Bouhemadou A., Bin-Omran S., Haddadi K. Lattice dynamical propertiesand elastic constants of the ternary chalcopyrite compounds CuAlS2, CuGaS2, CuInS2, and AgGaS2. Journalof Electronic Materials. 2017;46(7): 4109–4118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-017-5290-65. Uematsu T., Doi T., Torimoto T., Kuwabata S. Preparation of luminescent AgInS2-AgGaS2 solid solutionnanoparticles and their optical properties. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2010;1(22):3283–3287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jz101295w6. Karaagac H., Parlak M. The investigation of structural, electrical, and optical properties of thermalevaporated AgGaS2 thin films. J. Thin Solid Films. 2011;519(7): 2055–2061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.10.0277. Karunagaran N., Ramasamy P. Synthesis, growth and physical properties of silver gallium sulfi de singlecrystals. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2016;41: 54–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.08.0128. 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Spinal motor neurons (MNs) constitute cellular substrates for several movement disorders. Although their early development has received much attention, how spinal MNs become and remain terminally differentiated is poorly understood. Here, we determined the transcriptome of mouse MNs located at the brachial domain of the spinal cord at embryonic and postnatal stages. We identified novel transcription factors (TFs) and terminal differentiation genes (e.g. ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, adhesion molecules) with continuous expression in MNs. Interestingly, genes encoding homeodomain TFs (e.g. HOX, LIM), previously implicated in early MN development, continue to be expressed postnatally, suggesting later functions. To test this idea, we inactivated Hoxc8 at successive stages of mouse MN development and observed motor deficits. Our in vivo findings suggest that Hoxc8 is not only required to establish, but also maintain expression of several MN terminal differentiation markers. Data from in vitro generated MNs indicate Hoxc8 acts directly and is sufficient to induce expression of terminal differentiation genes. Our findings dovetail recent observations in Caenorhabditis elegans MNs, pointing toward an evolutionarily conserved role for Hox in neuronal terminal differentiation.

AbstractLet {X n: n ≥ 1} be a strictly stationary sequence of positively associated random variables with mean zero and finite variance. Set $$S_n = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n {X_k }$$, $$Mn = \mathop {\max }\limits_{k \leqslant n} \left| {S_k } \right|$$, n ≥ 1. Suppose that $$0 < \sigma ^2 = EX_1^2 + 2\sum\limits_{k = 2}^\infty {EX_1 X_k < \infty }$$. In this paper, we prove that if E|X 1|2+δ < for some δ ∈ (0, 1], and $$\sum\limits_{j = n + 1}^\infty {Cov\left( {X_1 ,X_j } \right) = O\left( {n^{ - \alpha } } \right)}$$ for some α > 1, then for any b > −1/2 $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\varepsilon \searrow 0} \varepsilon ^{2b + 1} \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{(\log \log n)^{b - 1/2} }} {{n^{3/2} \log n}}} E\left\{ {M_n - \sigma \varepsilon \sqrt {2n\log \log n} } \right\}_ + = \frac{{2^{ - 1/2 - b} E\left| N \right|^{2(b + 1)} }} {{(b + 1)(2b + 1)}}\sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {\frac{{( - 1)^k }} {{(2k + 1)^{2(b + 1)} }}}$$ and $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\varepsilon \nearrow \infty } \varepsilon ^{ - 2(b + 1)} \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{(\log \log n)^b }} {{n^{3/2} \log n}}E\left\{ {\sigma \varepsilon \sqrt {\frac{{\pi ^2 n}} {{8\log \log n}}} - M_n } \right\}} _ + = \frac{{\Gamma (b + 1/2)}} {{\sqrt 2 (b + 1)}}\sum\limits_{k = 0}^\infty {\frac{{( - 1)^k }} {{(2k + 1)^{2b + 2} }}} ,$$ where x + = max{x, 0}, N is a standard normal random variable, and Γ(·) is a Gamma function.

AbstractLet $(F_{n})_{n}$ ( F n ) n be the Fibonacci sequence defined by $F_{n+2}=F_{n+1}+F_{n}$ F n + 2 = F n + 1 + F n with $F_{0}=0$ F 0 = 0 and $F_{1}=1$ F 1 = 1 . In this paper, we prove that for any integer $m\geq 1$ m ≥ 1 there exists a positive constant $C_{m}$ C m for which $$ \lim_{n\to \infty } \Biggl\{ \Biggl( \sum_{k=n}^{ \infty } \frac{1}{F_{mk}^{2}} \Biggr)^{-1} - \bigl(F_{mn}^{2}-F_{m(n-1)}^{2}+(-1)^{mn}C_{m} \bigr) \Biggr\} =0. $$ lim n → ∞ { ( ∑ k = n ∞ 1 F m k 2 ) − 1 − ( F m n 2 − F m ( n − 1 ) 2 + ( − 1 ) m n C m ) } = 0 . Furthermore, we show that $C_{m}$ C m tends to $2/5$ 2 / 5 as $m\to \infty $ m → ∞ (indeed, we provide quantitative versions of the previous results as well as an explicit form for $C_{m}$ C m ). This confirms some questions proposed by Lee and Park [J. Inequal. Appl. 2020(1):91 2020].

ExpositionPortland, Oregon (USA) has become known for an artisanal or ‘maker’ economy that relies on a resurgence of place specificity (Heying), primarily expressed and exported to a global audience in the notion of ‘Portland Made’ (Roy). Portland Made reveals a tension immanent in the notion of ‘place’: place is both here and not here, both real and imaginary. What emerges is a complicated picture of how place conceptually captures various intersections of materiality and mythology, aesthetics and economics. On the one hand, Portland Made represents the collective brand-identity used by Portland’s makers to signify a products’ material existence as handcrafted, place-embedded, and authentic. These characteristics lead to certain assumptions about the concept of ‘local’ (Marotta and Heying): what meaning does Portland Made convey, and how is such meaning distributed? On the other hand, the seemingly intentional embedding of place-specificity in objects meant for distribution far outside of Portland begs another type of question: how does Portland come to be discursively representative of these characteristics, and how are such representations distributed to global audiences? How does this global distribution and consumption of immaterial Portland feed back into the production of material Portland?To answer these questions we look to the realm of social media, specifically the popular image-based service Instagram. For the uninitiated, Instagram is a web-based social media service that allows pictures to be shared and seen by anyone that follows a person or business’ Instagram account. Actions include posting original photos (often taken and posted with a cell phone), ‘liking’ pictures, and ‘hash-tagging’ posts with trending terms that increase visibility. Instagram presents us with a complex view of place as both material and virtual, sometimes reifying and sometimes abstracting often-contradictory understandings of place specificity. Many makers use Instagram to promote their products to a broad audience and, in doing so, makers participate in the construction of Portland’s mythology. In this paper, we use empirical insights to theorise makers’ role in shaping and cultivating the virtual and material aspects of place. Additionally, we discuss how makers navigate the complex relationships tied to the importance of place in their specific cultural productions. In the first section, we develop the notion of a curated maker subjectivity. In the second section, we consider the relationship between subjectivity and place. Both sections emphasize how Instagram mediates the relationship between place and subjectivity. Through spotlighting particular literatures in each section, we attempt to fill a gap in the literature that addresses the relationship between subjectivity, place, and social media. Through this line of analysis, we attempt to better understand how and where Portland is made, along with the implications for Portland’s makers.ActionThe insights from this paper came to us inadvertently. While conducting fieldwork that interrogated ‘localism’ and how Portland makers conceptualise local, makers repeatedly discussed the importance of social media to their work. In our fieldwork, Instagram in particular has presented us with new opportunities to query the entanglements of real and virtual embedded in collective identifications with place. This paper draws from interviews conducted for two closely related research projects. The first examines maker ecosystems in three US cities, Portland, Chicago and New York (Doussard et. al.; Wolf-Powers and Levers). We drew from the Portland interviews (n=38) conducted for this project. The second research project is our multi-year examination of Portland’s maker community, where we have conducted interviews (n=48), two annual surveys of members of the Portland Made Collective (n=126 for 2014, n=338 for 2015) and numerous field observations. As will be evident below, our sample of makers includes small crafters and producers from a variety of ‘traditional’ sectors ranging from baking to carpentry to photography, all united by a common identification with the maker movement. Using insights from this trove of data as well as general observations of the changing artisan landscape of Portland, we address the question of how social media mediates the space between Portland as a material place and Portland as an imaginary place.Social Media, Subjectivity, and Authenticity In the post-Fordist era, creative self-enterprise and entrepreneurialism have been elevated to mythical status (Szeman), becoming especially important in the creative and digital industries. These industries have been characterized by contract based work (Neff, Wissinger, and Zukin; Storey, Salaman, and Platman), unstable employment (Hesmondhalgh and Baker), and the logic of flexible specialization (Duffy and Hund; Gill). In this context of hyper individualization and intense competition, creative workers and other entrepreneurs are increasingly pushed to strategically brand, curate, and project representational images of their subjectivity in order to secure new work (Gill), embody the values of the market (Banet-Weiser and Arzumanova), and take on commercial logics of authenticity (Duffy; Marwick and boyd). For example, Duffy and Hund explore how female fashion bloggers represent their branded persona, revealing three interrelated tropes typically used by bloggers: the destiny of passionate work; the presentation of a glam lifestyle; and carefully curated forms of social sharing. These curated tropes obscure the (unpaid) emotional and aesthetic labour (Hracs and Leslie), self-discipline, and capital required to run these blogs. Duffy and Hund also point out that this concealment is generative of particular mythologies about creative work, gender, race, and class. To this list we would add place; below, we will show the use of Instagram by Portland’s makers not only perpetuates particular mythologies about artisan labour and demands self-branding, but is also a spatial practice that is productive of place through the use of visual vernaculars that reflect a localized and globalized articulation of the social and physical milieu of Portland (Hjorth and Gu; Pike). Similar to many other artists and creative entrepreneurs (Pasquinelli and Sjöholm), Portland’s makers typically work long hours in order to produce high quality, unique goods at a volume that will afford them the ability to pay rent in Portland’s increasingly expensive central city neighbourhoods. Much of this work is done from the home: according to our survey of Portland Made Collective’s member firms, 40% consist of single entrepreneurs working from home. Despite being a part of a creative milieu that is constantly captured by the Portland ‘brand’, working long hours, alone, produces a sense of isolation, articulated well by this apparel maker:It’s very isolating working from home alone. [...] The other people I know are working from home, handmade people, I’ll post something, and it makes you realize we’re all sitting at home doing the exact same thing. We can’t all hang out because you gotta focus when you’re working, but when I’m like ugh, I just need a little break from the sewing machine for five minutes, I go on Instagram.This statement paints Instagram as a coping mechanism for the isolation of working alone from home, an important impetus for makers to use Instagram. This maker uses Instagram roughly two hours per workday to connect with other makers and to follow certain ‘trendsetters’ (many of whom also live in Portland). Following other makers allows the maker community to gauge where they are relative to other makers; one furniture maker told us that she was able to see where she should be going based on other makers that were slightly ahead of her, but she could also advise other makers that were slightly behind her. The effect is a sense of collaborative participation in the ‘scene’, which both alleviates the sense of isolation and helps makers gain legitimacy from others in their milieu. As we show below, this participation demands from makers a curative process of identity formation. Jacque Rancière’s intentional double meaning of the French term partage (the “distribution of the sensible”) creates space to frame curation in terms of the politics around “sharing in” and “sharing out” (Méchoulan). For Rancière, the curative aspect of communities (or scenes) reveals something inherently political about aesthetics: the politics of visibility on Instagram “revolve around what is seen and what can be said about it, who has the ability to see and the talent to speak, around the properties of space and the possibilities of time” (8-9). An integral part of the process of curating a particular identity to express over Instagram is reflected by who they follow or what they ‘like’ (a few makers mentioned the fact that they ‘like’ things strategically).Ultimately, makers need followers for their brand (product brand, self-brand, and place-brand), which requires makers to engage in a form of aesthetic labour through a curated articulation of who a maker is–their personal story, or what Duffy and Hund call “the destiny of passionate work”–and how that translates into what they make at the same time. These identities congeal over Instagram: one maker described this as a “circle of firms that are moving together.” Penetrating that circle by curating connections over Instagram is an important branding strategy.As a confections maker told us, strategically using hashtags and stylizing pictures to fit the trends is paramount. Doing these things effectively draws attention from other makers and trendsetters, and, as an apparel maker told us, getting even one influential trendsetter or blogger to follow them on Instagram can translate into huge influxes of attention (and sales) for their business. Furthermore, getting featured by an influential blogger or online magazine can yield instantaneous results. For instance, we spoke with an electronics accessories maker that had been featured in Gizmodo a few years prior, and the subsequent uptick in demand led him to hire over 20 new employees.The formulation of a ‘maker’ subjectivity reveals the underlying manner in which certain subjective characteristics are expressed while others remain hidden; expressing the wrong characteristics may subvert the ability for makers to establish themselves in the milieu. We asked a small Portland enterprise that documents the local maker scene about the process of curating an Instagram photo, especially curious about how they aesthetically frame ‘site visits’ at maker workspaces. We were somewhat surprised to hear that makers tend to “clean too much” ahead of a photo shoot; the photographer we spoke with told us that people want to see the space as it looks when it’s being worked in, when it’s a little messy. The photographer expressed an interest in accentuating the maker’s ‘individual understanding’ of the maker aesthetic; the framing and the lighting of each photo is meant to relay traces of the maker to potential consumers. The desire seems to be the expression and experience of ‘authenticity’, a desire that if captured correctly grants the maker a great deal of purchase in the field of Portland Made consumers. This is all to say that the curation of the workspaces is essential to the construction of the maker subjectivity and the Portland imaginary. Maker workshops are rendered as real places where real makers that belong to an authentic maker milieu produce authentic Portland goods that have a piece of Portland embedded within them (Molotch). Instagram is central in distributing that mythology to a global audience.At this point we can start to develop the relationship between maker subjectivity and place. Authenticity, in this context, appears to be tied to the product being both handmade and place-specific. As the curated imaginary of Portland matures, a growing dialogue emerges between makers and consumers of Portland Made (authentic) goods. This dialogue is a negotiated form of authority in which the maker claims authority while the consumer simultaneously confers authority. The aforementioned place-specificity signals a new layer of magic in regards to Portland’s distinctive position: would ‘making’ in any other place be generative of such authority? According to a number of our interviewees, being from Portland carries the assumption that Portland’s makers have a certain level of expertise that comes from being completely embedded in Portland’s creative scene. This complex interplay between real and virtual treats Portland’s imaginary as a concrete reality, preparing it for consumption by reinforcing the notion of an authoritative collective brand (Portland Made). One bicycle accessory maker claimed that the ability of Portland’s makers to access the Portland brand transmits credibility for makers of things associated with Portland, such as bikes, beer, and crafty goods. This perhaps explains why so many makers use Portland in the name of their company (e.g. Portland Razor Company) and why so many stamp their goods with ‘Made in Portland’.This, however, comes with an added set of expectations: the maker, again, is tasked with cultivating and performing a particular aesthetic in order to achieve legitimacy with their target audience, only this time it ends up being the dominant aesthetic associated with a specific place. For instance, the aforementioned bicycle accessory maker that we spoke with recalled an experience at a craft fair in which many of the consumers were less concerned with his prices than whether his goods were handmade in Portland. Without this legitimation, the good would not have the mysticism of Portland as a place locked within it. In this way, the authenticity of a place becomes metonymic (e.g. Portlandia), similar to how Detroit became known as ‘Motor City’. Portland’s particular authenticity is wrapped up in individuality, craftiness, creativity, and environmental conscientiousness, all things that makers in some way embed in their products (Molotch) and express in the photos on their Instagram feeds (Hjorth).(Social) Media, Place, and the Performance of Aesthetics In this section, we turn our attention to the relationship between subjectivity, place, and Instagram. Scholars have investigated how television production (Pramett), branding (Pike), and locative-based social media (Hjorth, Hjorth and Gu, Hjorth and Lim, Leszczynski) function as spatial practices. The practices affect and govern experiences and interactions with space, thereby generating spatial hybridity (de Souza e Silva). McQuire, for example, investigates the historical formation of the ‘media city’, demonstrating how various media technologies have become interconnected with the architectural structures of the city. Pramett expands on this analysis of media representations of cities by interrogating how media production acts as a spatial practice that produces and governs contested urban spaces, the people in those spaces, and the habitus of the place, forming what she dubs the “media neighbourhood.” The media neighbourhood becomes ordered by the constant opportunities for neighbourhood residents to be involved in media production; residents must navigate and interact with local space as though they may be captured on film or asked to work in the background production at any moment. These material (on site shooting and local hiring practices) and immaterial (textual, musical, and visual representations of a city) production practices become exploitative, extracting value from a place for media industries and developers that capitalize on a place’s popular imaginary.McQuire’s media city and Pramett’s media neighbourhood help us understand the embeddedness of (social) media in the material landscapes of Portland. Over the past few years, Portland has begun experiencing new flows of tourists and migrants–we should note that more than a few makers mentioned in interviews that they moved to Portland in order to become makers–expecting to find what they see on Instagram overlaid materially on the city itself. And indeed, they do: ‘vibrant’ neighbourhood districts such as Alberta Arts, Belmont, Mississippi, Hawthorne, Northwest 23rd, and downtown Portland’s rebranded ‘West End’ are all increasingly full of colourful boutiques that express maker aesthetics and sell local maker goods. Not only do the goods and boutiques need to exemplify these aesthetic qualities, but the makers and the workspaces from which these goods come from, need to fit that aesthetic.The maker subjectivity is developed through the navigation of both real and virtual experiences that contour the social performance of a ‘maker aesthetic’. This aesthetic has become increasingly socially consumed, a trend especially visible on Instagram: as a point of reference, there are at least four Portland-based ‘foodies’ that have over 80,000 followers on Instagram. One visible result of this curated and performed subjectivity and the place-brand it captures is the physical transformation of Portland: (material) space has become a surface onto which the (virtual) Instagram/maker aesthetic is being inscribed, a stage on which the maker aesthetic is performed. The material and immaterial are interwoven into a dramaturgy that gives space a certain set of meanings oriented toward creativity, quirkiness, and consumption. Meanings cultivated over Instagram, then, become productive of meaning in place. These meanings are consumed by thousands of tourists and newly minted Portlanders, as images of people posing in front of Portland’s hipster institutions (such as Salt & Straw or Voodoo Donuts) are captured on iPhones and redistributed back across Instagram for the world to experience. Perhaps this is why Tokyo now has an outpost of Portland’s Blue Star Donuts or why Red Hook (Brooklyn) has its own version of Portland’s Pok Pok. One designer/maker, who had recently relocated to Portland, captured the popular imaginary of Portland in this conversation:Maker: People in Brooklyn love the idea that it came from Portland. People in Seattle love it; people in the Midwest love that it came from Portland right now, because Portland’s like the thing.Interviewer: What does that mean, what does it embody?Maker: They know that it’s local, it like, they know that maker thing is there, it’s in Portland, that they know it’s organic to Portland, it’s local to Portland, there’s this crazy movement that you hear throughout the United States about–Interviewer: So people are getting a piece of that?Maker: Yeah.For us, the dialogical relationship between material and immaterial has never been more entangled. Instagram is one way that makers might control the gap between fragmentation and belonging (i.e. to a particular community or milieu), although in the process they are confronted with an aesthetic distribution that is productive of a mythological sense of place that social media seems to produce, distribute, and consume so effectively. In the era of social media, where sense of place is so quickly transmitted, cities can come to represent a sense of collective identity, and that identity might in turn be distributed across its material landscape.DenouementThrough every wrench turn, every stitching of fabric, every boutique opening, and every Instagram post, makers actively produce Portland as both a local and global place. Portland is constructed through the material and virtual interactions makers engage in, both cultivating and framing everyday interactions in space and ideas held about place. In the first section, we focused on the curation of a maker aesthetic and the development of the maker subjectivity mediated through Instagram. The second section attempted to better understand how those aesthetic performances on Instagram become imprinted on urban space and how these inscriptions feedback to global audiences. Taken together, these performances reveal the complex undertaking that makers adopt in branding their goods as Portland Made. In addition, we hope to have shown the complex entanglements between space and place, production and consumption, and ‘here’ and ‘not here’ that are enrolled in value production at the nexus of place-brand generation.Our investigation opens the door to another, perhaps more problematic set of interrogations which are beyond the scope of this paper. In particular, and especially in consideration of Portland’s gentrification crisis, we see two related sets of displacements as necessary of further interrogation. First, as we answer the question of where Portland is made, we acknowledge that the capturing of Portland Made as a brand perpetuates a process of displacement and “spatio-subjective” regulation that both reflects and reproduces spatial rationalizations (Williams and Dourish). This dis-place-ment renders particular neighbourhoods and populations within Portland, specifically ethnic minorities and the outer edges of the metropolitan area, invisible or superfluous to the city’s imaginary. Portland, as presented by makers through their Instagram accounts, conceals the city’s “power geometries” (Massey) and ignores the broader social context Portland exists in, while perpetuating the exclusion of ethnic minorities from the conversation about what else is made in Portland.Second, as Portland Made has become virtually representative of a deepening connection between makers and place, the performance of such aesthetic labour has left makers to navigate a process that increasingly leads to their own estrangement from the very place they have a hand in creating. This process reveals an absurdity: makers are making the very thing that displaces them. The cultivation of the maker milieu attracts companies, in-movers, and tourists to Portland, thus creating a tight real estate market and driving up property values. Living and working in Portland is increasingly difficult for makers, epitomized by the recent sale and eviction of approximately 500 makers from the Town Storage facility (Hammill). Additionally, industrial space in the city is increasingly coveted by tech firms, and competition over such space is being complicated by looming zoning changes in Portland’s new comprehensive plan.Our conclusions suggest additional research is needed to understand the relationship(s) between such aesthetic performance and various forms of displacement, but we also suggest attention to the global reach of such dynamics: how is Portland’s maker ecosystem connected to the global maker community over social media, and how is space shaped differentially in other places despite a seemingly homogenizing maker aesthetic? 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