Journal articles: 'Lilies Genetics'

1

Bale, Allen E. "Sheep, lilies and human genetics." Nature 406, no. 6799 (August 2000): 944–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35023197.

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Do, Hoang Dang Khoa, Changkyun Kim, Mark W. Chase, and Joo‑Hwan Kim. "Implications of plastome evolution in the true lilies (monocot order Liliales)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 148 (July 2020): 106818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106818.

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Kong, Ying, Ming Sun, Hui-tang Pan, and Qi-xiang Zhang. "Composition and Emission Rhythm of Floral Scent Volatiles from Eight Lily Cut Flowers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 137, no. 6 (November 2012): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.137.6.376.

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Floral scents emitted from eight cultivars of cut lily flowers (Lilium) were analyzed. Floral volatiles were collected by headspace adsorption on sorbent tubes and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using a direct thermal desorption. Fifty volatile compounds were identified. Nine compounds were detected in all lilies, whereas 20 compounds were detected in all scented lilies. The results revealed that non-scented lilies emitted trace amounts of volatile compounds, whereas scented lilies emitted high levels of volatile compounds. Monoterpenoids and benzenoids were the dominant compound classes of volatiles emitted from scented lilies. Myrcene, (E)-β-ocimene, linalool, methyl benzoate, and ethyl benzoate were the major compounds of the aroma of scented lilies; 1,8-cineole was also a major compound in the two scented oriental × trumpet hybrid lilies. Scent emissions occurred in a circadian rhythm with higher levels of volatiles emitted during the night. Lilium ‘Siberia’ was selected as a model to investigate the source of the emissions. GC/MS analysis of four flower parts and neutral red staining revealed that tepals were the source of floral scent.

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Marasek-Ciolakowska, Agnieszka, Tomotaro Nishikawa, Daniel J. Shea, and Keiichi Okazaki. "Breeding of lilies and tulips—Interspecific hybridization and genetic background—." Breeding Science 68, no. 1 (2018): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.17097.

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5

Bailey, Douglas A., and William B. Miller. "Whole-plant Response of Easter Lilies to Ancymidol and Uniconazole." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 3 (May 1989): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.3.393.

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Abstract All growth retardant treatments (ancymidol, 50 mg·liter−1, one or two sprays; uniconazole, 5, 10, or 15 mg·liter−1, one or two sprays; 20 mg·liter−1, one spray) reduced Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) plant heights when compared to controls. Plant heights decreased linearly with increasing concentration of uniconazole for both one- and two-spray treatments. High concentrations of uniconazole delayed anthesis; ancymidol treatments did not. Individual corolla length was not affected by treatments. Treatments did not affect daughter bulb depletion or new daughter bulb growth. Total leaf area and leaf dry weight decreased as uniconazole concentration increased; ancymidol treatments did not affect leaf area, but did reduce leaf dry weight. Leaf total soluble carbohydrate decreased with increasing concentration of uniconazole. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine-methanol (ancymidol); (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyI)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).

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van der Meulen-Muisers, José J. M., Joop C. van Oeveren, and Jaap M. van Tuyl. "Genotypic Variation in Postharvest Flower Longevity of Asiatic Hybrid Lilies." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 2 (March 1998): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.2.283.

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Genotypic variation in postharvest flower longevity was determined for 63 Asiatic lily hybrids (Lilium L.). The reliability of standardized test conditions for longevity screening was also examined. Improvement of lily flower longevity by breeding appears feasible. Considerable genotypic variation in individual flower longevity was obtained and estimates of the degree of genotypic determination were high. The rank order of the genotypes with respect to individual flower longevity was similar between years using standardized test conditions. Screening results for flowers forced in a growth chamber were similar to those obtained in a greenhouse. No plant traits suitable for indirect selection on flower longevity were detected.

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7

Luo, Jing, Ruirui Li, Xintong Xu, Hairui Niu, Yujie Zhang, and Caiyun Wang. "SMRT and Illumina RNA Sequencing and Characterization of a Key NAC Gene LoNAC29 during the Flower Senescence in Lilium oriental ‘Siberia’." Genes 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2021): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12060869.

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Lily (Lilium spp.) is an important cut flower around the world. Flower senescence in lilies is characterized by the wilting and abscission of tepals, which results in a decrease in flower quality and huge economic loss. However, the mechanism underlying flower senescence in lilies is largely unknown. In this study, single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) and Illumina sequencing were carried out in L. oriental ‘Siberia’. Sequencing yielded 73,218 non-redundant transcripts, with an N50 of 3792 bp. These data were further integrated with three published transcriptomes through cogent analysis, which yielded 62,960 transcripts, with an increase in N50 of 3935 bp. Analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that 319 transcription factors were highly upregulated during flower senescence. The expression of twelve NAC genes and eleven senescence-associated genes (SAGs) showed that LoNAC29 and LoSAG39 were highly expressed in senescent flowers. Transient overexpression of LoNAC29 and LoSAG39 in tepals of lily notably accelerated flower senescence, and the promoter activity of LoSAG39 was strongly induced by LoNAC29. This work supported new evidence for the molecular mechanism of flower senescence and provided better sequence data for further study in lilies.

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George, Susan, Pearl Behl, Rhoda deGuzman, Marian Lee, Stefan Rusyniak, Yasuo Hotta, Kazuyuki Hiratsuka, Hisabumi Takase, and Clare Hasenkampf. "Dmc1 fluorescent foci in prophase I nuclei of diploid, triploid and hybrid lilies." Chromosoma 111, no. 2 (July 2002): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00412-002-0193-5.

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9

Straathof, Th P., and H. J. M. Löffler. "Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum at Different Developmental Stages of Asiatic Hybrid Lilies." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 5 (September 1994): 1068–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.1068.

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Tests for determining resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii in different developmental stages of Lilium were developed. Under standardized conditions, commercial bulbs, yearling bulbs, scale bulblets, and scales of 16 Asiatic lily cultivars were tested for Fusarium resistance. Disease ratings were analyzed statistically using a threshold model for ordered categorical data. For each cultivar in each stage the resistance level was calculated as the disease severity score (DSS). Disease severity score values of cultivars in the four stages were reproducible between experiments, although some variation in cultivars was found. This variation may be attributed to the origin of plant material. Disease severity score values among cultivars in each developmental stage were correlated with the average DSS over all four stages, although some specific cultivar-stage deviations were found. The scale test is recommended for early selection while the scale bulblet test is recommended as a final check.

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10

Zhou, Shujun, Lei Zhong, Lu Zhang, Zhenghua Xu, Xuxin Liu, Kehu Li, and Guixue Zhou. "Study on the homology of the genomes of tetraploid Asiatic lilies (Lilium) using FISH." Genome 58, no. 11 (November 2015): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2015-0057.

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Asiatic lily cultivars, bred by hybridization and (or) chromosome doubling of species of section Sinomartagon of Lilium, are diploid, triploid, or tetraploid, but the homology of the genomes among species of section Sinomartagon and Asiatic lilies remains unclear. In the present research, two tetraploid Asiatic cultivars were analyzed, using 45S rDNA as probe, for their FISH karyotypes and their chromosomal association, anaphase I, telophase II, and pollen viability were surveyed to assess the multivalent segregation. Chromosomal assortment of six progenies of the two tetraploid cultivars were also investigated. The results showed that the tetraploid cultivars had similar FISH karyotypes, they predominantly formed multivalents, and these were equally separated because their anaphase I, telophase II, and pollen viability were similar to those of diploid species. Apart from minor variations, FISH karyotypes of progenies were similar to each other and to their parents. Based on these results and considering the high crossability among species of section Sinomartagon and (or) Asiatic lilies, we concluded that species of section Sinomartagon and their resulting cultivars share a common genome; thus, polyploidy Asiatic lilies are autopolyploid.

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11

Miller, William B., and Robert W. Langhans. "Carbohydrate Changes of Easter Lilies during Growth in Normal and Reduced Irradiance Environments." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 2 (March 1989): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.2.310.

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Abstract Changes in carbohydrate types and quantities in the bulbs, stems, leaves, and buds of Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’) forced under ambient or reduced irradiance conditions were investigated. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that sucrose is the dominant soluble carbohydrate in bulb tissues, with glucose, fructose, and mannose present at significantly lower concentrations. During growth of the flowering shoot, mother bulb reserves are preferentially used regardless of greenhouse irradiance. Beginning 40 days after planting, there was a steady decrease in mother bulb starch concentration until anthesis, 70 days later. Increased bulb sucrose, glucose, mannose, and fructose concentrations were correlated with the induction of starch breakdown and carbohydrate export. Under natural greenhouse irradiance conditions, daughter bulb carbohydrate reserves were not used, as starch and soluble carbohydrate concentrations remained constant. Irradiance reductions of 50% to 85% significantly reduced total carbohydrate concentration in leaves and floral buds and induced export from the daughter bulb, as evidenced by elevated levels of daughter bulb soluble carbohydrates and reductions in starch concentration. Dark-grown plants exhibited similar daughter bulb carbohydrate metabolism patterns as plants grown in full sun: starch was not hydrolyzed and soluble carbohydrates did not increase in concentration. Collectively, these results suggest 1) bulb export metabolism is characterized by elevated soluble carbohydrate concentrations, 2) there is a minimum irradiance requirement for carbohydrate export processes from the daughter bulb, and 3) reductions in greenhouse irradiance result in reduced carbohydrate levels in Easter lily leaves and flower buds.

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12

van der Meulen-Muisers, José J. M., and Joop C. van Oeveren. "Influence of Bulb Stock Origin, Inflorescence Harvest Stage and Postharvest Evaluation Conditions on Cut Flower Longevity of Asiatic Hybrid Lilies." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 3 (May 1997): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.3.368.

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To improve the ability to discriminate between Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium L.) with regard to cut flower longevity in breeding trials, sources creating nongenetic variation during the preharvest, harvest, or postharvest phases were identified. The bulb stock origin (grower) and evaluation temperature caused only small nongenetic variation in individual flower longevity. In contrast, the developmental stage of floral buds, when cut, produced significant nongenetic variation in flower longevity. This variation could be reduced by delaying harvest. An evaluation temperature of 17 °C was optimal to discriminate between longevity levels compared to 14 and 20 °C. Flower deformation due to withering of the petals was an improved criterion for the termination of flower longevity and was preferred instead of loss of turgor of the petals. Standard conditions for screening and selecting Asiatic hybrid lilies for individual flower longevity after cutting are proposed.

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13

Bertaccini, Assunta, Jana FrÃ¡novÃ¡, Simona Botti, and Diana Tabanelli. "Molecular characterization of phytoplasmas in lilies with fasciation in the Czech Republic." FEMS Microbiology Letters 249, no. 1 (August 2005): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.06.001.

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14

Xu, Hua, Panpan Yang, Yuwei Cao, Yuchao Tang, Guoren He, Leifeng Xu, and Jun Ming. "Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Flavonoid Transport-Related MATE Gene in Asiatic Hybrid Lilies (Lilium spp.)." Genes 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040418.

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Previous studies have suggested that multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins might be involved in flavonoid transportation. However, whether MATE proteins are involved in anthocyanin accumulation in Lilium is unclear. Here, a flavonoid transport-related MATE candidate gene, LhDTX35, was cloned from the Asiatic hybrid lily cultivar ‘Tiny Padhye’ by rapid amplification of 5’ and 3’ cDNA ends (RACE) and found to encode 507 amino acids. BLASTx results indicated that LhDTX35 showed high homology to the DTX35 genes of other species. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that the protein encoded by LhDTX35 possessed 12 typical transmembrane segments and had functional domains typical of the MATE-like superfamily. Phylogenetic analysis grouped LhDTX35 in the same clade as the DTX35 of other species. Notably, the expression pattern of LhDTX35 was positively correlated with floral anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Tiny Padhye’. A subcellular localization assay showed that the protein encoded by LhDTX35 was plasmalemma localized but not nuclear, indicating that the LhDTX35 gene may function as a carrier protein to transport anthocyanins in Lilium. Functional complementation of the Arabidopsis DTX35 gene demonstrated that LhDTX35 could restore silique-infertility and the anthocyaninless phenotype of an Arabidopsis DTX35 mutant. These results indicated that LhDTX35 might be involved in anthocyanin accumulation in Lilium.

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15

Barba-Gonzalez, Rodrigo, Alex A. Van Silfhout, Richard G. F. Visser, Munikote S. Ramanna, and Jaap M. Van Tuyl. "Progenies of allotriploids of Oriental × Asiatic lilies (Lilium) examined by GISH analysis." Euphytica 151, no. 2 (September 2, 2006): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-9148-x.

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Akutsu, Masako, Satomi Kitamura, Ryo Toda, Ichiro Miyajima, and Keiichi Okazaki. "Production of 2n pollen of Asiatic hybrid lilies by nitrous oxide treatment." Euphytica 155, no. 1-2 (December 27, 2006): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-9317-y.

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17

Theobald, E. J., H. Gabrielyan, and J. HilleRisLambers. "Lilies at the limit: Variation in plant-pollinator interactions across an elevational range." American Journal of Botany 103, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500416.

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18

Dole, John M. "Interaction of Shoot Emergence Date and Long Days after Controlled-temperature forcing of `Nellie White' Easter Lilies." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 6 (November 1993): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.741.

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`Nellie White' Easter lily bulbs (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were given 6 weeks of 5.5C, placed in the greenhouse, and divided into groups based on number of days to emergence: 0 to 6, 7 to 13, 14 to 20, or 21 to 27 days. At emergence, the shoots received 0, 1, 2, or 3 weeks of long days (LDs). The experiment was repeated for 3 consecutive years. Late-emerging plants had fewer days from emergence to visible bud and anthesis than early-emerging plants. Consequently, late-emerging plants flowered within 3 to 11 days of early emerging plants despite 16 to 22 days difference in emergence time. Late-emerging plants were tallest, while plants emerging in the second week had the most leaves. Flower count was not influenced by emergence date in Year 1. In Year 2, flower count decreased curvilinearly with later emergence. In Year 3, flower count was highest in plants emerging in the second week and lowest in the last week. Increasing LDs decreased the number of days from emergence to visible bud and anthesis but increased plant height. LDs did not affect leaf count in any year or flower count in Years 1 and 2. In Year 3, flower count increased with increasing weeks of LDs. LD × emergence date interactions existed, but varied from year to year.

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19

Larson, R. A., C. B. Thorne, R. R. Milks, Y. M. Isenberg, and L. D. Brisson. "Use of Ancymidol Bulb Dips to Control Stem Elongation of Easter Lilies Grown in a Pine Bark Medium." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 5 (September 1987): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.5.773.

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Abstract Experiments were conducted on the Easter lily cultivars (Lilium longiflorum thunb.) Ace and Nellie White over a 4-year period to compare ancymidol bulb dips to media drenches and foliar spray applications. Several bulb dip concentrations and durations were used. ‘Ace’ plants responded more than ‘Nellie White’ plants to bulb dips, primarily because of more natural vigorous growth of ‘Ace’ plants. A 1-hr dip at 33 ppm gave adequate height control, but flowering was delayed. Reliance on bulb dips to achieve optimum height control may be questionable because ancymidol must be applied before one is certain excessive height will be a problem. Chemical name used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).

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20

Prince, Timothy A., Maria S. Cunningham, and James S. Peary. "Floral and Foliar Quality of Potted Easter Lilies after STS or Phenidone Application, Refrigerated Storage, and Simulated Shipment." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 3 (May 1987): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.3.469.

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Abstract The poststorage and post-shipping quality of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’ plants sprayed with silver thiosulfate (STS) complex or phenidone was observed in a simulated interior environment. Bud abortion and foliar chlorosis increased while floral longevity declined with increasing storage period from 0 to 4 weeks in the dark at 2°C. One to 3 days of simulated, boxed shipment at 23° subsequent to 3 weeks storage at 2° further increased foliar chlorosis but did not influence bud abortion or floral longevity. Whole plant STS sprays (0.5 to 2.0 mM Ag) prior to harvest reduced storage-induced bud abortion and increased floral longevity, but did not reduce foliar chlorosis. Ethephon application to plants that had been stored for 3 weeks at 2° induced bud abortion and abnormal floral development. STS application (1.0 mM Ag) prior to storage reduced ethephon-induced disorders. Preharvest whole plant sprays of phenidone decreased bud abortion on stored and nonstored plants but did not influence floral longevity. Uptake of phenidone and STS through cut petioles enhanced ethylene production during opening of excised lily buds. Ethylene production increased while respiration declined during senescence of excised buds. STS did not reduce but did delay the peak of ethylene production during senescence of lily flowers. Chemical names used: 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone (phenidone); (2-chlorethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).

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Ranwala, Anil P., and William B. Miller. "Gibberellin4+7, Benzyladenine, and Supplemental Light Improve Postharvest Leaf and Flower Quality of Cold-stored `Stargazer' Hybrid Lilies." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 4 (July 1998): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.4.563.

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Experiments were conducted to evaluate storage temperature, storage irradiance and prestorage foliar sprays of gibberellin, cytokinin or both on postharvest quality of Oriental hybrid lilies (Lilium sp. `Stargazer'). Cold storage of puffy bud stage plants at 4, 7, or 10 °C in dark for 2 weeks induced leaf chlorosis within 4 days in a simulated consumer environment, and resulted in 60% leaf chlorosis and 40% leaf abscission by 20 days. Cold storage also reduced the duration to flower bud opening (days from the end of cold storage till the last flower bud opened), inflorescence and flower longevity, and increased flower bud abortion. Storage at 1 °C resulted in severe leaf injury and 100% bud abortion. Providing light up to 40 μmol·m-2·s-1 during cold storage at 4 °C significantly delayed leaf chlorosis and abscission and increased the duration of flower bud opening, inflorescence and flower longevity, and reduced bud abortion. Application of hormone sprays before cold storage affected leaf and flower quality. ProVide (100 mg·L-1 GA4+7) and Promalin (100 mg·L-1 each GA4+7 and benzyladenine (BA)) effectively prevented leaf chlorosis and abscission at 4 °C while ProGibb (100 mg·L-1 GA3) and ABG-3062 (100 mg·L-1 BA) did not. Accel (10 mg·L-1 GA4+7 and 100 mg·L-1 BA) showed intermediate effects on leaf chlorosis. Flower longevity was increased and bud abortion was prevented by all hormone formulations except ProGibb. The combination of light (40 μmol·m-2·s-1) and Promalin (100 mg·L-1 each GA4+7 and BA) completely prevented cold storage induced leaf chlorosis and abscission.

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22

Khan, Nadeem, Shujun Zhou, M. S. Ramanna, Paul Arens, Jeronimo Herrera, Richard G. F. Visser, and Jaap M. Van Tuyl. "Potential for analytic breeding in allopolyploids: an illustration from Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium)." Euphytica 166, no. 3 (October 10, 2008): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-008-9824-0.

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23

Yamagishi, Masumi, and Koichi Akagi. "Morphology and heredity of tepal spots in Asiatic and Oriental hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.)." Euphytica 194, no. 3 (May 8, 2013): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-013-0937-8.

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24

Khan, Nadeem, Rodrigo Barba-Gonzalez, M. S. Ramanna, Richard G. F. Visser, and Jaap M. Van Tuyl. "Construction of chromosomal recombination maps of three genomes of lilies (Lilium) based on GISH analysis." Genome 52, no. 3 (March 2009): 238–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g08-122.

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Chromosomal recombination maps were constructed for three genomes of lily ( Lilium ) using GISH analyses. For this purpose, the backcross (BC) progenies of two diploid (2n = 2x = 24) interspecific hybrids of lily, viz. Longiflorum × Asiatic (LA) and Oriental × Asiatic (OA), were used. Mostly the BC progenies of LA hybrids consisted of both triploid (2n = 3x = 36) and diploid (2n = 2x = 24) with some aneuploid genotypes and those of OA hybrids consisted of triploid (2n = 3x = 36) and some aneuploid genotypes. In all cases, it was possible to identify the homoeologous recombinant chromosomes as well as accurately count the number of crossover points, which are called “recombination sites”. Recombination sites were estimated in the BC progeny of 71 LA and 41 OA genotypes. In the case of BC progenies of LA hybrids, 248 recombination sites were cytologically localized on 12 different chromosomes of each genome (i.e., L and A). Similarly, 116 recombinant sites were localized on the 12 chromosomes each from the BC progenies of OA hybrids (O and A genomes). Cytological maps were constructed on the basis of the percentages of distances (micrometres) of the recombination sites from the centromeres. Since an Asiatic parent was involved in both hybrids, viz. LA and OA, two maps were constructed for the A genome that were indicated as Asiatic (L) and Asiatic (O). The other two maps were Longiflorum (A) and Oriental (A). Remarkably, the recombination sites were highly unevenly distributed among the different chromosomes of all four maps. Because the recombination sites can be unequivocally identified through GISH, they serve as reliable landmarks and pave the way for assigning molecular markers or desirable genes to chromosomes of Lilium and also monitor introgression of alien segments.

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van der Meulen-Muisers, José J. M., and Joop C. van Oeveren. "Influence of Variation in Plant Characteristics Caused by Bulb Weight on Inflorescence and Individual Flower Longevity of Asiatic Hybrid Lilies after Harvest." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 1 (January 1996): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.1.33.

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Nongenetic variation in cut flower longevity due to plant characteristics was investigated in whole inflorescences and individual flowers of Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium L.). To distinguish this variation from genetic variation, plant characteristics of five cultivars were varied by using bulbs of three significantly different weight classes per cultivar. Inflorescence longevity depended on total number of floral buds, number of buds opening and variation in bud length. Variation in individual flower longevity per cultivar appeared to be small, despite a larger number of buds per stem with increasing bulb weight. Plant characteristics caused only small nongenetic variation in individual flower longevity when compared to inflorescence longevity. Therefore, individual flower longevity appears to be the best criterion to discriminate among longevity levels for a lily breeding program.

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Kim, Jung Sung, and Joo-Hwan Kim. "Comparative Genome Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationship of Order Liliales Insight from the Complete Plastid Genome Sequences of Two Lilies (Lilium longiflorum and Alstroemeria aurea)." PLoS ONE 8, no. 6 (June 18, 2013): e68180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068180.

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Nukui, Shotarou, Satomi Kitamura, Tomoyo Hioki, Hideaki Ootsuka, Kazumitsu Miyoshi, Takao Satou, Yuka Takatori, Tomo Oomiya, and Keiichi Okazaki. "N2O induces mitotic polyploidization in anther somatic cells and restores fertility in sterile interspecific hybrid lilies." Breeding Science 61, no. 4 (2011): 327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.61.327.

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Barba-Gonzalez, R., M. S. Ramanna, R. G. F. Visser, and J. M. Van Tuyl. "Intergenomic recombination in F1 lily hybrids (Lilium) and its significance for genetic variation in the BC1 progenies as revealed by GISH and FISH." Genome 48, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 884–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-057.

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Intergenomic recombination was assessed in a BC1 population of Oriental (O) × Asiatic (A) lilies (Lilium) backcrossed to Asiatic parents. This population consisted of 38 plants generated from the 2n gametes from 2 genotypes (951502-1 and 952400-1) of the diploid F1, Oriental × Asiatic lilies (2n = 2x = 24) as parents. In the majority of BC1 plants, there was evidence that first division restitution, with and without crossovers, resulted in functional gametes. However, there were 5 BC1 plants in which 2n gametes originated from indeterminate meiotic restitution (IMR). Based on the number of recombinant chromosomes for a particular homoeologous pair, 3 types of plants were identified: (i) those with both the reciprocal product of a crossover (O/A, A/O, where O represents the centromere of the O genome and A the recombinant segment of Asiatic chromosome, and vice versa); (ii) those with 1 normal chromosome of the O genome and a recombinant chromosome (O, A/O); and (iii) those with 1 normal chromosome of the A genome and a recombinant chromosome (A, O/A). An important feature of A × OA backcross progeny is the occurrence of substitutions for the segment distal in the crossover wherever the recombinant chromosome O/A was present. In the case of IMR, the substitution occurred for both proximal and distal recombinant segments. The significance of these substitutions is that they offer the potential for the phenotypic expression of recessive genes in polyploids (i.e., nulliplex genotype).Key words: genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), unreduced gametes, allopolyploid.

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BAHRIM, CEZAR, FRANCISCO JOSÉ GARCÍA–BREIJO, MARIA APOSTOL, ADRIAN CONSTANTIN ASĂNICĂ, GABRIEL CIPRIAN TELIBAN, NECULAI MUNTEANU, LILIANA ROTARU, and LUCIA DRAGHIA. "Study of some foxtail lilies species (Eremurus M. Bieb.) grown in the North-East of Romania." Romanian Biotechnological Letters 26, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 2489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/26.2/2489.2498.

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Three species of Eremurus M. Bieb. grown at UASVM Iasi, Romania, were studied: E. himalaicus Baker, E. robustus Regel and E. stenophyllus (BOISS. & BUHSE) Bak. Some ornamental (morphologic and phenologic) features were analyzed and also the anatomic structure of the leaf, the content of photosynthetic pigments and the enzymatic activity of the leaves. The biometrical and phenological determinations indicate a good ecological adaptability of the plants, in accordance with similar reports. The anatomical differences between the three species are not very great, but the stomata in E. stenophillus and E. himalaicus are arranged at the same level as the epidermal surface while in E. robustus they are arranged a little lower, and the assimilating parenchyma layer is more developed in E. stenophillus and E. himalaicus than in E. robustus. At E. robustus and E. himalaicus a larger content of assimilatory pigments and a more reduced enzymatic activity were observed.

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Kamińska, M., and H. Śliwa. "First report of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ in oriental lilies and its association with leaf scorch in Poland." Plant Pathology 57, no. 2 (April 2008): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01731.x.

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Zhou, Shujun, Xin Tan, Liqin Fang, Jia Jian, Ping Xu, and Guoliang Yuan. "Study of the Female Fertility of an Odd-tetraploid of Lilium and Its Potential Breeding Significance." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 2 (March 2013): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.2.114.

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The primary objective of this research was to study the female fertility of the odd-tetraploid cultivar Honesty of Lilium containing one set of Longiflorum chromosomes and three sets of Asiatic chromosomes (LAAA) to open a new approach to Lilium breeding. To assess its female fertility, ‘Honesty’ was hybridized with four autotetraploid Asiatic lily cultivars. The results showed that the fruit of all ‘Honesty’ × tetraploid (4x × 4x) combinations developed well, and viable seedlings could be obtained, suggesting that ‘Honesty’, despite being male-sterile, has considerable female fertility. Genomic in situ hybridization showed that the progenies of the 4x × 4x hybridizations were aneuploid. Considering that lily is vegetatively propagated and aneuploids often demonstrate considerable phenotypic variation, odd-tetraploid lilies such as ‘Honesty’ may be useful maternal parents for breeding new lily cultivars.

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Argo, William R., and John A. Biernbaum. "Irrigation Requirements, Root-medium pH, and Nutrient Concentrations of Easter Lilies Grown in Five Peat-based Media with and without an Evaporation Barrier." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 6 (November 1994): 1151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1151.

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Subirrigated Easter lilies were grown in five commercially formulated root media using one water-soluble fertilizer applied independently to each medium based on water-holding capacity and water loss. The number of irrigations ranged from 12 to 20 and the amount of applied water ranged from 5.3 to 6.8 liters for the uncovered media treatments. When the root-medium surface was covered with an evaporation barrier, the average amount of applied water was reduced by 35% compared to the uncovered media. The largest effect on root media pH was between uncovered and covered media due to the reduced amount of water applied. Similar macronutrient concentrations were measured in the five media during the experiment with few exceptions. The greatest differences in nutrient concentrations were found within the pots. The top 2.5 cm (top layer) contained nutrient concentrations up to 10 times higher than those measured in the remaining root medium (root zone) of the same pot. Covering the root-medium surface with an evaporation barrier reduced the stratification of fertilizer salts. Root-zone soluble salt concentrations of plants in the covered pots were similar to those of uncovered plants even though 36% less fertilizer was applied to the covered plants.

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Pellicer, J., L. J. Kelly, C. Magdalena, and I. J. Leitch. "Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies)." Genome 56, no. 8 (August 2013): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2013-0039.

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Nymphaeales are the most species-rich lineage of the earliest diverging angiosperms known as the ANA grade (Amborellales, Nymphaeales, Austrobaileyales), and they have received considerable attention from morphological, physiological, and ecological perspectives. Although phylogenetic relationships between these three lineages of angiosperms are mainly well resolved, insights at the whole genome level are still limited because of a dearth of information. To address this, genome sizes and chromosome numbers in 34 taxa, comprising 28 species were estimated and analysed together with previously published data to provide an overview of genome size and chromosome diversity in Nymphaeales. Overall, genome sizes were shown to vary 10-fold and chromosome numbers and ploidy levels ranged from 2n = 2x = 18 to 2n = 16x = ∼224. Distinct patterns of genome diversity were apparent, reflecting the differential incidence of polyploidy, changes in repetitive DNA content, and chromosome rearrangements within and between genera. Using model-based approaches, ancestral genome size and basic chromosome numbers were reconstructed to provide insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome number evolution. Finally, by combining additional data from Amborellales and Austrobaileyales, a comprehensive overview of genome sizes and chromosome numbers in these early diverging angiosperms is presented.

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García, Nicolás, Ryan A. Folk, Alan W. Meerow, Srikar Chamala, Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Renata Souza de Oliveira, Douglas E. Soltis, and Pamela S. Soltis. "Deep reticulation and incomplete lineage sorting obscure the diploid phylogeny of rain-lilies and allies (Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 111 (June 2017): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.04.003.

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Barba-Gonzalez, R., A. C. Lokker, K. B. Lim, M. S. Ramanna, and J. M. Van Tuyl. "Use of 2n gametes for the production of sexual polyploids from sterile Oriental × Asiatic hybrids of lilies (Lilium)." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 109, no. 6 (July 28, 2004): 1125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-004-1739-0.

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Johnson, Dennis A., Lori M. Carris, and Jack D. Rogers. "Morphological and molecular characterization of Colletotrichum nymphaeae and C. nupharicola sp. nov. on water-lilies (Nymphaea and Nuphar)." Mycological Research 101, no. 6 (June 1997): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756296003115.

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Barba-Gonzalez, R., K. B. Lim, M. S. Ramanna, R. G. F. Visser, and J. M. Van Tuyl. "Occurrence of 2n gametes in the F1 hybrids of Oriental × Asiatic lilies (Lilium): Relevance to intergenomic recombination and backcrossing." Euphytica 143, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-2657-1.

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van Tuyl, J. M., J. E. van Groenestijn, and S. J. Toxopeus. "Low light intensity and flower bud abortion in Asiatic hybrid lilies. I. Genetic variation among cultivars and progenies of a diallel cross." Euphytica 34, no. 1 (March 1985): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00022866.

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Les, Donald H., Edward L. Schneider, Donald J. Padgett, Pamela S. Soltis, Douglas E. Soltis, and Michael Zanis. "Phylogeny, Classification and Floral Evolution of Water Lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): A Synthesis of Non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA Data." Systematic Botany 24, no. 1 (January 1999): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419384.

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Fu, Yongyao, Liping Yang, Haihong Gao, Xu Wenji, Qiang Li, Hongqun Li, and Jian Gao. "Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals heat stress-responsive genes and their signalling pathways in lilies (Lilium longiflorum vs. Lilium distichum)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): e0239605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239605.

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Kong, Ying, Jinrong Bai, Lixin Lang, Fang Bao, Xiaoying Dou, Huan Wang, and Hongzhong Shang. "Variation in Floral Scent Compositions of Different Lily Hybrid Groups." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 142, no. 3 (May 2017): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs03934-16.

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Lilium cultivars have a wide range of variation in floral scent phenotypes. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of volatile emissions during the night, the floral scent compositions of 35 lily cultivars from seven different hybrid groups were studied. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between volatile emission levels and scent intensities. Nonscented lily cultivars belonging to Asiatic hybrids hardly emitted volatiles, light-scented Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrids emitted low levels of volatiles, and scented lily cultivars (belonging to Oriental, Trumpet, Longiflorum, Longiflorum × Oriental, and Oriental × Trumpet hybrids) emitted significantly high levels of volatiles. In general, the scent compositions of lily cultivars were similar within the same hybrid group, and the differences among hybrid groups reflect their pedigree. Monoterpenoids and benzenoids dominated the floral scents of most volatile-emitting lily cultivars, whereas monoterpenoids alone dominated the floral scents of some volatile-emitting lilies. Although various scent compounds were released from volatile-emitting lily cultivars, the dominant scent compounds were focused on three monoterpenoids [1.8-cineole, linalool, and (E)-β-ocimene] and one benzenoid (methyl benzoate). The scent traits of lily cultivars could be traced back to their parents.

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Strules, Jennifer, and Stephen DeStefano. "Seasonal foraging responses of beavers to sodium-enhanced foods: an experimental assessment with field feeding trials." Journal of Mammalogy 97, no. 1 (October 20, 2015): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv157.

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Abstract Salt drive is a seasonal phenomenon common to several classes of wild herbivores. Coincident with shifts of nutrient quality when plants resume growth in the spring, sodium is secondarily lost as surplus potassium is excreted. The beaver ( Castor canadensis ) is an herbivore whose dietary niche closely follows that of other herbivores that are subject to salt drive, but no published studies to date have assessed the likelihood of its occurrence. To quantify if beavers experience seasonal salt drive, we designed a field experiment to measure the foraging responses of beavers to sodium-enhanced foods. We used sodium-treated (salted) and control (no salt) food items (aspen [ Populus tremuloides ] and pine [ Pinus spp.] sticks) during monthly feeding trials at beaver-occupied wetlands. If conventional ontogeny of salt drive was operant, we expected to observe greater utility of sodium-treated food items by beavers in May and June. Further, if water lilies ( Nymphaea spp. and Nuphar spp.) supply beavers with sodium to meet dietary requirements as is widely speculated, we expected foraging responses to sodium-treated food items at wetlands where water lilies were absent to be greater than at wetlands where water lily was present. Aspen was selected by beavers in significantly greater amounts than pine. There was no difference between the mean percent consumed of salted and control aspen sticks by beavers at lily and non-lily wetlands, and no differences in temporal consumption associated with salted or control pine sticks at either wetland type. Salted pine was consumed in greater amounts than unsalted pine. We propose that the gastrointestinal or renal physiology of beavers may preclude solute loss, thereby preventing salt drive.

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Martin, Paul, and Bruce Ryan. "Natural-Series Radionuclides in Traditional Aboriginal Foods in Tropical Northern Australia: A Review." Scientific World JOURNAL 4 (2004): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2004.6.

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This paper gives a review of available information on natural-series radionuclides in traditional Aboriginal foods of northern Australia. Research on this topic has been carried out primarily for radiological impact assessment purposes in relation to uranium mining activities in the region. Many of the studies have concentrated on providing purely concentration data or concentration ratios, although more detailed uptake studies have been undertaken for freshwater mussels, turtles, and water lilies. The most-studied radionuclides are238U and226Ra. However, dose estimates based on current data highlight the importance of210Po, particularly for the natural (nonmining-related) dose. Data on uptake by terrestrial flora and fauna are scarce in comparison with aquatic organisms, and this knowledge gap will need to be addressed in relation to planning for uranium minesite rehabilitation.

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Kwembeya, Ezekeil G., and Lillian Pazvakawambwa. "The changing flowering phenology of Crinum lilies in arid and semi-arid regions: implications for phenological responses to climate change." Biologia 74, no. 11 (August 19, 2019): 1465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11756-019-00329-5.

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Dou, Xiaoying, Jinrong Bai, Huan Wang, Ying Kong, Lixin Lang, Fang Bao, and Hongzhong Shang. "Cloning and Characterization of a Tryptophan–Aspartic Acid Repeat Gene Associated with the Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Oriental Hybrid Lily." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 145, no. 2 (March 2020): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04791-19.

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Anthocyanins are major pigments responsible for the color of lily (Lilium sp.) flowers. Anthocyanin synthesis is part of the flavonoid metabolic pathway. Numerous transcription factors, including R2R3-MYBs, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and tryptophan–aspartic acid repeat (also known as WD40 or WD repeat) proteins, known to regulate flavonoid biosynthesis have been identified in various plant species. However, there is limited information available on WD repeat proteins in lilies. In this study, we identified a WD repeat gene in the Oriental hybrid lily ‘Sorbonne’ (Lilium hybrid WD repeat, LhWDR). LhWDR contains no introns, and has a 1100–base pair open reading frame, encoding a putative protein of 370 amino acids. LhWDR was found to be localized in the cytoplasm of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana root cells. Expression patterns of LhWDR in different organs and at different periods of lily tepal growth revealed that the expression levels of this gene are closely associated with anthocyanin accumulation. A yeast two-hybrid assay demonstrated that full-length LhWDR interacts with the 420 N-terminal amino acids of Lilium hybrid bHLH2. Interestingly, overexpression of LhWDR in A. thaliana led to an upregulation of the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene, which is an important structural gene downstream of the anthocyanin pathway. These results indicate that the WD repeat protein LhWDR might interact with a bHLH transcription factor to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis.

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Chang, Yao-Chien, and William B. Miller. "Growth and Calcium Partitioning in Lilium `Star Gazer' in Relation to Leaf Calcium Deficiency." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 6 (November 2003): 788–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.6.0788.

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Upper leaf necrosis (ULN) on Lilium `Star Gazer' has been recently demonstrated to be a calcium (Ca) deficiency disorder. In the current studies, we confirmed this by using a Ca-free nutrient regime to reproduce ULN symptoms. The ability of a bulbous storage organ to supply calcium to a growing shoot is poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted experiments to determine Ca partitioning during early growth stages, and under suboptimal Ca levels to determine how the bulb affects the symptomatology. The results indicated that ULN is originally caused by an insufficient Ca supply from the bulb. In the most susceptible period, bulb dry matter decreased dramatically and Ca concentrations in immature folded leaves dropped to very low levels. Consequently, necrosis began to appear on the upper, young leaves. The bulb was able to supply Ca to other organs, but only to a limited extent since Ca concentration in bulbs was low (0.04% w/w). To confirm this result, we cultivated lilies with low-Ca or Ca-free nutrient solution and obtained bulbs with extremely low internal Ca concentrations. Upon forcing these low-Ca bulbs, we found, as expected, prominent necrosis symptoms on the lower and middle leaves. Data suggested the lower and middle leaves relied more on Ca supplied from the bulb, while upper leaves and flowers relied more on Ca uptake from the roots. Different organs have different Ca requirements, and tissue sensitivity to Ca deficiency varies according to the growth stage.

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Miller, William B., and Robert W. Langhans. "Reduced Irradiance Affects Dry Weight Partitioning in Easter Lily." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 2 (March 1989): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.2.306.

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Abstract The effects of reduced irradiance on dry weight partitioning in Easter lilies was examined by forcing vernalized bulbs of Lilium longiflorum Thumb. ‘Nellie White’ during two growing seasons. Forcing commenced in a glasshouse under standard growing conditions; immediately following flower bud initiation (FBI), plants were transferred to a range of irradiance reduction treatments (0%, 20%, 50%, or 85% reduction) in the greenhouse or to complete darkness in a growth chamber. Greenhouse irradiance reduction treatments resulted in alterations in whole-plant source-sink relationships. Total plant dry weight and overall plant quality were reduced in shaded plants. The depletion rate of mother bulb dry matter was not affected by reduced irradiance, whereas daughter bulb reserve loss was increased by irradiance reduction treatments. There was no daughter bulb reserve remobilization in plants grown in complete darkness after FBI. Flower bud and open flower dry weights were progressively reduced as irradiance was reduced. With an 85% irradiance reduction, plants forced from 17.5-cm bulbs had 63% bud abortion, whereas, with 20.0-cm bulbs, only 12% of the buds aborted. Plants grown in complete darkness after FBI became etiolated, and flowers failed to open. These results demonstrate differences in the ability of various morphological regions of the bulb to respond to reductions in greenhouse irradiance. Since the daughter bulb response to reduced irradiance was relatively slow, additional remobilization of dry matter from the daughter bulb is probably of minimal benefit during short periods of reduced irradiance in commercial greenhouses.

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Thuy, Ben, Lea Numberger-Thuy, and John W. M. Jagt. "A new ophiacanthid brittle star (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from sublittoral crinoid and seagrass communities of late Maastrichtian age in the southeast Netherlands." PeerJ 8 (August 24, 2020): e9671. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9671.

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A new species of brittle star, Ophiomitrella floorae, is recorded from the lower two meters of the Gronsveld Member (Maastricht Formation), of late Maastrichtian age (c. 66.7 Ma). These relatively fine-grained biocalcarenites reflect shallow-water deposition in a sheltered setting with a relatively firm sea floor and clear waters, under middle sublittoral and subtropical conditions. Associated echinoderm taxa comprise more robust, sturdy-plated ophiomusaid and ophiodermatid brittle stars and numerous bourgueticrinine sea lilies. The new brittle star described herein belongs to a family whose present-day members are predominantly restricted to bathyal depths. Its small size and the exceptional preservation of a single articulated specimen partially wrapped around the stalk of a bourgueticrinine suggest that O. floorae n. sp. was probably epizoic and specifically associated with stalked crinoids.

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Ranwala, Anil P., William B. Miller, Terri I. Kirk, and P. Allen Hammer. "Ancymidol Drenches, Reversed Greenhouse Temperatures, Postgreenhouse Cold Storage, and Hormone Sprays Affect Postharvest Leaf Chlorosis in Easter Lily." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, no. 2 (March 2000): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.125.2.248.

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The interactions of ancymidol drenches, postgreenhouse cold storage, and hormone sprays on postharvest leaf chlorosis and flower longevity of `Nellie White' Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were investigated. Ancymidol drenches (0.5 mg/plant twice) during early growth resulted in leaf chlorosis in the greenhouse which intensified further during postharvest. Cold storage (4 °C) of puffy bud stage plants for 2 weeks also accelerated leaf chlorosis. The combination of ancymidol treatment with cold storage resulted in the most severe leaf chlorosis. Promalin (GA4+7 and BA each at 100 mg·L-1) sprays completely prevented postharvest leaf chlorosis, whereas ProGibb (GA3 at 1000 mg·L-1) was ineffective. Cold storage reduced flower longevity and increased bud abortion, however, the degree of bud abortion varied among experiments in different years. Both ProGibb and Promalin sprays increased flower longevity. Compared to positive DIF (difference between day and night temperature) grown plants, forcing under negative DIF (-8 °C) increased the severity of postharvest leaf chlorosis. Leaves were sampled from basal, middle, and upper sections of the stem after 4 and 12 days in a postharvest evaluation room, and analyzed for soluble carbohydrates and N. Total leaf soluble carbohydrates and N concentrations were less in basal and middle sections of negative DIF-grown plants than in positive DIF-grown plants. Leaf chlorosis was associated with depletion of soluble carbohydrates and N in the leaves. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); gibberellic acid (GA3); gibberellins A4A7 (GA4+7); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine 6-amine (benzyladenine).

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Sun, Chunqing, Zhihu Ma, Zhenchao Zhang, Guosheng Sun, and Zhongliang Dai. "Factors Influencing Cross Barriers in Interspecific Hybridizations of Water Lily." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 143, no. 2 (March 2018): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04302-17.

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In interspecific hybridizations of water lily (Nymphaea), the existence of cross barriers makes it difficult to obtain hybrids and seriously influences the utilization of admirable characters from tropical water lilies. To determine the causes, pollen viability, pistil receptivity, and embryo and endosperm development were investigated in three water lily crosses, including Nymphaea odorata ‘Peter Slocum’ × Nymphaea micranthar (PM), ‘Peter Slocum’ × Nymphaea gigantea (PH), and ‘Peter Slocum’ × Nymphaea colorata (PC). The results indicated that the viability of pollen grains was 17.3% for ‘Peter Slocum’, 19.3% for N. colorata, 10.3% for N. micrantha, and 17.6% for N. gigantea. In the self-pollinated ‘Peter Slocum’, the number of germinated pollen grains on stigmas peaked at 12 hours after pollination (HAP), indicating its good pollen germinability. However, only a few pollen grains germinating on the sigma between 2 and 24 HAP in the crosses of PM, PH, and PC. In addition, a high percentage (81.2%) of normal embryos developed to different stages within 20 d after pollination in the self-pollinated ‘Peter Slocum’. But only 3.5% and 3.7% of normal globular embryos were observed in the PC and PM combinations, respectively. Moreover, no normal embryos were observed in the PH cross. At the same time, no seeds were obtained in PM, PC, and PH crosses. The results suggest that prefertilization barriers existed in the PH cross, whereas pre- and postfertilization barriers existed together in the PC and PM crosses. These may be the main causes resulting in the failure of interspecific hybridizations in water lily.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lilies Genetics'

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