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1

Kim, Kwangmin. "Likert Scale." Korean Journal of Family Medicine 32, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2011.32.1.1.

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Albaum, Gerald. "The Likert Scale Revisited." Market Research Society. Journal. 39, no. 2 (March 1997): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147078539703900202.

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This study examined the effect of alternative scale formats on reporting of intensity of attitudes on Likert scales of agreement. A standard one-stage format and an alternate two-stage format were tested in three separate studies on samples of university students in three countries. In general the two-stage format generated the greatest percentage of extreme-position (i.e. most intense) responses across scales. A test of predictive ability showed that the two-stage format was a better predictor of product preferences. Underlying data structures did not differ much between the two.
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Joshi, Ankur, Saket Kale, Satish Chandel, and D. Pal. "Likert Scale: Explored and Explained." British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 7, no. 4 (January 10, 2015): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2015/14975.

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Gunderman, Richard B., and Stephen Chan. "The 13-Point Likert Scale." Academic Radiology 20, no. 11 (November 2013): 1466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2013.04.010.

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Leonor, M. M. Rosa, G. S. Manaces Easud, and P. P. Luis Fernando. "Indeterminate Likert Scale in Social Sciences Research." International Journal of Neutrosophic Science 19, no. 1 (2022): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/ijns.190125.

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The Likert scale is by far the most popular psychometric tool for collecting data. The ordinal structure and confined style of the Likert scale make it prone to information misinterpretation and loss. Depending on the consumers' moods, replies in the real world are sometimes erratic, imprecise, and ill-defined. Neutrosophy (the study of the implementation of the provisions and indeterminacy) is utilized to accurately portray the answers. This work introduces a neutrosophic-informed, agnostic version of the Likert scale. Clustering users based on their comments is an efficient method of segmenting the population and marketing to them. In this research, we offer a clustering approach for responses received using arbitrary Likert scales. When dealing with real-world events, indeterminate Likert scales are superior in recording replies properly.
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Albaum, Gerald, and Brian D. Murphy. "Extreme Response on a Likert Scale." Psychological Reports 63, no. 2 (October 1988): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.2.501.

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This study examined the effect of alternative scale formats on reporting of extreme attitudes on Liken scales of agreement. The formats were tested on samples of university students who responded to a set of statements about economic systems. In general, a two-stage format generated a greater percentage of extreme-position responses than did the common one-stage format, with a modified one-stage version falling in between.
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Gregoire, Timothy G. "Analysis of Likert-scale data revisited." Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 1 (January 1989): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0092469.

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Vickers, Andrew J. "COMPARISON OF AN ORDINAL AND A CONTINUOUS OUTCOME MEASURE OF MUSCLE SORENESS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 15, no. 4 (October 1999): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462399154102.

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The relationship between an ordinal (Likert) and a continuous (visual analog) measure of pain was investigated in 400 long-distance runners experiencing delayed-onset muscle soreness. Subjects completed a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS) and a 7-point Likert scale twice a day for 5 days, starting at 9:00 PM on the evening of the run. The relationship between scales was modeled by calculating the median VAS for each Likert score and the modal Likert score for each point on the VAS. Standardized means were calculated by dividing the total of 5 day scores by the standard error of 5 day scores for all subjects. The relationship between scales was approximately linear, but VAS scores recorded concurrently with each Likert score varied enormously. VAS responses for a Likert score of zero were lower than expected, apparently because subjects chose zero only if they were completely free of soreness. The standardized mean of the Likert scale was higher (34.1 [SD 20] versus 30.4 [SD20] p <<< .0001), suggesting greater responsiveness. The Likert scale can be recommended as a method of measuring muscle soreness, but researchers should not anchor the lowest score to zero pain.
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Pervez, A. K. M. Kanak, Md Maniruzzaman, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah, Nur Nabi, and Abdou Matsalabi Ado. "The Meagerness of Simple Likert Scale in Assessing Risk: How Appropriate the Fuzzy Likert is?" NUST Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 6, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51732/njssh.v6i2.55.

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Social scientists around the world commonly use the Likert scale. The scale has some limitations; in many cases, researchers are ignoring those limitations. Many social scientists have been trying to find out an alternative, but all initiatives do not correctly solve the problems. Among all limitations, the most critical issue is that Likert scale adopts a similar variance between two successive scale points. Fuzzy-Likert scale is a useful alternative for solving the existing limitation of the traditional Likert scale. Therefore, the current article describes the limitations of existing Likert scale and application of Fuzzy-Likert scale in perceived risk assessment. Naturally, risks are interrelated with different factors. Assessing risks with simple existing Likert scale is not entirely appropriate. A well-structured Fuzzy-Likert scale can be used to mitigate the existing problems. This article clarifies how efficiently researchers can use a Fuzzy-Likert scale for assessing the perceived risk in agriculture using a simple structured questionnaire with the help of an example. To reach the conclusions and recommendations, the researchers used different published articles, online repositories, report etc. through content analysis.
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Muhenje, Chimwani Pamela. "A Theoretical Examination of the Composite Index or Measuring a Variable Using Likert Scale." Research Journal of Business and Finance 1, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): XX. http://dx.doi.org/10.58721/rjbf.v1i1.125.

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The assumption whilst using Likert scales is that the intensity or strength of character and personality traits such as attitudes can be measured on a linear continuum from strongly agree to strongly disagree. This paper discusses Likert scale items vis-a-vis Likert type items and highlights the difference between the two. Likert scale used interrelated items that can be converted into a composite score during data analysis. As such appropriate inferential statistical techniques can be applied. Conversely Likert items are individual items based on an ordinal scale and data analysis is specific to the item and only non-parametric statistical methods are appropriate.
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Duşa, Adrian, and Valeriu Frunzaru. "The Visual Analogue Scale. An Alternative to the Likert Type Response Scales. An Alternative to the Likert Type Response Scales." International Review of Social Research 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2011-0005.

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Abstract For about eight decades, research instruments in the social sciences have been orbiting around Likert’s proposal for his famous response scale. Before him, and also after he managed to impose it, many researchers have tried to find a better solution. This, however, has proven difficult. While solving methodological problems for measuring concepts, by concentrating all the responses in only five categories brings major disadvantages as well: it has extremely low variation, it does not produce metric scores unless combined with similar items, and it cannot be used as such for advanced statistical analysis. In this article, we propose using a continuous response scale as a solution to each of these problems. In our opinion, the possible application of this solution has an extremely high potential to advance social science research methodology.
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Mirahmadizadeh, Alireza, Hamed Delam, Mozhgan Seif, and Reyhaneh Bahrami. "Designing, Constructing, and Analyzing Likert Scale Data." Journal of Education and Community Health 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21859/jech.5.3.63.

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Uz Zaman, Nadeem, Zainab Bibi, Sana Ur Rehman Sheikh, and Abdul Raziq. "Manualizing Factor Analysis of Likert Scale Data." Journal of Management Sciences 7, no. 2 (October 2020): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20547/jms.2014.2007204.

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Yamashita, Taichi. "Analyzing Likert scale surveys with Rasch models." Research Methods in Applied Linguistics 1, no. 3 (December 2022): 100022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100022.

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Kang, Man-Ki, Chang-Eun Lee, and Gue-Tak Chio. "Fuzzy Hypotheses Testing of Likert Fuzzy Scale." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 15, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2005.15.5.533.

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FLASKERUD, JACQUELYN H. "Is the Likert Scale Format Culturally Biased?" Nursing Research 37, no. 3 (May 1988): 185???186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198805000-00013.

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Abdelhafez Qasem Al-Shayeb, Abdelhafez Qasem Al-Shayeb. "The Effectiveness of the Extended Forced-Choice Format as an Alternative to the Likert Scale Format in Improving the Factor Structure of the Psychological Scales: فاعلية استخدام صورة الاختيار القسري المطوّل كأسلوب بديل لصورة "ليكرت" في تحسين البناء العاملي للمقاييس النفسية." مجلة العلوم التربوية و النفسية 6, no. 17 (April 30, 2022): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.b041021.

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The study aimed to examine the relative effectiveness of using the extended forced-choice format as an alternative to the Likert scale format in improving the factor structure of the psychological scales. The neuroticism factor, which is one of the five factors of the Jordanian version of NEO personality Inventory was used as an example of the psychological scales. The Descriptive correlational approach was used to achieve the objectives of the study. The data were collected from (532) available undergraduate male and female students of different academic levels and different majors who are enrolled in different sections and different colleges in four Jordanian Universities, where the selected sections were randomly assigned into two groups (Likert format, and extended forced-choice format). The results of the exploratory as well as the confirmatory factor analyses of the scale in each of its two forms revealed that the extended forced-choice format produced better construct validity indices compared to the Likert scale format, where it was found that the factor structure of the Likert scale format is contaminated; that is, the scale does not measure a unidimensional trait as it is supposed. The results also indicated a better stability index (Cronbach-Alpha) for the extended forced-choice format which was found to be (0.847) compared to the stability index of the Likert scale format which was found to be (0.705). It was recommended to conduct more studies on using the extended forced-choice format as an alternative to the Likert scale format in other psychological scales, especially if the scale includes reversed worded items besides positively worded items.
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Cheng, Che, Keng-Ling Lay, Yung-Fong Hsu, and Yi-Miau Tsai. "Can Likert scales predict choices? Testing the congruence between using Likert scale and comparative judgment on measuring attribution." Methods in Psychology 5 (December 2021): 100081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metip.2021.100081.

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Nikita Dewi and Joko Soebagyo. "Analisis Bibliometrik terhadap Likert Scale Mathematics Berbasis VOSViewer." Buana Matematika : Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika 12, no. 1 (June 26, 2022): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/buanamatematika.v12i1.5837.

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This bibliometric analysis focuses on publications related to the Likert scale using VOSViewer based on Google Scholar data. This study was conducted to determine the number of international publications on the trend of research development using a Likert scale in the time interval between years 0-0. The data search was carried out using the PoP (Publish or Perish) software based on Google Scholar with the keywords Likert Scale Mathematics. The data is in the form of journals with a sample of 1000 journals. Then the data were analyzed using VOSViewer and Ms Excel. The results showed that the number of research publications related to Likert scale mathematics experienced an unstable situation where the most publications occurred in the 2012-2016 interval, namely as many as 246 article titles. The publishers who publish the most scientific journals are Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley Online Library. Likert scale mathematics research with a fairly high density, namely the Likert scale, the rest has a low density such as validation, engineering, mathematics performance so that it is possible to be used as a theme for the next research.
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20

Cowley, Jennifer A., and Heather Youngblood. "Subjective Response Differences between Visual Analogue, Ordinal and Hybrid Response Scales." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 53, no. 25 (October 2009): 1883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120905302506.

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The Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E) discipline employs different subjective response scale formats to measure subjective phenomena (e.g., hazard perception). Per the psychometrics literature, different scale formats can yield different participant responses, which is a potential threat to validity in replication studies if response scales are not consistent across study iterations. If ordinal response scales (e.g., Likert scales) yield ordinal data and continuous response scales (e.g., Visual Analogue Scales) yield continuous data then it is inappropriate to substitute one response scale for the other if they potentially yield different responses for the same question. The current research compared mean participant ratings for the same question on VAS, Likert and Hybrid response scales and found that VAS scales had significantly lower mean ratings than Likert and Hybrid response scales. Two scale features, the number of anchors (5 or 9) and the scale length (10.0cm and 19.2cm), were varied and no significant main effects or interactions resulted. In conclusion, scale types, not scale features, produced significant mean participant rating differences. To support the validity of replication research, this paper also provided a response scale taxonomy based on the scale features studied herein, that can be used to classify and report different response scales. Implications for these results and future research directions are discussed.
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Anjaria, Kushal. "Knowledge derivation from Likert scale using Z-numbers." Information Sciences 590 (April 2022): 234–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2022.01.024.

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Wakita, Takafumi, Natsumi Ueshima, and Hiroyuki Noguchi. "Psychological Distance Between Categories in the Likert Scale." Educational and Psychological Measurement 72, no. 4 (January 12, 2012): 533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164411431162.

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Seval; TOKER, DÖNMEZ. "Construction of a likert-type transformational Leadership Scale." Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi - DTCF Dergisi 57, no. 2 (2017): 753–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/dtcfder_0000001537.

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Lee, Jerry W., Patricia S. Jones, Yoshimitsu Mineyama, and Xinwei Esther Zhang. "Cultural differences in responses to a likert scale." Research in Nursing & Health 25, no. 4 (July 15, 2002): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nur.10041.

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Wadgave, Umesh, and Mahesh R. Khairnar. "Parametric tests for Likert scale: For and against." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 24 (December 2016): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2016.08.016.

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Lipovetsky, Stan, and Michael Conklin. "Decreasing Respondent Heterogeneity by Likert Scales Adjustment via Multipoles." Stats 1, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stats1010012.

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A description of Likert scales can be given using the multipoles technique known in quantum physics and applied to behavioral sciences data. This paper considers decomposition of Likert scales by the multipoles for the application of decreasing the respondents’ heterogeneity. Due to cultural and language differences, different respondents habitually use the lower end, the mid-scale, or the upper end of the Likert scales which can lead to distortion and inconsistency in data across respondents. A big impact of different kinds of respondent is well known, for instance, in international studies, and it is called the problem of high and low raters. Application of a multipoles technique to the row-data smoothing via prediction of individual rates by the histogram of the Likert scale tiers produces better results than standard row-centering in data. A numerical example by marketing research data shows that the results are encouraging: while a standard row-centering produces a poor outcome, the dipole-adjustment noticeably improves the obtained segmentation results.
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Nobles, Brittney M., and Steven R. Erickson. "Variations of a Commonly Used Medication Adherence Assessment Scale: Do Changes in Scale Change Structure Results?" Journal of Pharmacy Technology 34, no. 6 (August 30, 2018): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122518796586.

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Background: Medication nonadherence is a major barrier to both patients and health care professionals when trying to manage medical conditions. An appropriate self-report adherence tool would be helpful in determining a patient’s medication adherence. Objectives: To observe variations in scale scores based on modifications to an Original Adherence Scale, with the hypothesis that making modifications to the Original Adherence Scale will create variations in the percentage of adherent patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized mailed surveys to people identified in a prescription claims administrative dataset who had a pharmacy claim for at least 2 antihypertensive medications. One thousand people were equally divided and randomly placed in 1 of 4 groups: Original Adherence Scale Group, Time Reference Scale Group, 4-Point Likert-Type Scale Group, Multiple Medication Scales Group. Each scale underwent assessment of internal reliability using Cronbach’s α. Changes made to the Original 4-item scale included altering the time reference period from 3 months to 7 days, changing response options from Yes/No to a Likert-type scale, and incorporating multiple scales so that the respondent may report on up to 4 different options. Results: There were 437 surveys completed appropriately, yielding a 46.4% response rate. The overall scale scores indicating perfect adherence was 51.8% for the 4-Point Likert-Type Scale Group, 66.5% for the Multiple Medication Scales Group, 68.8% for the Original Adherence Scale Group, and 78.9% for the Time Reference Scale Group. Conclusion: When there are more selection options, a change in time reference, or more medications reported, the amount of adherent patients varied.
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Drasgow, Fritz, Oleksandr S. Chernyshenko, and Stephen Stark. "75 Years After Likert: Thurstone Was Right!" Industrial and Organizational Psychology 3, no. 4 (December 2010): 465–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01273.x.

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For over three-quarters of a century researchers and practitioners have analyzed rating scale data using methods that assume a dominance response process wherein an individual high on the trait assessed is assumed to answer positively with high probability. This approach derives from Likert's famous 1932 approach to the development and analysis of rating scales. In this paper, we argue that Likert scaling and related methods are misguided. Instead, we propose that methods that have evolved from Thurstone (1927, 1928, 1929) scaling provide a better representation of the choice process underlying rating scale judgments. These methods hypothesize an ideal point response process where the probability of endorsement is assumed to be directly related to the proximity of the statement to the individual's standing on the assessed trait. We review some research showing the superiority of ideal point methods for personality assessment and then describe several settings in which ideal point methods should provide tangible improvements over traditional approaches to assessment.
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Adhikari, G., S. Bhoi, S. Chauhan, T. P. Sinha, and P. Gautam. "(A178) Evaluating the Feasibility of Verbal Analogue Scale among Emergency Care Providers in Assessment and Management of Acute Pain in Trauma Victims." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11001750.

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BackgroundAcute pain assessment and management in trauma victims is often overlooked in emergency department (ED). Visual analogue scale is the preferred scale for assessment and management of pain however, its role in a busy ED is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of verbal and visual analogue scale among emergency care providers.MethodsEmergency caregivers were instructed to use both pain scales wherever feasible for assessment, management, and monitoring of pain in 100 non-consecutive alert patients. A separate, pre-tested survey questionnaire addressing the feasibility of each pain scales was surveyed among emergency care providers (emergency physicians, nursing staff). A Likert scale (1 to 5) was assessed for cooperativeness, availability of time for assessment, the format, the peak period feasibility, the monitoring ease and the amount of work load. Binary scale (yes and no) was used to measure the overall utility in assessment and management of pain.ResultsOut of 100 patients enrolled, the verbal analogue score was used in all patients and visual analogue score was used in 30 patients. The average Likert scale score for verbal analogue score questionnaire was 1.7 and the average Likert scale score for visual analogue score questionnaire was 3.9. On the overall utility both scales were found to be useful in all patients.ConclusionsBoth the scales were found to be useful in overall assessment and management of pain. However, there was a favorable trend towards using verbal analogue scale among emergency care providers.
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Mazurek, Jiří, Cristina Pérez Rico, Carlos Fernández García, Jean-Pierre Magnot, and Tristan Magnot. "5-Item Likert Scale and Percentage Scale Correspondence with Implications for the Use of Models with (Fuzzy) Linguistic Variables." Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa 31 (June 1, 2021): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/revmetodoscuanteconempresa.4010.

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The aim of this paper is to examine how people perceive correspondence between the 5-item Likert scale and the percentage scale (the LS-PS correspondence thereinafter). Are all five items of the Likert scale equidistant? Do people use the same scale when evaluating different objects? Are men and women different? Are people from different countries / cultures different? The method of the study was a questionnaire with 661 participating respondents altogether from the Czech Republic, Ecuador, and France. The results indicate that the 5-item Likert scale is neither equidistant, nor symmetrical. Furthermore, there are (highly) statistically significant differences in the LS-PS correspondence with respect to location, age, or gender of respondents. The results can be used as an input for more precise decision-making modeling associated with (fuzzy) linguistic variables.
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Trickett, Ryan W., Elizabeth Mudge, Patricia Price, and Ian Pallister. "The development of a novel patient-derived recovery scale for open tibial fractures." Bone & Joint Journal 102-B, no. 1 (January 2020): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.102b1.bjj-2019-0303.r2.

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Aims The aim of this study was to develop a psychometrically sound measure of recovery for use in patients who have suffered an open tibial fracture. Methods An initial pool of 109 items was generated from previous qualitative data relating to recovery following an open tibial fracture. These items were field tested in a cohort of patients recovering from an open tibial fracture. They were asked to comment on the content of the items and structure of the scale. Reduction in the number of items led to a refined scale tested in a larger cohort of patients. Principal components analysis permitted further reduction and the development of a definitive scale. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness were assessed for the retained items. Results The initial scale was completed by 35 patients who were recovering from an open tibial fracture. Subjective and objective analysis permitted removal of poorly performing items and the addition of items suggested by patients. The refined scale consisted of 50 Likert scaled items and eight additional items. It was completed on 228 occasions by a different cohort of 204 patients with an open tibial fracture recruited from several UK orthoplastic tertiary referral centres. There were eight underlying components with tangible real-life meaning, which were retained as sub-scales represented by ten Likert scaled and eight non-Likert items. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were good to excellent. Conclusion The Wales Lower Limb Trauma Recovery (WaLLTR) Scale is the first tool to be developed from patient data with the potential to assess recovery following an open tibial fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(1):17–25
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Cheung, K. C., and L. C. Mooi. "A Comparison Between the Rating Scale Model and Dual Scaling for Likert Scales." Applied Psychological Measurement 18, no. 1 (March 1994): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662169401800101.

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Phelps, Andrew S., David M. Naeger, Jesse L. Courtier, Jack W. Lambert, Peter A. Marcovici, Javier E. Villanueva-Meyer, and John D. MacKenzie. "Pairwise Comparison Versus Likert Scale for Biomedical Image Assessment." American Journal of Roentgenology 204, no. 1 (January 2015): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.14.13022.

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Armstrong, Robert L. "The Midpoint on a Five-Point Likert-Type Scale." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 2 (April 1987): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.2.359.

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Previous studies on the points of the Likert-scale format have not addressed the question of the effect on the score resulting from the use of “neutral” or “undecided” as the midpoint of a five-point scale. The present study addressed this topic with a scale on attitude toward the school board, using 389 undergraduate and 190 graduate students in education, the latter having at least one year of teaching experience, in seven geographically separated universities in the United States. The two formats of the scale were identical (strongly agree to strongly disagree) except that one scale midpoint was designated “undecided” and the midpoint of the other scale was designated as “neutral” with “undecided” as a no-answer alternative. Analysis showed differences were negligible and little if any erosion of score appears to result.
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Arnulf, Jan Ketil, Kai R. Larsen, and Øyvind L. Martinsen. "Respondent Robotics: Simulating Responses to Likert-Scale Survey Items." SAGE Open 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 215824401876480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018764803.

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Harpe, Spencer E. "How to analyze Likert and other rating scale data." Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning 7, no. 6 (November 2015): 836–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2015.08.001.

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Li, Qing. "A novel Likert scale based on fuzzy sets theory." Expert Systems with Applications 40, no. 5 (April 2013): 1609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.09.015.

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Tóth, Zsuzsanna E., Gábor Árva, and Rita V. Dénes. "Are the ‘Illnesses’ of Traditional Likert Scales Treatable?" Quality Innovation Prosperity 24, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/qip.v24i2.1439.

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<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The main aim of this paper is to introduce the development and the application of a fuzzy rating scale in measuring customer satisfaction which are to be demonstrated through a healthcare example in order to illustrate how the proposed methodology is able to enhance the reliability of traditional Likert scale-based evaluations.</p><p><strong>Methodology/Approach:</strong> The proposed methodology is built on fuzzy sets the membership function of which is composed of two sigmoid functions by applying Dombi’s conjunction operator. The possible ‘values’ of the linguistic variable expressing customer satisfaction are to be expressed by these functions which can also be linked to the level of organizational performance allowing the illustration of the mainly nonlinear relationship between the provided and perceived service performance.</p><p><strong>Findings:</strong> The application of the proposed fuzzy rating scale confirms its ability to reflect the unambiguity of human ratings as well as the context-dependency of ratings resulting in a more precise representation of human judgements.</p><p><strong>Research Limitation/implication:</strong> The presented methodology may be viewed as a viable approach in any kind of service quality evaluations where Likert-type scales are traditionally applied to handle its weaknesses.</p><strong>Originality/Value of paper:</strong> The proposed methodology is not only able to reflect the satisfaction of customers and the organizational performance simultaneously, but the expectations of customers related to the desired level of performance can also be incorporated into the establishment of the scale yielding to more reliably supported managerial decisions.
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Setyawan, Ervin, and Farid Sukmana. "Penilaian Standar Mutu Pada Aplikasi Tiket Bioskop dengan ISO 27001 dan Fishbone Analisis." JTIM : Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Multimedia 2, no. 4 (February 8, 2021): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35746/jtim.v2i4.110.

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Cinema ticket application services make it easy to purchase movie tickets. Various applications, especially in the business sector, certainly require information security that has been guaranteed to be applied and international information security certificates in ISO 27001 quality standards. Therefore, the requirements for obtaining information security certificates in international quality ISO 27001 need to be analyzed first. It requires a lot of preparedness that must be requested in meeting ISO 27001 quality standards. The purpose of this study is to analyze the application of cinema tickets for ISO 27001 eligibility. Analytical research methods used include clauses, checklists, Likert scales, maturity levels, and fishbone diagrams. The authors' references were based on the writer's team's analysis that the authors made, including graphs, charts, clause scores, checklist scores, Likert scales, maturity levels, and fishbone diagrams. Based on the author's analysis results, the cinema ticket application system does not meet ISO 27001 standards, so much needs to be improved in the system. Likert scale scores are still 19%, while to meet ISO 27001 standards, Likert scale scores must reach at least 60%. The overall problem with assessing this analysis, which results in cinema tickets being inappropriate or not passing ISO 27001 quality standards, is the lack of Likert scale scores and fishbone diagrams. This analytical research hypothesis can be the basis for future research that the application can meet the feasibility test of ISO 27001 quality standards.
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Moreno-Garcia, Juan, Benito Yáñez-Araque, Felipe Hernández-Perlines , and Luis Rodriguez-Benitez. "An Aggregation Metric Based on Partitioning and Consensus for Asymmetric Distributions in Likert Scale Responses." Mathematics 10, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 4115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10214115.

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A questionnaire is a basic tool for collecting information in survey research. Often, these questions are measured using a Likert scale. With multiple items on the same broad object, these codes could be summed or averaged to give an indication of each respondent’s overall positive or negative orientation towards that object. This is the basis for Likert scales. Aggregation methods have been widely used in different research areas. Most of them are mathematical methods, such as the arithmetic mean, the weighted arithmetic mean, or the OWA (Ordered Weighted Averaging) operator. The usual presentation of Likert scale derived data are Mean. This paper presents a new approach to compute an aggregate value that represents Likert scale responses as a histogram adequate to treat better than Mean with asymmetric distributions. This method generates a set of partitions using an approach based on successive division. After every division, each partition is evaluated using a consensus measure and the one with the best value is then selected. Once the process of division has finished, the aggregate value is computed using the resulting partitions. Promising results have been obtained. Experiments show that our method is appropriate for distributions with large asymmetry and is not far from the behavior of the arithmetic mean for symmetric distributions. Overall, the article sheds light on the need to consider other presentations of Likert scale derived data beyond Mean more suitable for asymmetric distributions.
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Socrates, Thenral, and Alexandre Mebazaa. "How to measure dyspnea in acute heart failure?" Therapeutische Umschau 66, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930.66.9.639.

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Dyspnea is the most common presenting symptom of patients with acute heart failure (AHF). Although dyspnea is an important target for treatment in clinical practice and clinical trials, there remains a lack of consensus on how to assess it. We describe and recommend to use absolute scales such the Likert 5-point or the Visual Analogue Scale rather than any comparator scale such as the Likert 7-point scale. We further recommend starting dyspnea measurements in sitting position and perform, if possible, similar measurements in lying position. The same set of measurements may be repeated as needed during the time course of disease and the treatment.
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Templer, Donald I., Michael Harville, Shane Hutton, Rocky Underwood, Marie Tomeo, Michele Russell, David Mitroff, and Hiroko Arikawa. "Death Depression Scale-Revised." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 44, no. 2 (March 2002): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/32l3-dpda-m4u3-7l81.

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A 21-item Death Depression Scale-Revised was constructed to be more independent of death anxiety than the original 17-item Death Depression Scale. This new instrument had a Chronbach's alpha of .92, reasonable correlations with death anxiety and general depression and general anxiety, a meaningful factor structure, and a correlation of .85 between Likert and true-false formats.
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Capuano, Ana W., Jeffrey D. Dawson, Marizen R. Ramirez, Robert S. Wilson, Lisa L. Barnes, and R. William Field. "Modeling Likert Scale Outcomes With Trend-Proportional Odds With and Without Cluster Data." Methodology 12, no. 2 (April 2016): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000106.

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Abstract. Likert scales are commonly used in epidemiological studies employing surveys. In this tutorial we demonstrate how the proportional odds model and the trend odds model can be applied simultaneously to data measured in Likert scales, allowing for random cluster effects. We use two datasets as examples: an epidemiological study on aging and cognition among community-dwelling Black persons, and a clustered large survey data from 28,882 students in 81 middle schools. The first example models the Likert outcome from the question: “People act as if they think you are dishonest.” The trend-proportional odds model indicates that Black men have higher odds than Black women of reporting being perceived as dishonest. The second example models the Likert outcome from the question: “How often have you been beaten up at school?”. The trend-proportional odds model indicates that children with disability have a higher odds of severe violence than other children. For both examples, the cumulative odds ratio increases by more than 60% at the higher Likert levels.
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Westland, J. Christopher. "Information loss and bias in likert survey responses." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 28, 2022): e0271949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271949.

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Likert response surveys are widely applied in marketing, public opinion polls, epidemiological and economic disciplines. Theoretically, Likert mapping from real-world beliefs could lose significant amounts of information, as they are discrete categorical metrics. Similarly, the subjective nature of Likert-scale data capture, through questionnaires, holds the potential to inject researcher biases into the statistical analysis. Arguments and counterexamples are provided to show how this loss and bias can potentially be substantial under extreme polarization or strong beliefs held by the surveyed population, and where the survey instruments are poorly controlled. These theoretical possibilities were tested using a large survey with 14 Likert-scaled questions presented to 125,387 respondents in 442 distinct behavioral-demographic groups. Despite the potential for bias and information loss, the empirical analysis found strong support for an assumption of minimal information loss under Normal beliefs in Likert scaled surveys. Evidence from this study found that the Normal assumption is a very good fit to the majority of actual responses, the only variance from Normal being slightly platykurtic (kurtosis ~ 2) which is likely due to censoring of beliefs after the lower and upper extremes of the Likert mapping. The discussion and conclusions argue that further revisions to survey protocols can assure that information loss and bias in Likert-scaled data are minimal.
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Choi, Choong-Hyeok, Suk-Hwan Kim, Young-Seok Lee, and Chang-Nam Kang. "Correlation between the Likert Scale and the Numeric Rating Scale for Evaluating Knee Pain." Journal of Korean Knee Society 23, no. 1 (2011): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5792/jkks.2011.23.1.14.

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Sandjaja, Stefanus Soejanto, Yuda Syahputra, and Lira Erwinda. "Validasi skala penilaian instrumen perencanaan karier menggunakan Andrich Threshold." Persona:Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/persona.v9i1.3310.

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AbstractSuccess in a career is synonymous with the welfare of an individual's life, which needs further handling from the counselor. In determining and preparing for a future career, counselors should use a valid and reliable inventory. However, inventory that is considered valid and reliable by the counselor still raises problems in administration, namely students are confused in setting the response point in the inventory. The purpose of this study is to find a clear and unambiguous rating scale to make it easier for students to set a response point in their inventory. The research sample uses area random sampling consisting of six groups of test subjects, namely: 1, n = 75; 2, n = 61; 3, n = 47; 4, n = 146; 5, n = 85; and 6, n = 63. Data in this study were 5-point Likert scale political data collected using career planning inventory. The research data were analyzed using the Rasch model by testing the rating scale analysis through Threshold analysis between ratings. The results showed the rating scale in the Threshold analysis, the rating scale changed to a four-point Likert scale with a choice of very inappropriate, not appropriate, appropriate, and very appropriate.Keywords: Career Planning; Likert Scale; Ratting Scale; Threshold AbstrakSukses dalam karier identik dengan kesejahteraan hidup individu, yang perlu penanganan lebih lanjut dari konselor. Dalam menentukan dan mempersiapkan karier dimasa depan, konselor mestinya menggunakan inventori yang valid dan reliabel. Namun, inventori yang dianggap valid dan reliabel oleh konselor masih memunculkan permasalahan dalam pengadministrasian, yaitu siswa bingung dalam menetapkan rating scale pada inventori. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menemukan skala penilaian yang jelas dan tidak ambigu untuk memudahkan siswa menetapkan rating scale pada inventori. Sampel penelitian menggunakan area random samplingyang terdiri dari enam kelompok subjek tes, yaitu: 1, n = 75; 2, n = 61; 3, n = 47; 4, n = 146; 5, n = 85; dan 6, n = 63. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa data politomi 5-point Likert scale yang dikumpulkan menggunakan career planning inventory. Data penelitian dianalisis menggunakan model Rasch dengan menguji rating scale analysis melalui analisis Threshold antar rating. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rating scale pada analisis Threshold, rating scale berubah menjadi empat point Likert scale dengan pilihan sangat tidak sesuai, kurang sesuai, sesuai, dan sangat sesuai. Kata kunci: Perencanaan Karier; Ratting Scale; Skala Likert; Threshold
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Yuan, Christina M., Robert Nee, Kevin C. Abbott, and James D. Oliver. "Combating Grade Inflation in Nephrology Clinical Rotation Evaluations Using Faculty Education and a 5-Point Centered Rating Scale." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-15-00218.1.

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ABSTRACT From 2010 to 2011, more than 70% of the clinical rotation competency evaluations for nephrology fellows in our program were rated “superior” using a 9-point Likert scale, suggesting some degree of “grade inflation.”Background We sought to assess the efficacy of a 5-point centered rotation evaluation in reducing grade inflation.Objective This retrospective cohort study of the impact of faculty education and a 5-point rotation evaluation on grade inflation was measured by superior item rating frequency and proportion of evaluations without superior ratings. The 5-point evaluation centered performance at the level expected for stage of training. Faculty education began in 2011–2012. The 5-point centered evaluation was introduced in 2012–2013 and used exclusively thereafter. A total of 68 evaluations, using the 9-point Likert scale, and 63 evaluations, using the 5-point centered scale, were performed after first-year fellow clinical rotations. Nine to 12 faculty members participated yearly.Methods Faculty education alone was associated with fewer superior ratings from 2010–2011 to 2011–2012 (70.5% versus 48.3%, P = .001), declining further with 5-point centered scale introduction (2012–2013; 48.3% versus 35.6%; P = .012). Superior ratings declined with 5-point centered versus 9-point Likert scales (37.3% versus 59.3%, P = .001), specifically for medical knowledge, patient care, practice-based learning and improvement, and professionalism. On logistic regression, evaluations without superior scores were more likely for 5-point centered versus 9-point Likert scales (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 8.26; 95% CI 1.53–44.64; P = .014) and associated with faculty identifier (aOR= 1.18; 95% CI 1.03–1.35; P = .013), but not fellow identifier or training year quarter.Results Conclusions Grade inflation was reduced with faculty education and the 5-point centered evaluation scale.
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Barnes, Collin D. "A Polanyian Appraisal of Likert-Scale Measurement in Social Psychology." Tradition and Discovery: The Polanyi Society Periodical 48, no. 1 (2022): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/traddisc20224812.

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Rating scales that link numbers to verbal labels are ubiquitous in social psychological research and are used to re-express individuals’ attitudes on wide-ranging matters in quantities that can be treated statistically. These re-expressions pay tribute to an objectivist framework, but at the expense of eclipsing the powers of personal knowing Polanyi attributes to other minds. This fact comes to the fore in the present paper through an investigation of Polanyi’s analysis of linguistic indeterminacy, indication and symbols, and the application of neurological models to persons who are competent to make sense of their own lives. Accrediting the result of this inquiry compels one dedicated to Polanyi’s thought to wonder how social psychology ought to be conceived. Clues to an answer appear in the educational bonds formed between mentors and pupils in the transmission of cultural lore.
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Aji, Baba M., and Andrew J. Larner. "Screening for dementia: single yes/no question or Likert scale?" Clinical Medicine 17, no. 1 (February 2017): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.17-1-93.

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50

Michalopoulou, Catherine, and Maria Symeonaki. "Improving Likert Scale Raw Scores Interpretability with K-means Clustering." Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 135, no. 1 (June 26, 2017): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0759106317710863.

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In this article, by applying k-means clustering, cut-off points are obtained for the recoding of raw scale scores into a fixed number of groupings that preserve the original scoring. The method is demonstrated on a Likert scale measuring xenophobia that was used in a large-scale sample survey conducted in Northern Greece by the National Centre for Social Research. Applying split-half samples and fuzzy c-means clustering, the stability of the proposed solution is validated empirically. Testing its performance against three single indicators of xenophobia shows that it differentiates well between non-xenophobic and xenophobic respondents. The proposed method may be easily applied to facilitate interpretation by providing a more concise and meaningful “profile” of Likert scale (or subscale) raw scores especially the negative and positive ends of the scale for evaluation and social policy purposes.
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