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1
Attitüden und "Pseudoattitüden": Konsistenztheoretische Analysen des Attitüdenkonzepts und ein empirischer Beitrag zur Konstruktion eines individuellen Konsistenzkoeffizienten für Likert-Skalen mit einer Anwendung auf die Hypothese der Elaboration von Attitüden aus Anlass ihrer Messung. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1986.
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2
Gasperoni, Giancarlo, and Marradi Alberto. Costruire il dato. Milano: F. Angeli, 2002.
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3
Ḥasan, ʻAbd al-Munʻim Aḥmad. Iʻdād miqyās ʻalá ṭarīqat Līkirt li-ittijāh muʻallimī al-ʻulūm al-bayūlūjīyah qabla al-khidmah naḥwa tadrīs al-taṭawwur al-ʻuḍwī. [Tanta, Egypt]: Kullīyat al-Tarbiyah, Jāmiʻat Ṭanṭā, 1985.
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4
Schulz, E. Matthew. Controlling for rater effects when comparing survey items with incomplete Likert data. Iowa City, Iowa: ACT, Inc., 2001.
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5
Davies, Bethan. THE ATTITUDES OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS AS MEASURED BY THE LIKERT SCALE TOWARDS PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN A BI-LINGUAL COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL. Cardiff: S.G.I.H.E., 1986.
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6
Kolic, Mary C. An empirical investigation of factors affecting Likert-type rating scale responses. 2004.
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Wright, Anne. A comparison of Likert and Dichotomous item format using the Surrey Anger Scale. 1996.
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8
Safrudiannur. Measuring Teachers’ Beliefs Quantitatively: Criticizing the Use of Likert Scale and Offering a New Approach. Springer Spektrum, 2020.
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9
Martínez González, Agustín E., José A. Piqueras, and James W. Bodfish. Adaptación española de la Escala de Conductas Repetitivas Revisada (Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised, RBS-R). Edited by Javier Virues-Ortega. ABA España, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26741/978-84-09-28002-5.
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El RBS-R es una escala que evalúa las conductas repetitivas mediante 43 ítems mediante seis dimensiones distintas de comportamiento repetitivo en los individuos con trastornos del espectro autista y discapacidad: conductas estereotipadas, autolesivas, compulsivas, perseverantes, rituales y restrictivas. Los ítems se clasifican en una escala likert de cuatro puntos, desde 0 que hace referencia a un comportamiento repetitivo que no se produce hasta la puntuación de 3, equiparable a un comportamiento repetitivo muy grave. La valoración de la conducta repetitiva se realiza en base a las observaciones e interacciones durante el último mes. En el estudio de la conducta repetitiva estudios internacionales han señalado la necesidad de utilizar la RBS-R en el diagnóstico diferencial del autismo.
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Streiner, David L., Geoffrey R. Norman, and John Cairney. Scaling responses. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0004.
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This chapter presents various ways of presenting the response options to the respondent. It begins by discussing why dichotomous responses (e.g. yes/no, true/false) are often inadequate. Different alternatives are discussed, including direct estimation methods (e.g. visual analogue scales, adjectival scales, Likert scales), comparative methods (e.g. paired comparisons, Guttman scaling), and econometric methods. It reviews some of the issues that need to be considered in writing the response options, such as whether one should use a unipolar or bipolar scale, how many steps there should be, and whether all the response options need to be labelled. It also covers what statistical tests can legitimately be used with scales. Finally, it compares ratings with rankings, and introduces the method of multidimensional scaling.
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Lassiter, Daniel. Epistemic adjectives: Likely and probable. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701347.003.0004.
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This chapter investigates the (near-)synonymous relative adjectives likely and probable, starting with the hypothesis that they live on an upper- and lower-bounded ratio scale. If it is correct, then the scale in question is provably equivalent to a representation in terms of finitely additive probability. This would explain the puzzle around disjunction noted in chapter 3, and it is supported by the acceptability of ratio modifiers such as three times as likely and item-by-item consideration of ratio scale axioms (with a caveat involving connectedness). The second part of the chapter turns to a theoretical puzzle: in Kennedy’s (2007) theory, likely and probable could not be relative adjectives if their scale is bounded. However, this theory is falsified on independent grounds: among other empirical problems, relative adjectives routinely occur on bounded scales. Likely and probable provide two more counter-examples to the claim that relative adjectives are restricted to open scales.
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Renzulli, Joseph S. Renzulli Parent Rating Scale Administration Manual: Things My Child Likes to Do. Prufrock Press, 2017.
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13
Roos, Christopher I. Anthropogenic Landscapes. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.36.
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It has been suggested that anthropogenic burning may have altered Southwest landscapes at a large scale. Southwestern biomes vary in their propensity for and their susceptibility to anthropogenic burning practices. Anthropogenic burning to enhance the productivity of wild plant foraging or agriculture was probably limited in scale; on the other hand, fire use in hunting, religious practice, and warfare may have impacted larger scales, though at lower intensity. Middle-elevation forests, woodlands, and grasslands were the biotic zones most likely to be impacted by anthropogenic burning, but sophisticated mimicry of natural fire regimes means that the evidence of such impact is ambiguous.
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Temperley, David. Scales and Key. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653774.003.0002.
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Rock is generally assumed to be “tonal,” meaning that every song has a tonal center around which other pitches are organized. A wide variety of scale structures have been proposed for rock; the current chapter takes a corpus-based approach to this issue. It is proposed that rock as a whole uses a global scale containing all twelve scale degrees except for flat-2 and sharp-4—the “supermode.” Individual songs tend to use subsets of this scale; most often these subsets are “compact,” containing a set of adjacent scale degrees on the line of fifths. Further analysis shows that scales in rock songs reflect something like the major/minor distinction of classical music, but with significant differences. The identification of key in rock seems to rely on the distribution of pitch classes, the emphasis of melodic tones, and the metrical placement of harmonies.
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Mate, C. Mathew, and Robert W. Carpick. Tribology on the Small Scale. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199609802.001.0001.
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Friction, lubrication, adhesion, and wear are prevalent physical phenomena in everyday life and in many key technologies. The goal of this book is to incorporate a bottom up approach to friction, lubrication, and wear into a versatile textbook on tribology. This is done by focusing on how these tribological phenomena occur on the small scale—the atomic to the micrometer scale—a field often called nanotribology. The book covers the microscopic origins of the common tribological concepts: roughness, elasticity, plasticity, friction coefficients, and wear coefficients. Some macroscale concepts (like elasticity) scale down well to the micro- and atomic scale, while other macroscale concepts (like hydrodynamic lubrication) do not. In addition, this book also has chapters on topics not typically found in tribology texts: surface energy, surface forces, lubrication in confined spaces, and the atomistic origins of friction and wear. These chapters covered tribological concepts that become increasingly important at the small scale: capillary condensation, disjoining pressure, contact electrification, molecular slippage at interfaces, atomic scale stick-slip, and bond breaking. Numerous examples are provided throughout the book on how a nanoscale understanding of tribological phenomena is essential to the proper engineering of important new technologies such as MEMS, disk drives, and nanoimprinting. For the second edition, all the chapters have been revised and updated, with many new sections added to incorporate the most recent advancements in nanoscale tribology. Another important enhancement to the second edition is the addition of problem sets at the end of each chapter.
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Kosstrin, Hannah. White Rooms, Red Scare. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199396924.003.0005.
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Anna Sokolow’s early Cold War choreography cloaked social(ist) challenges to the status quo under the façade of American modernism. Lyric Suite (1953) laid bare sexual discontent in the guise of universal abstraction; Rooms (1954) portrayed gay people’s and Jews’ experiences among those of society’s untouchables in tenement houses; and the Opus series (1958–1965) cemented the political significance of the Old Left meeting the New Left through ironic uses of musical and movement elements drawn from jazz, as Africanist elements like these signaled a generalized Americanness. Sokolow’s assimilation into concert dance whiteness through these works’ critical reception and Israeli Bonds festivals reflected the American Jewish community’s postwar assimilation from racially marked to Caucasian. Sokolow’s work evidences roles played by leftist Jews in crafting definitive images of midcentury Americana as they publicly rewrote their 1930s leftist actions into normative postwar American activities in the wake of the Second Red Scare.
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Keitumetse, Susan O., and Arpakwa O. Sikorei. The Suffocated Cultural Heritage of Sub-Saharan Africa’s Protected Areas. Edited by Angela M. Labrador and Neil Asher Silberman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.013.20.
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Management of sub-Saharan protected areas is at its peak, with most countries having signed up to international conventions aimed at protecting the natural environment and collectively managing political threats that are likely to emanate from other states’ interest to harness cross-border environmental resources. These conservation efforts however are at a broader perspective that does not cater for the nuances at varying scales of environmental resources conservation and management. This article looks at the micro scale of resources management and assesses conservation of landscape at a protected world heritage area to illustrate an existing gap that needs to be addressed by accounting for each and every category of resources found in any protected landscape. To illustrate this phenomenon this article discusses insights from two protected areas of world heritage status in southern Africa: Ngorongoro Crater Conservation Park World Heritage site in Tanzania and Okavango Delta World Heritage site in Botswana.
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Ryan, Kevin M. Prosodic Weight. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817949.001.0001.
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Prosodic weight plays a central role in metrical systems, including stress, poetic meter, prosodic word minimality, and prosodic end-weight. In each, constraints regulate the interaction of weight and phonological strength. For example, in English, increasingly heavy syllables are increasingly likely to attract stress. Depending on the language and system, weight can be binary (heavy vs. light), higher n-ary (ternary, etc., but still categorical), or gradient (continuous on a ratio scale). Gradient weight is widely attested in stress, meter, and end-weight. The book emphasizes the typology and analysis of complex and gradient scales for weight as well as properties of weight that obtain universally across languages, systems, and scales. For example, across phenomena, greater sonority contributes to weight in the syllable rime but detracts from it in the onset. Scales are analyzed in terms of prominence mapping (varying stressability of elements) as opposed to moraic coercion. Prosodic minimality is analyzed in the context of larger prosodic constituents, revealing new issues. The book also offers the first detailed study of a minimum to which only certain final consonants contribute. Syllable weight in metrics is treated extensively, as complex weight in meter has been largely overlooked previously. Finally, prosodic end-weight is argued to be driven by phrasal stress, manifesting ultimately the same stress–weight interface as does word phonology. Among other things, this analysis captures that prosodic end-weight is confined to prosodically head-final contexts. Finally, complex and gradient weight brings questions concerning the phonetics-phonology interface into sharp focus.
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Most Likely To Secede What The Vermont Independence Movement Can Teach Us About Reclaiming Community And Creating A Human Scale Vision For The 21st Century. Chelsea Green Publishing Co, 2013.
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20
Egeberg, Morten, and Jarle Trondal. Meta-Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825074.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 draws attention to meta-governance and how the governing of reforms is affected by how reform processes are organized. The chapter asks how reformers can ensure support for large-scale reforms that are likely to attract profound resistance. The focal point of the chapter is a study of geographical decentralization of central government agencies. The chapter argues that successful meta-governance can be provided for by careful organization of the reform process. The empirical case studied is a large-scale relocation of government agencies in Norway during the early 2000s. In carrying out this reform, the government succeeded against the odds. Most importantly, research has revealed huge constraints on the instrumental control of large-scale reforms in general and of geographical relocation of organizations in particular. Yet, this chapter shows that large-scale reforms can be successfully achieved through careful crafting of the reform organization.
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Haaland, Randi, and Gunnar Haaland. Prehistoric Figurines in Sudan. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.005.
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The chapter presents a descriptive account of Neolithic site inventories containing figurines in the Sudan Nile Valley. Cattle figurines indicate that animal husbandry played an important role in economic life as well as in political and ritual contexts. Female figurines can be seen as a multi-vocal symbol that may evoke a wide spectrum of meanings ranging from sexuality and fertility to basic qualities in human relations— trust, dependency, and solidarity. The mother–child relation is generally associated with such qualities. Symbolic imagery (e.g. female figurines) evoking this relation serves to foster compelling ideas of solidarity in small-scale networks of relations. In Neolithic pre-state communities, security of life and property is based on ad hoc political mobilization of such small-scale networks. Emergence of more permanent, specialized politico-administrative structures serving to maintain security within societies of larger scale is associated with increase in signs (e.g. weaponry, monumental architecture) expressing male warrior-like qualities.
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Dowrick, Nick. Numbers Count. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.60.
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Young children who find mathematics very difficult are likely to encounter profound problems later on. Previous small-scale studies have indicated that early intervention can help them, but have provided insubstantial evidence. This chapter discusses the key features of a new mathematics intervention in England, Numbers Count, and analyzes the findings of a large-scale impact study of 8000 low-achieving 6- and 7-year-old children. After an average of 43 half-hour, one-to-one lessons in 3 months, their number age test scores had risen by 14 months with an effect size of .85. Their attitudes towards learning mathematics also improved substantially, with an effect size of .7. Children made strong progress irrespective of their background characteristics. It is suggested that the success of the intervention was due to its design, to its teachers’ professional development program, and to rigorous quality assurance. Subsequent changes are discussed.
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Lloyd, Christopher, and Tim Battin. Reinforcements for the Wage-Earners’ Welfare State? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0009.
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The characterization of Australia as a wage-earners’ welfare state (Frank Castles) has encouraged some scholars to argue that the Australian model remained necessarily labourist and incapable of developing in a social democratic direction. This chapter shows that World War I had a far-reaching effect on the scale of Australia’s welfare state, and that World War II profoundly changed both its scale and structure in a more social democratic direction. Australia’s federal system and its written constitution have constrained centralist and socialist initiatives, particularly desired by the Australian Labor Party. When Labor returned to power in October 1941, Australia was in its second world war, and Japan’s aggression was only months away. World War II presented Labor with the constitutional and political scope to change the foundations and reach of the welfare state to the extent no other event is likely to have afforded.
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Rodenhäuser, Tilman. Conceptual Considerations on the Notion of ‘Crimes against Humanity’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821946.003.0010.
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When considering which kinds of armed groups could form the entity behind crimes against humanity, legal debate has turned around the question of whether these groups need to be ‘state-like’ or not. As the law could support different interpretations, this first chapter on crimes against humanity engages with the rich philosophical debate on the crime’s main characteristics. Discussing a variety of philosophical works on this issue, this chapter develops a new approach, arguing that crimes against humanity should be understood as large-scale crimes committed in a context in which victims are deprived of any effective protection. It shows that such situations not only occur if states are involved in the crime, but also if armed groups commit large-scale crimes and the state is either unwilling or unable to halt them.
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Temperley, David. Harmony. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653774.003.0003.
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An exploration of the harmonic language of rock is presented, relying heavily on corpus data. Chords in rock are overwhelmingly root-position major and minor triads. The commonly-used triads are those within the “supermode”—a global scale containing all scale degrees except flat-2 and sharp-4. With regard to harmonic progression, rock shows an almost equal frequency of “classical” harmonic motions (descending fifths and thirds, ascending seconds) and “anti-classical” ones (ascending fifths and thirds, descending seconds). “Flat-side” chords (bVII, bIII, bVI) tend to cluster together, as do “sharp-side” chords (ii, vi, iii), suggesting something like the major/minor organization of common-practice music, though it is much more of a continuum in rock. Other topics addressed include common harmonic patterns, linear and common-tone logic, cadences, tonicization, and pedal points.
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Temperley, David. Melody. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653774.003.0005.
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Like melody in general, rock melody is understood to have a hierarchical “grouping structure,” with sub-phrases combining into phrases and then into larger units. A fundamental issue in rock melody is the alignment of melodic groups with meter; while “beginning-accented” groups are the norm, “end-accented” patterns and more irregular patterns also occur. Patterns of repetition—pitch and rhythmic repetition, as well as rhyme—are also important aspects of rock melody. Rock melody sometimes shows independence from the underlying harmony, a phenomenon known as “melodic-harmonic divorce.” Of particular interest is the use of the 3 and flat-3 scale degrees, which are sometimes used in rock melodies in close proximity; related to this is the issue of “blue notes,” notes which fall between the cracks of conventional chromatic-scale categories.
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Rose, David C. The Cultural Commons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199330720.003.0002.
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This chapter begins with a review of a simple theory of cooperative behavior. Employing familiar arguments from Adam Smith, it explains why large-scale cooperation is the key to producing general prosperity. Large-scale cooperation invites forms of opportunism that our small-group trust genes are ill equipped to combat. Economic development therefore quickly stalls if another basis for large-group trust is not found. Certain kinds of moral beliefs can provide that basis (the precise nature of those beliefs is developed in the next chapter). The distinction between cultural beliefs and cultural practices is discussed and the role that storytelling plays in conveying moral beliefs is analyzed. Culturally transmitted moral beliefs that can sustain large-group trust are shown to constitute a commonly owned asset by members of society. Culture is therefore viewed as a kind of commons that, like commons generally, is subject to problems of abuse and neglect.
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Schadt, Eric E. Network Methods for Elucidating the Complexity of Common Human Diseases. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0002.
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The life sciences are now a significant contributor to the ever expanding digital universe of data, and stand poised to lead in both the generation of big data and the realization of dramatic benefit from it. We can now score variations in DNA across whole genomes; RNA levels and alternative isoforms, metabolite levels, protein levels, and protein state information across the transcriptome, metabolome and proteome; methylation status across the methylome; and construct extensive protein–protein and protein–DNA interaction maps, all in a comprehensive fashion and at the scale of populations of individuals. This chapter describes a number of analytical approaches aimed at inferring causal relationships among variables in very large-scale datasets by leveraging DNA variation as a systematic perturbation source. The causal inference procedures are also demonstrated to enhance the ability to reconstruct truly predictive, probabilistic causal gene networks that reflect the biological processes underlying complex phenotypes like disease.
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Speller, Susannah. A Materials Science Guide to Superconductors. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858344.001.0001.
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Abstract Superconductors are amazing materials that capture the imagination with their seemingly magical properties that make it possible to levitate objects in mid-air and transport electricity for ‘free’. They can generate the vast magnetic fields needed to confine a nuclear fusion reaction ten time hotter than the surface of the sun, or bend the high energy proton beams that whizz around the Large Hadron Collider. Their utterly unique electromagnetic properties are exploited in the most sensitive detectors and are likely to be enabling technology for building practical quantum computers. This book explores the amazing variety of superconducting materials and the rich science behind optimising their performance for different applications. The central theme of materials science is communicated by explaining the importance of controlling everything from the atomic scale chemistry and bonding right up to the macroscopic scale of large machines. Along the way, key concepts are introduced in an accessible way and are linked to broader themes and applications beyond superconductivity in the ‘Wider View’ sections. The stand-alone ‘Under the Lens’ sections also provide a more in-depth and mathematical treatment to satisfy readers who want to challenge themselves.
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Grotlüschen, Anke, and Lisanne Heilmann, eds. Between PIAAC and the New Literacy Studies. What adult education can learn from large-scale assessments without adopting the neo-liberal paradigm. Waxmann Verlag GmbH, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31244/9783830991885.
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With this book we present a selection of articles that critically deal with (internationally comparative) large-scale assessments. We acknowledge that studies such as PIAAC are often designed, financed and implemented on the basis of neo-liberal worldviews. Nevertheless, we would like to use the articles that are presented here to show the various ways in which adult and continuing education can benefit and learn from the knowledge that they generate. In PIAAC, for example, there are huge differences between the surveyed variables and the theoretical frameworks on literacies and literacy practices that the New Literacy Studies (NLS) have brought out. This book features eleven articles, which – with the NLS’s theoretical considerations and points of criticism in mind – find new and alternative evaluations and interpretations of the data. Not only can they show effects of marginalization on a large scale, but the data can also provide information about mechanisms of power in relation to literacy and basic competencies.
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Renton, Alan E., and Alison M. Goate. Genetics of Dementia. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0051.
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The genetic architecture of dementia is polygenic and complex, with risk alleles spanning frequency–effect size space. Despite significant progress, most genes influencing these disorders await discovery. Known risk loci implicate perturbed pathways that coalesce around recurring mechanistic themes, notably the autophagosome-lysosome system, the cytoskeleton, endocytosis, innate immunity, lipid metabolism, mitochondria, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Phenotypic and pathophysiological pleiotropy suggests some conditions form continuous clinicopathogenetic disease spectra blurring classical diagnoses. Future large-scale genome sequencing of global populations will significantly elucidate etiopathogenesis and is likely to reframe nosology. Furthermore integrative prospective cohort studies have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of dementia.
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De Silva, Mary J., Alex Cohen, and Vikram Patel. Evaluation of interventions in the real world. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0016.
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The goal of global mental health trials is to generate knowledge that can be implemented in the much messier ‘real world’. However, the effect of interventions in the real world may be different from, and most likely much smaller than, the effect sizes reported in trials. It is therefore essential that we evaluate their implementation and effect when they are ‘scaled-up’ as real programmes. The evaluation of scaled-up health programmes typically involves the use of multiple methods which are triangulated to address the key questions of the programme leaders or investigators. This chapter aims to describe what outcomes we might be interested in evaluating and the methods we might use to assess these outcomes, and presents selected case studies which demonstrate these methods in action.
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Miller, Richard W. Why Sovereignty Matters Despite Injustice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812852.003.0003.
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This chapter argues for greater reluctance to launch humanitarian military interventions, without appealing to any inherent value in sovereignty or autonomous political community. Instead, it appeals to the likely consequences of such intervention—both within the target country and for international relations. Miller considers four types of candidate for intervention: stable tyrannies, unstable tyrannies, popular secessions, and ongoing large-scale killing and displacement. Only in the last of these should we be disposed to support intervention according to Miller, since the likely consequences that plague the other three types are here less challenging. Stable tyrannies are usually maintained because the regime has engineered a wide base of support among elites. External overthrow thus risks unleashing violent conflict between divided groups. In unstable tyrannies internally-driven regime change is preferable. Finally, in popular secession external intervention can stoke Great Power worries about spheres of influence and inspire military build-up.
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Devos, Erik. Physical Commodities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190656010.003.0007.
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Unlike other financial assets, commodities have a physical component that introduces additional complexities for valuation and hedging. Physical commodities are broadly classified into energy, metals, agricultural, and livestock with each having unique characteristics. Still, commodities of the same type are subject to varying degrees of quality. Commodity investments typically use futures contracts, as opposed to spot transactions. Most futures transactions are closed before expiration and physical delivery is infrequent. The futures price is rarely equal to the spot price, and the intertemporal difference is related to the carrying costs and benefits of possessing the underlying commodity. Carrying costs include transportation, insurance, storage, and opportunity costs, while benefits are reflected in convenience yield and lease rate. Speculators seek to profit from discrepancies between markets over time. Manufacturers and end users are more likely to conduct hedging transactions, while large-scale financial institutions are more likely to conduct speculative positions.
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Ullmann-Margalit, Edna. Normal Rationality. Edited by Avishai Margalit and Cass R. Sunstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802433.001.0001.
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How do people proceed when they cannot act on the basis of reasons, or project likely consequences? How is social order possible? Ullmann-Margalit demonstrates that people have identifiable strategies for making difficult decisions, whether the question is small (what to buy at a supermarket) or big (whether to transform one’s life in some large-scale way). She also shows that social dilemmas are solved by norms; that invisible-hand explanations take two identifiable (and dramatically different) forms; that trust can emerge in seemingly unpromising situations; and that considerateness is the foundation on which our relationships are organized in both the thin context of the public space and the intimate context of the family.
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Stanford, James N. New England English. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190625658.001.0001.
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For nearly 400 years, New England has held an important place in the development of American English, and “New England accents” are very well known in popular imagination. But since the 1930s, no large-scale academic book project has focused specifically on New England English. While other research projects have studied dialect features in various regions of New England, this is the first large-scale scholarly project to focus solely on New England English since the Linguistic Atlas of New England. This book presents new research covering all six New England states, with detailed geographic, phonetic, and statistical analysis of data collected from over 1,600 New Englanders. The book covers the past, present, and future of New England dialect features, analyzing them with dialect maps and statistical modeling in terms of age, gender, social class, ethnicity, and other factors. The book reports on a recent large-scale data collection project that included 367 field interviews, 626 audio-recorded interviews, and 634 online written questionnaires. Using computational methods, the project processed over 200,000 individual vowels in audio recordings to examine changes in New England speech. The researchers also manually examined 30,000 instances of /r/ to investigate “r-dropping” in words like “park” and so on. The book also reviews other recent research in the area. Using acoustic phonetics, computational processing, detailed statistical analyses, dialect maps, and graphical illustrations, the book systematically documents all of the major traditional New England dialect features, other regional features, and their current usage across New England.
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Kumpitsch, Luisa. Life in plastic isn‘t fantastic Macroplastic effects on blue mussel aggregates in the inlet of Kerteminde Fjord, Denmark. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.409.
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Marine litter is a problem that effects a lot of different marine species, from mammals to invertebrates. It can have several destructing effects on marine ecosystems and is occurring on a global scale. The aim of my research in Kerteminde, Denmark, was to understand potential physiological and structural effects of marine plastic debris (= macroplastic) on aggregates of the blue mussel species Mytilus spp. It is common among these animals to build aggregates in intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats. They provide several ecosystem services, like stabilizing the shoreline or providing habitat for other species. Blue mussels are filter-feeders and so contributing to bioremediation, which is a key capacity to remove wastes from marine ecosystems. Considering the ecosystem services mussel aggregates provide, it is crucial to understand any factors that could harm this structure. My focus laid on the effects of rigid and soft macroplastic films, i.e. bottles and bags, as they represent common marine litter worldwide. I found that macroplastic indeed affects the structure of blue mussel aggregates. My project was part of a global study, organized by GEOMAR Kiel, where Master students from six countries conducted the same experiments to compare macroplastic effects on a global scale. I would like to thank the GAME program at GEOMAR Kiel for financing my research as wells as Dr. Mark Lenz for the organization of the project. Moreover, I want to thank the Marine Biological Research Center in Kerteminde for hosting me during my research.
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O'Callaghan, Claire, and Muireann Irish. Candidate Mechanisms of Spontaneous Cognition as Revealed by Dementia Syndromes. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.6.
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The capacity to engage in spontaneous self-generated thought is fundamental to the human experience, yet surprisingly little is known regarding the neurocognitive mechanisms that support this complex ability. Dementia syndromes offer a unique opportunity to study how the breakdown of large-scale functional brain networks impacts spontaneous cognition. Indeed, many of the characteristic cognitive changes in dementia reflect the breakdown of foundational processes essential for discrete aspects of self-generated thought. This chapter discusses how disease-specific alterations in memory-based/construction and mentalizing processes likely disrupt specific aspects of spontaneous, self-generated thought. In doing so, it provides a comprehensive overview of the neurocognitive architecture of spontaneous cognition, paying specific attention to how this sophisticated endeavor is compromised in dementia.
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Sterelny, Kim. The Pleistocene Social Contract. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531389.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
No human now gathers for himself or herself the essential resources for life: food, shelter, clothing and the like. Humans are obligate co-operators, and this has been true for tens of thousands of years; probably much longer. In this regard, humans are very unusual. In the living world more generally, cooperation outside the family is rare. Though it can be very profitable, it is also very risky, as cooperation makes an agent vulnerable to incompetence and cheating. This book presents a new picture of the emergence of cooperation in our lineage, developing through four fairly distinct phases. Our trajectory began from a baseline that was probably fairly similar to living great apes, who cooperate, but in fairly minimal ways. As adults, they rarely depend on others when the outcome really matters. This book suggests that cooperation began to be more important for humans through an initial phase of cooperative foraging generating immediate returns from collective action in small mobile bands. This established in our lineage about 1.8 million years ago, perhaps earlier. Over the rest of the Pleistocene, cooperation became more extended in its social scale, with forms of cooperation between bands gradually establishing, and in spatial and temporal scale too, with various forms of reciprocation becoming important. The final phase was the emergence of cooperation in large scale, hierarchical societies in the Holocene, beginning about 12,000 years ago. This picture is nested in a reading of the archaeological and ethnographic record, and twinned to an account of the gradual elaboration of cultural learning in our lineage, making cooperation both more profitable and more stable.
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Vincent, Barbara. Farming Meat Goats. CSIRO Publishing, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643093058.
Full textAbstract:
Goat meat is growing in popularity and is becoming an important export industry. It offers many opportunities for large- and small-scale farmers who need to diversify or seek alternative enterprises. This book deals specifically with the production of goats for meat and addresses all aspects of the industry that the producer is likely to encounter. It covers selecting and preparing a property, choosing the breeding stock, breeding, health care and nutrition, drought feeding, condition scoring and marketing.
One of the key benefits of Farming Meat Goats is that it will allow farmers to produce animals to specification for targeted markets in Australia and overseas including: butchers; supermarkets; restaurants; on-farm live sales; sales to abattoirs that specialise in Halal kills; and breeding stock either as replacements, or for improved herd genetics.
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Sammons, Benjamin. Device and Composition in the Greek Epic Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614843.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
From a corpus of Greek epics known in antiquity as the “Epic Cycle,” six poems dealt with the same Trojan War mythology as the Homeric poems. Though they are now lost, these poems were much read and much discussed in ancient times, not only for their content but for their mysterious relationship with the more famous works attributed to Homer. This study shows that these lost poems belonged, compositionally, to essentially the same tradition as the Homeric poems. It demonstrates that various compositional devices well-known from the Homeric epics were also fundamental to the narrative construction of these later works. Yet while the “cyclic” poets constructed their works using the same traditional devices as Homer, they used these to different ends and with different results. The essential difference between cyclic and Homeric epics lies not in the fundamental building blocks from which they are constructed, but in the scale of these components relative to the overall construction of poems. This sheds important light on the early history of epic as a genre, since it is likely that these devices originally developed to provide large-scale structure to shorter poems and have been put to quite different use in the composition of the monumental Homeric epics. This study includes many new suggestions about the overall form of lost cyclic epics and about the meaning and context of the few surviving verse fragments.
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Newman, Mark. Random graphs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0011.
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An introduction to the mathematics of the Poisson random graph, the simplest model of a random network. The chapter starts with a definition of the model, followed by derivations of basic properties like the mean degree, degree distribution, and clustering coefficient. This is followed with a detailed derivation of the large-scale structural properties of random graphs, including the position of the phase transition at which a giant component appears, the size of the giant component, the average size of the small components, and the expected diameter of the network. The chapter ends with a discussion of some of the shortcomings of the random graph model.
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Keating, Christine (Cricket). Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037726.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
This concluding chapter explores the interplay between state homophobia and discourses and policies geared toward the protection of sexual minorities—which can be referred to as “homoprotectionism.” Like state homophobia, state homoprotectionism can also be instrumental and purposive, serving to legitimate political authority both on a national and on a transnational scale. Although seemingly opposed, the chapter suggests that these two approaches are closely linked and that political authorities rely on a complex interplay of both approaches in order to mobilize consent, or at least to minimize dissent. It also examines the ways in which activists might maneuver the interplay between state homophobia and state homoprotectionism in struggles for sexual justice.
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Gallop, J., and L. Hao. Superconducting Nanodevices. Edited by A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.17.
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This article reviews recent progress in superconducting nanodevices, with particular emphasis on fabrication methods developed for superconducting nanowires and nanoscale Josephson junctions based on different barrier materials. It evaluates the future potential of superconducting nanodevices, including nano-superconducting quantum interference devices (nanoSQUIDs), in light of improvements in nanoscale fabrication and manipulation techniques, along with their likely impacts on future quantum technology and measurement. The article first considers efforts to realize devices at the physical scale of 100 nm and below before discussing different types of Josephson junction such as trilayer junctions. It also describes the use of focused ion beam milling and electron beam lithography techniques for junction fabrication at the nanoscale and the improved energy sensitivity detectable with a nanoSQUID. Finally, it looks at a range of applications for nanoSQUIDs, superconducting single photon detectors, and other superconducting nanodevices.
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Anderson, Michael, and Corinne Roughley. Explaining Fertility Changes since the 1930s. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805830.003.0015.
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The post-Second World War period saw major fluctuations in fertility in both Scotland and England and Wales, but the oscillations decreasingly moved in tandem, though, as elsewhere in western Europe, the general tendency of family sizes was downward from the 1980s. This was accompanied by major changes in the ages at which women were most likely to bear a child and, in Scotland, significant alterations in the spatial distribution of the highest and lowest fertility areas. Many possible explanations have been offered for these changes and some specifically Scottish features which may have affected the scale and timing of changes north of the border are briefly reviewed, including access to efficient contraception; immigration and religion; council housing and house purchase patterns; living standards, expectations and insecurity; women’s education, employment and household division of labour; and wider value changes.
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Deudney, Daniel. Dark Skies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190903343.001.0001.
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Dark Skies is the first work to assess the full impacts of space expansion, past, present, and future. Thinking about space, and the visions fervently promoted by the global space movement, is dominated by geographic misperceptions and utopian illusions. The parts of space where almost all activity has occurred are part of the planet Earth, its astrosphere, and, in practical terms, are smaller than the atmosphere. Contrary to frontier visions, orbital space is already congested and degraded with dangerous space debris. The largest impact of actual space activities is an increased likelihood of catastrophic nuclear war stemming from the use of orbital space and space technology to lob nuclear weapons at intercontinental distances. Building large-scale orbital infrastructures will probably require or produce world government. The ultimate goal of space advocates, the colonization of Mars and asteroids, is promoted to guarantee the survival of humanity if major catastrophes strike Earth. But the spread of humanity into a multiplanet species will likely produce an interstate anarchy highly prone to total war, with Earth having many disadvantages. Altering the orbits of asteroids, a readily achievable technology vital for space colonization, also makes possible “planetoid bombs” with destructive potentials millions of times greater than all nuclear weapons. The biological diversification of humanity into multiple species, anticipated by space advocates, will further stoke interworld wars. Astrocide—the extinction of humanity resulting from significant space expansion—must join the lengthening list of potential threats to human survival. Large-scale space expansion should be relinquished in favor of an Earth-oriented space program of arms control and planetary security.
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Gray, Barbara, and Jill Purdy. Collaborating for Our Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782841.001.0001.
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Organizations turn to multistakeholder partnerships (MSPs) to meet challenges they cannot handle alone. By tapping diverse stakeholders’ resources, MSPs develop the capability to address complex issues and problems, such as health care delivery, poverty, human rights, watershed management, education, sustainability, and innovation. This book provides a comprehensive understanding of MSPs, why they are needed, the challenges partners face in working together, and how to design them effectively. Through the process of collaboration partners combine their differing strengths, vantage points, and expertise to craft innovative responses to pressing societal concerns. The book offers valuable advice for leaders about how to design and scale up effective partnerships and how to address potential obstacles partners may face, such as dealing with the conflicts and power issues likely to arise as partners negotiate with each other. Drawing on three comprehensive cases and countless shorter examples from around the world, the book offers practical advice for organizations embarking on an MSP, as well as theoretical understanding of how partnerships function. Using an institutional theory lens, it explains how partnerships can effect change in institutional fields by reducing turbulence and negotiating a common set of norms and routines to govern partners’ future interactions within the field of concern. Topics covered include: the nature of working collaboratively, why partnerships are needed, types of partnerships, guidelines for partnership design, partnerships and field dynamics, how to deal with conflicts among partners, negotiating across power differences, partnerships for sustainability, collaborative governance, working across scale differences, and how partnerships transform fields.
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Epstein, Ben. The Technological Imperative. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 is the second chapter dedicated to the technological imperative stage of the political communication cycle (PCC). It focuses on the technological component of political communication revolutions (PCRs) and addresses how the cost, rate of diffusion, and perceived benefits of each new information and communication technology (ICT) affects its political utility. In other words, chapter 3 evaluates how new ICTs become politically viable. A politically viable ICT does not enter American politics without active choices made on the part of political actors who try to use these new tools in innovative ways. All widely diffused ICTs do not share wide-scale political utility. As a result, some ICTs—like mass-marketed newspapers, radio, television, and the internet—have had a major impact on communication practices broadly and political communication innovations specifically, while others like the telephone and telegraph have transformed social communication but not political communication.
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Marko, Peter B., and Michael W. Hart, eds. Genetic Analysis of Larval Dispersal, Gene Flow, and Connectivity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Does the dispersal of planktonic larvae promote strong connections between marine populations? Here we describe some of the most commonly used population- and individual-based genetic methods that have enhanced our understanding of larval dispersal and marine connectivity. Both approaches have strengths and weaknesses. Choosing between them depends on whether researchers want to know about average effective rates of connectivity over long timescales (over hundreds to thousands of generations) or recent patterns of connectivity on shorter timescales (one to two generations). The use of both approaches has improved our understanding of larval dispersal distances, the relationship between realized dispersal (from genetics) and dispersal potential (from planktonic larval duration), and the crucial distinction between genetic and demographic connectivity. Although rarely used together, combining population- and individual-based inferences from genetic data will likely further enrich our understanding of the scope and scale of larval dispersal in marine systems.
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Cook, David. Martyrdom in Islam. Edited by Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0012.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter addresses the use of the mangonel, a rock or explosive lobbing device used in medieval times to bombard the walls of a city or to terrorize the inhabitants, first exploring the religious justifications that support martyrdom operations and then the strategy behind them. The use of the mangonel permits large-scale terror attacks that can possibly kill civilians. Martyrdom operations can be accomplished by anyone but there are certain categories of Muslims that are more likely to carry them out. The Palestinian martyrdom attacks had depended upon quick penetration of Israel. While the terror produced by the suicide attacks has temporarily drove foreigners away, there has been no groundswell of support among the Indonesian Muslim population for the goals of the radical Muslims. Muslim martyrology is an expression of popular sentiments, and together combines a wide range of Islamic, nationalistic, Sufi mystic, and sometimes even magical traditions.