Journal articles: 'Lignocellulosic composite'

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El-Meligy, Magda G., Waleed K. El-Zawawy, and Maha M. Ibrahim. "Lignocellulosic composite." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 15, no. 12 (December 2004): 738–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.536.

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Teangtam, Sarocha, Wissanee Yingprasert, and Phichit Somboon. "Production of micro-lignocellulosic fibril rubber composites and their application in coated layers of building materials." BioResources 19, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 620–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.620-634.

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Novel composite materials were made by combining micro-lignocellulosic fibrils and natural rubber applied as spray coated layers for building materials. The micro-lignocellulosic fibrils were produced based on the mechanical pulping process with jute bast as the raw material. The obtained micro-lignocellulosic fibrils had a good content of water-suspended materials with fibril widths of about 0.1 to 1.0 µm and fibril length of about 100 to 150 µm. The composites were produced using natural rubber mixed with the micro-lignocellulosic fibrils at 0, 5, and 10 parts per hundred of rubber, vulcanizing sulfur, and activated zinc oxide. The fibril-rubber suspension was formed in the composite sheets with a thickness of 0.5 to 1.5 mm using a spray coating technique and was oven-dried at 100 °C. The rubber composite had a homogenous fibril distribution in the rubber composite matrix, with good bonding between the fibrils and the rubber polymers. The fibrils contributed to the strength reinforcement of the rubber composite layers. The application of the micro-lignocellulosic fibril rubber composites coated onto industrial fiber cement boards enhanced the thermal insulation properties, which had a lower degree of thermal conductivity and heat diffusivity and enhanced the toughness and waterproofing of the fiber cement boards.

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Zhang, Kehong, Hui Xiao, Yuhang Su, Yanrong Wu, Ying Cui, and Ming Li. "Mechanical and physical properties of regenerated biomass composite films from lignocellulosic materials in ionic liquid." BioResources 14, no. 2 (February 8, 2019): 2584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.2584-2595.

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As an important sustainable source of biomass, lignocellulosic materials are highly recalcitrant to biotransformation, which limits their use and prevents economically viable conversion into value-added products. Ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as attractive solvents for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment in the production of biochemical feedstocks. In this work, a mixture of wood powder and waste paper was dissolved in the ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl). Composite films were made from the regenerated lignocellulosic materials in [AMIM]Cl by adjusting the ratio of the raw materials. The physical and mechanical properties of biomass composite films were determined by optical microscopy (OM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and tensile strength tests. The results indicated that lignocellulosic materials were dissolved in [AMIM]Cl by destroying inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds between lignocelluloses. With increasing waste paper cellulose content, the dissolution of the fir powder in [AMIM]Cl was accelerated, and the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite films increased. The rate of dissolution initially rose rapidly with increasing content of waste paper cellulose content, but the rate leveled off when the content was above 40%. This research highlights new opportunities for biodegradable composite films made from waste biomass.

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Mansour, Olfat Y., Samir Kamel, and Mona A. Nassar. "Lignocellulosic polymer composite IV." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 69, no. 5 (August 1, 1998): 845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980801)69:5<845::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-m.

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Monteiro, Sergio Neves, Frederico Muylaert Margem, Noan Tonini Simonassi, Rômulo Leite Loiola, and Michel Picanço Oliveira. "Tensile Test of High Strength Thinner Curaua Fiber Reinforced Polyester Matrix Composite." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.361.

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In recent years natural fibers, especially those lignocellulosic extracted from plants, have gained attention owing to their engineering performance as polymer composite reinforcement. It was found that some of these lignocellulosic fibers, such as the curaua, ramie and sisal may reach tensile strength above 1000 MPa in association with very thin diameters. Therefore. the objective of the present work was to fabricate polyester matrix composites with the highest tensile strength possible, by reinforcing with the thinnest continuous and aligned curaua fibers. Tensile tests results of composites reinforced with 30% volume of these thinnest curaua fibers showed a tensile strength of 135 MPa, which corresponds to one of the highest strength attained for lignocellulosic fiber composites.

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Gurupranes, S. V., I. Rajendran, S. Gokulkumar, M. Aravindh, S. Sathish, and Md Elias Uddin. "Preparation, Characteristics, and Application of Biopolymer Materials Reinforced with Lignocellulosic Fibres." International Journal of Polymer Science 2023 (April 5, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1738967.

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Various environmental concerns motivate scientists and researchers to look out for unique new materials in science and technology. In order to address the demand for polymeric materials with partial biodegradability, the usage of lignocellulosic fibre in the polymer matrix has risen. Lignocellulosic fibres are a cheap, easily renewable resource that is readily available in all regions. Cellulosic plant fibres also have a plethora of possibilities for use in polymer reinforcement because of their properties. Many researchers put their effort into developing a natural polymer with better mechanical properties and thermal stability using nanotechnology and the use of natural polymers to make its composites with lignocellulosic fibres. This study provides a review of the biodegradable composite market, processing methods, matrix-reinforcement phases, morphology, and characteristic improvements. In addition, it provides a concise summary of the findings of significant research on natural fibre polymer composites (NFRCs) that have been published. Indeed, a noticeably brief discussion is provided on the significant issues faced during composite extraction as well as the challenges encountered during the machining. Recent developments in the study of lignocellulosic fibre composites or NFRCs have demonstrated their enormous potential as structural elements in vehicles, aerospace structures, buildings, ballistics, soundproofing, and other structures.

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Scarpini Cândido, Verônica, Michel Picanço Oliveira, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Dynamic-Mechanical Performance of Sponge Gourd Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.203.

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The engineering applications of natural materials to replace synthetic ones has marked increased in past decades owing to environmental, societal and economical issues. Among these natural materials, the lignocellulosic fibers obtained from plants are successfully being used as polymer composites reinforcement is substitution of the traditional glass fiber. One relatively unknown lignocellulosic fiber with potential for composite reinforcement is that extracted from the sponge gourd. In the present work, the dynamic-mechanical performance of unsaturated orthophtalic polyester matrix composites was evaluated for different volume fractions of continuous and aligned sponge gourd fiber reinforcement. The results revealed that an increasing incorporation of sponge gourd fiber improved the composite viscoelastic stiffness, while decreasing its glass transition temperature.

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Rocha, Jairo da Silva, Viviane A. Escócio, Leila LY Visconte, and Élen BAV Pacheco. "Thermal and flammability properties of polyethylene composites with fibers to replace natural wood." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 40, no. 19-20 (March 27, 2021): 726–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07316844211002895.

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Composites of high-density polyethylene and lignocellulosic fiber residues from banana, papaya, and peach palm trees, in addition to sponge gourd and coconut fiber, were investigated to identify the least flammable composite as a potential substitute for natural pine wood. The high-density polyethylene/lignocellulosic fiber composites were prepared in a twin-screw extruder, injection molded to obtain specimens, and characterized in terms of thermogravimetry, flammability using the UL-94 burning test and limiting oxygen index, impact resistance and heat deflection temperature. The high-density polyethylene/sponge gourd fiber composite showed the best impact resistance and was selected for further tests, with the addition of 10wt% magnesium hydroxide and (or) rice husk ash as flame retardants. The use of both retardants provided greater thermal stability to the composite. The addition of magnesium hydroxide to the high-density polyethylene/sponge gourd fiber composite improved the flammability properties of horizontal burning and thermal stability and is a potential candidate to replace natural wood.

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Takatani, M., H. Ito, S. Ohsugi, T. Kitayama, M. Saegusa, S. Kawai, and T. Okamoto. "Effect of Lignocellulosic Materials on the Properties of Thermoplastic Polymer/Wood Composites." Holzforschung 54, no. 2 (February 29, 2000): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2000.033.

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Summary The effect of lignocellulosic materials on the board performance of thermoplastic polymer/wood composites was examined by using soft wood flours of 20 mesh- and 120 mesh-pass, steam-exploded beech flour, and two kinds of thermoplastic polymers, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene. Steam-exploded wood flour was found to be one of the best lignocellulosic materials in terms of fracture strength and water resistance of the composite board. The properties of the composites are dependent not only on the lignocellulosic materials and polymers, but also on the average size of wood flour. Generally, a flour of 120 mesh pass gave composites of better performance than that of 20 mesh pass, but the tendency was reversed when steam-exploded beech flour was used.

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Lilargem Rocha, Diego, Luís Urbano Durlo Tambara Júnior, Markssuel Teixeira Marvila, Elaine Cristina Pereira, Djalma Souza, and Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo. "A Review of the Use of Natural Fibers in Cement Composites: Concepts, Applications and Brazilian History." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102043.

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The use of natural lignocellulosic fibers has become popular all over the world, as they are abundant, low-cost materials that favor a series of technological properties when used in cementitious composites. Due to its climate and geographic characteristics, Brazil has an abundant variety of natural fibers that have great potential for use in civil construction. The objective of this work is to present the main concepts about lignocellulosic fibers in cementitious composites, highlighting the innovation and advances in this topic in relation to countries such as Brazil, which has a worldwide prominence in the production of natural fibers. For this, some common characteristics of lignocellulosic fibers will be observed, such as their source, their proportion of natural polymers (biological structure of the fiber), their density and other mechanical characteristics. This information is compared with the mechanical characteristics of synthetic fibers to analyze the performance of composites reinforced with both types of fibers. Despite being inferior in tensile and flexural strength, composites made from vegetable fibers have an advantage in relation to their low density. The interface between the fiber and the composite matrix is what will define the final characteristics of the composite material. Due to this, different fibers (reinforcement materials) were analyzed in the literature in order to observe their characteristics in cementitious composites. Finally, the different surface treatments through which the fibers undergo will determine the fiber–matrix interface and the final characteristics of the cementitious composite.

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Sarwin Kumar Muniandy, S.M. Sapuan, R.A. Ilyas, Shah Faisal, and A. Azmi. "Sugar Palm Lignocellulosic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite: a Review." Journal of Fibers and Polymer Composites 1, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.55043/jfpc.v1i1.36.

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Abstract. The increasing depletion of petroleum resources, as well as increased awareness of global environmental problems linked with the usage of petroleum-based plastics, are the key driving factors for the widespread acceptance of natural fibres and biopolymers composites. Sugar palm fibre (Arenga pinnata Wurmb. Merr) is one of Malaysia's most abundant and renewable fibres. The purpose of this paper is to explore the development of a sugar palm lignocellulosic fibre reinforced polymer composite. SPF is mostly composed of cellulose (43.88 %), which results in good mechanical properties. According to the review of literature, no comprehensive review article on sugar palm lignocellulosic fibre reinforced polymer composite has been published. The current investigation is focused on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological aspects of SPFs and polymers. The research also demonstrates the potential of SPF polymer hybrid composites for industrial applications such as automotive, household goods, packaging, bioenergy, and others.

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Monteiro, Sergio Neves, Frederico Muylaert Margem, Jean Igor Margem, Lucas Barbosa de Souza Martins, Caroline Gonçalves Oliveira, and Michel Picanço Oliveira. "Infra-Red Spectroscopy Analysis of Malva Fibers." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.255.

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The growing interest for natural materials as an environmentally friendly alternative for the substitution of energy intensive and non-sustainable synthetic materials, has motivated the use of lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement of polymer composites. The malva fiber, a relatively unknown lignocellulosic fiber with potential for composite reinforcement, still needs to be characterized for possible engineer applications. Therefore, the present work analyzed the malva fiber by means of Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The malva fiber FTIR spectrum revealed main absorption bands typical of any lignocellulosic fiber. However, some specific bands as well as bands broadening and intensity suggested particular activities for functional molecular groups in the malva fiber.

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Hasan, K. M. Faridul, Péter György Horváth, and Tibor Alpár. "Development of lignocellulosic fiber reinforced cement composite panels using semi-dry technology." Cellulose 28, no. 6 (February 22, 2021): 3631–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03755-4.

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AbstractThere is a growing interest in developing cement bonded lignocellulosic fiber (LF) composites with enhanced mechanical performances. This study assessed the possibility of developing composite panels with 12 mm thickness and around 1200 kg/m3 nominal densities from ordinary Portland cements (OPC) and mixed LFs from seven different woody plants found in Hungary. Once the mixed LFs were sieved and found fine (0–0.6 mm) and medium (0.6–0.8 mm) length fibers. The optimum ratio for LF, OPC, water glass (Na2SiO3), and cement stone was found to be 1:3.5:0.7:0.07. The semi-dry process, which is a comparatively cheaper and less labor intensive technology, was used for producing the composites. After 28 days of curing, the composite panels were characterized for mechanical, physical, thermal, and morphological properties. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test was conducted to observe the fiber orientation in the matrix before and after the bending test, which showed the clear presence of the fibers in the composites. The FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) was conducted to investigate the presence of chemical compounds of LF in the composite panels. Different physical (water absorption and thickness swelling) characteristics of the composite panels were investigated. Furthermore, mechanical properties (flexural properties and internal bonding strength) of the composite panels were also found to be satisfactory. The flexural modulus and internal bonding strengths of composite panel 2 is higher than other three boards, although the flexural strength is a little lower than composite panel 1. The thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermogravimetry also indicated better thermal stability of composite panels which could be used as potential insulation panel for buildings. Graphic abstract

14

Winandy, Jerrold E. "Advanced Wood- and Bio-Composites: Enhanced Performance and Sustainability." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.9.

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Use of wood-based-composites technology to create value-added commodities and traditional construction materials is generally accepted worldwide. Engineered wood- and lignocellulosiccomposite technologies allow users to add considerable value to a diverse number of wood- and lignocellulosic feedstocks including small-diameter timber, fast plantation-grown timber, agricultural fibre and lignocellulosic residues, exotic-invasive species, recycled lumber, and timber removals of hazardous forest-fuels. Another potential advantage of this type of economic- and materials-development scenario is that developing industrial composite processing technologies will provide producers an ability to use, and to adapt with, an ever-changing quality level of wood and/or other natural lignocellulosic feedstocks. However, the current level of performance of our state-of-the-art engineered composite products sometimes limit broader application into commercial, non-residential and industrial construction markets because of both real and perceived issues related to fire, structural-performance, and service-life. The worldwide research community has recognized this and is currently addressing each of these issues. From a performance standpoint, this developing knowledge has already and will continue to provide the fundamental understanding required to manufacture advanced engineered composites. From a manufacturing and a resource sustainability standpoint, with this evolving fundamental understanding of the relationships between materials, processes, and composite performance properties we now can in some cases, or may soon be able to, recognize the attributes and quality of an array of bio-based materials then adjust the composite manufacturing process to produce high-performance composite products. As this fundamental understanding is developed, we will increasingly be able to produce advanced, high-performance wood- and bio-composites. Then we must use those technologies as tools to help forest and land managers fund efforts to restore damaged eco-systems and which in turn may further promote sustainable forest management practices.

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Kozlowski, R., B. Mieleniak, M. Helwig, and A. Przepiera. "Flame resistant lignocellulosic-mineral composite particleboards." Polymer Degradation and Stability 64, no. 3 (June 1999): 523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(98)00145-1.

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Mahmud, Siti Zalifah. "Physico-Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Composite Reinforced with Kelempayan, Oil Palm Trunk and Bamboo as Fillers." Scientific Research Journal 19, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v19i1.13684.

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Thermoplastic composite panel can be used for a variety of applications. The wide distribution, renewability and recyclability of lignocelluloses can expand the market for low-cost thermoplastic composites. Lignocellulosic materials from fast growing and plantation species such as lesser-known timber, bamboo and palm tree are promising materials for particulate filler for the production of thermoplastic composite panel due to its accessibility, great substrate behaviour and high yield resources. This study was to determine the physico-mechanical properties of thermoplastic composite panel reinforced with particulate fillers from kelempayan (Neolamarckia cadamba), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and betong bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper). This study focused on the effect of particle size and three percent additive to dimensional stability and strength properties of a panel. The polypropylene plastic has been blended with the particulate fillers in a dispersion mixture at the temperature of 180 °C. Then, it was hot pressed for five to nine minutes and the mold was cold pressed for three minutes before the panel was conditioned for testing performance. Statistical analysis has proven that different particle sizes and the supplementary of three percent additive significantly influenced the physico-mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composite panel.

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Alias, Aisyah Humaira, Mohd Nurazzi Norizan, Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin, Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Ahmad Rushdan Ilyas, Anton M. Kuzmin, et al. "Hybridization of MMT/Lignocellulosic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites for Structural Applications: A Review." Coatings 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111355.

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In the recent past, significant research effort has been dedicated to examining the usage of nanomaterials hybridized with lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement in the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites. The introduction of nanoparticles like montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay was found to increase the strength, modulus of elasticity and stiffness of composites and provide thermal stability. The resulting composite materials has figured prominently in research and development efforts devoted to nanocomposites and are often used as strengthening agents, especially for structural applications. The distinct properties of MMT, namely its hydrophilicity, as well as high strength, high aspect ratio and high modulus, aids in the dispersion of this inorganic crystalline layer in water-soluble polymers. The ability of MMT nanoclay to intercalate into the interlayer space of monomers and polymers is used, followed by the exfoliation of filler particles into monolayers of nanoscale particles. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of the features of the structure, chemical composition, and properties of MMT nanoclay and lignocellulosic fibers. Some of the techniques used for obtaining polymer nanocomposites based on lignocellulosic fibers and MMT nanoclay are described: (i) conventional, (ii) intercalation, (iii) melt intercalation, and (iv) in situ polymerization methods. This review also comprehensively discusses the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardancy properties of MMT-based polymer nanocomposites. The valuable properties of MMT nanoclay and lignocellulose fibers allow us to expand the possibilities of using polymer nanocomposites in various advanced industrial applications.

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Hernández-Díaz, David, Ricardo Villar-Ribera, Francesc X. Espinach, Fernando Julián, Vicente Hernández-Abad, and Marc Delgado-Aguilar. "Impact Properties and Water Uptake Behavior of Old Newspaper Recycled Fibers-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." Materials 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2020): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051079.

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Natural fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites can be an alternative to mineral fiber-based composites, especially when economic and environment concerns are included under the material selection criteria. In recent years, the literature has shown how lignocellulosic fiber-reinforced composites can be used for a variety of applications. Nonetheless, the impact strength and the water uptake behavior of such materials have been seen as drawbacks. In this work, the impact strength and the water uptake of composites made of polypropylene reinforced with fibers from recycled newspaper have been researched. The results show how the impact strength decreases with the percentage of reinforcement in a similar manner to that of glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites as a result of adding a fragile phase to the material. It was found that the water uptake increased with the increasing percentages of lignocellulosic fibers due to the hydrophilic nature of such reinforcements. The diffusion behavior was found to be Fickian. A maleic anhydride was added as a coupling agent in order to increase the strength of the interface between the matrix and the reinforcements. It was found that the presence of such a coupling agent increased the impact strength of the composites and decreased the water uptake. Impact strengths of 21.3 kJ/m3 were obtained for a coupled composite with 30 wt % reinforcement contents, which is a value higher than that obtained for glass fiber-based materials. The obtained composites reinforced with recycled fibers showed competitive impact strength and water uptake behaviors in comparison with materials reinforced with raw lignocellulosic fibers. The article increases the knowledge on newspaper fiber-reinforced polyolefin composite properties, showing the competitiveness of waste-based materials.

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Pei, Pei, Yelin Sun, Rui Zou, Xinyao Wang, Jinyan Liu, Lulu Liu, Xiaoyu Deng, Xuehua Li, Menghui Yu, and Shizhong Li. "Comparing four kinds of lignocellulosic biomass for the performance of fiber/PHB/PBS bio-composites." BioResources 18, no. 4 (August 25, 2023): 7154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.4.7154-7171.

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A new class of bio-composites was developed by utilizing four kinds of lignocellulosic biomass fiber (bagasse, bamboo, rice husk, and rice straw) as filling fibers. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) in a mixture ratio of 7:3 were used as matrix materials with hot-press molding. The performance of the resulting composites was evaluated by compositional analyses, mechanical analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and morphological analysis. The interfacial adhesion, thermal stability, and comprehensive mechanical properties of the alkali treated bamboo/PHB/PBS composite were highest among the four bio-composites. The bending strength, tensile strength, and impact strength for alkali treated bamboo/PHB/PBS composite was 19.82 MPa, 12.97 MPa, and 4.30 kJ/m2, respectively. The thermal stability for NaOH modified bamboo/PHB/PBS composite was slightly superior to the other three composites, with the initial pyrolysis temperature of 248 °C, moderate pyrolysis speed, and the amount of pyrolysis residue (5.81%). The results showed the suitability of biomass fiber and biodegradable polymer for producing environmentally friendly composite materials.

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Hubbe, Martin A., and Lucian A. Lucia. "The 'love-hate' relationship present in lignocellulosic materials." BioResources 2, no. 4 (2007): 534–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.4.534-535.

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The three main types of chemical components in wood are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These three components have rather different physical and chemical characteristics. In some respects, the three types of materials can be described as “incompatible.” However, most of the biomass existing on the planet depends on their successful interactions. It can be useful to think of wood as being a natural composite structure. Concepts related to composites also are useful as we envision possible new and improved uses of wood-derived materials.

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Sarul, Taner I., Anil Akdogan, and Ahmet Koyun. "Alternative Production Methods for Lignocellulosic Composite Materials." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 23, no. 3 (September 15, 2009): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705709345954.

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Singhaa, Amar Singh, and Vijay Kumar Thakur. "Fabrication and study of lignocellulosic Hibiscus sabdariffa fiber reinforced polymer composites." BioResources 3, no. 4 (September 24, 2008): 1173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.3.4.1173-1186.

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Fabrication of polymer composites reinforced with lignocellulosic materials has increased considerably during the last few years. This work reports the synthesis of natural fiber reinforced phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin matrix based polymer composite using a compression molding technique. Initially the PF resin was prepared by varying the concentration of formaldehyde with a fixed weight of phenol. Polymeric resin of different P: F ratios were subjected for optimization of their mechanical properties. The sample ratio of 1:1.5 (P: F) was found to possess maximum mechanical strength. Then reinforcing of this optimized resin was done by taking different ratios of Hibiscus Sabdariffa (HS) fiber in short form (3mm) to prepare green polymer composites. Polymer composite materials thus prepared were subjected to evaluation of their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, and wear resistance, etc. Optimum mechanical properties were obtained with a fibre loading of 30%.Thermal (TGA/DTA/DTG) and morphological studies (SEM) of the polymeric resin, and composites thus synthesized have also been studied. The results obtained suggest that thesefiberscan be a superior candidate for the reinforcement of high performance polymer composites.

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Marzouk, Wiem, Fedia Bettaieb, Ramzi Khiari, and Hatem Majdoub. "Composite materials based on low-density polyethylene loaded with date pits." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 9 (November 26, 2015): 1200–1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715618742.

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This work is devoted to investigate the available agricultural Tunisian waste: the date pits as reinforcing filler for thermoplastic matrix. The chemical composition of this reinforcing filler is found to be comparable to nonwood plants: its content comprises of 13% of extractibles, 22% of lignin, and 61% of holocellulose. Then, the lignocellulosic filler was used to prepare different composites films using Brabender mixing device. A series of composite film was established by different loadings of the date pits waste with 10–50% of the filler in 10% as an interval. The ensuing composites materials were then characterized by several techniques such as the morphology of the composites, which was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The thermal properties of prepared materials were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, the mechanical and water absorption properties were involved. The obtained results indicated that date pits–based particles enhanced the thermomechanical properties of the thermoplastic matrix and demonstrated that this available lignocellulosic biomass can be considered to be a promising filler material.

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Kieling, Antonio Claudio, José Costa de Macedo Neto, Gilberto Garcia del Pino, Ricardo da Silva Barboza, Francisco Rolando Valenzuela Diáz, José Luis Valin Rivera, Meylí Valin Fernández, Cristobal Galleguillos Ketterer, Alvaro González Ortega, and Roberto Iquilio Abarzúa. "Development of an Epoxy Matrix Hybrid Composite with Astrocaryum Aculeatum (Tucumã) Endocarp and Kaolin from the Amazonas State in Brazil." Polymers 15, no. 11 (May 31, 2023): 2532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112532.

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Composites with natural lignocellulosic fillers are being cited as a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional materials, as they combine lower costs with lower weight. In many tropical countries, such as Brazil, there is a considerable amount of lignocellulosic waste that is improperly discarded, which causes pollution of the environment. The Amazon region has huge deposits of clay silicate materials in the Negro River basin, such as kaolin, which can be used as fillers in polymeric composite materials. This work investigates a new composite material (ETK) made of epoxy resin (ER), powdered tucumã endocarp (PTE), and kaolin (K), without coupling agents, with the aim of producing a composite with lower environmental impact. The ETK samples, totaling 25 different compositions, were prepared by cold molding. Characterizations of the samples were performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). In addition, the mechanical properties were determined via tensile, compressive, three-point flexural and impact tests. The FTIR and SEM results showed an interaction between ER, PTE, and K, and the incorporation of PTE and K reduced the mechanical properties of the ETK samples. Nonetheless, these composites can be considered potential materials to be used for sustainable engineering applications in which high mechanical strength is not a main requirement of the material.

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Vitolina, Sanita, Galia Shulga, Brigita Neiberte, Skaidrite Reihmane, and Elina Zhilinska. "NEW ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY DUST SUPPRESSANT BASED ON LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS FROM WOOD PROCESSING WASTEWATER." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 15, 2017): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol3.2542.

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In this work, the possibility of usage of lignocellulosic biomass derived from wood processing wastewater as an environmentally friendly dust suppressant was studied. To increase the efficiency of the recovery of lignocellulosic biomass, a new developed composite coagulant, representing a polymer-colloid complex of polyethyleneimine with polyvalent metal ions, was applied. The effectiveness of the composite coagulant was examined using a model solution simulating the wastewater of hydrothermal treatment of birch wood. The optimum content of PEI in the composite coagulant was found to be 25-35%. At the optimal composite coagulant dosage and pH value, the yield of the total wood biomass achieved 97%, but the extraction of lignin and lignin-like substances was more than 65%. Due to the polymeric and polyfunctional nature, the recovered wood biomass had glue properties. Taking into account the fact that the dust at the surface of unpaved roads poses considerable environmental problems, the biomass was tested as a structuring agent for sandy and model sandy-clay soils. The obtained results have shown that the separated lignocellulosic biomass was capable of forming large sandy aggregates that were able to decrease the dusty soil blowing off from the unpaved road surface.

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d'Almeida, José R. M., and Anderson L. L. da Silva. "Creep Behavior of Lignocellulosic-Fiber/Polypropylene Matrix Composites." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.295.

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Lignocellulosic residues obtained after the sustainable harvesting of heart of palm from pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) palms were managed to produce chopped fibers. These fibers can be used to manufacture agglomerated panels and also as reinforcement in polymer-matrix composites. Polypropylene (PP) is a convenient polymer to be loaded with these residues due to its large applications, including under-the-bonnet applications by the automotive industry. PP-pejibaye composites with 10wt% of fiber mass fraction were manufactured and their creep behavior was studied. The experimental results were suitably described analyzing the variation of the creep modulus fitting the experimental data points to the three-element model where the Kelvin-Voigt element is attached to an independent spring. The results obtained show that the incorporation of the chopped pejibaye fibers to not affect the creep performance of the composite. This behavior is very promising, since untreated fibers were used, meaning that the use of expensive and many times environmentally detrimental fiber surface chemical treatments can be avoided.

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Ferraz, Patrícia Ferreira Ponciano, Rafael Farinassi Mendes, Diego Bedin Marin, Juliana Lobo Paes, Daiane Cecchin, and Matteo Barbari. "Agricultural Residues of Lignocellulosic Materials in Cement Composites." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 8019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228019.

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Lignocellulosic material residues in cement composites are a favourable option for new fibre cement formulations in building materials, because they combine good mechanical properties with low density. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical, physical, anatomical, and mechanical properties of five cement panels reinforced with the following lignocellulosic materials: eucalyptus, sugarcane bagasse, coconut shell, coffee husk, and banana pseudostem. Lignocellulosic cement panels were produced with each lignocellulosic material residue, and three replicates of each type of lignocellulosic material were examined (15 panels in total). The lignin, extractives, ash, and holocellulose were examined. After 28 days of composite curing, the following physical properties of the panels were evaluated: density, porosity, water absorption after immersion for 2 and 24 h, and thickness swelling after immersion for 2 and 24 h. Mechanical tests (compression strength, internal bonding, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity) were performed before and after the accelerated ageing test with a universal testing machine. Scanning electron microscopy and supervised image classification were performed to investigate the morphologies of the different materials and the filler/matrix interfaces. Eucalyptus and sugarcane panels had the best results in terms of the evaluated properties and thus, could potentially be used as non-structural walls. However, banana pseudostem, coconut shell, and coffee husk panels had the worst results and therefore, under these conditions, should not be used in building.

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Ribeiro, Maurício Maia, Miriane Alexandrino Pinheiro, Jean da Silva Rodrigues, Roberto Paulo Barbosa Ramos, Alessandro de Castro Corrêa, Sérgio Neves Monteiro, Alisson Clay Rios da Silva, and Verônica Scarpini Candido. "Comparison of Young’s Modulus of Continuous and Aligned Lignocellulosic Jute and Mallow Fibers Reinforced Polyester Composites Determined Both Experimentally and from Theoretical Prediction Models." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030401.

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Mechanical properties of composites reinforced with lignocellulosic fibers have been researched in recent decades. Jute and mallow fibers are reinforcement alternatives, as they can contribute to increase the mechanical strength of composite materials. The present work aims to predict the Young’s modulus with application of continuous and aligned lignocellulosic fibers to be applied as reinforcement in polyester matrix. Fibers were manually separated and then arranged and aligned in the polyester matrix. Composites with addition 5, 15, and 25 vol% jute and mallow fibers were produced by vacuum-assisted hand lay-up/vaccum-bagging procedure. Samples were tested in tensile and the tensile strength, elasticity modulus, and deformation were determined. Results showed that the intrinsic Young’s modulus of the fibers was set at values around 17.95 and 11.72 GPa for jute and mallow fibers, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that composites reinforced with 15 and 25 vol% jute and mallow presented the highest values of tensile strength and Young’s modulus. The incorporation of 25 vol% of jute and mallow fibers increased the matrix Young’s modulus by 534% and 353%, respectively, effectively stiffening the composite material. Prediction models presented similar values for the Young’s modulus, showing that jute and mallow fibers might be used as potential reinforcement of polymeric matrices

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Amusa, Abiodun, Abdul Ahmad, and Adewole Jimoh. "Enhanced Gas Separation Prowess Using Functionalized Lignin-Free Lignocellulosic Biomass/Polysulfone Composite Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030202.

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Delignified lignocellulosic biomass was functionalized with amine groups. Then, the pretreated lignin-free date pits cellulose and the amine-functionalized-date pits cellulose (0–5 wt%) were incorporated into a polysulfone polymer matrix to fabricate composite membranes. The amine groups give additional hydrogen bonding to those existing from the hydroxyl groups in the date pits cellulose. The approach gives an efficient avenue to enhance the CO2 molecules’ transport pathways through the membrane matrix. The interactions between phases were investigated via Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whereas pure gases (CO2 and N2) were used to evaluate the gas separation performances. Additionally, the thermal and mechanical properties of the fabricated composites were tested. The pure polysulfone membrane achieved an optimum separation performance at 4 Bar. The optimum separation performance for the composite membranes is achieved at 2 wt%. About 32% and 33% increments of the ideal CO2/N2 selectivity is achieved for the lignin-free date pits cellulose composite membrane and the amine-functionalized-date pits cellulose composite membrane, respectively.

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Muniyasamy, Sudhakar, Andrew Anstey, Murali M. Reddy, Manju Misra, and Amar Mohanty. "Biodegradability and Compostability of Lignocellulosic Based Composite Materials." Journal of Renewable Materials 1, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 253–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7569/jrm.2013.634117.

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Mahmood, Hamayoun, Saqib Mehmood, Ahmad Shakeel, Tanveer Iqbal, Mohsin Ali Kazmi, Abdul Rehman Khurram, and Muhammad Moniruzzaman. "Glycerol Assisted Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Wheat Straw Materials as a Promising Approach for Fabrication of Sustainable Fibrous Filler for Biocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030388.

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Glycerol pretreatment is a promising method for the environmentally-friendly transformation of lignocellulosic materials into sustainable cellulose-rich raw materials (i.e., biopolymer) to fabricate biocomposites. Here, a comparison of aqueous acidified glycerol (AAG) pretreatment of wheat straw (WS) with alkaline, hot water, and dilute acid pretreatments on the thermal and mechanical characteristics of their fabricated composite board is presented. A comparison of total energy expenditure during WS pretreatment with AAG and other solutions was estimated and a comparative influence of AAG processing on lignocellulosic constituents and thermal stability of WS fiber was studied. Results imply that AAG pretreatment was superior in generating cellulose-rich fiber (CRF) as compared to other pretreatments and enhanced the cellulose contents by 90% compared to raw WS fiber. Flexural strength of acidic (40.50 MPa) and hot water treated WS composite (38.71 MPa) was higher compared to the value of 33.57 MPa for untreated composite, but AAG-treated composites exhibited lower values of flexural strength (22.22 MPa) compared to untreated composite samples. Conversely, AAG pretreatment consumed about 56% lesser energy for each kg of WS processed as compared to other pretreatments. These findings recognize that glycerol pretreatment could be a clean and new pretreatment strategy to convert agricultural waste into high-quality CRF as a sustainable raw material source for engineered biocomposite panels.

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Farah Norain, H., Husseinsyah Salmah, and M. Mostapha Zakaria. "Properties of All-Cellulose Composite Films from Coconut Shell Powder and Microcrystalline Cellulose." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.39.

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All-cellulose composite using coconut shell powders (CSP) as natural lignocellulosic material and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were prepared by a surface selective dissolution. The effect of CSP content on tensile properties and crystallinity of CSP/MCC all-cellulose composites were investigated. It was found that the addition of CSP have increased the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity up to 3 wt% and decreased with further increment of CSP content. The elongation at break decreased with CSP content. The crystallinity of cellulose composites increased with the increasing of CSP content.

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Marques, Maria Lidiane, Fermin De la Caridad Garcia Velasco, Francisco Heriberto Martínez Luzardo, Felix Mas Milian, Fabiane Alexsandra Andrade de Jesus, and Everton José da Silva. "Predictive model to determine the compatibility of lignocellulosic fibers with cement." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 10, no. 5 (October 12, 2019): 270–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2019.005.0024.

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The chemical and physical compatibility of lignocellulosic fibers with the cement matrix plays a fundamental role in determining the properties of the composite, such as durability and mechanical strength. The compatibility models, which have been developed up to now, provide information after the fiber has been mixed with the binder by constructing the composite hydration curve of temperature vs. tempo. There is still no predictive method of measuring compatibility, that permit to verify the influence of the physical and chemical characteristics of the lignocellulosic fibers on the behavior of greater or lesser compatibility with the cement. Therefore, the aim of the work was to develop a predictive model of compatibility (CPC) between lignocellulosic fibers and cement that does not need to do the hydration curve of the mixtures. The proposed CPC compatibility model takes into account the physical variables; specific mass and degree of swelling and chemical variables; content of total soluble solids, sugars and tannins in lignocellulosic fibers previously obtained. This information provides an alternative measure of compatibility comparable to the calculation model (CX), with the same degree of reliability and validity. Additionally, easier to obtain and achievable in a simpler laboratory.

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Emmanuel, Opara Uchechukwu, Aldi Kuqo, and Carsten Mai. "Non-conventional mineral binder-bonded lignocellulosic composite materials: A review." BioResources 16, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): 4606–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.emmanuel.

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The construction industry suffers from unsustainability and contributes more than any other industrial sector to carbon emissions that lead to global warming. Increasing economic and environmental concerns related to conventional energy- and CO2-intensive building materials have propelled the rapid and sustained expansion of research in the area of plant-based inorganic mineral binder-bonded materials for the construction industry. The resulting composites can be qualified as eco-responsible, sustainable, and efficient multifunctional building materials. So far, most of these research efforts have not received as much attention as materials based on ordinary Portland cement (OPC). To address this gap, this review focuses on mineral binder-based lignocellulosic composites made from non-conventional inorganic mineral binders/ cements with low embodied energy and low carbon footprint, namely hydrated lime-based binders, magnesium-based cement, alkali-activated cement, and geopolymers, as sustainable alternatives to OPC-bonded lignocellulosic composites (state-of-the-art). The emphasis here is on the application potentials, the influence of production parameters on the material properties/ performance, and recent advancement in this field. Finally, a prediction is provided of future trends for these non-conventional mineral binder-bonded lignocellulosic composites.

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Kun, Dávid, Zoltán Kárpáti, Erika Fekete, and János Móczó. "The Role of Interfacial Adhesion in Polymer Composites Engineered from Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 3099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183099.

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This paper presents a comprehensive study about the application of a lignocellulosic agricultural waste, sunflower husk in different polymer composites. Two types of milled sunflower husk with different geometrical factors were incorporated into polypropylene, low-density and high-density polyethylene, polystyrene (PS), glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) and polylactic acid (PLA). The filler content of the composites varied between 0 and 60 vol%. The components were homogenized in an internal mixer and plates were compression molded for testing. The Lewis–Nielsen model was fitted to the moduli of each composite series, and it was found that the physical contact of the filler particles is a limiting factor of composite modulus. Interfacial interactions were estimated from two independent approaches. Firstly, the extent of reinforcement was determined from the composition dependence of tensile strength. Secondly, the reversible work of adhesion was calculated from the surface energies of the components. As only weak van der Waals interactions develop in the interphase of polyolefins and sunflower husk particles, adhesion is weak in their composites resulting in poor reinforcement. Interfacial adhesion enhanced by specific interactions in the interphase, such as π electron interactions for PS, hydrogen bonds for PLA, and both for PETG based composites.

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AL-Oqla, Faris M., M. H. Alaaeddin, and Yousuf A. El-Shekeil. "Thermal stability and performance trends of sustainable lignocellulosic olive / low density polyethylene biocomposites for better environmental green materials." Engineering Solid Mechanics 9, no. 4 (2021): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2021.5.002.

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The current trend in deteriorating mechanical performance of green polymeric-based materials has made it essential for designers to establish more reliable and sustainable bio-products. Here, the mechanical performance of Jordanian lignocellulosic olive fibers in polymeric-based composites has been methodically investigated. The outcomes of different reinforcement conditions on the desired mechanical performance of the olive leaf’s lignocellulosic fibers with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites have been examined, including the properties of tensile strength, tensile modulus, mechanical strain, impact strength, and the intensity per composite volume. This has been accomplished to determine the optimum reinforcement condition for the desired mechanical behavior as well as to establish the performance deterioration and enhancement trends of such bio-materials in a more consistent manner. The results signify that lignocellulosic olive fibers have exhibited various enhancements in terms of mechanical performance. Both the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity have been dramatically improved at 20 wt.% fiber content. This was the most desired reinforcement condition among all considered cases. The olive fibers also possess the capability of maintaining relatively high ductility and impact strength properties, making them suitable for various industrial applications where high ductility is necessary. Thermal stability analysis using TGA and DTG has been employed to obtain accurate results.

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Mengeloğlu, Fatih, and Vedat Çavuş. "Preparation of thermoplastic polyurethane-based biocomposites through injection molding: Effect of the filler type and content." BioResources 15, no. 3 (June 5, 2020): 5749–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5749-5763.

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The effects of lignocellulosic filler type and filler loading levels were investigated relative to selected properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based composites. Teak wood (TK), rice husks (RH), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were used as lignocellulosic fillers at 15 wt% and 30 wt% filler loading levels. Test specimens were manufactured using both extrusion and injection molding, except for abrasion resistance samples that were manufactured using a compression molding process. Density, tensile, flexural, and impact properties, and hardness and abrasion resistance values, of the specimens were determined. The composites’ morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy analysis; results showed all filler types and filler loading levels were affected by the TPU’s density and mechanical properties. The TPU composites were successfully produced using TK, RH, and MCC as lignocellulosic fillers. Regardless of filler type, addition of 15% filler to TPU yielded excellent mechanical properties. With 30% MCC filler, composite properties increased due to their higher surface area, while properties of TK- and RH-containing specimens were, at 30%, reduced. There was a proportional correlation between hardness and modulus, with both increasing with a rising filler loading level. Abrasion resistance of TPU decreased with the presence of filler. Regardless of filler type, abrasion resistance continued to drop at higher filler loading levels. Scanning electron micrographs showed better MCC distribution in the TPU matrix.

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Lipska, Karolina, and Paweł Ufnowski. "Corn pomace as a substitute for wood raw material in lignocellulosiccomposite technology." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 123 (September 28, 2023): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.2854.

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Corn pomace as a substitute for wood raw material in lignocellulosic composite technology. Composites made from polymers PE, PP, PLA and modified starch with addition of corn pomace were produced and subjected quality parameters test. There were examined such parameters as: density, static bending strenght and modulus of elasticity and also water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 h and 24 h soaking in water, wettability and surface roughness. In general, the addition of corn pomace to polymers caused changes of parameters and through comparing parameters of different composites and control samples it was possible to indicate corn composite variants that occurs to have similar properties to pure polymer samples. Waste products should be seriously considered as a valuable substitute of wood raw material, but characteristics of composites should be improved through further research.

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BaniHani, Suleiman, Faris M. AL-Oqla, and Samer Mutawe. "Mechanical performance investigation of lignocellulosic coconut and pomegranate / LDPE biocomposite green materials." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2021-0026.

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Abstract Biocomposites have been implemented in various industrial applications. However, it is necessary to demonstrate their desired mechanical performance aspects for the near future green products. The aim of this work is to study the efficiency of utilizing both coconut and pomegranate lignocellulosic fiber as green reinforcement types for the low-density polyethylene, LDPE. Desired mechanical performance trends are investigated for the green composites including the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation to break properties as a function of various reinforcement configurations. This was performed to properly optimize the reinforcement conditions to obtain desirable mechanical characteristics of such types of bio-composites for more sustainable functional attributes. Results have demonstrated that the best tensile strength for the coconut/PE was achieved at 20wt.% case with 8.2 MPa, and the best regarding this property for the pomegranate/PE was at 30wt.% with a value close to 8.3 MPa. Moreover, obvious inverse relationship between strength and strain for the coconut composite type was revealed at both low and high fiber contents. It was also noticed that the 20wt.% coconut-based composite has demonstrated the best optimal values of tensile strength and tensile modulus simultaneously. But no reinforcement condition was found for pomegranate/LDPE as an optimal for these mechanical properties concurrently.

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Nechita, Petronela, and Ştefania Miţa Ionescu. "Investigation on the thermal insulation properties of lightweight biocomposites based on lignocellulosic residues and natural polymers." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 1497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717738300.

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Due to their advantages (low cost, non-toxic, biodegradable, abundant, low density and very good mechanical properties), the lignocellulosic residues were widely used in the last time as reinforcements in composite materials with applications in the building industry. Besides these wastes, expanded perlite (EP) and natural polymers are promising candidates for the building industry, based on their specific characteristics and economic advantages. In this article, the results are presented regarding the thermal insulation properties of composite materials based on EP and natural polymers (starch polymer matrix reinforced with lignocellulosic wastes). The samples of composite materials were obtained from the laboratory and characterized in terms of the main specific properties of building materials, such as thermal conductivity/resistance, water absorption capacity, apparent density and image analyses by scanning electron microscopy. The obtained results have highlighted the values for thermal conductivity of composite samples between 0.05 and 0.11 (W/mK), similar to those materials currently used in building thermal insulation.

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Farah Nurasyikin Md Rosdi, Nurjannah Salim, Rasidi Roslan, Nurul Huda Abu Bakar, and Siti Noorbaini Sarmin. "Potential Red Algae Fibre Waste as a Raw Material for Biocomposite." Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 30, no. 1 (March 8, 2023): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.30.1.303310.

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Red algae are abundant worldwide, and their exploitation for the development of agar products has developed into a significant industry in recent years. Industrial processing of red algae produces a significant amount of solid fibre waste, which contributes to substantial environmental problems. Agar from red algae is mostly used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. There has been very limited research on the use of red algae in lignocellulosic composites so far. As such, this project aims to fabricate red algae reinforced with polylactic acid (PLA) as composite materials and to investigate the composite's mechanical, physical, and durability properties, as well as its characterization. The composite is fabricated using an extruder and a hydraulic hot press machine in three different composition ratios: 200:0, 180:20, and 160:40 (PLA: fibre (g)). Each sample was subjected to tensile testing for mechanical properties, melt flow index (MFI), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) testing for physical properties, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) testing for thermal properties. For durability testing, the samples were buried underground to determine the weight loss of composites over two weeks. The results indicate that while red algae have exceptional thermal properties, however, the strength and durability of the composite decrease with the inclusion of fibre. It is recommended that fibres be treated with an alkaline solution to improve their characteristics before being used as a composite.

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Odalanowska, Majka, Grzegorz Cofta, Magdalena Woźniak, Izabela Ratajczak, Tomasz Rydzkowski, and Sławomir Borysiak. "Bioactive Propolis-Silane System as Antifungal Agent in Lignocellulosic-Polymer Composites." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 3435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103435.

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Polymer composites with renewable lignocellulosic fillers, despite their many advantages, are susceptible to biodegradation, which is a major limitation in terms of external applications. The work uses an innovative hybrid propolis-silane modifier in order to simultaneously increase the resistance to fungal attack, as well as to ensure good interfacial adhesion of the filler–polymer matrix. Polypropylene composites with 30% pine wood content were obtained by extrusion and pressing. The samples were exposed to the fungi: white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor, brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana, and soft-rot fungus Chaetomium globosum for 8 weeks. Additionally, biological tests of samples that had been previously exposed to UV radiation were carried out, which allowed the determination of the influence of both factors on the surface destruction of composite materials. The X-ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and mycological studies showed a significant effect of the modification of the lignocellulose filler with propolis on increasing the resistance to fungi. Such composites were characterized by no changes in the supermolecular structure and slight changes in the intensity of the bands characteristic of polysaccharides and lignin. In the case of systems containing pine wood that had not been modified with propolis, significant changes in the crystalline structure of polymer composites were noted, indicating the progress of decay processes. Moreover, the modification of the propolis-silane hybrid system wood resulted in the inhibition of photo- and biodegradation of WPC materials, as evidenced only by a slight deterioration in selected strength parameters. The applied innovative modifying system can therefore act as both an effective and ecological UV stabilizer, as well as an antifungal agent.

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Evon, Philippe. "Special Issue “Natural Fiber Based Composites”." Coatings 11, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091031.

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Evon, Philippe. "Special Issue “Natural Fiber Based Composites II”." Coatings 13, no. 10 (September 27, 2023): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101694.

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León, Lumirca Del Valle Espinoza, Viviane Alves Escocio, Leila Lea Yuan Visconte, Julio Cesar Jandorno Junior, and Elen Beatriz Acordi Vasques Pacheco. "Rotomolding and polyethylene composites with rotomolded lignocellulosic materials: A review." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 39, no. 11-12 (April 4, 2020): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684420916529.

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Rotomolding is a versatile process used in the manufacture of thermoplastic polymeric materials to produce large hollow plastic parts. The aim of this review article was to discuss the rotomolding process and show the properties of the polyethylene composite and rotomolded lignocellulosic fibers, which are processed for prolonged periods under temperature. The main process parameters studied are the shaft speed of the equipment, molding temperature, polymer particle size, polymer melt flow index, and amount of material, which must be well controlled to achieve a non-degraded product with homogeneous thickness and no porosity. Rotomolded composites containing sisal, pine, coir, banana, flax, and maple wood fibers, among others, have been evaluated primarily for their mechanical (impact, flexural, and tensile strength) and morphological properties. The type, content, and treatment of lignocellulosic fillers are the most widely studied variables in polyethylene-based rotomolded composites. Fiber content was the variable that most influenced mechanical properties, particularly impact strength and hardness due to the voids formed by the hydrodynamic volume between the polymer matrix and lignocellulosic filler. Chemical treatment of the fiber by mercerization with NaOH made it more hydrophobic and the addition of maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene as a coupling agent improved the interfacial adhesion between the non-polar polymer matrix and polar filler. However, the best mechanical property results were obtained with the use of maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene.

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Garcia-Brand, Andres J., Maria A. Morales, Ana Sofia Hozman, Andres C. Ramirez, Luis J. Cruz, Alejandro Maranon, Carolina Muñoz-Camargo, Juan C. Cruz, and Alicia Porras. "Bioactive Poly(lactic acid)–Cocoa Bean Shell Composites for Biomaterial Formulation: Preparation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 3707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213707.

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The unique lignocellulosic and solvent-extractive chemical constituents of most natural fibers are rich in natural polymers and bioactive molecules that can be exploited for biomaterial formulation. However, although natural fibers’ main constituents have been already incorporated as material reinforcement and improve surface bioactivity of polymeric materials, the use of the whole natural fibers as bioactive fillers remains largely unexplored. Thus, we put forward the formulation of natural fiber filling and functionalization of biomaterials by studying the chemical composition of cocoa bean shells (CBS) and proposing the fabrication and characterization of polylactic acid (PLA) and CBS-based composite by solvent-casting. As was expected from previous studies of agro-industrial wastes, the main components of CBS were to cellulose (42.23 wt.%), lignin (22.68 wt.%), hemicellulose (14.73 wt.%), and solvent extractives (14.42 wt.%). Structural analysis (FTIR) confirms the absence of covalent bonding between materials. Thermal degradation profiles (DSC and TGA) showed similar mass losses and thermal-reaction profiles for lignocellulosic-fibers-based composites. The mechanical behavior of the PLA/CBS composite shows a stiffer material behavior than the pristine material. The cell viability of Vero cells in the presence of the composites was above 94%, and the hemolytic tendency was below 5%, while platelet aggregation increased up to 40%. Antioxidant activity was confirmed with comparable 2,2-diphe-277 nyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free-radical scavenging than Vitamin C even for PLA/CBS composite. Therefore, the present study elucidates the significant promise of CBS for bioactive functionalization in biomaterial-engineering, as the tested composite exhibited high biocompatibility and strong antioxidant activity and might induce angiogenic factors’ release. Moreover, we present an eco-friendly alternative to taking advantage of chocolate-industry by-products.

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Redwan, Amamer, Khairiah Haji Badri, and Azizah Baharum. "An Overview on Lignocellulosic Fibers Ienforced Polymer Composite Materials." Journal of Al-Nahrain University-Science 20, no. 1 (March 2017): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/jnus.20.1.04.

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Hassanpoor Tichi, Ali, Behzad Bazyar, Habibollah Khademieslam, Hossein Rangavar, and Mohammad Talaeipour. "Is wollastonite capable of improving the properties of wood fiber-cement composite?" BioResources 14, no. 3 (June 17, 2019): 6168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6168-6178.

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Effects of wollastonite substitution were investigated relative to the mechanical, physical, and microstructural properties of a wood fiber-cement composite. Wollastonite content of 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% and lignocellulosic material (kraft fibers) content of 10%, 20%, and 30% were used based on the dry weight of cement. Then the lignocellulosic material and the resulting board samples were compared to a control (without wollastonite). Modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), water absorption, and fire resistance tests were conducted to examine the characteristics of the board composite. The results showed that the mechanical properties of wood fiber-cement composite were improved by the 9% wollastonite substitution. The fire-resistance of the composite board was improved when the wollastonite content was increased. Furthermore, cement boards with 9% wollastonite exhibited lower water absorption in comparison to the other specimens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the calcium hydroxide formed hydrated calcium silicate gel (C-S-H gel) after the addition of wollastonite. The SEM images showed that the micro-structure of the boards were improved by increasing the nano-wollastonite content.

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Silva, Thuane Teixeira da, Pedro Henrique Poubel Mendonça da Silveira, Matheus Pereira Ribeiro, Maurício Ferrapontoff Lemos, Ana Paula da Silva, Sergio Neves Monteiro, and Lucio Fabio Cassiano Nascimento. "Thermal and Chemical Characterization of Kenaf Fiber (Hibiscus cannabinus) Reinforced Epoxy Matrix Composites." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13122016.

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Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is one of the most investigated and industrially applied natural fibers for polymer composite reinforcement. However, relatively limited information is available regarding its epoxy composites. In this work, both thermal and chemical properties were, for the first time, determined in kenaf fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composites. Through XRD analysis, a microfibrillar angle of 7.1° and crystallinity index of 44.3% was obtained. The FTIR analysis showed the functional groups normally found for natural lignocellulosic fibers. TMA analysis of the composites with 10 vol% and 20 vol% of kenaf fibers disclosed a higher coefficient of thermal expansion. The TG/DTG results of the epoxy composites revealed enhanced thermal stability when compared to plain epoxy. The DSC results corroborated the results obtained by TGA, which indicated a higher mass loss in the first stage for kenaf when compared to its composites. These results might contribute to kenaf fiber composite applications requiring superior performance.

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Tserki, V., C. Panayiotou, and N. E. Zafeiropoulos. "A Study of the Effect of Acetylation and Propionylation on the Interface of Natural Fibre Biodegradable Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 14, no. 2 (March 2005): 096369350501400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350501400202.

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Composite materials are a class of materials used in many diverse applications. Very recently the attention has shifted to the development of green composites that are easily recycleable and in this case the use of biodegradable matrices and fibres appear to be highly attractive. In the present study a class of biodegradable polyesters are used as matrices to produce fully biodegradable composites, reinforced with lignocellulosic natural fibres. This new class of composites is fully biodegradable, but the key aspect that governs the behaviour of the composites remains the interface. Surface treatments, although having a negative impact on economics, may improve the compatibility and strengthen the interface in natural fibre composite materials. In the present study the effect of two surface treatments, namely acetylation and propionylation, upon the interface of natural fibre composites is assessed by means of fragmentation tests. It has been found that both treatments led to an improvement of the stress transfer efficiency at the interface, and both applied treatments were optimised, accordingly.

Journal articles on the topic 'Lignocellulosic composite'

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