Journal articles: 'Lignocellulose pretreatments'

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Naini, Al-Arofatus, Nurwahdah Nurwahdah, Ratri Yuli Lestari, and Sunardi Sunardi, Ph.D. "Praperlakuan secara Hidrotermal Limbah Lignoselulosa untuk Produksi Bioetanol Generasi Kedua (Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Wastes Using Hydrothermal Method for Producing Second Generation Bioethanol)." Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan 10, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24111/jrihh.v10i2.4078.

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The second generation of bioethanol derived from various cellulosic biomass materials is one of the latest renewable energy as the alternative of fossil fuel. The cellulosic waste based wood and non-wood materials are the most abundant natural resource on the earth, renewable, and inexpensive. Currently, second generation bioethanol development is still not optimally done due to various obstacles, especially the pretreatment process to eliminate lignin, influencing the conversion process of cellulose into reducing sugar. Hydrothermal method is one of lignocellulose pretreatments, which is widely developed because this method is relatively cheap and environmentally friendly with the utilization of water-based solvent. Hydrothermal methods performed at high temperature and pressure in a relatively short time are able to deconstruct the lignocellulose structure that enables cellulase enzymes to access cellulose for hydrolysis. This study discussed about the development of hydrothermal method for lignocellulose pretreatment process to increase production of second-generation bioethanol. Some aspects studied in this research were structural change, chemical composition, lignocellulosic crystallinity before and after hydrothermal processes, and hydrothermal effect on the production of reducing sugars. Hydrothermal method could be used and developed as an efficient and cheap method as the first treatment of lignocellulose waste in attempt to increase the production of bioethanol.

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Zahoor, Wen Wang, Xuesong Tan, Qiang Yu, Yongming Sun, Zhenhong Yuan, Kyoungseon Min, Jinsuk Lee, Zi Shang Bai, and Xinshu Zhuang. "Comparison of Low-Temperature Alkali/Urea Pretreatments for Ethanol Production from Wheat Straw." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 15, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2021.2062.

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NaOH/urea (NU) pretreatment at lower than 0 °C has been frequently applied for improving bio-conversion of lignocellulose, but the wastewater generated from the pretreatment process is hard to dispose. KOH/urea (KU) pretreatment for enhancing bioconversion of lignocellulose has recently attracted researchers’ attention due to the recycling of wastewater for facilitating crops’ growth. This study compared the effects of NU and KU pretreatments at cold conditions on the enzymatic hydrolysis and bioethanol yield from wheat straw (WS). By using response surface methodology an optimal pretreatment with an equal ratio of alkali/urea (4% w/v) at −20 °C for 3 h was established. The enzymatic hydrolysis of KU-treated WS was 81.17%, which was similar to that of NU-treated WS (83.72%) under the same condition. It means that KU pretreatment has equal ability to NU pretreatment to improve enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulose. KU pretreatment has the promising potential to replace NU pretreatment for facilitating bioconversion of lignocellulose in cold conditions due to the clean way to recycle its wastewater as fertilizer for crop growth. Hence, KU pretreatment combined with enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation could be a promising green way to cellulosic ethanol production with zero waste emission.

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Li, Ao, Qiaomei Yang, Yu Li, Shiguang Zhou, Jiangfeng Huang, Meng Hu, Yuanyuan Tu, Bo Hao, Liangcai Peng, and Tao Xia. "Mild physical and chemical pretreatments to enhance biomass enzymatic saccharification and bioethanol production from Erianthus arundinaceus." BioResources 14, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 650–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.650-668.

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Diverse cell wall compositions were subjected to pretreatment and saccharification to produce bioethanol from 20 Erianthus arundinaceus accessions. Using four typical pairs of biomass samples, various physical and chemical pretreatments were employed to extract cell wall polymers. Mild chemical pretreatment (2% NaOH and 50 °C) yielded complete biomass saccharification, whereas the liquid hot water pretreatment achieved the highest bioethanol yield with a full sugar-ethanol conversion rate. Notably, the extraction of the lignin p-coumaryl alcohol (H) monomer greatly enhanced biomass saccharification, which may be attributed either to the improved accessibility of cellulose to enzymes after effective removal of lignin or to the maintained native cellulose microfibrils from the relatively less co-extraction of hemicellulose. Hence, the results suggested that the H-monomer-rich lignin may slightly associate with cell wall networks for greatly enhanced lignocellulose enzymatic hydrolysis after mild pretreatments. The present findings provide a strategy for both cost-effective biomass process technology and precise lignocellulose modification for bioenergy.

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Oates, Nicola C., Amira Abood, Alexandra M. Schirmacher, Anna M. Alessi, Susannah M. Bird, Joseph P. Bennett, Daniel R. Leadbeater, et al. "A multi-omics approach to lignocellulolytic enzyme discovery reveals a new ligninase activity from Parascedosporium putredinis NO1." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (April 26, 2021): e2008888118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008888118.

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Lignocellulose, the structural component of plant cells, is a major agricultural byproduct and the most abundant terrestrial source of biopolymers on Earth. The complex and insoluble nature of lignocellulose limits its conversion into value-added commodities, and currently, efficient transformation requires expensive pretreatments and high loadings of enzymes. Here, we report on a fungus from the Parascedosporium genus, isolated from a wheat-straw composting community, that secretes a large and diverse array of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) when grown on lignocellulosic substrates. We describe an oxidase activity that cleaves the major β-ether units in lignin, thereby releasing the flavonoid tricin from monocot lignin and enhancing the digestion of lignocellulose by polysaccharidase mixtures. We show that the enzyme, which holds potential for the biorefining industry, is widely distributed among lignocellulose-degrading fungi from the Sordariomycetes phylum.

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Costa, Stefania, Irene Rugiero, Christian Larenas Uria, Paola Pedrini, and Elena Tamburini. "Lignin Degradation Efficiency of Chemical Pre-Treatments on Banana Rachis Destined to Bioethanol Production." Biomolecules 8, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom8040141.

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Valuable biomass conversion processes are highly dependent on the use of effective pretreatments for lignocellulose degradation and enzymes for saccharification. Among the nowadays available treatments, chemical delignification represents a promising alternative to physical-mechanical treatments. Banana is one of the most important fruit crops around the world. After harvesting, it generates large amounts of rachis, a lignocellulosic residue, that could be used for second generation ethanol production, via saccharification and fermentation. In the present study, eight chemical pretreatments for lignin degradation (organosolv based on organic solvents, sodium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, hydrogen peroxide, alkaline hydrogen peroxide, and some combinations thereof) have been tested on banana rachis and the effects evaluated in terms of lignin removal, material losses, and chemical composition of pretreated material. Pretreatment based on lignin oxidation have demonstrated to reach the highest delignification yield, also in terms of monosaccharides recovery. In fact, all the delignified samples were then saccharified with enzymes (cellulase and beta-glucosidase) and hydrolysis efficiency was evaluated in terms of final sugars recovery before fermentation. Analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) has been carried out on treated samples, in order to better understand the structural effects of delignification on lignocellulose. Active chlorine oxidations, hypochlorous acid in particular, were the best effective for lignin removal obtaining in the meanwhile the most promising cellulose-to-glucose conversion.

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Huang, Caoxing, Ruolin Li, Wei Tang, Yayue Zheng, and Xianzhi Meng. "Improve Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass by Modifying Lignin Structure via Sulfite Pretreatment and Using Lignin Blockers." Fermentation 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100558.

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Even traditional pretreatments can partially remove or degrade lignin and hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass for enhancing its enzymatic digestibility, the remaining lignin in pretreated biomass still restricts its enzymatic hydrolysis by limiting cellulose accessibility and lignin-enzyme nonproductive interaction. Therefore, many pretreatments that can modify lignin structure in a unique way and approaches to block the lignin’s adverse impact have been proposed to directly improve the enzymatic digestibility of pretreated biomass. In this review, recent development in sulfite pretreatment that can transform the native lignin into lignosulfonate and subsequently enhance saccharification of pretreated biomass under certain conditions was summarized. In addition, we also reviewed the approaches of the addition of reactive agents to block the lignin’s reactive sites and limit the cellulase-enzyme adsorption during hydrolysis. It is our hope that this summary can provide a guideline for workers engaged in biorefining for the goal of reaching high enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulose.

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Pérez-Merchán, Antonio Manuel, Gabriela Rodríguez-Carballo, Benjamín Torres-Olea, Cristina García-Sancho, Pedro Jesús Maireles-Torres, Josefa Mérida-Robles, and Ramón Moreno-Tost. "Recent Advances in Mechanochemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 17, 2022): 5948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165948.

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Biorefineries are industrial facilities where biomass is converted into chemicals, fuels and energy. The use of lignocellulose as raw material implies the development of pretreatments to reduce its recalcitrant character prior to the processes that lead to the synthesis of the products of interest. These treatments are based on physico-chemical processes where it is necessary to use acids, bases, oxidants, and high pressure and temperature conditions that lead to the depolymerization of lignocellulose at the expense of generating a series of streams that must be treated later or to the production of by-products. In recent years, mechanochemistry is becoming relevant in the design of processes that help in the depolymerization of lignocellulose. These mechanochemical processes are being used in combination with chemicals and/or enzymes, allowing the use of minor loads of reagents or enzymes. In this review, the advances achieved in the use of mechanochemistry for treating lignocellulosic biomass or cellulose will be presented, with special emphasis on how these mechanochemical processes modify the structure of lignocellulose and help subsequent treatments. It will focus on using ball milling or extrusion, ending with a section dedicated to future work needed to implement these technologies at the industrial level.

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Mahmood, Hamayoun, Saqib Mehmood, Ahmad Shakeel, Tanveer Iqbal, Mohsin Ali Kazmi, Abdul Rehman Khurram, and Muhammad Moniruzzaman. "Glycerol Assisted Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Wheat Straw Materials as a Promising Approach for Fabrication of Sustainable Fibrous Filler for Biocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030388.

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Glycerol pretreatment is a promising method for the environmentally-friendly transformation of lignocellulosic materials into sustainable cellulose-rich raw materials (i.e., biopolymer) to fabricate biocomposites. Here, a comparison of aqueous acidified glycerol (AAG) pretreatment of wheat straw (WS) with alkaline, hot water, and dilute acid pretreatments on the thermal and mechanical characteristics of their fabricated composite board is presented. A comparison of total energy expenditure during WS pretreatment with AAG and other solutions was estimated and a comparative influence of AAG processing on lignocellulosic constituents and thermal stability of WS fiber was studied. Results imply that AAG pretreatment was superior in generating cellulose-rich fiber (CRF) as compared to other pretreatments and enhanced the cellulose contents by 90% compared to raw WS fiber. Flexural strength of acidic (40.50 MPa) and hot water treated WS composite (38.71 MPa) was higher compared to the value of 33.57 MPa for untreated composite, but AAG-treated composites exhibited lower values of flexural strength (22.22 MPa) compared to untreated composite samples. Conversely, AAG pretreatment consumed about 56% lesser energy for each kg of WS processed as compared to other pretreatments. These findings recognize that glycerol pretreatment could be a clean and new pretreatment strategy to convert agricultural waste into high-quality CRF as a sustainable raw material source for engineered biocomposite panels.

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Yang, Haiyan, Yuanchen Zhu, Yan Jin, Fuhou Lei, Zhengjun Shi, and Jing Yang. "Pseudo-lignin retarded bioconversion of sugarcane bagasse holocellulose after liquid hot water and acid pretreatments." BioResources 16, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): 4052–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.4052-4063.

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Pseudo-lignin derived from the condensation of carbohydrate degradation products can retard the bioconversion of lignocellulose. In this work, liquid hot water (150 to 190 °C) and 1% H2SO4 pretreatments (130 to 190 °C) were used on sugarcane bagasse holocellulose for 3 h to generate pseudo-lignin. The effects of pseudo-lignin generation on structural characteristics and bioconversion of substrates were evaluated. The results showed that the formation of pseudo-lignin increased the hydrophobicity of the substrates. After LHW pretreatments and acid pretreatments at low temperatures (<150 °C), most of the xylans were removed, yielding 2.1 to 5.4% pseudo-lignin. Increasing acid pretreatment temperature to 170 and 190 °C yielded 34.3% and 93.6% pseudo-lignin, respectively. After pretreatment, the accessibilities and bioconversions of substrates were enhanced by degradation of xylans, increasing glucose conversions and bioethanol productions of substrates from 53.2 to 85.3%, and 9.9 to 13.1 g/L, respectively. However, large amounts of pseudo-lignin were generated during acid pretreatments at 170 °C, reducing glucose conversion and bioethanol yield to 45.6% and 6.3 g/L, respectively.

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Valdés, Gabriela, Regis Teixeira Mendonça, and George Aggelis. "Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Substrate for Oleaginous Microorganisms: A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 7698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217698.

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Microorganisms capable of accumulating lipids in high percentages, known as oleaginous microorganisms, have been widely studied as an alternative for producing oleochemicals and biofuels. Microbial lipid, so-called Single Cell Oil (SCO), production depends on several growth parameters, including the nature of the carbon substrate, which must be efficiently taken up and converted into storage lipid. On the other hand, substrates considered for large scale applications must be abundant and of low acquisition cost. Among others, lignocellulosic biomass is a promising renewable substrate containing high percentages of assimilable sugars (hexoses and pentoses). However, it is also highly recalcitrant, and therefore it requires specific pretreatments in order to release its assimilable components. The main drawback of lignocellulose pretreatment is the generation of several by-products that can inhibit the microbial metabolism. In this review, we discuss the main aspects related to the cultivation of oleaginous microorganisms using lignocellulosic biomass as substrate, hoping to contribute to the development of a sustainable process for SCO production in the near future.

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Sathitsuksanoh, Noppadon, Anthe George, and Y.-H. Percival Zhang. "New lignocellulose pretreatments using cellulose solvents: a review." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 88, no. 2 (November 30, 2012): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.3959.

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Pihlajaniemi, Ville, Mika Henrikki Sipponen, Henrikki Liimatainen, Juho Antti Sirviö, Antti Nyyssölä, and Simo Laakso. "Weighing the factors behind enzymatic hydrolyzability of pretreated lignocellulose." Green Chemistry 18, no. 5 (2016): 1295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc01861g.

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Saye, Luke M. G., Tejas A. Navaratna, James P. J. Chong, Michelle A. O’Malley, Michael K. Theodorou, and Matthew Reilly. "The Anaerobic Fungi: Challenges and Opportunities for Industrial Lignocellulosic Biofuel Production." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040694.

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Lignocellulose is a promising feedstock for biofuel production as a renewable, carbohydrate-rich and globally abundant source of biomass. However, challenges faced include environmental and/or financial costs associated with typical lignocellulose pretreatments needed to overcome the natural recalcitrance of the material before conversion to biofuel. Anaerobic fungi are a group of underexplored microorganisms belonging to the early diverging phylum Neocallimastigomycota and are native to the intricately evolved digestive system of mammalian herbivores. Anaerobic fungi have promising potential for application in biofuel production processes due to the combination of their highly effective ability to hydrolyse lignocellulose and capability to convert this substrate to H2 and ethanol. Furthermore, they can produce volatile fatty acid precursors for subsequent biological conversion to H2 or CH4 by other microorganisms. The complex biological characteristics of their natural habitat are described, and these features are contextualised towards the development of suitable industrial systems for in vitro growth. Moreover, progress towards achieving that goal is reviewed in terms of process and genetic engineering. In addition, emerging opportunities are presented for the use of anaerobic fungi for lignocellulose pretreatment; dark fermentation; bioethanol production; and the potential for integration with methanogenesis, microbial electrolysis cells and photofermentation.

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Zanellati, Andrea, Federica Spina, Luca Rollé, Giovanna Cristina Varese, and Elio Dinuccio. "Fungal Pretreatments on Non-Sterile Solid Digestate to Enhance Methane Yield and the Sustainability of Anaerobic Digestion." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 8549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208549.

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Fungi can run feedstock pretreatment to improve the hydrolysis and utilization of recalcitrant lignocellulose-rich biomass during anaerobic digestion (AD). In this study, three fungal strains (Coprinopsis cinerea MUT 6385, Cyclocybe aegerita MUT 5639, Cephalotrichum stemonitis MUT 6326) were inoculated in the non-sterile solid fraction of digestate, with the aim to further (re)use it as a feedstock for AD. The application of fungal pretreatments induced changes in the plant cell wall polymers, and different profiles were observed among strains. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in the cumulative biogas and methane yields with respect to the untreated control were observed. The most effective pretreatment was carried out for 20 days with C. stemonitis, causing the highest hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose reduction (59.3%, 9.6%, and 8.2%, respectively); the cumulative biogas and methane production showed a 182% and 214% increase, respectively, compared to the untreated control. The increase in AD yields was ascribable both to the addition of fungal biomass, which acted as an organic feedstock, and to the lignocellulose transformation due to fungal activity during pretreatments. The developed technologies have the potential to enhance the anaerobic degradability of solid digestate and untap its biogas potential for a further digestion step, thus allowing an improvement in the environmental and economic sustainability of the AD process and the better management of its by-products.

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Schroeder, Bruna Grosch, Havva Betül İstanbullu, Matthias Schmidt, Washington Logroño, Hauke Harms, and Marcell Nikolausz. "Effect of Alkaline and Mechanical Pretreatment of Wheat Straw on Enrichment Cultures from Pachnoda marginata Larva Gut." Fermentation 9, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010060.

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In order to partially mimic the efficient lignocellulose pretreatment process performed naturally in the gut system of Pachnoda marginata larvae, two wheat straw pretreatments were evaluated: a mechanical pretreatment via cutting the straw into two different sizes and an alkaline pretreatment with calcium hydroxide. After pretreatment, gut enrichment cultures on wheat straw at alkaline pH were inoculated and kept at mesophilic conditions over 45 days. The methanogenic community was composed mainly of the Methanomicrobiaceae and Methanosarcinaceae families. The combined pretreatment, size reduction and alkaline pretreatment, was the best condition for methane production. The positive effect of the straw pretreatment was higher in the midgut cultures, increasing the methane production by 192%, while for hindgut cultures the methane production increased only by 149% when compared to non-pretreated straw. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the alkaline pretreatment modified the surface of the wheat straw fibers, which promoted biofilm formation and microbial growth. The enrichment cultures derived from larva gut microbiome were able to degrade larger 1 mm alkaline treated and smaller 250 µm but non-pretreated straw at the same efficiency. The combination of mechanical and alkaline pretreatments resulted in increased, yet not superimposed, methane yield.

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Bascón-Villegas, Isabel, Eduardo Espinosa, Rafael Sánchez, Quim Tarrés, Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez, and Alejandro Rodríguez. "Horticultural Plant Residues as New Source for Lignocellulose Nanofibers Isolation: Application on the Recycling Paperboard Process." Molecules 25, no. 14 (July 18, 2020): 3275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143275.

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Horticultural plant residues (tomato, pepper, and eggplant) were identified as new sources for lignocellulose nanofibers (LCNF). Cellulosic pulp was obtained from the different plant residues using an environmentally friendly process, energy-sustainable, simple, and with low-chemical reagent consumption. The chemical composition of the obtained pulps was analyzed in order to study its influence in the nanofibrillation process. Cellulosic fibers were subjected to two different pretreatments, mechanical and TEMPO(2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl)-mediated oxidation, followed by high-pressure homogenization to produce different lignocellulose nanofibers. Then, LCNF were deeply characterized in terms of nanofibrillation yield, cationic demand, carboxyl content, morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability. The suitability of each raw material to produce lignocellulose nanofibers was analyzed from the point of view of each pretreatment. TEMPO-mediated oxidation was identified as a more effective pretreatment to produce LCNF, however, it produces a decrease in the thermal stability of the LCNF. The different LCNF were added as reinforcing agent on recycled paperboard and compared with the improving produced by the industrial mechanical beating. The analysis of the papersheets’ mechanical properties shows that the addition of LCNF as a reinforcing agent in the paperboard recycling process is a viable alternative to mechanical beating, achieving greater reinforcing effect and increasing the products’ life cycles.

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Uçkun, E., O. Ak, and U. Bakir. "The effects of microbial lignocellulose pretreatments on xylooligosaccharide production." New Biotechnology 25 (September 2009): S248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.552.

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Huang, Weiwei, Erzhu Wang, Juan Chang, Ping Wang, Qingqiang Yin, Chaoqi Liu, Qun Zhu, and Fushan Lu. "Effect of physicochemical pretreatments and enzymatic hydrolysis on corn straw degradation and reducing sugar yield." BioResources 12, no. 4 (August 4, 2017): 7002–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.7002-7015.

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Straw lignocelluloses were converted to reducing sugar for possible use for bioenergy production via physicochemical pretreatments and enzymatic hydrolysis. The experiment was divided into 2 steps. The first step focused on breaking the crystal structure and removing lignin in corn straw. The lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose degradation rates observed were 92.2%, 73.7%, and 4.6%, respectively, after corn straw was treated with sodium hydroxide (3% w/w) plus high-pressure steam (autoclave), 74.8%, 72.5%, and 4.3% after corn straw was treated with sodium hydroxide (8%, w/w) plus wet steam explosion, compared with native corn straw (P < 0.05). The second step was enzymatic hydrolysis for the pretreated straw. The enzymatic hydrolysis could yield 576 mg/g reducing sugar and significantly degrade cellulose and hemicellulose contents by 93.3% and 94.4% for the corn straw pretreated with sodium hydroxide plus high-pressure steam. For the corn straw pretreated with sodium hydroxide plus wet steam explosion, the enzymatic hydrolysis could yield 508 mg/g reducing sugar, and degrade cellulose and hemicellulose contents by 83.5% and 84.2%, respectively, compared with the untreated corn straw (P<0.05). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the physicochemical pretreatments plus enzymatic hydrolysis degraded corn straw to many small molecules. Thus, physicochemical pretreatments plus enzymatic hydrolysis converted lignocellulose to reducing sugar effectively.

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Santos, Natasha Kevellyn dos, Daniel Pasquini, and Milla Alves Baffi. "Factors that influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural wastes for ethanol production: a review." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 8, no. 11 (December 20, 2022): 15137–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl8iss11pp15137-01e.

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Lignocellulosic biomass, such as agricultural and forestry residues, can be reused and serve as sources of sugars for the production of second-generation ethanol (2G) and other bioproducts. However, these wastes are composed by molecules of difficult degradation, which require steps of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis for their bioconversion into fermentable sugars. At the same time, chemical substances with a potential inhibitory effect on the microbial metabolism can also be produced after the pretreatments and hinder the overall yield of the hydrolytic process. For an efficient and low-cost hydrolysis, homemade enzymes produced from agroindustrial residues, such as sugarcane bagasse, can be employed. However, a set of parameters might be adjusted, such as: kind of pretreatment, enzyme load, solids load, hydrolysis time and use of additives, to improve the yields in free sugars using these onsite enzymatic preparations. In this sense, studies involving the optimization of the conditions of pretreatment and saccharification are essential to increase the bioconversion rate of lignocellulose. These strategies are important for the production of value-added products from these wastes and, consequently, offer a correct and profitable destination to them. Hence, this study presents a review of the main features that influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural wastes and the yield in reducing sugars for ethanol production.

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Ma, Tao, Jing Zhao, Le Ao, Xiaojun Liao, Yuanying Ni, Xiaosong Hu, and Yi Song. "Effects of different pretreatments on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) lignocellulose degradation." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 120 (December 2018): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.124.

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Chang, Longjun, Ruya Ye, Jialing Song, Yinuo Xie, Qizhen Chen, Sien Yan, Kang Sun, and Linhuo Gan. "Efficient Fractionation of Green Bamboo Using an Integrated Hydrothermal–Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment for Its Valorization." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 14, 2023): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042429.

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Adopting an integrated strategy to realize efficient fractionation of lignocellulose into well-defined components for its valorization is challenging. Combinatorial pretreatments in this study decomposed hemicellulose of green bamboo during hydrothermal pretreatment (HP), and the hydrothermally pretreated bamboo was subsequently subjected to delignification using deep eutectic solvent (DES) consisting of choline chloride and lactic acid, finally facilitating enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose residue. Upon hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C for 35 min, hemicellulose removal of 88.6% was achieved with xylo-oligosaccharide yield and purity of 50.9% and 81.6%, respectively. After DES treatment at 140 °C for 2 h, lignin removal was determined to be 79.1%. Notably, the regenerated lignin with high purity of 96.8% displayed superior antioxidant activity, and the decrease in the ratio of syringyl units to guaiacyl units led to a slight decrease in radical scavenging activity of lignin after five recycling runs of DES. Moreover, the two-step treated residue had much higher enzymatic digestibility than that of single HP residue and untreated green bamboo. Results show that synergistic pretreatment is a promising strategy to tackle the recalcitrance of lignocellulose towards high value-added utilization.

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Sato, A., A. Widjaja, and Soeprijanto. "Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Rice Straw with Alkaline Addition for Enhancing Biogas Production in Semicontinuous Anaerobic Digester." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012034.

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Abstract This study presents the results of hydrothermal pretreatment of rice straw on its ability to improve the biogas production process in anaerobic digesters. Hydrothermal treatment on rice straw biomass was carried out with the addition of 0%, 3% and 5% NaOH (w/w rice straw) for one hour at a temperature of 140 °C. This study showed that hydrothermal and alkaline hydrothermal pretreatments were able to increase organic degradation of rice straw as indicated by an increase in the dissolution of lignin and hemicellulose from rice straw. Temperature and NaOH worked synergistically to dissolve lignocellulose in the hydrothermal pretreatment process. In the semicontinuous digester fed with pretreated rice straw, NaOH content in the pretreatment stage was found to give significant effect in enhancing biogas production. Average daily biogas production by the untreated rice straw, hydrothermal pretreated without NaOH addition, hydrothermally treated rice straw with 3% NaOH and 5% NaOH was 23.9, 57.1, 95.8 and 108.8 L/kg rice straw, respectively.

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Olugbemide, Akinola David, Ana Oberlintner, Uroš Novak, and Blaž Likozar. "Lignocellulosic Corn Stover Biomass Pre-Treatment by Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) for Biomethane Production Process by Bioresource Anaerobic Digestion." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 10504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910504.

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The valorization study of the largely available corn stover waste biomass after pretreatment with deep eutectic solvent (DES) for biomethane production in one-liter glass bioreactors by anaerobic digestion for 21 days was presented. Ammonium thiocyanate and urea deep eutectic solvent pretreatments under different conditions in terms of the components ratio and temperature were examined on corn stover waste biomass. The lignocellulose biomass was characterized in detail for its chemistry and morphology to determine the effect of the pretreatment on the natural biocomposite. Furthermore, the implications on biomethane production through anaerobic digestion with different loadings of corn stover biomass at 35 g/L and 50 g/L were tested. The results showed an increase of 48% for a cumulative biomethane production for a DES-pretreated biomass, using a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:2 at 100 °C for 60 min, which is a strong indication that DES-pretreatment significantly enhanced biomethane production.

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Li, Jingyang, Fei Liu, Hua Yu, Yuqi Li, Shiguang Zhou, Yuanhang Ai, Xinyu Zhou, et al. "Diverse Banana Pseudostems and Rachis Are Distinctive for Edible Carbohydrates and Lignocellulose Saccharification towards High Bioethanol Production under Chemical and Liquid Hot Water Pretreatments." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133870.

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Banana is a major fruit crop throughout the world with abundant lignocellulose in the pseudostem and rachis residues for biofuel production. In this study, we collected a total of 11 pseudostems and rachis samples that were originally derived from different genetic types and ecological locations of banana crops and then examined largely varied edible carbohydrates (soluble sugars, starch) and lignocellulose compositions. By performing chemical (H2SO4, NaOH) and liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatments, we also found a remarkable variation in biomass enzymatic saccharification and bioethanol production among all banana samples examined. Consequently, this study identified a desirable banana (Refen1, subgroup Pisang Awak) crop containing large amounts of edible carbohydrates and completely digestible lignocellulose, which could be combined to achieve the highest bioethanol yields of 31–38% (% dry matter), compared with previously reported ones in other bioenergy crops. Chemical analysis further indicated that the cellulose CrI and lignin G-monomer should be two major recalcitrant factors affecting biomass enzymatic saccharification in banana pseudostems and rachis. Therefore, this study not only examined rich edible carbohydrates for food in the banana pseudostems but also detected digestible lignocellulose for bioethanol production in rachis tissue, providing a strategy applicable for genetic breeding and biomass processing in banana crops.

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Slavens, Shelyn, Stephen M. Marek, and Mark R. Wilkins. "Effects of Copper, Manganese, and Glucose on the Induction of Ligninolytic Enzymes Produced by Pleurotus ostreatus during Fungal Pretreatment of Switchgrass." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 6 (2019): 1673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13446.

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Abstract. produces laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) to selectively degrade lignin and can be used as a biological pretreatment of lignocellulose biomass to enhance ethanol production. Exogenous copper and manganese have been reported to increase production of laccase and MnP, respectively. The effects of supplementing copper, manganese, or glucose to switchgrass inoculated with on ligninolytic enzyme activity were evaluated. Solutions of copper, manganese, glucose, or water were added with and without fungal inoculum at 75% moisture for 40 d at 28°C. Ligninolytic enzyme activities and biomass compositions were determined after the pretreatments. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentations (SSF) were conducted with the pretreated biomass. There were no significant differences between the supplement solutions on laccase activity, but MnP activities in copper-treated samples were significantly reduced. Fungal-pretreated samples had significantly less glucan, xylan, and lignin recoveries and significantly greater extractable sugars than non-inoculated controls. Ethanol yields during SSF corresponded with lignin degradation in the fungal-inoculated samples. Water-treated (control solution), fungal-inoculated samples showed the greatest lignin degradation and ethanol yields, while the copper-treated, fungal-inoculated samples had the lowest lignin degradation and ethanol yield. Manganese-treated and glucose-treated, fungal-inoculated samples had similar intermediate lignin contents and ethanol yields. Ethanol yield during SSF was significantly increased by fungal pretreatment compared to no pretreatment. Water alone was more effective than the copper, manganese, and glucose solutions added to the fungal pretreatments. Fungal pretreatment with provided significant lignin degradation to increase ethanol yield from switchgrass biomass. Keywords: Bioenergy, Biological pretreatment, Lignin.

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Haykir, I. "A comparative study on lignocellulose pretreatments for bioethanol production from cotton stalk." New Biotechnology 25 (September 2009): S253—S254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.565.

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Hamonangan Panjaitan, Jabosar Ronggur, and Misri Gozan. "TECHNO-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF NITROCELLULOSE PRODUCTION FROM PALM OIL EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES." ASEAN Engineering Journal 11, no. 4 (November 28, 2021): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v11.18037.

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Nitrocellulose is a cellulose derivative that has many potential applications. Nitrocellulose can bemade through nitration reactions by reacting cellulose and nitric acid at low temperatures. Cellulose can be obtained from lignocellulose biomass such as palm oil empty fruit bunches (POEFBs). In this study, techno-economic evaluation of nitrocellulose production from POEFBs was investigated with various types of alkaline and acid pretreatments. Pretreatment of POEFBs with alkaline and acid was used to purify cellulose fraction as raw material for nitrocellulose. The combination process of POEFBs pretreatment with alkaline and acid can be classified into 4 process routes such as ammonium hydroxide and sulfuric acid pretreatment (Route-1), ammonium hydroxide and acetic acid pretreatment (Route-2), sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid pretreatment (Route-3), and sodium hydroxide and acetic acid pretreatment (Route-4). The results showed that ammonium hydroxide and sulfuric acid pretreatment (Route-1) was the most profitable route to produce nitrocellulose. Economic parameter values such as return of investment (ROI), payback period (PBP), net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) from ammonium hydroxide and sulfuric acid pretreatment (Route-1) were 11.49%, 5.85 years, US$ 442,427 and 13.35%.

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Zhou, Min, and Xingjun Tian. "Development of different pretreatments and related technologies for efficient biomass conversion of lignocellulose." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 202 (March 2022): 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.036.

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Schilling, Jonathan S., Jun Ai, Robert A. Blanchette, Shona M. Duncan, Timothy R. Filley, and Ulrike W. Tschirner. "Lignocellulose modifications by brown rot fungi and their effects, as pretreatments, on cellulolysis." Bioresource Technology 116 (July 2012): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.018.

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Zhu, Yikui, Jiawei Huang, Shaolong Sun, Aimin Wu, and Huiling Li. "Effect of Dilute Acid and Alkali Pretreatments on the Catalytic Performance of Bamboo-Derived Carbonaceous Magnetic Solid Acid." Catalysts 9, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9030245.

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Lignocellulose is a widely used renewable energy source on the Earth that is rich in carbon skeletons. The catalytic hydrolysis of lignocellulose over magnetic solid acid is an efficient pathway for the conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals. In this study, a bamboo-derived carbonaceous magnetic solid acid catalyst was synthesized by FeCl3 impregnation, followed by carbonization and –SO3H group functionalization. The prepared catalyst was further subjected as the solid acid catalyst for the catalytic conversion of corncob polysaccharides into reducing sugars. The results showed that the as-prepared magnetic solid acid contained –SO3H, –COOH, and polycyclic aromatic, and presented good catalytic performance for the hydrolysis of corncob in the aqueous phase. The concentration of H+ was in the range of 0.6487 to 2.3204 mmol/g. Dilute acid and alkali pretreatments of raw material can greatly improve the catalytic activity of bamboo-derived carbonaceous magnetic solid acid. Using the catalyst prepared by 0.25% H2SO4-pretreated bamboo, 6417.5 mg/L of reducing sugars corresponding to 37.17% carbohydrates conversion could be obtained under the reaction conditions of 120 °C for 30 min.

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Chen, Yuanhang, Zhenyun Yan, Long Liang, Miao Ran, Ting Wu, Baobin Wang, Xiuxiu Zou, Mengke Zhao, Guigan Fang, and Kuizhong Shen. "Comparative Evaluation of Organic Acid Pretreatment of Eucalyptus for Kraft Dissolving Pulp Production." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020361.

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Pretreatment is an essential process for the extensive utilization of lignocellulose materials. The effect of four common organic acid pretreatments for Kraft dissolving pulp production was comparatively investigated. It was found that under acidic conditions, hemicellulose can be effectively removed and more reducing sugars can be recovered. During acetic acid pretreatment, lignin that was dissolved in acetic acid could form a lignin-related film which would alleviate cellulose hydrolysis, while other organic acids caused severe cellulose degradation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used to characterize the pretreated chips in the process. Lignin droplets were attached to the surface of the treated wood chips according to the SEM results. The FTIR spectrum showed that the lignin peak signal becomes stronger, and the hemicellulose peak signal becomes weaker with acid pretreatment. The XRD spectrum demonstrated that the crystallinity index of the wood chips increased. The acetic acid pretreatment process-assisted Kraft process achieved higher yield (31.66%) and higher α-cellulose (98.28%) than any other organic acid pretreatment. Furthermore, extensive utilization of biomass was evaluated with the acetic acid pretreatment-assisted Kraft process. 43.8% polysaccharide (12.14% reducing sugar and 31.66% dissolving pulp) and 22.24% lignin (0.29% acetic acid lignin and 21.95% sulfate lignin) were recovered during the process. Biomass utilization could reach 66.04%. Acetic acid pretreatment is a promising process for extensive biomass utilization.

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Yan, Ming, Ting Wu, Jinxia Ma, Hailong Lu, and Xiaofan Zhou. "A systematic study of lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNF) prepared from wheat straw by varied acid pretreatments." Industrial Crops and Products 185 (October 2022): 115126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115126.

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Novia, Novia, Vishnu K. Pareek, Hermansyah Hermansyah, and Asyeni Miftahul Jannah. "Effect of Dilute Acid - Alkaline Pretreatment on Rice Husk Composition and Hydrodynamic Modeling with CFD." Science and Technology Indonesia 4, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26554/sti.2019.4.1.18-23.

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The high cellulosic content of rice husk can be utilized as a feedstock for pulp and biofuel. Pretreatment is necessary to break the bonds in the complex lignocellulose matrices addressing the cellulose access. This work aims to utilize the rice husk using dilute acid and alkaline pretreatment experimentally and CFD modeling. The study consists of three series of research. The first stage was the dilute acid pretreatment with sulfuric acid concentration of 1% to 5% (v/v) at 85°C for 60 minutes, and alkaline pretreatment with NaOH concentration of 1% to 5% (w/v) at 85oC for 30 minutes separately. The second stage used the combination of both pretreatment. Moreover the last stage of research was hydrodynamic modeling of pretreatment process by CFD (ANSYS FLUENT 16). The experimental results showed that the lowest lignin content after acid pretreatment was about 10.74%. Alkaline pretreatment produced the lowest lignin content of 4.35%. The highest cellulose content was 66.75 % for acid-alkaline pretreatment. The lowest content of lignin was about 6.09% for acid-alkaline pretreatment. The lowest performance of alkaline pretreatment on HWS (hot water solubility) of about 7.34% can be enhanced to 9.71% by using a combination alkaline-acid. The combined pretreatments result hemicellulose of about 9.59% (alkaline-acid) and 9.27% (acid-alkaline). Modeling results showed that the mixing area had the minimum pressure of about -6250 Pa which is vortex leading minimum efficiency of mixing. The rice husk flowed upward to the upper level and mixed with reagent in the perfect mixing.

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Saini, Anita, Neeraj K. Aggarwal, Anuja Sharma, and Anita Yadav. "Prospects for Irradiation in Cellulosic Ethanol Production." Biotechnology Research International 2015 (December 29, 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/157139.

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Second generation bioethanol production technology relies on lignocellulosic biomass composed of hemicelluloses, celluloses, and lignin components. Cellulose and hemicellulose are sources of fermentable sugars. But the structural characteristics of lignocelluloses pose hindrance to the conversion of these sugar polysaccharides into ethanol. The process of ethanol production, therefore, involves an expensive and energy intensive step of pretreatment, which reduces the recalcitrance of lignocellulose and makes feedstock more susceptible to saccharification. Various physical, chemical, biological, or combined methods are employed to pretreat lignocelluloses. Irradiation is one of the common and promising physical methods of pretreatment, which involves ultrasonic waves, microwaves, γ-rays, and electron beam. Irradiation is also known to enhance the effect of saccharification. This review explains the role of different radiations in the production of cellulosic ethanol.

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Xu, Ning, Wei Zhang, Shuangfeng Ren, Fei Liu, Chunqiao Zhao, Haofeng Liao, Zhengdan Xu, et al. "Hemicelluloses negatively affect lignocellulose crystallinity for high biomass digestibility under NaOH and H2SO4 pretreatments in Miscanthus." Biotechnology for Biofuels 5, no. 1 (2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-58.

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Zhang, Wei, Zili Yi, Jiangfeng Huang, Fengcheng Li, Bo Hao, Ming Li, Shufen Hong, et al. "Three lignocellulose features that distinctively affect biomass enzymatic digestibility under NaOH and H2SO4 pretreatments in Miscanthus." Bioresource Technology 130 (February 2013): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.029.

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Falls, M., D. Meysing, C. Liang, M. N. Karim, G. Carstens, L. O. Tedeschi, and M. T. Holtzapple. "Development of highly digestible animal feed from lignocellulosic biomass Part 2: Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) and shock treatment of corn stover1." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2017.0025.

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Abstract Oxidative lime pretreatment (OLP) increases lignocellulose digestibility by removing lignin and hemicellulose acetyl content. Digestibility is improved further by adding mechanical shock treatment, which subjects aqueous slurry of biomass to an explosive pressure pulse. Shock treatment mechanically disrupts the microscopic structure while maintaining the macroscopic integrity of the biomass particle. This study determined the effectiveness of these pretreatments to enhance the ruminant digestibility of corn stover. In terms of compositional changes, OLP and shock treatment should negatively affect the feed value of corn stover; however, digestibility analysis provides a significantly different conclusion. With corn stover, shock + OLP improved the 48-h neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) to 79.0 g neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digested/100 g NDF fed, compared to 49.3 for raw corn stover. The 48-h in vitro total digestible nutrients (TDNom, g nutrients digested/100 g OM) was 51.9 (raw), 59.7 (OLP), and 72.6 (shock + OLP). Adding extracted corn stover solubles to shock + OLP increased TDNom to 74.9. When enough solubilized chicken feathers were added to match the protein content of corn grain, TDNom increases to 75.5, which is only 12.6 less than corn grain.

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Dziekońska-Kubczak, Urszula, Joanna Berłowska, Piotr Dziugan, Piotr Patelski, Maria Balcerek, Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska, Agata Czyżowska, and Jarosław Domański. "Comparison of steam explosion, dilute acid, and alkali pretreatments on enzymatic saccharification and fermentation of hardwood sawdust." BioResources 13, no. 3 (July 31, 2018): 6970–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.3.6970-6984.

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Effects were compared for three low-cost pretreatment methods (dilute acid, alkali, and steam explosion) relative to the effectiveness of environmentally friendly enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation of aspen, birch, and oak chips. The highest monomeric sugar yield was achieved with the alkali pretreatment of the aspen chips (22 g/L of glucose and 6 g/L of xylose). Additionally, the concentration of lignocellulose degradation products formed during this pretreatment was relatively low, and so the hydrolysis and fermentation efficiencies were 80% and 85%, respectively. The application of dilute acid pretreatment led to lower yield of enzymatic hydrolysis in comparison with alkali pretreatment, resulting in 41% to 62% of theoretical yield for aspen and birch chips, respectively. Increasing the NaOH concentration led to an increase in the monomeric sugar yield, and consequently increased the hydrolysis and fermentation yields. By contrast, increasing the acid concentration resulted in a higher sugar yield, and the fermentation efficiency decreased. The applied steam explosion conditions resulted in the formation of 6.8 to 15.4 g glucose/L, with hydrolysis yield in the range 34 to 42% of theoretical. The most susceptible for pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis was found to be aspen biomass.

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Sanchez-Salvador, Jose Luis, Mariana P. Marques, Margarida S. C. A. Brito, Carlos Negro, Maria Concepcion Monte, Yaidelin A. Manrique, Ricardo J. Santos, and Angeles Blanco. "Valorization of Vegetable Waste from Leek, Lettuce, and Artichoke to Produce Highly Concentrated Lignocellulose Micro- and Nanofibril Suspensions." Nanomaterials 12, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 4499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12244499.

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Vegetable supply in the world is more than double than vegetable intake, which supposes a significant waste of vegetables, in addition to the agricultural residues produced. As sensitive food products, the reasons for this waste vary from the use of only a part of the vegetable due to its different properties to the product appearance and market image. An alternative high-added-value application for these wastes rich in cellulose could be the reduction in size to produce lignocellulose micro- and nanofibrils (LCMNF). In this sense, a direct treatment of greengrocery waste (leek, lettuce, and artichoke) to produce LCMNFs without the extraction of cellulose has been studied, obtaining highly concentrated suspensions, without using chemicals. After drying the wastes, these suspensions were produced by milling and blending at high shear followed by several passes in the high-pressure homogenizer (up to six passes). The presence of more extractives and shorter fiber lengths allowed the obtention of 5–5.5% leek LCMNF suspensions and 3.5–4% lettuce LCMNF suspensions, whereas for artichoke, only suspensions of under 1% were obtained. The main novelty of the work was the obtention of a high concentration of micro- and nanofiber suspension from the total waste without any pretreatment. These high concentrations are not obtained from other raw materials (wood or annual plants) due to the clogging of the homogenizer, requiring the dilution of the sample up to 1% or the use of chemical pretreatments.

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Malik, Kamran, El-Sayed Salama, Tae Hyun Kim, and Xiangkai Li. "Enhanced ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation post acidic and alkali chemical pretreatments of cotton stalk lignocellulose." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 147 (February 2020): 104869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.104869.

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Li, Fengcheng, Shuangfeng Ren, Wei Zhang, Zhengdan Xu, Guosheng Xie, Yan Chen, Yuanyuan Tu, et al. "Arabinose substitution degree in xylan positively affects lignocellulose enzymatic digestibility after various NaOH/H2SO4 pretreatments in Miscanthus." Bioresource Technology 130 (February 2013): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.107.

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Rofiqah, U., A. Safitri, and Fadhilah. "Study of delignification process and crystallinity index on lignocellulose components of corn cob in different pretreatments: a combination of pretreatment (ionic choline acetate and NaOH) and NaOH pretreatment." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 625 (September 30, 2019): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/625/1/012029.

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Bittencourt, Gustavo Amaro, Elisa da Silva Barreto, Rogélio Lopes Brandão, Bruno Eduardo Lobo Baêta, and Leandro Vinícius Alves Gurgel. "Fractionation of sugarcane bagasse using hydrothermal and advanced oxidative pretreatments for bioethanol and biogas production in lignocellulose biorefineries." Bioresource Technology 292 (November 2019): 121963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121963.

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Bay, Mohammad Saber, Fatemeh Eslami, and Keikhosro Karimi. "The Relationship between Structural Features of Lignocellulosic Materials and Ethanol Production Yield." Designs 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs6060119.

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Lignocellulosic materials are a mixture of natural polymers which can be considered a great alternative source of chemical products and energy. Hence, pinewood, poplar wood, and rice straw, as representatives of different types of lignocelluloses, were subjected to several pretreatment types in order to increase ethanol production yield. All pretreatments increased enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol yield, specifically pretreatment with phosphoric acid. This pretreatment increased ethanol yields by 304.6% and 273.61% for poplar wood and pinewood, respectively, compared to untreated substrates. In addition, a number of analyses, including a BET test, buffering capacity, crystallinity, accessible surface area, and composition measurement, were conducted on the pretreated substrates to investigate their structural modifications in detail. Accessible surface area, as one of the most important parameters for performance of enzymes and microorganisms in the fermentation process, was examined by the water retention value test. The results of this method (using centrifuge) showed that the maximum accessible surface area was related to the pretreated samples with phosphoric acid so that it increased WRV to 132.19%, 149.41%, and 68.44% for poplar wood, pinewood, and rice straw, respectively, as compared to untreated substrates. On the whole, pretreatments restructured and opened up the tangled structure of lignocelluloses, resulting in a considerable increase in ethanol yields. Moreover, in this study, for the first time, a new correlation was presented for each substrate which indicates the relationship between ethanol yield and structural features of the lignocellulosic substrate.

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Tejirian, Ani, and Feng Xu. "Inhibition of Cellulase-Catalyzed Lignocellulosic Hydrolysis by Iron and Oxidative Metal Ions and Complexes." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 23 (October 1, 2010): 7673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01376-10.

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ABSTRACT Enzymatic lignocellulose hydrolysis plays a key role in microbially driven carbon cycling and energy conversion and holds promise for bio-based energy and chemical industries. Cellulases (key lignocellulose-active enzymes) are prone to interference from various noncellulosic substances (e.g., metal ions). During natural cellulolysis, these substances may arise from other microbial activities or abiotic events, and during industrial cellulolysis, they may be derived from biomass feedstocks or upstream treatments. Knowledge about cellulolysis-inhibiting reactions is of importance for the microbiology of natural biomass degradation and the development of biomass conversion technology. Different metal ions, including those native to microbial activity or employed for biomass pretreatments, are often tested for enzymatic cellulolysis. Only a few metal ions act as inhibitors of cellulases, which include ferrous and ferric ions as well as cupric ion. In this study, we showed inhibition by ferrous/ferric ions as part of a more general effect from oxidative (or redox-active) metal ions and their complexes. The correlation between inhibition and oxidation potential indicated the oxidative nature of the inhibition, and the dependence on air established the catalytic role that iron ions played in mediating the dioxygen inhibition of cellulolysis. Individual cellulases showed different susceptibilities to inhibition. It is likely that the inhibition exerted its effect more on cellulose than on cellulase. Strong iron ion chelators and polyethylene glycols could mitigate the inhibition. Potential microbiological and industrial implications of the observed effect of redox-active metal ions on enzymatic cellulolysis, as well as the prevention and mitigation of this effect in industrial biomass conversion, are discussed.

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Luo, Xingxing, Baiquan Zeng, Yanan Zhong, and Jienan Chen. "Production and detoxification of inhibitors during the destruction of lignocellulose spatial structure." BioResources 17, no. 1 (December 9, 2021): 1939–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.1.luo.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource that is widely abundant and can be used to produce biofuels such as methanol and ethanol. Because biofuels have the potential to alleviate shortages of energy in today’s world, they have attracted much research attention. The pretreatment of lignocellulose is an important step in the conversion of biomass products. The pretreatment can destroy the crosslinking effect of lignin and hemicellulose on cellulose, remove lignin, degrade hemicellulose, and change the crystal structure of cellulose. The reaction area between the enzyme and the substrate is enlarged, and the yield of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation products is significantly increased. Conventional pretreatment methods help convert lignocellulosic material to sugars, but the treatments also produce some inhibitors, which are mainly organic acids, aldehydes, phenols, and other substances. They may affect the subsequent saccharification and growth of fermentation microorganisms, thereby reducing the bioconversion of the lignocellulose. It is therefore necessary to take effective means of detoxification. This paper reviews lignocellulose pretreatment methods, with an emphasis on inhibitors and their management. A summary is provided of detoxification methods, and the future use of lignocellulosic biomass for fuels prospects.

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Hu, Mingyang, Junyou Chen, Yanyan Yu, and Yun Liu. "Peroxyacetic Acid Pretreatment: A Potentially Promising Strategy towards Lignocellulose Biorefinery." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 6359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196359.

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The stubborn and complex structure of lignocellulose hinders the valorization of each component of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the biorefinery industries. Therefore, efficient pretreatment is an essential and prerequisite step for lignocellulose biorefinery. Recently, a considerable number of studies have focused on peroxyacetic acid (PAA) pretreatment in lignocellulose fractionation and some breakthroughs have been achieved in recent decades. In this article, we aim to highlight the challenges of PAA pretreatment and propose a roadmap towards lignocellulose fractionation by PAA for future research. As a novel promising pretreatment method towards lignocellulosic fractionation, PAA is a strong oxidizing agent that can selectively remove lignin and hemicellulose from lignocellulose, retaining intact cellulose for downstream upgrading. PAA in lignocellulose pretreatment can be divided into commercial PAA, chemical activation PAA, and enzymatic in-situ generation of PAA. Each PAA for lignocellulose fractionation shows its own advantages and disadvantages. To meet the theme of green chemistry, enzymatic in-situ generation of PAA has aroused a great deal of enthusiasm in lignocellulose fractionation. Furthermore, mass balance and techno-economic analyses are discussed in order to evaluate the feasibility of PAA pretreatment in lignocellulose fractionation. Ultimately, some perspectives and opportunities are proposed to address the existing limitations in PAA pretreatment towards biomass biorefinery valorization. In summary, from the views of green chemistry, enzymatic in-situ generation of PAA will become a cutting-edge topic research in the lignocellulose fractionation in future.

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Lu, Xiaohong, Fei Li, Xia Zhou, Jinrong Hu, and Ping Liu. "Biomass, lignocellulolytic enzyme production and lignocellulose degradation patterns by Auricularia auricula during solid state fermentation of corn stalk residues under different pretreatments." Food Chemistry 384 (August 2022): 132622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132622.

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Chen, Kun, Long Jun Xu, and Jun Yi. "Bioconversion of Lignocellulose to Ethanol: A Review of Production Process." Advanced Materials Research 280 (July 2011): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.280.246.

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Lignocellulose biomass is a kind of rich reserve in china, and it is a renewable bio-resource. Researches on the bioconversion of lignocellulose (lignocellulosic biomass) to ethanol have been hot spot in recent years. The key technologies of producing fuel alcohol by aspects of lignocellulosic raw materials, pretreatment technology, fermentation process, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of strains as well as the removal of fermentation inhibitors have been reviewed. It is pointed out that the improvement of fermentation strains, exploitation of double function saccharomyces cerevisiae (glucose and xylose fermenting) to ethanol, will be the direction and focus in future researches.

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Hasanov, Isa, Merlin Raud, and Timo Kikas. "The Role of Ionic Liquids in the Lignin Separation from Lignocellulosic Biomass." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2020): 4864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184864.

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Lignin is a natural polymer, one that has an abundant and renewable resource in biomass. Due to a tendency towards the use of biochemicals, the efficient utilization of lignin has gained wide attention. The delignification of lignocellulosic biomass makes its fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) susceptible to easier transformation to many different commodities like energy, chemicals, and materials that could be produced using the biorefinery concept. This review gives an overview of the field of lignin separation from lignocellulosic biomass and changes that occur in the biomass during this process, as well as taking a detailed look at the influence of parameters that lead the process of dissolution. According to recent studies, a number of ionic liquids (ILs) have shown a level of potential for industrial scale production in terms of the pretreatment of biomass. ILs are perspective green solvents for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. These properties in ILs enable one to disrupt the complex structure of lignocellulose. In addition, the physicochemical properties of aprotic and protic ionic liquids (PILs) are summarized, with those properties making them suitable solvents for lignocellulose pretreatment which, especially, target lignin. The aim of the paper is to focus on the separation of lignin from lignocellulosic biomass, by keeping all components susceptible for biorefinery processes. The discussion includes interaction mechanisms between lignocellulosic biomass subcomponents and ILs to increase the lignin yield. According to our research, certain PILs have potential for the cost reduction of LC biomass pretreatment on the feasible separation of lignin.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lignocellulose pretreatments'

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