Journal articles on the topic 'Lignite testing'
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1
Porter, E. B., and L. R. Hossner. "MODIFIED NP TESTING FOR LIGNITE OVERBURDEN SAMPLES IN TEXAS." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2001, no. 1 (2001): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr01010296.
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Benson, Steven A., John H. Pavlish, Michael J. Holmes, Charlene R. Crocker, Kevin C. Galbreath, and Ye Zhaung. "Mercury control testing in a pulverized lignite-fired system." Fuel Processing Technology 90, no. 11 (November 2009): 1378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.08.017.
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Xin, Fudong, Hao Xu, Dazhen Tang, Ding Liu, and Can Cao. "Problems in pore property testing of lignite: Analysis and correction." International Journal of Coal Geology 245 (September 2021): 103829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2021.103829.
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Julismi, Rusdianasari, and Abu Hasan. "Syngas Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Testing of In-Situ Type Lignite Coal and Fracture Type Coal." International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 1, no. 2 (September 22, 2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v1i2.42.
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The advancement and utilization of technology require energy, namely electricity and fuel energy. The increasing cost of fossil energy, the scarcity of non-renewable energy sources and the increasing energy demand requires diversification of energy resources. One of the new renewable energy sources currently being developed in Indonesia is Underground Coal Gasification (UCG). UCG is a new technology that utilizes unmined coal. In the UCG process, coal is burned underground and the syngas produced is collected through bore wells for processing or direct use. The resulting syngas is analyzed to see the effect of in-situ type of lignite coal and fractured type of coal on syngas production using the UCG method. Tests carried out on fracture-type lignite coal for 120 minutes with a sample weight of 1.3 kg obtained a CH4 gas concentration of 0.24%, which is relatively low compared to the in-situ type lignite coal sample CH4 gas concentration of 1.13%. The CO2 concentration was 54.46% in the fracture sample, and the In-Situ type sample was 52.19%. The O2 content with a value of 19.43% for the Fracture Type sample and 4.94% for the In-Situ type sample. Fracture Type and In-situ Lignite Coal produced fewer syngas products due to UCG testing than high-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and bituminous coal.
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Stefanovic, Predrag, Nikola Zivkovic, Dragoslava Stojiljkovic, Vladimir Jovanovic, Milic Eric, Zoran Markovic, and Dejan Cvetinovic. "Pljevlja lignite carbon emission characteristics." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 5 (2019): 1523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180726288s.
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The anthropogenic emission of GHG especially CO has to be limited and reduced due to 2 their impact on global warming and climate change. Combustion of fossil fuels in the energy sector has a dominant share in total GHG emissions. In order to reduce GHG emission, European Union established a scheme for GHG allowance trading within the community, and the implementation of the European Union emission trading scheme, which is a key to GHG reduction in a cost-effective way. An important part of emission trading scheme is prescribed methodology for monitoring, reporting, and verification of the emission of GHG including characterization of the local fuels combusted by the energy sector. This paper presents lignite characteristics from open-pit mine Borovica- Pljevlja, which has highest coal production in Montenegro (>1.2 Mt per year), including evaluation of its carbon emission factor based on the laboratory analysis of 72 coal samples. Testing of the samples included proximate and ultimate analysis, as well as, net calorific value determination. In accordance with the obtained results, linear correlations between net calorific value and combustible matter content, carbon content and combustible matter content, hydrogen content and combustible matter content, carbon content and net calorific value, were established. Finally, the non-linear analytical correlation between carbon emission factor and net calorific value for Pljevlja lignite was proposed, as a base for the precise calculation of CO emission evaluation.
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Macuda, Jan, Paweł Baran, and Marian Wagner. "Evaluation of the Presence of Methane in Złoczew Lignite: Comparison with Other Lignite Deposits in Poland." Natural Resources Research 29, no. 6 (May 16, 2020): 3841–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-020-09691-7.
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Abstract Catastrophic cases of methane explosion during exploratory drilling within the Bełchatów ortholignite deposit have led to testing for methane in other Polish ortholignite mining areas, as well as in the Złoczew deposit, where it is planned to begin mining operations. Initial tests have shown Złoczew lignite to have the highest methane content among the Polish deposits so far studied, comparable with lignite from the Bełchatów deposit, with a methane capacity in excess of 2.5 dcm3/kg at a pressure of 10 bar. Based on the computed values of the Langmuir constant, a determination was made of the quantity of methane that can be desorbed from a pressure of 10 bar to 1 bar, as well as the residual methane content. For all of the tested samples, the residual methane content is between 30 and 50% of the sorption capacity at a pressure of 10 bar. The thermal sorption equations were used to compute values of the limiting isosteric heat of adsorption. Higher values of the heat of adsorption at zero surface capacity may indicate the presence of a small quantity of micro-pores. In the case of the samples with the highest sorption capacity, the limiting isosteric heats of adsorption are low, indicating a low proportion of micro-pores in the lignite. This was confirmed by tests of nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The proportion of micro-pores in the studied lignites is 2–3%, while the dominant pore fraction is the meso-pores, which in lignite from the Złoczew and Bełchatów deposits account for 50–66% of total pores. It is concluded that the significant adsorption of methane in the ortholignite occurs chiefly in meso-pores because of compression of the gas under increased orogenic pressure. A link is made between the higher methane-bearing capacity of the ortholignite deposits and the degree of gelification of the huminite components, based on simple statistical correlations between the methane sorption capacity and the content of humic gelified maceral. The results concerning methane sorption in lignite from the Złoczew deposit have enabled a preliminary classification of the methane-bearing capacity of Polish ortholignite deposits, which may also be of significance for similar deposits in other countries.
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Lv, Tai, Li Yuan Liu, and Kun Lu. "Research on Testing of Burning Lignite in 1000MW Ultra Supercritical Concurrent Boiler." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3736–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3736.
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Power plant’s NO.3 boiler in Suizhong is 1000MW ultra supercritical concurrent boiler. As a result of the increase in the price of coal at present, loss incurred in most of the power plants, the most effective medium to realize profit is burning lignite. This paper analyzed its economic indicators, and summarized its survey.
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Jino, R., M. Sriraman, B. Arthika, and K. G. Ashok. "Studies on mechanical properties of luffa acutangula/lignite fly ash reinforced composites." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.21 (April 20, 2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.21.12182.
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The demand of using natural fibers in various applications were increasing day by day due to its eco friendly nature over the artificial fiber based polymer matrix composites. This paper describes the fabrication and evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of Luffa Acutangula fiber with and without Lignite Fly Ash. The lignite fly ash was added as a filler material in the ratio of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, percent of weight along with the matrix and fiber. The laminates were fabricated using hand layup technique and the samples were prepared based on ASTM standards for testings.The tensile test was performed using universal testing machine. The addition of filler lignite fly ash has shown the improvement in mechanical and thermal properties of laminated composites. The Tensile, flexural, and compression test was conducted for the fabricated samples and it was observed that the influence of lignite fly ash on natural fiber leads to the increase in tensile strength and compressive strength but the flexural strength was reduced for the fabricated laminates with the filler material lignite fly ash. The morphological analysis was carried out for finding the fractured surface and material failures using scanning electron microscope (SEM).
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Chadwick, Bruce L., and Doug Body. "Development and Commercial Evaluation of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Chemical Analysis Technology in the Coal Power Generation Industry." Applied Spectroscopy 56, no. 1 (January 2002): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702021954232.
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An instrumentation variation on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been developed and applied in the operations of power generating companies utilizing low-ash lignite as the fuel source. The instrument design allows simultaneous determination of all detectable elements using a multiple spectrograph and a synchronized, multiple charge-coupled device (CCD) spectral acquisition system. The application of internal ratio analysis has enabled the development of a stable system that can be operated routinely for over a month without recalibration. Detection limits vary depending on the element but are typically on the order of 0.01% by weight for heterogeneous materials such as the moist lignite used in these power stations. Independent testing of the instrument has shown good correlation between the routine LIBS analysis and the analysis of the coal via acid extraction techniques for key ash-forming elements. Testing over a one month period shows excellent correlation between the two methods for elements such as Al ( R = 0.96) and Na ( R = 0.92). The principle limitation is not the accuracy of the LIBS method but rather the inherent errors in sampling heterogeneous materials such as lignite. Because the LIBS analysis takes less than 30 seconds it has clear advantages over traditional methods used in elemental analysis for these materials.
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Wang, Wei Dong, Xiao Yang, Jing Wen, Meng Hui Lu, Chen Gao, Kuan Zhang, Jian Jian Wang, and Yue Ding. "Experimental Study on the Xilingol Lignite Dewatering in Microwave Field." Advanced Materials Research 868 (December 2013): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.868.442.
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Microwave drying characteristics of Xilingol lignite were investigated with microwave drying testing equipment at 2450 MHz. Effects of particle size has been carefully studied. Mass losses of the samples were measured during drying. Drying rates were then obtained through the trends of drying curves. Results show the 0.6-1mm sample has low drying rate. Changing the stacking superficial area and size composition has been tested and resulted that only mixed with fine coal can increase the drying rate of 0.6-1mm. But classification experiment shows sieving 0-6mm sample into fine sample and coarse sample cannot advance the drying rate obviously.
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Uğuz, Özlem, Hanzade Haykiri-Açma, and Serdar Yaman. "Combustion kinetics of lignite preheated under oxygen-enriched conditions." Energy & Environment 31, no. 5 (October 21, 2019): 813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x19882393.
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This study bases on the testing of the solid-state kinetic models to determine the combustion kinetics of thermally pretreated Turkish lignite (Adiyaman–Golbasi) in O2-enriched environment. The lignite sample was first preheated in a horizontal tube furnace at temperatures of 200°C, 400°C and 600°C that correspond to torrefaction, partly devolatilization and partly ashing temperatures. Oxidative environments that have the O2 concentrations of 21, 30, 40 and 50 vol.%. were created during this treatment by changing the ratio of O2/N2 in the binary gas mixtures. The solid residues remaining after oxidation were then subjected to non-isothermal combustion conditions in a thermal analyzer up to 900°C under dry air atmosphere. The conversion degrees calculated from the thermogravimetric analysis were used to establish the kinetic parameters based on the Coats–Redfern method. It was concluded that the first-order reaction model fits well for both the combustion of volatiles and the burning of the char. It was also seen that the concentration of O2 in the pre-oxidation stage plays an important role as treatment temperature also increases. Moreover, it was also concluded that the activation energies for the char burning regions of the samples treated at 200°C and 400°C differ seriously.
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Szałatkiewicz, Jakub. "Construction Materials from Vitrified Lignite Fly Ash in Plasmatron Plasma Reactor." Materials 12, no. 6 (March 19, 2019): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060905.
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This article presents results of an investigation of vitrified (melted) fly ash samples from lignite (brown coal) in a plasmatron plasma reactor, to determine its mechanical and chemical properties. The XRF elemental analysis results of sample tests, from before the vitrification process and after the vitrification process are shown. The experiments were carried out in a plasma plasmatron reactor with a total power of 65 kW, enabling testing on a quarter technical scale. During the tests, samples of fly ash of about 4 kg mass were processed under selected process conditions. Produced samples of vitrified materials were analyzed in accordance to the requirements for building/construction materials. Results from this investigation confirm its quality to be used as concrete and cement filler, as an addition, and as synthetic aggregate, safe for the environment and neutral for cements. Also the most important leaching of heavy metals to water was analyzed which confirmed meeting of all of requirements necessary to use this material in building materials.
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Helbig, Martin, Jochen Hilz, Martin Haaf, Alexander Daikeler, Jochen Ströhle, and Bernd Epple. "Long-term Carbonate Looping Testing in a 1 MWth Pilot Plant with Hard Coal and Lignite." Energy Procedia 114 (July 2017): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1160.
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Feigl, Viktória, Ágota Atkári, Attila Anton, and Katalin Gruiz. "Chemical Stabilisation Combined with Phytostabilisation Applied to Mine Waste Contaminated Soils in Hungary." Advanced Materials Research 20-21 (July 2007): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.20-21.315.
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Gyöngyösoroszi is an abandoned lead-zinc sulphide ore mining area in Hungary. The diffuse pollution sources of mining origin identified in the area and the residual pollution after removal of the point sources will be subjected to combined chemical- and phytostabilisation. To select the best chemical stabiliser laboratory scale experiments were performed in microcosms. The following chemical additives were tested in various concentrations: three different fly ashes, lignite, alginite, hydrated lime, raw phosphate, iron hydroxide wastes from drinking-water treatment, red mud and the mixture of selected ones. The stabilisation of toxic metals in the soil was monitored by an integrated methodology, which combined physico-chemical analysis with toxicity testing. Based on the chemical analytical and the bacterial and plant toxicity test results, one of the tested fly ash types was the most effective: the mobile Cd and Zn concentration decreased by 50–99% in the fly ash treated contaminated soil, the bacterial and plant toxicity decreased by 30-70%, and the bioaccumulated metal amount by 70%. The combination of lignite, alginite, lime and phosphate was also efficient.
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Qi, Guo Li, Jian Guan, and Hao Leng. "Discuss on Post Combustion Characteristics of the 116MW Circulating Fluidized Bed Hot Water Boiler." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1714.
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116MW circulating fluidized bed hot water boiler performance testing was carried out that found that burning high volatile lignite had post combustion phenomenon of separator yet. The phenomenon of post-combustion research results show that flue gas outlet temperature rise of the separation can be significantly reduced by adjusting the twelve wind ratio; Increasing coal-fired granularity which was able to reduce the separator post combustion phenomenon; Moderate post combustion of separation was able to improve boiler efficiency and reduce N2O. These results can provide guidance for improving boiler operation technology and improving the boiler design standard.
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Jekic, Jelena, Vladimir Beskoski, Gordana Gojgic-Cvijovic, Mirjana Grbavcic, and Miroslav Vrvic. "Bacterially generated Fe2(SO4)3 from pyrite, as a leaching agent for heavy metals from lignite ash." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 72, no. 6 (2007): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0706615j.
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Investigations of heavy metals from lignite ash, which is a coal combustion by-product, have for years been very interesting from different aspects of environmental protection. In this study, the possibility of microbiological ash leaching, with a strong oxidation agent, bacterially generated Fe2(SO4)3 was investigated in order to minimize the concentration of toxic ash elements. Leaching experiment by the shake flask testing technique was performed during a period of 20 d at a temperature of 28?C. The results obtained show 5- to 22-fold (for Cd and Ni approx. 5, Zn approx. 6, Mn approx. 8, Cr approx. 13 and Cu approx. 22) higher metal leaching efficiency in the suspension with bacterially generated Fe2(SO4)3 than in the control suspension. .
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Kudełko, Jan, Herbert Wirth, Wojciech Kaczan, and Lesław Bagiński. "Characteristics of Clay Raw Materials from the Turów Lignite Mine Waste, Poland: Potential for Industrial Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 6513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126513.
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Considering the diversity of clay raw materials, we can distinguish their numerous varieties using genesis and retention conditions, as well as specific physical, chemical, and thermal properties as criteria of division. Three samples of fine-grained clay materials, collected randomly from the Turów lignite mine tailing piles, were subjected to testing for their grain and chemical composition and specific surface area. The results show that the tested materials are non-porous adsorbents. Additionally, a thermal analysis was carried out with a simultaneous quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS). In the tested samples, the weight loss associated with the release of water from the clay was observed in two temperature ranges: from 40 to 240 °C (physically bound water) and from 330 to 620 °C (structured water). The weight loss associated with the decomposition of organic matter was registered in the temperature range of 300 to 560 °C. The results of the conducted tests might provide the basis for further analysis of the potential use of these materials as heat stores, components of insulators, or additives of ceramic products.
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Bednarczyk, Zbigniew. "Nowoczesne metody monitoringu geotechnicznego w polskich odkrywkowych kopalniach węgla brunatnego." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 27, no. 2 (July 22, 2018): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2018.27.2.15.
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The article presents research carried out within the framework of the European Union project Euracoal SLOPES. The project is conducted by the partners from six European countries and coordinated by the Geomechanics Center of Nottingham University. Geotechnical research performed in Poland, on the western slope of the Bełchatów Lignite Mine so-called Bełchatów Field included an advanced on-line system of inclinometer and piezometer monitoring of 100 m depth. It was supplemented by ground based laser scanning, LiDAR scanning with the usage of drone and laboratory tests. The results obtained were used for numerical modeling of the slope stability. This should allow for a better prediction of landslide risks and the testing of new research methods.
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Janowska-Renkas, Elżbieta, Agnieszka Kaliciak, Grzegorz Janus, and Jolanta Kowalska. "Durability of Cement and Ash Mortars with Fluidized and Siliceous Fly Ashes Exposed to HCl Acid Environment over a Period of 2 Years." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123229.
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The paper presents results of research on the impact of fly ash from fluidized bed combustion (FBC) of lignite, used in quantities of 30 and 45% by mass, and the mixture of FBC and silicious fly ash in amount of 45% by mass, on properties of cement–ash mortars. Mortars were exposed to aggressive environment of 1, 3, and 5% HCl solutions for 2 years. Mortars containing 45% FBC exposed to 1% HCl solution (pH = 2) showed the highest durability from among other mortars. The growth of their strength observed after 90 days of testing in 1% HCl environment, as well as the lowest drop of strength after 730 days of exposure to this environment, resulted from the reduced amount of large pores from 20 to 200 nm in mortars containing fly ash, with simultaneous growth of smaller pores of <20 nm during testing. A beneficial effect has been demonstrated of FBC addition to cement on properties of cement–ash mortars exposed to the aggressive impact of the HCl. Mortars with FBC fly-ash content increased to 45% by mass showed higher strength values, smaller differences in linear and mass changes, and increased durability in an aggressive environment observed during 730 days of testing.
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Schröder, H. Fr. "Characterization and monitoring of persistent toxic organics in the aquatic environment." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 7 (October 1, 1998): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0288.
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The effluent of a biological waste water treatment plant containing mainly non-eliminable polar compounds was treated using different types of elimination techniques. Precipitation/flocculation with ferric salts, adsorption onto lignite coke or powdered activated carbon (PAC) were used besides oxidative treatment steps like ozone (O3) with or without ultraviolet (UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in combination with UV for elimination or degradation. Sum parameter analysis and substance-specific flow injection mass spectrometry (FIA/MS) were used for monitoring the elimination efficiency. Tandem mass spectrometry (FIA/MS/MS) was applied for identification. No elimination could be observed under all treatment steps applied, but degradation by oxidative processes led to improved biodegradability. The results of microtoxicity and daphnia magna toxicity testing after O3/UV und H2O2/UV treatment differed widely.
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Mißbach, H., J. P. Duda, N. K. Lünsdorf, B. C. Schmidt, and V. Thiel. "Testing the preservation of biomarkers during experimental maturation of an immature kerogen." International Journal of Astrobiology 15, no. 3 (April 4, 2016): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550416000069.
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AbstractLipid biomarkers have been extensively applied for tracing organisms and evolutionary processes through Earth's history. They have become especially important for the reconstruction of early life on Earth and, potentially, for the detection of life in the extraterrestrial realm. However, it is not always clear how exactly biomarkers reflect a paleoecosystem as their preservation may be influenced by increasing temperatures (T) and pressures (P) during burial. While a number of biomarker indices reflecting thermal maturity have been established, it is often less well constrained to which extent biomarker ratios used for paleoreconstruction are compromised by T and P processes. In this study we conducted hydrous pyrolysis of Green River Shale (GRS) kerogen in gold capsules for 2–2400 h at 300°C to assess the maturation behaviour of several compounds used as life tracers and for the reconstruction of paleoenvironments (n-alkanes, pristane, phytane, gammacerane, steranes, hopanes and cheilanthanes). Lignite samples were maturated in parallel with the GRS kerogen to obtain exact vitrinite reflectance data at every sampling point. Our experiment confirms the applicability of biomarker-based indices and ratios as maturity indicators (e.g. total cheilanthanes/hopanes ratio; sterane and hopane isomerization indices). However, several biomarker ratios that are commonly used for paleoreconstructions (e.g. pristane/phytane, pristane/n-C17, phytane/n-C18 and total steranes/hopanes) were considerably affected by differences in the thermal degradation behaviour of the respective compounds. Short-term experiments (48 h) performed at 400°C also revealed that biomarkers >C15 (especially steranes and hopanes) and ‘biological’ chain length preferences for n-alkanes are vanished at a vitrinite reflectance between 1.38 and 1.83% RO. Our data highlight that ‘thermal taphonomy’ effects have to be carefully considered in the interpretation of biomarkers in ancient rocks and, potentially, extraterrestrial materials.
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Mastej, Wojciech, Tomasz Bartuś, and Jerzy Rydlewski. "Analysis of lithofacies cyclicity in the Miocene Coal Complex of the Bełchatów lignite deposit, south-central Poland." Geologos 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 285–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/logos-2015-0021.
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Abstract Markov chain analysis was applied to studies of cyclic sedimentation in the Coal Complex of the Bełchatów mining field (part of the Bełchatów lignite deposit). The majority of ambiguous results of statistical testing that were caused by weak, statistically undetectable advantage of either cyclicity over environmental barriers or vice versa, could be explained if only the above-mentioned advantages appeared in the neighbourhood. Therefore, in order to enhance the credibility of statistical tests, a new approach is proposed here in that matrices of observed transition numbers from different boreholes should be added to increase statistical reliability if they originated in a homogeneous area. A second new approach, which consists of revealing statistically undetectable cyclicity of lithofacies alternations, is proposed as well. All data were derived from the mining data base in which differentiation between lithology and sedimentary environments was rather weak. For this reason, the methodological proposals are much more important than details of the sedimentation model in the present paper. Nevertheless, they did reveal some interesting phenomena which may prove important in the reconstruction of peat/lignite environmental conditions. First of all, the presence of cyclicity in the sedimentation model, i.e., cyclic alternation of channel and overbank deposits, represents a fluvial environment. It was also confirmed that the lacustrine subenvironment was cut off from a supply of clastic material by various types of mire barriers. Additionally, our analysis revealed new facts: (i) these barriers also existed between lakes in which either carbonate or clay sedimentation predominated; (ii) there was no barrier between rivers and lakes in which clay sedimentation predominated; (iii) barriers were less efficient in alluvial fan areas but were perfectly tight in regions of phytogenic or carbonate sedimentation; (iv) groundwater, rather than surface flow, was the main source of CaCO3 in lakes in which carbonate sedimentation predominated; (v) a lack of cyclic alternation between abandoned channels and pools with clayey sedimentation; (vi) strong evidence for autocyclic alternation of phytogenic subenvironments and lakes in which carbonate sedimentation predominated was found in almost all areas studied.
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Śliwiński, Jacek, Artur Łagosz, Tomasz Tracz, Radosław Mróz, and Jan Deja. "Predicting the Compressive Strength of Portland Cement Concretes with the Addition of Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ashes from Bituminous Coal and Lignite." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070753.
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This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental study on the effect of the addition of two types of fly ash produced during fluidized bed combustion of bituminous coal and lignite, which differ substantially in their chemical and mineral compositions, on the compressive strength of concrete. Concretes with water/binder ratios of 0.65, 0.55 and 0.45 made with CEM I 42.5 R Portland cement and gravel aggregate were tested. The analyzed amounts of fly ash added to the binder were 0, 15% and 30% by weight. Based on the results of compressive strength testing after 28 and 90 days of curing, the relationships with the water/binder ratio and fly ash content in the binder were determined. The fly ashes used were highly active and capable of pozzolanic reaction. The relationships established allow the compressive strength of concretes based on composite cement-fly ash binder to be predicted with sufficient accuracy. The results presented in this study are an important contribution to the knowledge of concretes with combined binders. They have the exploratory value of establishing the dependence of compressive strength at 28 and 90 days on binder composition and water-binder ratio. In addition, they could be used almost directly in practical applications.
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Haryono, Didied, Desiani, Mahfudz Al Huda, Warsito P. Taruno, Marlin R. Baidillah, and Irwin Maulana. "Characterization of Various Types Coal Using Capacitance Measurement Technique." Advanced Materials Research 1112 (July 2015): 506–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1112.506.
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Each type of coal has different composition and properties, which determine the coal rank. One of the new methods for determining the quality of coal is by measuring its capacitance. It is formerly known that the difference in the moisture content of coal can be determined from the difference in its dielectric properties. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the various types of coal based on capacitance measurement. The samples used are Lignite, Sub-bituminous, Bituminous, and Anthracite. The proximate analysis testing was done to determine the content of moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon. Capacitance value is measured using 2-channel data acquisition system (DAS) and parallel plate capacitive sensor at frequency 2.5 MHz. The results shows that the capacitance values of each type of coal are different. The capacitance value is affected by moisture content of coal since the moisture content and capacitance value have a linear correlation. And also, the signal characterization using frequency from 1 kHz to 5 MHz was performed to verify whether the frequency used in the DAS is able to characterize coal types.
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Žlebek, Tomáš, Jakub Hodul, and Rostislav Drochytka. "Use of Specially Treated Hazardous Waste as Filler in Polymer Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 898 (August 27, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.898.49.
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The objective of presented research was to verify and evaluate whether the treated hazardous waste (HW) can be used as filler in polymer coatings based on epoxy (EP) and polyurethane resin (PUR). The end product created by the incineration of municipal waste and cement dusts from cement kiln bypasses were chosen for solidification. The hazardous waste used was solidified by a homogenisation method using filter fly ash from fluidized bed combustion of lignite and silica flour as the solidifying agents. The aim was to use as much hazardous waste as possible and incorporate it into the polymer matrix of the coatings. The usability of the filler prepared in this way was verified by testing the tensile properties of polymer coatings, the surface hardness and the adhesion to the concrete. The cohesion of the coatings with concrete was observed using a digital optical microscope. It has been found that the PUR-based coatings with HW content show better properties than the coatings containing only the silica flour as a filler.
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Altankhuyag, Dorjyunden, Baldorj Baatartsogt, and Batbold Munkhtur. "Uranium deposits of Mongolia, their exploration and mine development." Mongolian Geoscientist, no. 49 (October 13, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v0i49.1227.
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Most of the known uranium deposits in Mongolia are related to volcano-tectonic structures of the Late Mesozoic and permeable sandstone aquifers of terrigenous sedimentary rocks in Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins. A young uranium deposit has been recently discovered at the surface in Quaternary alluvial sediments. Uranium deposits are classified here according to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) classification scheme. Beside of supergene and hydrothermal uranium discoveries, uranium mineralization can also be found in the Lower Cretaceous lignite seams, in Mesozoic alkaline intrusive rock related REE, Th, U enriched mineral systems and in metasomatic rocks, as well as in migmatites and pegmatites localized in Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Currently, no uranium can be produced in Mongolian facilities except pilot testing being done first. A pilot test was carried out at the Khairhan and Kharaat deposits in Mongolia and these experiments have demonstrated the ore to be amenable to acid leach (sulphuric acid) with the addition of an oxidizing agent. These tests confirmed that hydraulic control can be maintained and that the uranium solubilization and mobilization can be controlled. The results of the test were encouraging, with the well production rate, uranium concentration in produced solutions, chemical usage, and estimated uranium recovery all within ranges expected for normal commercial operations. There are a number of Mongolian uranium deposits are in the stage of mine development. The Government of Mongolia has approved the agreement of mine development of the Zuuvch ovoo and Dulaan uul deposits. Pilot testing on these deposits is underway and uranium will be extracted by in-situ leaching soon.
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Słomka-Słupik, Barbara. "Self-Immobilizing Metals Binder for Construction Made of Activated Metallurgical Slag, Slag from Lignite Coal Combustion and Ash from Biomass Combustion." Materials 14, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14113101.
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Research on the effective use of secondary products is gaining more and more importance in Poland due to the intensively implementing idea of the circular economy. The solution used in this work are one of many tests useful in construction. The subject of this work was therefore the formation and testing of a new ecological construction binder, in particular for mortars or prefabricated elements working in the environment with high humidity. The binder was made of alkaline activated ground granular blast furnace slag (AAS), fly ash from biomass combustion (BFA) and furnace slag from brown coal combustion (LFS). The mixture was modified by introducing the zeolite to check the degree of metals immobilization contained in the ingredients of the mixture. A series of three mixtures were prepared: without and with zeolite soaked in distilled water or calcium nitrate. The strength of binders in time in dry and wet curing were tested and compared with the microstructure. The maximum compressive strength values at the eighth week were about 30 MPa. The strength values after 4 weeks of dry and wet curing were also compared. It was shown that 28-day wet curing increased the bending strength of the beams more than twice, but slightly decreased the compressive strength. The microstructure of the mixture with the highest values of compressive strength was the densest and the one with the lowest values of compressive strength, the most loosened with the most differentiated topographically fracture. The impregnation of zeolite with calcium nitrate decreased the compressive strength of the binder significantly. The bending strength of samples curing in dry conditions decreased during hardening. The results of the metals leaching test showed that the mixtures were safe for the environment, and due to the impregnation of zeolite with calcium nitrate, the binding effect of copper and zinc in the first weeks was greater than in the other mixtures.
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Abdelaal, Ahmed. "Preliminary Contamination Risk Assessment of Mining Waste Using Spatial Analysis and Geochemical Characterization of Rock Formations. Case Study in Hungary." Journal of Environmental Geography 7, no. 3-4 (November 1, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jengeo-2014-0007.
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Abstract The Mine Waste Directive (2006/21/EC) requires the risk-based inventory of all mine waste sites in Europe. The geochemical documentation concerning inert classification and ranking of the mine wastes requires specific field study and laboratory testing and analyses of waste material to assess the Acid Mine Drainage potential and toxic element mobility. The procedure applied in this study used a multi-level decision support scheme for the inert classification of waste rock material including: 1) expert judgment, 2) data review, 3) representative field sampling and laboratory analysis and testing of rock formations listed in the National Inert Mining Waste List, and 4) requesting available laboratory analysis data from selected operating mines. Based on a preliminary expert judgment, the listed formations were classified into three categories. A: inert B: probably inert, but has to be checked, C: probably not inert, has to be examined. This paper discusses the heavy metal contamination risk assessment (RA) in the Hungarian quarrymine waste sites. In total 30 waste sites (including both abandoned mines and active quarries) were selected for scientific testing using the EU Pre-selection Protocol. Altogether 93 field samples were collected from the waste sites including andesite, rhyolite, coal (lignite and black coals), peat, alginite, bauxite, clay and limestone. Laboratory analyses of the total toxic element content (aqua regia extraction), the mobile toxic element content (deionized water leaching) carried out according to the Hungarian GKM Decree No. 14/2008. (IV.3) concerning mining waste management. A detailed geochemical study together with spatial analysis and GIS were performed to derive a geochemically sound contamination RA of the mine waste sites. Key parameters such as heavy metals, in addition to the landscape metric parameter such as the distance to the nearest surface and ground water bodies, or to sensitive receptors such as settlements and protected areas calculated and statistically evaluated in order to calibrate the RA methods. Results show that some of the waste rock materials, assumed to be inert, were found non-inert. Thus, regional RA needs more spatial and petrological examination with special care to rock and mineral deposit genetics.
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Wen, Haifang, Mathew P. Tharaniyil, and Bruce Ramme. "Investigation of Performance of Asphalt Pavement with Fly-Ash Stabilized Cold In-Place Recycled Base Course." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-04.
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Class C fly ash is a coal combustion product from lignite or subbituminous coal obtained as a result of the power generation process. In recent years, efforts have been made to incorporate self-cementing fly ash into cold in-place recycled (CIR) asphalt material to improve the structural capacity of asphalt pavement base layers. In this study, asphalt pavements in County Trunk Highway JK in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, were pulverized in place and mixed with fly ash and water to function as a base course. To evaluate the contribution of fly ash to the pavement’s structural performance, nondestructive deflection tests were performed with a KUAB 2m-FWD falling weight deflectometer (FWD) on the outer wheelpath right after construction. The MICHBACK program was used to backcalculate the material properties of pavement layers from FWD measurements of deflection. The average moduli of the materials in the hot-mix asphalt layer, fly ash–stabilized base course, and subgrade were backcalculated. The structural capacity and structural number were also obtained from FWD test data. The structural coefficient of 0.16 was obtained for the fly ash–stabilized base course in the highway. The results of FWD testing indicate that CIR stabilization with self-cementing fly ash is an economical method of recycling flexible pavements and eliminates the need for expensive new granular base courses for road reconstruction.
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Pambudi, Nugroho, Panji Ardiyansyah, Riina Syivarulli, Muhammad Biddinika, Mochamad Syamsiro, and Ilham Kuncoro. "Utilization of soybean dregs for solid fuel production through hydrothermal carbonization." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200216292p.
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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical process used in converting biomass into a coal-like substance known as hydrochar. This is usually carried out at high temperature with water below the saturation pressure for a certain period known as holding time. The biomass used was soybean dregs, which is the residue obtained from processing soy sauce with low economic value. The aim of this study therefore was to determine the calorific value of the hydrochar produced from soybean dregs at hydrothermal carbonization temperatures of 160?C, 190?C, and 220?C and at holding times of 30 and 60 minutes, also at a temperature of 190?C with the biomass and water ratio at 1:4 and 1:5. The results showed that the highest calorific value was produced a temperature of 220?C and a holding time of 60 minutes, which was 3,866 Kcal/Kg, the highest carbon content was 26.49%, the lowest moisture content was at 1.77%, the lowest volatile content was at 62.98%, while the lowest ash content was8.64%. Considering biomass to water ratio with the holding time, the highest calorific value was at 3,546 Kcal/Kg, the highest carbon content was 20.32%, the lowest moisture content at 1.71%, the lowest volatile content was 68.58%, while the lowest ash content was at 8.37%. The highest calorific value of the hydrochar produced was similar to the calorific value standard of lignite coal which is around 3,511-4,611 Kcal/Kg according to the American Standard Testing and Mineral (ASTM).
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Kakaras, Emmanuel, Panagiotis Grammeus, Michails Agraniotis, Willy Derichs, Hans-Peter Schiffer, Jörg Maier, Thomas Hilber, Thomas Glorius, and Uwe Becker. "Solid recovered fuel as coal substitute in the electricity generation sector." Thermal Science 9, no. 2 (2005): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0502017k.
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According to the 1999/31 EC Directive, municipal solid waste should not be disposed for landfill from 2005. In this way, more environmental friendly waste management options are promoted towards the volume reduction and limitation of negative consequences. In this context, attention is focused on the utilization of solid recovered fuels derived from the waste treatment as coal substitute in large-scale power plants. Such activities are realized within an EU-funded project RECOFUEL, in which the solid recovered fuels co-combustion with brown coal is demonstrated in two commercial-scale PF-boilers at R WE Power's power plant site in Weisweiler, Germany. During testing the thermal share of solid recovered fuels in the overall thermal input was adjusted to some 2%, resulting into a feeding rate of about 2 x 12.5 tons per hour. NTUA-LSB in cooperation with IVD-University of Stuttgart, Germany, is responsible for the boiler measurements and the characterization of boilers operational behavior. Among the main activities are the technology transfer of co-combustion practice in the Balkan countries and the perspectives of its future application in the Greek region, with respect to the special characteristics of the Greek brown coal and municipal solid waste. Co-combustion tests of brown coal and solid recovered fuels, that have been taken place up to now, have been successfully performed and the strict European emission limits are kept. The waste quantities in Greece that can be utilized are estimated in 200,000 Mg/year while their utilization in existing thermal plants is expected to bring savings of 3% lignite use and avoidance of up to 200,000 Mg CO2 per year.
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Alzagameem, Klein, Bergs, Do, Korte, Dohlen, Hüwe, et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of Lignin and Lignin-Derived Cellulose and Chitosan Composites Against Selected Pathogenic and Spoilage Microorganisms." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040670.
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The antiradical and antimicrobial activity of lignin and lignin-based films are both of great interest for applications such as food packaging additives. The polyphenolic structure of lignin in addition to the presence of O-containing functional groups is potentially responsible for these activities. This study used DPPH assays to discuss the antiradical activity of HPMC/lignin and HPMC/lignin/chitosan films. The scavenging activity (SA) of both binary (HPMC/lignin) and ternary (HPMC/lignin/chitosan) systems was affected by the percentage of the added lignin: the 5% addition showed the highest activity and the 30% addition had the lowest. Both scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity are dependent on the biomass source showing the following trend: organosolv of softwood > kraft of softwood > organosolv of grass. Testing the antimicrobial activities of lignins and lignin-containing films showed high antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at 35 °C and at low temperatures (0–7 °C). Purification of kraft lignin has a negative effect on the antimicrobial activity while storage has positive effect. The lignin release in the produced films affected the activity positively and the chitosan addition enhances the activity even more for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Testing the films against spoilage bacteria that grow at low temperatures revealed the activity of the 30% addition on HPMC/L1 film against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens while L5 was active only against B. thermosphacta. In HPMC/lignin/chitosan films, the 5% addition exhibited activity against both B. thermosphacta and P. fluorescens.
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Rajkovic, Milos, Mirjana Stojanovic, Sladjana Milojkovic, and Melina Vukadinovic. "Testing the effects of the presence of uranium in drinking water from individual wells in the village of Dubravica in the Branicevo district on public health." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 66, no. 2 (2021): 181–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas2102181r.
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The village of Dubravica is partially located over the western lignite deposits of the Kostolac basin. The examination of the dry residue obtained from drinking water from two individual wells by X-ray diffraction analysis, based on a typical peak, showed the presence of uranium in drinking water. The indirect method by Rajkovic and associates showed that, in sample I, the concentration of uranium in drinking water was 85.5 percent higher (3.71 ?g/L) and that the concentration of uranium in sample II was only 22 percent lower (1.56 ?g/L) than the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) values required by the Regulations (2 ?g/L). Analysis of the result of the introduction of uranium in the human body has shown that this way brings 0.84 to 2 mg of uranium in the human organism per annum or 0.09 to 0.22 mg of uranium is deposited annually in the kidney. Assessment of the potential health risk due to the presence of uranium in drinking water indicated that the population using drinking water from wells will be threatened by uranium in a short time interval. Regarding the long-term risk, the calculation has indicated that in the first sample of drinking water, about 25 inhabitants, and in the case of the second sample of drinking water, 10 inhabitants out of 1000 inhabitants are endangered. As the kidney is the organ in which uranium is deposited (accumulated) to the greatest extent, its presence causes weakening and failure of kidney function, which can destroy 75 percent of kidney function until the manifestation of the first clinical symptoms. This phenomenon is observed among the population along the rivers the Kolubara, the Drina, the Sava and the Morava and is called endemic nephropathy. The elements found in trace amounts (Pb, Cd, Si), live agents (bacteria and viruses), fungal plant toxins, genetic factors and immune mechanism can be listed as possible causes. However, uranium in drinking water has not been listed so far. The tests performed in this study clearly show the role of uranium in the epidemic, endemic nephropathy, which is growing and which is not at the acute phase of the disease but has already progressed to renal failure and end-stage kidney disease. Official data on the rise of endemic nephropathy and diabetes and increasing their share in diseases, as well as overall mortality rates, which amount to 18.19%, clearly indicate that the role of uranium in the Branicevo district environment should not be ignored. Since there are settlements on the terrain to be investigated, uranium and its migration through the environment must be monitored as all conditions for its migration are unfortunately favourable.
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Maneewan, Somchai, Weera Punin, Chantana Punlek, Atthakorn Thongtha, and Tanongkiat Kiatsiriroat. "Feasibility of Refuse Derived Fuel 5 Composed of the Mechanical Biological Waste Treatment and Crude Oil Sludge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.699.
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The main focus of this paper is concerned with the production and properties of refuse derived fuel 5 (RDF-5) for use in energy from waste technologies. The analysis was performed using feedstocks made up of residues from a range of mechanical biological treatment (MBT) plants and crude oil sludge. The RDF-5 was composed of crude oil sludge and mechanical biological waste treatment (MBWT). The ratios of MBWT to crude oil sludge were 5:95, 10:90, 15:85 and 20:80 respectively. The physical and thermal characteristics of RDF-5 were examined. This was further investigated in the context of the parameters required during production and the properties of RDF-5. RDF-5 was produced using a screw compactor. Analysis of the optimal mixing ratios between the crude oil sludge and MBWT were undertaken by testing the thermal value based on ASTM D 240 moisture contents was based on ASTM D 3173, ash was based on ASTM D 3174, and density was based on ASTM E 75 respectively. The results showed that the optimal ratios of MBWT to crude oil sludge were 15:85 and 20:80 have feasibility to produce the RDF-5. Because of the ratios of 15:85 and 20:80 have a high value 10,831 kcal/kg and 11,260 kcal/kg, the percentages of moisture were 2.73% and 5.93% and the density values were 750 kg/m3and 806 kg/m3respectively (RDF-5 has a high heating value (HHV > 5,000 kcal/kg), with the percentage of moisture content not exceeding 10 percent and the density value (D 600 kg/m3) according to production of solid fuels standards). The ash values were 5.10% and 4.74% respectively. Comparing the energy production costs between RDF-5 and other fuels used in Thailand we found that the production costs of RDF-5 were 0.014 /MJ and 0.013 /MJ which are comparable to that of paddy husk and much cheaper than those of fuel lignite and bituminous. This preliminary evaluation reveals that the recovery of energy through RDF-5 production from MBWT with crude oil sludge is cost attractive and it should be considered as a feasible option for utilizing energy from MBWT with crude oil sludge.
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Smajevic, Izet, Anes Kazagic, Mustafa Music, Kemal Becic, Ilijas Hasanbegovic, Seval Sokolovic, Nermin Delihasanovic, Almedin Skopljak, and Nihad Hodzic. "Co-firing Bosnian coals with woody biomass: Experimental studies on a laboratory-scale furnace and 110 MWe power unit." Thermal Science 16, no. 3 (2012): 789–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120120122s.
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This paper presents the findings of research into cofiring two Bosnian cola types, brown coal and lignite, with woody biomass, in this case spruce sawdust. The aim of the research was to find the optimal blend of coal and sawdust that may be substituted for 100% coal in large coal-fired power stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Two groups of experimental tests were performed in this study: laboratory testing of co-firing and trial runs on a large-scale plant based on the laboratory research results. A laboratory experiment was carried out in an electrically heated and entrained pulverized-fuel flow furnace. Coal-sawdust blends of 93:7% by weight and 80:20% by weight were tested. Co-firing trials were conducted over a range of the following process variables: process temperature, excess air ratio and air distribution. Neither of the two coal-sawdust blends used produced any significant ash-related problems provided the blend volume was 7% by weight sawdust and the process temperature did not exceed 1250?C. It was observed that in addition to the nitrogen content in the co-fired blend, the volatile content and particle size distribution of the mixture also influenced the level of NOx emissions. The brown coal-sawdust blend generated a further reduction of SO2 due to the higher sulphur capture rate than for coal alone. Based on and following the laboratory research findings, a trial run was carried out in a large-scale utility - the Kakanj power station, Unit 5 (110 MWe), using two mixtures; one in which 5%/wt and one in which 7%/wt of brown coal was replaced with sawdust. Compared to a reference firing process with 100% coal, these co-firing trials produced a more intensive redistribution of the alkaline components in the slag in the melting chamber, with a consequential beneficial effect on the deposition of ash on the superheater surfaces of the boiler. The outcome of the tests confirms the feasibility of using 7%wt of sawdust in combination with coal without risk to the efficiency of the unit, its combustion process and with the benefits of emissions reductions. Furthermore, they show that no modification to the existing coal transport system and boiler equipment is necessary to achieve this outcome.
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Oymak, Olcay, Nevin Selçuk, and Işik Önal. "Testing of a mathematical model for the combustion of lignites in an AFBC." Fuel 72, no. 2 (February 1993): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90408-t.
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Kisic, Dragica, Sasa Miletic, Vladimir Radonjic, Sanja Radanovic, Jelena Filipovic, and Ivan Grzetic. "Natural radioactivity of coal and fly ash at the Nikola Tesla B TPP." Chemical Industry 67, no. 5 (2013): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind121016120k.
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Serbian thermal power plants (TPPs) produce siliceous fly ash from lignite in the quantity of approximately 6 million tons per year. The potential market for the use of fly ash is operational, but for the time being, only used by cement producers. Fly ash radioactivity could be one of the major points of concern when larger use of fly ash is planned, particularly in the Serbian construction industry. Radioactivity measurements have been conducted regularly for decades. This paper presents the results of a ten-year fly ash radioactivity measurements at the Nikola Tesla B TPP located in Obrenovac. In addition, the paper compares the natural radionuclides coal content data combusted by the Nikola Tesla B TPP boilers coming from the Kolubara Basin and ash created during coal combustion. Fly ash created in the Nikola Tesla TPPs boilers is characterised by the increased concentration of the natural radionuclides content compared to coal. This is the so-called technologically enhanced natural radioactivity (Technologically Enhanced Occurring Radioactive Material - TENORM) of industrial waste, whereas the average specific activities: 232Th in coal amount to 25.2 Bq/kg, and in fly ash and coal 84.2 Bq/kg and 238U 38.3 Bq/kg, respectively. Following the obtained natural radionuclides content results it may be concluded that the Nikola Tesla B TPP ash may be disposed into the environment. Ash may be used also in the construction industry (civil engineering). In building construction applications, ash share as the additive to other building materials depends from its physical and chemical characteristics, as well as from the radionuclides activity: 266Ra, 232Th and 40K. Unlike the thermal power plants regularly (once a year) testing the specific natural radionuclides activity in the combusted coal and boiler fly ash, Electric Power Industry of Serbia has not performed large-scale investigations of the natural radionuclides content in coal within the Kolubara Mining Basin. Natural radionuclides content in fly ash is compared to the combusted coal some 3 - 4 times higher and may present a limitation for applying ash in the construction industry. In view of the above, and considering the construction industry interests in using the Nikola Tesla B TPP ash, regular investigations of the natural radionuclides content in ash created in the thermal power plants should be carried out, together with the Kolubara Mining Basin coal combusted by the Nikola Tesla B TPP and other PE EPS thermal power plants. The current Kolubara Mining Basin coal characteristics investigation programme should be supplemented by the natural radionuclides content of the uranium (238U, 226Ra) and thorium series (232Th) and potassium 40 (40K).
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Saidan, Motasem. "Improvement of linerboard compressive strength by hot-pressing and addition of recovered lignin from spent pulping liquor." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 21, no. 1-1 (2015): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq131205012s.
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This paper evaluates the effect of addition of precipitated lignin, from spent pulping black liquor, to a wet single-ply linerboard handsheet followed by hot-pressing at different temperatures, on the improvement of its compressive strength. Linerboard handsheets for testing the effect of lignin addition were prepared so that the lignin-modified sheets would have the same basis weights as the control handsheets. Both the commercial and the black liquor lignin were added as a powder to wet handsheets after couching from the handsheet mold. The experiments and testing of the physical and strength properties of dried handsheets were conducted according to TAPPI test methods. The results revealed that the addition of the recovered lignin (at pH of 2) to the wet handsheet followed by hot-pressing at 150?C increased the compressive strength of linerboard handsheets by 10% to 20% above that for handsheets made without the addition of lignin. The same results were achieved using purchased lignin. However, with a 16% addition to linerboard, purchased lignin would be too expensive. These results indicate that inclusion of kraft lignin in linerboard sheets could be proved as an attractive option to reduce linerboard basis weight.
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Grāvītis, Jānis, Jānis Āboliņš, Ramunas Tupčiauskas, and Andris Vēveris. "LIGNIN FROM STEAM‐EXPLODED WOOD AS BINDER IN WOOD COMPOSITES." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2010.09.
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A study demonstrating the approach of zero‐waste technologies, a component of the Zero Emissions concept, and using lignin extracted from steam‐exploded wood as adhesive in hot‐pressed fibre boards and plywood to substitute phenol‐formaldehyde resins is reported. Properties of sample boards containing different amount of lignin adhesive are compared between themselves and with the EU standards for fibre boards. A strong correlation of density and form stability under humid conditions with the lignin content is found. Results of testing mechanical properties of the boards suggest that effect of lignin on mechanical strength depends on the size of particles and hot‐pressing temperature. Steam explosion and hot‐pressing technologies tested in the study are shown to have potential of utilizing low‐quality wood and waste from forest industry to make value‐added products. Complementing a saw mill they represent a model of integrated technologies cluster in accordance with the concept of Zero Emissions facilitating environmental protection by reducing pollution and eliminating waste. Mixtures of commercial phenol‐formaldehyde resins containing 10% lignin by weight, tested as plywood binders under conditions of factory production, show satisfactory cohesion. Santrauka Ligninas, išgautas garo sprogdinimo būdu, atstoja rišamaja medžiaga medienos plaušo plokštese ir dedamas kaip dalinis pakaitalas i fenolformaldehido klijus, gaminant klijuotaja fanera. Tai beatliekes technologijos pavyzdys igyvendinant bendraja beatliekes gamybos koncepcija. Analizuojamos eksperimentiniu medienos plaušo plokščiu, kurioms naudota skirtingas lignino kiekis, savybes, palyginti su Europos Sajungos standartizuotu medienos plaušo plokščiu savybemis. Nustatyta gera eksperimentiniu plokščiu su lignino priedu tankio ir atsparumo vandeniui koreliacija. Bandymu rezultatai rodo plokščiu stiprio priklausomybe nuo medienos daleliu dydžio ir presavimo temperatūros. Išanalizavus akivaizdu, kad taikant minetaja technologija galima dideles pridetines vertes produktu gamyba iš nekokybiškos medienos ir medienos apdirbimo atlieku. Šiu technologiju taikymas lentpjūvese būtu integruotu technologiju grupes, veikiančios pagal beatliekes gamybos principa, pavyzdys. Bandant klijuotaja fanera, kuria gaminant kaip dalinis pakaitalas fenolformaldehido klijams paruošti naudojamas garo sprogimo procese išgautas ligninas, nustatyta patenkinama kohezija. Резюме Изучено применение лигнина, выделенного из древесной массы после парового взрыва, в качестве связующего компонента в древесноволокнистых плитах и добавки к фенолоформальдегидным клеям для производства многослойных фанер, что является примером безотходных технологических решений в рамках общей концепции безотходного производства. Сравнены свойства образцов плит, полученных горячим прессованием древесной массы с разным содержанием лигнина, и их соответствие техническим требованиям к изделиям. Обнаружена хорошая корреляция плотности и водостойкости плит с содержанием лигнина. Испытания механических свойств полученных образцов свидетельствовали о зависимости прочности от размера древесных частиц и температуры при прессовании. Использованные технологии выявили потенциальные возможности для создания ценных продуктов из низкокачественной древесины и отходов деревообработки. В дополнение к лесопильням они представляют собой образец кластера интегрированных технологий по принципу безотходного производства. Смесь фенолоформальдегидных смол, содержащих 10% лигнина, выделенного из древесной массы после парового взрыва, показывает удовлетворительную адгезию в условиях производства.
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WANG, XIAOHAN, YANQUN SU, JINGANG LIU, ZHIBIN HE, and YONGHAO NI. "Development of a fast brightness testing method for mechanical pulp based on microwave oven drying." June 2020 19, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj19.6.293.
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Brightness is an important quality parameter for pulp products, and it is important to have reliable measurement of pulp brightness in a timely manner for process control and/or quality control purposes. In these circumstances, a quick testing method for pulp brightness is highly desirable. A rapid handsheet brightness testing method for lignin-rich mechanical pulp has been developed, which is based on the use of tap water to make handsheets and microwave ovens to rapidly dry the handsheet. Microwave oven fast drying decreased the handsheet brightness of mechanical pulp by 5–6 points due to the lignin-originated discoloration reactions. The spray of ascorbic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solutions to the handsheet can effectively inhibit these lignin discoloration reactions. With 0.2% ascorbic acid and 0.2% EDTA spraying on the wet pulp handsheet, the brightness of the handsheet from a peroxide-bleached stone groundwood pulp after the microwave oven fast drying method was similar to that obtained from the same pulp but following TAPPI Standard Test Method T 272 sp-12 “Forming handsheets for reflectance testing of pulp (sheet machine procedure)”. The effect of handsheet dryness on the handsheet brightness was also studied, and the results showed that the brightness reading was almost constant in the dry-ness range of 70% to 90%. The method developed is a reliable, fast brightness testing method for lignin-rich pulp that is of practical interest in industrial operations.
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Mardiyati, Yati, Emia Yoseva Tarigan, Pandji Prawisudha, Silvia Mar’atus Shoimah, Raden Reza Rizkiansyah, and Steven Steven. "Binderless, All-Lignin Briquette from Black Liquor Waste: Isolation, Purification, and Characterization." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030650.
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Lignin isolated from black liquor waste was studied in this research to be utilized as binderless, all-lignin briquette, with a calorific value in the range of 5670–5876 kcal/kg. Isolation of lignin from black liquor was conducted using the acid precipitation method. Sulfuric acid, citric acid, and acetic acid were used to maintain the pH level, which varied from 5 to 2 for the precipitation process. The influence of these isolation conditions on the characteristic of lignin and the properties of the resulted briquette was evaluated through the Klasson method, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), adiabatic bomb calorimeter, density measurement, and Drop Shatter Index (DSI) testing. The finding showed that the lignin isolated using citric acid maintained to pH 3 resulted in briquette with 72% fixed carbon content, excellent 99.7% DSI, and a calorific value equivalent to coal-based briquette.
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Tanase-Opedal, Mihaela, Eduardo Espinosa, Alejandro Rodríguez, and Gary Chinga-Carrasco. "Lignin: A Biopolymer from Forestry Biomass for Biocomposites and 3D Printing." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2019): 3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12183006.
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Biopolymers from forestry biomass are promising for the sustainable development of new biobased materials. As such, lignin and fiber-based biocomposites are plausible renewable alternatives to petrochemical-based products. In this study, we have obtained lignin from Spruce biomass through a soda pulping process. The lignin was used for manufacturing biocomposite filaments containing 20% and 40% lignin and using polylactic acid (PLA) as matrix material. Dogbones for mechanical testing were 3D printed by fused deposition modelling. The lignin and the corresponding biocomposites were characterized in detail, including thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), antioxidant capacity, mechanical properties, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although lignin led to a reduction of the tensile strength and modulus, the reduction could be counteracted to some extent by adjusting the 3D printing temperature. The results showed that lignin acted as a nucleating agent and thus led to further crystallization of PLA. The radical scavenging activity of the biocomposites increased to roughly 50% antioxidant potential/cm2, for the biocomposite containing 40 wt % lignin. The results demonstrate the potential of lignin as a component in biocomposite materials, which we show are adequate for 3D printing operations.
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Gindl, W. "Comparing Mechanical Properties of Normal and Compression Wood in Norway Spruce: The Role of Lignin in Compression Parallel to the Grain." Holzforschung 56, no. 4 (June 27, 2002): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.062.
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Summary Cell-wall lignin content and composition, as well as microfibril angle of normal and compression wood samples were determined prior to mechanical testing in compression parallel to the grain. No effect of increased lignin content on the Young's modulus in compression wood was discernible because of the dominating influence of microfibril angle. In contrast, compressive strength of compression wood was not negatively affected by the high microfibril angle. It is proposed that the observed high lignification in compression wood increases the resistance of the cell walls to compression failure. An increased percentage of p-hydroxyphenylpropane units observed in compression wood lignin may also contribute to the comparably high compressive strength of compression wood.
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Beg, M. D. H., and K. L. Pickering. "The Effects of Residual Lignin Content on Wood Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.323.
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This study investigates the effect weathering on composites made from fibre subjected to various stages of a standard Kraft pulping process. Pre-washed, washed and bleached Kraft wood fibre of kappa numbers 27, 17, and 1 was assessed in terms of its surface potential using the streaming potential method and combined with polypropylene (PP) to produce composites. Composites were prepared using a twin screw extruder followed by pelletising and injection moulding. Tensile testing, hardness testing and impact testing were carried out to evaluate the composite mechanical properties. It was found that fibre with higher amounts of residual lignin content led to composites with lower tensile and impact strengths and increased degradability when subjected to accelerated weathering testing.
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Song, Yan, Xu Zong, Nan Wang, Ning Yan, Xueying Shan, and Jinchun Li. "Preparation of γ-Divinyl-3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Modified Lignin and Its Application in Flame Retardant Poly(lactic acid)." Materials 11, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091505.
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Lignin can be a candidate as a charring agent applied in halogen-free flame retardant polymers, and incorporation of silicon and nitrogen elements in lignin can benefit to enhancing its thermal stability and charring ability. In the present work, wheat straw alkali lignin (Lig) was modified to incorporate silicon and nitrogen elements by γ-divinyl-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and the modified lignin (CLig) was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as intumescent flame retardant to be applied in poly(Lactic acid) (PLA). The flame retardancy, combustion behavior and thermal stability of PLA composites were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning testing (UL-94), cone calorimetry testing (CCT) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The results showed a significant synergistic effect between CLig and APP in flame retarded PLA (PLA/APP/CLig) occured, and the PLA/APP/CLig had better flame retardancy. CCT data analysis revealed that CLig and APP largely reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of PLA, indicating their effectiveness in decreasing the combustion of PLA. TGA results exhibited that APP and CLig improved the thermal stability of PLA at high temperature. The analysis of morphology and structure of residual char indicated that a continuous, compact and intumescent char layer on the material surface formed during firing, and had higher graphitization degree. Mechanical properties data showed that PLA/APP/CLig had higher tensile strength as well as elongation at break.
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Mattinen, Maija-Liisa, Guillaume Riviere, Alexander Henn, Robertus Nugroho, Timo Leskinen, Outi Nivala, Juan Valle-Delgado, Mauri Kostiainen, and Monika Österberg. "Colloidal Lignin Particles as Adhesives for Soft Materials." Nanomaterials 8, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8121001.
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Lignin has interesting functionalities to be exploited in adhesives for medicine, foods and textiles. Nanoparticles (NPs) < 100 nm coated with poly (L-lysine), PL and poly(L-glutamic acid) PGA were prepared from the laccase treated lignin to coat nanocellulose fibrils (CNF) with heat. NPs ca. 300 nm were prepared, β-casein coated and cross-linked with transglutaminase (Tgase) to agglutinate chamois. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize polymerized lignin, while zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to ensure coating of colloidal lignin particles (CLPs). Protein adsorption on lignin was studied by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was exploited to examine interactions between different polymers and to image NPs with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tensile testing showed, when using CLPs for the adhesion, the stress improved ca. 10 and strain ca. 6 times compared to unmodified Kraft. For the β-casein NPs, the values were 20 and 8, respectively, and for the β-casein coated CLPs between these two cases. When NPs were dispersed in adhesive formulation, the increased Young’s moduli confirmed significant improvement in the stiffness of the joints over the adhesive alone. Exploitation of lignin in nanoparticulate morphology is a potential method to prepare bionanomaterials for advanced applications.
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Young, Eric L., and Armando G. McDonald. "Preparation and Characterization of Biobased Lignin-Co-Polyester/Amide Thermoplastics." Molecules 26, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092437.
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More than 23 million tonnes of lignin are produced annually in the US from wood pulping and 98% of this lignin is burnt. Therefore, creating products from lignin, such as plastics, offers an approach for obtaining sustainable materials in a circular economy. Lignin-based copolymers were synthesized using a single pot, solvent free, melt condensation reaction. The synthesis occurred in two stages. In the first stage, a biobased prepolymer consisting of butanediol (BD, 0.8–1 molar content) and a diacid (succinic (SA), adipic (AA) and suberic acids (SuA), with varying amounts of diaminobutane (DAB, 0–0.2 molar content) was heated under vacuum and monitored by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). In the second stage, prepolymer was mixed with a softwood kraft lignin (0–50 wt.%) and further reacted under vacuum at elevated temperature. Progression of the polymerization reaction was monitored using FTIR spectroscopy. The lignin-copolyester/amide properties were characterized using tensile testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Lignin co-polymer tensile (strength 0.1–2.1 MPa and modulus 2 to 338 MPa) properties were found to be influenced by the diacid chain length, lignin, and DAB contents. The lignin-copolymers were shown to be semi-crystalline polymer and have thermoplastic behavior. The SA based copolyesters/amides were relatively stiff and brittle materials while the AA based copolyesters/amides were flexible and the SuA based copolyesters/amides fell in-between. Additionally, > 30 wt.% lignin the lignin- copolyesters/amides did not exhibit melt behavior. Lignin-co-polyester/amides can be generated using green synthesis methods from biobased building blocks. The lignin- copolyesters/amides properties could be tuned based on the lignin content, DAB content and diacid chain length. This approach shows that undervalued lignin can be used in as a macromonomer in producing thermoplastic materials.
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Lu, Mengting, Wen He, Ze Li, Han Qiang, Jizhou Cao, Feiyu Guo, Rui Wang, and Zhihao Guo. "Effect of Lignin Content on Properties of Flexible Transparent Poplar Veneer Fabricated by Impregnation with Epoxy Resin." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 2602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112602.
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In this work, poplar veneer (PV) rotary-cut from fast-growing polar was delignified to prepare flexible transparent poplar veneer (TPV). Lignin was gradually removed from the PV and then epoxy resin filled into the delignified PV. The study mainly concerns the effect of lignin content on microstructure, light transmittance, haze, tensile strength, and thermal stability of the PVs impregnated with epoxy resin. The results indicate that the lignin could be removed completely from the PV when the delignification time was around 8 h, which was proved by FTIR spectra and chemical component detection. Moreover, according to SEM observation and XRD testing, the porosity and crystallinity of the PVs were gradually increased with the removal of lignin. Also, the optical properties measurement indicated that the light transmittance and haze of the TPVs gradually increased, and the thermal stability also became more stable as shown by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). However, the tensile strength of the TPVs declined due to the removal of lignin. Among them, TPV8 exhibited excellent optical properties, thermal stability, and tensile strength. Consequently, it has great potential to be used as a substrate in photovoltaics, solar cells, smart windows, etc.
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Chengmin, Wang, Yang Xuefeng, Cai Xiguang, Ma Tao, Li Yunxi, and Song Peilong. "Friction and wear properties of an automobile brake lining reinforced by lignin fiber and glass fiber." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 5 (September 4, 2017): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-03-2016-0074.
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Purpose This paper aims to thrash out friction and wear properties of automobile brake lining reinforced by lignin fiber and glass fiber in braking process. Design/methodology/approach ABAQUS finite element software was used to analyze thermo-mechanical coupled field of friction materials. XD-MSM constant speed friction testing machine was used to test friction and wear properties of friction material. Worn surface morphology and mechanism of friction materials were observed by using scanning electron microscope. Findings The results show that when the temperature was below 350°C, worn mechanism of MFBL was mainly fatigue wear and abrasive wear, and worn mechanism of GFBL was mainly fatigue wear because MFBL contained lignin fiber. Therefore, it exhibits better mechanical properties and friction and wear properties than those of GFBL. Originality/value Lignin fiber can improve mechanical properties and friction and wear properties of the automobile brake lining.
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Tolessa, Amsalu, Fikremariam Haile, Abraham Dilnesa, Buzayehu Desisa, Tegene Tantu, and Danel Gebeyhu. "Effects of Age and Height on Chemical Properties of Yushania Alpina Grown at Injibara District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.1.875.
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This paper studied the chemical composition of cultivated 3, 4 and 5 year-old highland bamboo (Y. alpina) which were classified into three position (top, medium and bottom) to determined the main compositions especially cellulose, lignin, extractive and ash content. From all culms representative samples were converted to the required size of wood chips to prepared sample for chemical testing. Then the specimens prepared from bottom, middle and top portions for the three ages were used to determine the chemical properties in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards except for cellulose test determined according to Kurschner and Hoffer method. All parameters in the experiment were expressed by percent based on dry basis. From this research, we have found small but significant increases in mean cellulose content from the base to the top of the culm at all three ages. The lignin content in Y. alpina species of bamboo is in the ranged of 23.04 to 30.03%. The mean values of the chemical constituents in 3, 4 and 5- year-old culms were 51.83, 54.94 and 49.78% for cellulose content, 28.28, 24.99 and 24.53% for lignin content, 7.8, 10.09, and 9.54% for alcohol-toluene extractive, respectively. In general, the comprehensive knowledge of the chemical components in the bamboo species will facilitate the use of the materials in the forestry industrial sector and help to enhance their utilization in the chemical and bio-chemical related industry.