Academic literature on the topic 'Lignite testing'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lignite testing"
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Porter, E. B., and L. R. Hossner. "MODIFIED NP TESTING FOR LIGNITE OVERBURDEN SAMPLES IN TEXAS." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2001, no. 1 (2001): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr01010296.
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Benson, Steven A., John H. Pavlish, Michael J. Holmes, Charlene R. Crocker, Kevin C. Galbreath, and Ye Zhaung. "Mercury control testing in a pulverized lignite-fired system." Fuel Processing Technology 90, no. 11 (November 2009): 1378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.08.017.
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Xin, Fudong, Hao Xu, Dazhen Tang, Ding Liu, and Can Cao. "Problems in pore property testing of lignite: Analysis and correction." International Journal of Coal Geology 245 (September 2021): 103829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2021.103829.
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Julismi, Rusdianasari, and Abu Hasan. "Syngas Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Testing of In-Situ Type Lignite Coal and Fracture Type Coal." International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 1, no. 2 (September 22, 2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v1i2.42.
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The advancement and utilization of technology require energy, namely electricity and fuel energy. The increasing cost of fossil energy, the scarcity of non-renewable energy sources and the increasing energy demand requires diversification of energy resources. One of the new renewable energy sources currently being developed in Indonesia is Underground Coal Gasification (UCG). UCG is a new technology that utilizes unmined coal. In the UCG process, coal is burned underground and the syngas produced is collected through bore wells for processing or direct use. The resulting syngas is analyzed to see the effect of in-situ type of lignite coal and fractured type of coal on syngas production using the UCG method. Tests carried out on fracture-type lignite coal for 120 minutes with a sample weight of 1.3 kg obtained a CH4 gas concentration of 0.24%, which is relatively low compared to the in-situ type lignite coal sample CH4 gas concentration of 1.13%. The CO2 concentration was 54.46% in the fracture sample, and the In-Situ type sample was 52.19%. The O2 content with a value of 19.43% for the Fracture Type sample and 4.94% for the In-Situ type sample. Fracture Type and In-situ Lignite Coal produced fewer syngas products due to UCG testing than high-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and bituminous coal.
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Stefanovic, Predrag, Nikola Zivkovic, Dragoslava Stojiljkovic, Vladimir Jovanovic, Milic Eric, Zoran Markovic, and Dejan Cvetinovic. "Pljevlja lignite carbon emission characteristics." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 5 (2019): 1523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180726288s.
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The anthropogenic emission of GHG especially CO has to be limited and reduced due to 2 their impact on global warming and climate change. Combustion of fossil fuels in the energy sector has a dominant share in total GHG emissions. In order to reduce GHG emission, European Union established a scheme for GHG allowance trading within the community, and the implementation of the European Union emission trading scheme, which is a key to GHG reduction in a cost-effective way. An important part of emission trading scheme is prescribed methodology for monitoring, reporting, and verification of the emission of GHG including characterization of the local fuels combusted by the energy sector. This paper presents lignite characteristics from open-pit mine Borovica- Pljevlja, which has highest coal production in Montenegro (>1.2 Mt per year), including evaluation of its carbon emission factor based on the laboratory analysis of 72 coal samples. Testing of the samples included proximate and ultimate analysis, as well as, net calorific value determination. In accordance with the obtained results, linear correlations between net calorific value and combustible matter content, carbon content and combustible matter content, hydrogen content and combustible matter content, carbon content and net calorific value, were established. Finally, the non-linear analytical correlation between carbon emission factor and net calorific value for Pljevlja lignite was proposed, as a base for the precise calculation of CO emission evaluation.
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Macuda, Jan, Paweł Baran, and Marian Wagner. "Evaluation of the Presence of Methane in Złoczew Lignite: Comparison with Other Lignite Deposits in Poland." Natural Resources Research 29, no. 6 (May 16, 2020): 3841–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11053-020-09691-7.
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Abstract Catastrophic cases of methane explosion during exploratory drilling within the Bełchatów ortholignite deposit have led to testing for methane in other Polish ortholignite mining areas, as well as in the Złoczew deposit, where it is planned to begin mining operations. Initial tests have shown Złoczew lignite to have the highest methane content among the Polish deposits so far studied, comparable with lignite from the Bełchatów deposit, with a methane capacity in excess of 2.5 dcm3/kg at a pressure of 10 bar. Based on the computed values of the Langmuir constant, a determination was made of the quantity of methane that can be desorbed from a pressure of 10 bar to 1 bar, as well as the residual methane content. For all of the tested samples, the residual methane content is between 30 and 50% of the sorption capacity at a pressure of 10 bar. The thermal sorption equations were used to compute values of the limiting isosteric heat of adsorption. Higher values of the heat of adsorption at zero surface capacity may indicate the presence of a small quantity of micro-pores. In the case of the samples with the highest sorption capacity, the limiting isosteric heats of adsorption are low, indicating a low proportion of micro-pores in the lignite. This was confirmed by tests of nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The proportion of micro-pores in the studied lignites is 2–3%, while the dominant pore fraction is the meso-pores, which in lignite from the Złoczew and Bełchatów deposits account for 50–66% of total pores. It is concluded that the significant adsorption of methane in the ortholignite occurs chiefly in meso-pores because of compression of the gas under increased orogenic pressure. A link is made between the higher methane-bearing capacity of the ortholignite deposits and the degree of gelification of the huminite components, based on simple statistical correlations between the methane sorption capacity and the content of humic gelified maceral. The results concerning methane sorption in lignite from the Złoczew deposit have enabled a preliminary classification of the methane-bearing capacity of Polish ortholignite deposits, which may also be of significance for similar deposits in other countries.
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Lv, Tai, Li Yuan Liu, and Kun Lu. "Research on Testing of Burning Lignite in 1000MW Ultra Supercritical Concurrent Boiler." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3736–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3736.
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Power plant’s NO.3 boiler in Suizhong is 1000MW ultra supercritical concurrent boiler. As a result of the increase in the price of coal at present, loss incurred in most of the power plants, the most effective medium to realize profit is burning lignite. This paper analyzed its economic indicators, and summarized its survey.
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Jino, R., M. Sriraman, B. Arthika, and K. G. Ashok. "Studies on mechanical properties of luffa acutangula/lignite fly ash reinforced composites." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.21 (April 20, 2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.21.12182.
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The demand of using natural fibers in various applications were increasing day by day due to its eco friendly nature over the artificial fiber based polymer matrix composites. This paper describes the fabrication and evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of Luffa Acutangula fiber with and without Lignite Fly Ash. The lignite fly ash was added as a filler material in the ratio of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, percent of weight along with the matrix and fiber. The laminates were fabricated using hand layup technique and the samples were prepared based on ASTM standards for testings.The tensile test was performed using universal testing machine. The addition of filler lignite fly ash has shown the improvement in mechanical and thermal properties of laminated composites. The Tensile, flexural, and compression test was conducted for the fabricated samples and it was observed that the influence of lignite fly ash on natural fiber leads to the increase in tensile strength and compressive strength but the flexural strength was reduced for the fabricated laminates with the filler material lignite fly ash. The morphological analysis was carried out for finding the fractured surface and material failures using scanning electron microscope (SEM).
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Chadwick, Bruce L., and Doug Body. "Development and Commercial Evaluation of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Chemical Analysis Technology in the Coal Power Generation Industry." Applied Spectroscopy 56, no. 1 (January 2002): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702021954232.
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An instrumentation variation on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been developed and applied in the operations of power generating companies utilizing low-ash lignite as the fuel source. The instrument design allows simultaneous determination of all detectable elements using a multiple spectrograph and a synchronized, multiple charge-coupled device (CCD) spectral acquisition system. The application of internal ratio analysis has enabled the development of a stable system that can be operated routinely for over a month without recalibration. Detection limits vary depending on the element but are typically on the order of 0.01% by weight for heterogeneous materials such as the moist lignite used in these power stations. Independent testing of the instrument has shown good correlation between the routine LIBS analysis and the analysis of the coal via acid extraction techniques for key ash-forming elements. Testing over a one month period shows excellent correlation between the two methods for elements such as Al ( R = 0.96) and Na ( R = 0.92). The principle limitation is not the accuracy of the LIBS method but rather the inherent errors in sampling heterogeneous materials such as lignite. Because the LIBS analysis takes less than 30 seconds it has clear advantages over traditional methods used in elemental analysis for these materials.
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Wang, Wei Dong, Xiao Yang, Jing Wen, Meng Hui Lu, Chen Gao, Kuan Zhang, Jian Jian Wang, and Yue Ding. "Experimental Study on the Xilingol Lignite Dewatering in Microwave Field." Advanced Materials Research 868 (December 2013): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.868.442.
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Microwave drying characteristics of Xilingol lignite were investigated with microwave drying testing equipment at 2450 MHz. Effects of particle size has been carefully studied. Mass losses of the samples were measured during drying. Drying rates were then obtained through the trends of drying curves. Results show the 0.6-1mm sample has low drying rate. Changing the stacking superficial area and size composition has been tested and resulted that only mixed with fine coal can increase the drying rate of 0.6-1mm. But classification experiment shows sieving 0-6mm sample into fine sample and coarse sample cannot advance the drying rate obviously.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lignite testing"
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Guy, Peter John, and guyp@ebac com au. "The Solvent induced swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals." Swinburne University of Technology. School of Engineering and Science, 2002. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20031218.142251.
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The solvent-induced swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals was examined in detail to probe the bonding mechanisms in very low rank coals (in this case Victorian brown coal). Correlation of solvent properties with differences in observed swelling behaviour were interpreted in terms of the coal structure, and means of predicting the observed behaviour were considered. Modification of the coal structure via physical compression (briquetting), chemical digestion, thermal modification, and functional group alkylation was used to further elucidate those structural features which govern the swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals. Briquette weathering (i.e. swelling and disintegration of briquettes when exposed to variations in humidity and temperature) was examined by making alterations to briquette feed material and observing the effects on swelling in water.
The application of solubility parameter alone to prediction of coal swelling was rejected due to the many exceptions to any proposed trend. Brown coal swelling showed a minimum when the solvent electron-donor number (DN) minus its electron-acceptor number (AN) was closest to zero, i.e. when DN and AN were of similar magnitude. The degree of swelling increased either side of this point, as predicted by theory. In contrast to the solubility parameter approach (which suffers from the uncertainty caused by specific interaction between coal and solvent), the electron donor/acceptor approach is about specific interactions. It was concluded that a combination of total and three-dimensional solubility parameters and solvent electron donor/acceptor numbers may be used to predict solvent swelling of unextracted brown coals with some success.
Solvent access to chemically densified coal was found to be insensitive to a reduction in pore volume, and chemical effects were dominant. Thermal modification of the digested coal resulted in reduced swelling for all solvents, indicating that the structure had adopted a minimum energy configuration due to decarboxylation and replacement of hydrogen bonds with additional covalent bonds. Swelling of oxygen-alkylated coals demonstrated that the more polar solvents are able to break relatively weak hydrogen bonded crosslinks.
The large difference between the rate and extent of swelling in water (and hence weathering) of Yallourn and Morwell briquettes was shown to be almost entirely attributable to exchanged magnesium. Magnesium exchange significantly increases the rate and extent of swelling of Yallourn coal. It was also shown that the swelling of briquettes due to uptake of water by magnesium-exchanged coals is reduced significantly with controlled ageing of the briquettes.
The solvent swelling behaviour of Victorian brown coals is consistent with the notion that coal is a both covalently and non-covalently crosslinked and entangled macromolecular network comprising extractable species, which are held within the network by a wide range of non-covalent, polar, electron donor/acceptor interactions. Solvents capable of significant extraction of whole brown coals are also capable of significant swelling, but not dissolution, of the macromolecular coal network, which supports the view that the network is comprised of both covalent and ionic bonding. Victorian brown coals have also been shown to exhibit polyelectrolytic behaviour due to a high concentration of ionisable surface functionalities.
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Andersson, Sofia. "Influence of metal ions on lignin-based carbon fiber quality." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Industriell miljö- och processteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65971.
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Carbon fiber is a lightweight, versatile material with many current and potential applications. To be able to expand the market for carbon fiber composites in other areas than special applications the production costs must be reduced. One way of accomplishing this could be to use a less expensive raw material where lignin is a good example as it can be provided at lower cost, is renewable and abundantly available compared to commercially used raw materials today. So far, the mechanical properties of lignin-based carbon fibers are inferior relative to commercial carbon fibers. For lignin-based carbon fibers to enter the commercial market more research is necessary to gain knowledge of the conversion of lignin to carbon fiber. The LightFibre project investigates the possibilities to produce carbon fibers based on a mixture of softwood kraft lignin and cellulose. The kraft lignin is isolated from black liquor in the kraft/sulfate process with the LignoBoost process. This master thesis project was conducted within in the LightFibre project and evaluated whether metal ions generally present in kraft lignin had an influence on the final carbon fiber quality in terms of mechanical properties and morphology. The mechanical properties were determined with tensile testing, the morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the relative abundance of studied elements with electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The influence of the chosen metal ions was tested by impregnation of dry-jet wet spun prefibers based on 70 wt.% softwood kraft lignin and 30 wt.% dissolving pulp cellulose. The fibers were impregnated in room temperature with solutions containing Na2SO4, K2SO4, MgSO4, FeSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 salts where the cations were the focus in these trials. The concentrations used for impregnation were 0.2 and 1M of the cations. The obtained mechanical properties of the carbon fibers of the samples impregnated with different metal ions did not deviate significantly from the reference which had a tensile strength of 870 MPa and tensile modulus of 68 GPa. The analysis of morphology with SEM showed no defects or damage of any of the fibers. Therefore, it was concluded that the impregnated metal ions: K+, Na+, Al3+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ at the obtained levels in the fibers cause no effects on the fibers during the stabilization and carbonization that affects the mechanical performance of final carbon fiber. The amount of potassium in one of the samples was estimated to 0.1 wt.%. From the results of this study it may be suggested that the general recommendation of <0.1 wt.% ash in lignin can be exceeded, for dry-jet wet-spun kraft lignin/cellulose-based carbon fibers.
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Kleinhans, Henrik. "Evaluation of the Carbonization of Thermo-Stabilized Lignin Fibers into Carbon Fibers." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kemi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-120519.
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Thermo-stabilized lignin fibers from pH-fractionated softwood kraft lignin were carbonized to various temperatures during thermomechanical analysis (TMA) under static and increasing load and different rates of heating. The aim was to optimize the carbonization process to obtain suitable carbon fiber material with good mechanical strength potential (high tensile strength and high E-modulus). The carbon fibers were therefore mainly evaluated of mechanical strength in Dia-Stron uniaxial tensile testing. In addition, chemical composition, in terms of functional groups, and elemental (atomic) composition was studied in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and in energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The structure of carbon fibers was imaged in scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscopy. Thermogravimetrical analysis was performed on thermo-stabilized lignin fibers to evaluate the loss of mass and to calculate the stress-changes and diameter-changes that occur during carbonization. The TMA-analysis of the deformation showed, for thermo-stabilized lignin fibers, a characteristic behavior of contraction during carbonization. Carbonization temperatures above 1000°C seemed most efficient in terms of E-modulus and tensile strength whereas rate of heating did not matter considerably. The E-modulus for the fibers was improved significantly by slowly increasing the load during the carbonization. The tensile strength remained however unchanged. The FTIR-analysis indicated that many functional groups, mainly oxygen containing, dissociate from the lignin polymers during carbonization. The EDS supported this by showing that the oxygen content decreased. Accordingly, the relative carbon content increased passively to around 90% at 1000°C. Aromatic structures in the carbon fibers are thought to contribute to the mechanical strength and are likely formed during the carbonization. However, the FTIR result showed no evident signs that aromatic structures had been formed, possible due to some difficulties with the KBr-method. In the SEM and light microscopy imaging one could observe that porous formations on the surface of the fibers increased as the temperature increased in the carbonization. These formations may have affected the mechanical strength of the carbon fibers, mainly tensile strength. The carbonization process was optimized in the sense that any heating rate can be used. No restriction in production speed exists. The carbonization should be run to at least 1000°C to achieve maximum mechanical strength, both in E-modulus and tensile strength. To improve the E-modulus further, a slowly increasing load can be applied to the lignin fibers during carbonization. The earlier the force is applied, to counteract the lignin fiber contraction that occurs (namely around 300°C), the better. However, in terms of mechanical performance, the lignin carbon fibers are still far from practical use in the industry.
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Che, Xiaoping. "Cross-fertilizing formal approaches for protocol conformance and performance testing." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TELE0012/document.
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Les technologies de communication et les services web sont devenus disponibles dans notre vie numérique, les réseaux informatiques continuent de croître et de nouveaux protocoles de communication sont constamment définis et développés. Par la suite, la standardisation et la normalisation des protocoles sont dispensables pour permettre aux différents systèmes de dialoguer. Bien que ces normes peuvent être formellement vérifiés, les développeurs peuvent produire des erreurs conduisant à des implémentations défectueuses. C'est la raison pour laquelle leur mise en œuvre doit être strictement examinée. Cependant, la plupart des approches de tests actuels exigent une stimulation de l’exécution dans le cadre des tests (IUT). Si le système ne peut être consulté ou interrompu, l'IUT ne sera pas en mesure d'être testé. En outre, la plupart des travaux existants sont basées sur des modèles formels et très peu de travaux s'intéressent à la formalisation des exigences de performance. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, nous avons proposé une approche de test basé sur la logique "Horn" afin de tester passivement la conformité et la performance des protocoles. Dans notre approche, les exigences peuvent être formalisées avec précision. Ces exigences formelles sont également testées par des millions de messages collectés à partir des communicants réels. Les résultats satisfaisants des expériences effectuées ont prouvé le bon fonctionnement et l'efficacité de notre approche. Aussi pour satisfaire les besoins croissants de tests distribués en temps réel, nous avons également proposé un cadre de tests distribués et un cadre de tests en ligne et nous avons mis en œuvre notre plateforme dans un environnement réel à petite échelle avec succèsWhile today’s communications are essential and a huge set of services is available online, computer networks continue to grow and novel communication protocols are continuously being defined and developed. De facto, protocol standards are required to allow different systems to interwork. Though these standards can be formally verified, the developers may produce some errors leading to faulty implementations. That is the reason why their implementations must be strictly tested. However, most current testing approaches require a stimulation of the implementation under tests (IUT). If the system cannot be accessed or interrupted, the IUT will not be able to be tested. Besides, most of the existing works are based on formal models and quite few works study formalizing performance requirements. To solve these issues, we proposed a novel logic-based testing approach to test the protocol conformance and performance passively. In our approach, conformance and performance requirements can be accurately formalized using the Horn-Logic based syntax and semantics. These formalized requirements are also tested through millions of messages collected from real communicating environments. The satisfying results returned from the experiments proved the functionality and efficiency of our approach. Also for satisfying the increasing needs in real-time distributed testing, we also proposed a distributed testing framework and an online testing framework, and performed the frameworks in a real small scale environment. The preliminary results are obtained with success. And also, applying our approach under billions of messages and optimizing the algorithm will be our future works
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Ridene, Youssef. "Ingéniérie dirigée par les modèles pour la gestion de la variabilité dans le test d'applications mobiles." Thesis, Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU3010/document.
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L'engouement du grand public pour les applications mobiles, dont le nombre ne cessede croître, a rendu les utilisateurs de plus en plus exigeants quant à la qualité de cesapplications. Seule une procédure de test efficace permet de répondre à ces exigences.Dans le contexte des applications embarquées sur téléphones mobiles, le test est unetâche coûteuse et répétitive principalement à cause du nombre important de terminauxmobiles qui sont tous différents les uns des autres.Nous proposons dans cette thèse le langage MATeL, un DSML (Domain-Specific ModelingLanguage) qui permet de d’écrire des scénarios de test spécifiques aux applicationsmobiles. Sa syntaxe abstraite, i.e. un méta modèle et des contraintes OCL, permet auconcepteur de manipuler les concepts métier du test d'applications mobiles (testeur, mobileou encore résultats attendus et résultats obtenus). Par ailleurs, il permet d'enrichirces scénarii avec des points de variabilité qui autorisent de spécifier des variations dansle test en fonction des particularités d'un mobile ou d'un ensemble de mobiles. La syntaxeconcrète de MATeL, qui est inspirée de celle des diagrammes de séquence UML,ainsi que son environnement basé sur Eclipse permettent à l'utilisateur de concevoir desscénarii relativement facilement.Grâce à une plateforme de test en ligne construite pour les besoins de notre projet,il est possible d'exécuter les scénarii sur plusieurs téléphones différents. La démarcheest illustrée dans cette thèse à travers des cas d'utilisation et des expérimentations quiont permis de vérifier et valider notre propositionMobile applications have increased substantially in volume with the emergence ofsmartphones. Ensuring high quality and successful user experience is crucial to the successof such applications. Only an efficient test procedure allows developers to meet these requirements. In the context of embedded mobile applications, the test is costly and repetitive. This is mainly due to the large number of different mobile devices. In this thesis, we describe MATeL, a Domain-Specific Modeling Language (DSML) for designing test scenarios for mobile applications. Its abstract syntax, i.e. a meta model and OCL constraints, enables the test designer to manipulate mobile applications testing concepts such as tester, mobile or outcomes and results. It also enables him/her to enrich these scenarios with variability points in the spirit of Software Product-Line engineering, that can specify variations in the test according to the characteristics of one mobile or a set of mobiles. The concrete syntax of MATeL that is inspired from UML sequence diagrams and its environment based on Eclipse allow the user to easily develop scenarios. MATeL is built upon an industrial platform (a test bed) in order to be able to run scenarios on several different phones. The approach is illustrated in this thesis through use cases and experiments that led to verify and validate our contribution
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Fritz, Gilles. "Simulation de fautes pour l'évaluation du test en ligne de systèmes RFID." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00861871.
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Les systèmes RFID - pour RadioFrequency Identification - sont capables d'identifier des objets ou des personnes sans contact ni vision direct. Ainsi, leur utilisation grandit de manière exponentielle dans différents secteurs : nucléaire, aviation, ferroviaire, médical, traçabilité, contrôle d'accès... Mais ce sont surtout des systèmes fortement hétérogènes, composés de matériel analogique ou digital, et de systèmes informatique : le tag, attaché à l'objet à identifier, contenant l'identifiant de ce dernier ; le lecteur, appareil capable de venir lire les informations contenus dans les tags ; et le système informatique gérant l'ensemble des données générées par le système. Ces systèmes sont de plus en plus utilisés dans des domaines critiques ou dans des environnements difficiles, alors qu'ils sont basés uniquement sur des équipements bas coût et peu performant - les tags - ne permettant alors pas de garantir des communications robustes. Tous ces points font que le test en ligne des systèmes RFID est une tâche complexe.Cette thèse s'intéresse donc à la sûreté de fonctionnement des systèmes RFID : comment être certains que le système fonctionne comme il faut au moment où on en à besoin ? En premier, les défaillances et leurs causes ont été étudiées à l'aide d'une méthode classique : AMDE - Analyse des modes de défaillances et de leurs effets. Cette étude a permis d'identifier les points faibles des systèmes RFID. Après cela et grâce à cette analyse, il nous a été possible de définir et d'implémenter un simulateur de systèmes RFID appelé SERFID, pour Simulation et Evaluation des systèmes RFID. Ce simulateur est capable de simuler différents systèmes RFID multi-équipements (HF ou UHF, normes actuellement implémentées : ISO15693 et EPC Classe 1 Génération 2), du tag au lecteur, en passant par le canal de communication permettant aux tags et aux lecteurs de communiquer. SERFID permet aussi de connecter les lecteurs simulés à des middlewares existants ou nouveau afin des les évaluer. Pour permettre l'évaluation de la sûreté de fonctionnement des systèmes RFID, SERFID permet l'injection de fautes dynamiquement au sein des tags, lecteurs ou du canal de communication permettant de simuler différentes défaillances pouvant apparaître : diminution de la qualité de la communication ou de l'alimentation du tag, erreurs au sein de la mémoire du tag, bruit... SERFID a été notamment utilisé pour simuler et observer le comportement de systèmes RFID HF et UHF face à du bruit et des perturbations dans le canal de communication entre le tag et le lecteur. Finalement, cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthode pour détecter les tags fautifs ou vieillissants dans les applications de logistiques. Cette méthode, non intrusive et en ligne, est basée sur l'observation des performances du système au cours de son fonctionnement : le logiciel de gestion analyse les résultats des différentes identifications. A partir du taux d'erreur de lecture par tag, et en le comparant aux taux de lecture par tag précédemment observés, cette méthode est capable de déterminer quel groupe de tags est fautif ou non. Cette méthode a été évaluée par expérimentation et par simulation grâce à SERFID. Cette évaluation a permis de mettre en évidence les points forts et les faiblesses de la méthode.
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Alvarez, Aldana José Alfredo. "Une méthode de test fonctionnel en-ligne basée sur une approche de monitorage distribuée continue appliquée aux systèmes communicants." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLL005/document.
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Les réseaux MANET représentent un domaine important de recherche en raison des nombreuses opportunités découlant des problématiques et des applications inhérentes à ce type de réseau. Les problématiques les plus récurrentes sont la mobilité, la disponibilité ainsi que les ressources limitées. Un intérêt bien connu dans les réseaux et donc dans les MANET est de monitorer les propriétés de ce réseau et de ses nœuds. Les contraintes des MANET peuvent avoir un impact significatif sur les efforts mis en œuvre pour les monitorer. La mobilité et la disponibilité peuvent créer des résultats incomplets pour le monitorage. Les propriétés usuelles utilisées en monitorage sont simples, comme notamment la consommation moyenne du processeur, la bande passante moyenne, etc. De plus, l'évolution des réseaux a conduit à un besoin croissant d'examiner des comportements plus complexes, dépendants et imbriqués. La littérature indique que la précision des valeurs obtenues par monitorage et donc des approches n'est pas fiable et difficile à atteindre en raison des propriétés dynamiques du MANET. Nous proposons donc des architectures de surveillance décentralisées et distribuées qui reposent sur de multiples points d'observation. L'approche décentralisée combine des algorithmes dits hiérarchiques et de ‘gossip’ pour fournir une approche de monitorage efficace. Grâce à des expérimentations approfondies, nous avons conclu que même si nous étions en mesure d'atteindre d’excellentes performances, la fragmentation du réseau a toujours un impact sévère sur la méthodologie mise en place. Essayant d'améliorer notre technique, nous avons proposé une approche distribuée pour améliorer l'efficacité et la précision globale.Il fournit un mécanisme de consensus qui lui permet d'agréger de nombreux résultats fournis par plusieurs nœuds et fournit un résultat plus significatif et plus précis. Nous soutenons notre proposition avec de nombreuses définitions mathématiques qui modélisent les résultats locaux pour un seul nœud et les résultats globaux pour le réseau. Nos expériences ont été évaluées avec un émulateur construit en interne qui s'appuie sur Amazon Web Services, NS-3, Docker et GoLang avec un nombre variable de nœuds, la taille du réseau, sa densité, la vitesse des nœuds, les algorithmes de mobilité et les délais. Grâce à cet émulateur, nous avons pu analyser plusieurs aspects en fournissant des testbeds reproductibles, documentés et accessibles. Nous avons obtenu des résultats prometteurs pour les deux approches, et surtout pour l'approche distribuée en particulier en ce qui concerne la précision des valeurs obtenues par monitorageMANETs represent a significant area of network research due to the many opportunities derived from the problematics and applications. The most recurring problematics are the mobility, the availability and also the limited resources. A well-known interest in networks and therefore in MANETs is to monitor properties of the network and nodes. The problematics of the MANETs can have a significant impact on the monitoring efforts. Mobility and availability can create incomplete results for the monitoring. The usual properties discussed in monitoring are simple ones, e.g., average CPU consumption, average bandwidth and so on. Moreover, the evolution of networks has led to an increasing need to examine more complex, dependent and intertwined behaviors. The literature states that accuracy of the approaches is not reliable and difficult to achieve due to the dynamic properties of the MANET. Therefore, we propose a decentralized and distributed monitoring architecture that rely on multiple points of observation. The decentralized approach combines gossip and hierarchical algorithms to provide an effective monitoring approach. Through extensive experimentation, we concluded that although we were able to achieve exceptional performance, network fragmentation still has a harsh impact on the approach. Trying to improve our approach, we proposed a distributed approach, relying on stronger bedrock to enhance the overall efficiency and accuracy. It provides a consensus mechanism that allows it to aggregate and provides a more meaningful and accurate result. We support our proposal with numerous mathematical definition that models local results for a single node and global results for the network. Our experiments were evaluated with an emulator built in-house that relies on Amazon Web Services, NS-3, Docker and GoLang with varying number of nodes, network size, network density, speed, mobility algorithms and timeouts. Through this emulator, we were able to analyze multiple aspects of the approaches by providing a repeatable, documented and accessible test beds. We obtained promising results for both approaches, but for the distributed approach, especially regarding accuracy
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Naciri, Ikrame. "Épigénétique, signalisation et cancer : Étude de la régulation transcriptionnelle des gènes Testis/Placenta spécifiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC254.
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La régulation spatio-temporelle de l’expression des gènes est essentielle pour la mise en place et le maintien de l’identité cellulaire. Une dérégulation de ces mécanismes peut non seulement entrainer la perte de l’identité cellulaire mais également le développement de maladies comme le cancer. Dans le contexte de tumorigénèse il a été observé une expression atypique des gènes spécifiques des testicules et du placenta (gènes TS/PS) . Cette induction dans les tumeurs est corrélée à un mauvais pronostic et certains de ces gènes participent directement au processus tumoral. A ceci s’ajoute leur potentiel immunogène, qui contribue à faire de ces gènes des cibles thérapeutiques prometteuses. Deux cribles génétiques, nous ont permis d’identifier trois nouveaux acteurs importants dans la régulation transcriptionnelle du gène TS/PS ADAM12. Cette métalloprotéase est surexprimée dans les tumeurs et participe aux processus d’invasion et migration des cellules cancéreuses. Nos travaux ont pu montrer que la kinase TAK1 (MAP3K7) et que les remodeleurs chromatiniens SIRT6 et KAT2A sont importants pour la régulation transcriptionnelle d’ADAM12. Nous avons également pu disséquer les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents de cette régulation en établissant un lien entre la signalisation TAK1 et l’acétyltransférase KAT2A. Ces résultats nous permettent de proposer TAK1 et KAT2A comme de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques dans les tumeurs qui non seulement sur-expriment ADAM12 mais également les tumeurs où la signalisation TAK1 est perturbéeSpatio-temporal gene transcriptional regulation is essential to establish and maintain cell identity. Impairment of the molecular mechanisms involved in this regulation could lead to diseases like cancer. Testis/Placenta specific genes (TS/PS) are found to be expressed in cancer while their expression is normally restricted in testis and placenta. Overexpression of TS/PS in cancer is correlated to bad prognosis and some of these genes are known to be oncogenes. Moreover these genes could induce immune responses when they are expressed in cancer making them good candidates for therapeutic targets.In this thesis, we set up two genetic screens, which allow us to identify three new actors involved in the transcriptional regulation of the TS/PS gene ADAM12. This metalloprotease which is overexpressed in many tumors is involved in cell migration and invasion of cancer cells. Our study showed that the kinase TAK1 (MAP3K7) and the chromatin remodelers KAT2A and SIRT6 are involved in the regulation of ADAM12 expression. We went further and dissect the molecular mechanisms involved in this regulation and we discovered a link between the acetyltransferase KAT2A and TAK1 signaling pathway. These results allow us to propose TAK1 and KAT2A as potential therapeutic targets in high-ADAM12 expressing tumors and/or in tumors with TAK1 mutations
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Cao, Tien Dung. "Test and Validation of Web Services." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14122/document.
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Nous proposons dans cette thèse les approches de test pour la composition de services web. Nous nous intéressons aux test unitaire et d’intégration d’une orchestration de services web. L’aspect de vérification d’exécution en-ligne est aussi consideré. Nous définissons une plateforme de test unitaire pour l’orchestration de services web qui compose une architecture de test, une relation de conformité et deux approches de test basés sur le modèle de machine à l’états finis étendues temporisés: l’approche offline où les activités de test comme la génération de cas de test temporisé, l’exécution de test et l’assignement de verdict sont appliquées en séquentielle tandis que ces activités sont appliquées en parallèle dans l’approche online. Pour le test d’intégration d’une orchestration, nous combinons deux approches: active et passive.Au debut, l’approche active est utilisée pour activer une nouvelle session d’orchestration par l’envoi d’un message de requête SOAP. Après, tous les messages d’entré et de sortie de l’orchestration sont collectés et analysés par l’approche passive.Pour l’aspect de vérification d’exécution en-ligne, nous nous intéressons à la vérification d’une trace qui respecte un ensemble des constraintes, noté règles, ou pas. Nous avons proposé extendre le langage Nomad en définissant des constraintes sur chaque action atomique et un ensemble de corrélation de données entre les actions pour définir des règles pour le service web. Ce langage nous permet de définir des règles avec le temps futur et passé, et d’utiliser des opérations NOT, AND, OR pour combiner quelque conditions dans le contexte de la règle. Ensuite, nous proposons un algorithme pour vérifier l’exactitude d’une séquence des messages en parallèle avec le moteur de collecte de traceIn this thesis, we propose the testing approaches for web service composition. We focus on unit, integrated testing of an orchestration of web services and also the runtime verification aspect. We defined an unit testing framework for an orchestration that is composed of a test architecture, a conformance relation and two proposed testing approaches based on Timed Extended Finite State Machine (TEFSM) model: offline which test activities as timed test case generation, test execution and verdict assignment are applied in sequential, and online which test activities are applied in parallel. For integrated testing of an orchestration, we combines of two approaches: active and passive. Firstly, active approach is used to start a new session of the orchestration by sending a SOAP request. Then all communicating messages among services are collected and analyzed by a passive approach. On the runtime verification aspect, we are interested in the correctness of an execution trace with a set of defined constraints, called rules. We have proposed to extend the Nomad language, by defining the constraints on each atomic action (fixed conditions) and a set of data correlations between the actions to define the rules for web services. This language allows us to define a rule with future and past time, and to use the operations: NOT, AND, OR to combines some conditions into a context of the rule. Afterwards, we proposed an algorithm to check correctness of a message sequence in parallel with the trace collection engine. Specifically, this algorithm verifies message by message without storing them
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Samih, Hamza. "Test basé sur les modèles appliqué aux lignes de produits." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S109/document.
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L'ingénierie des lignes de produits est une approche utilisée pour développer une famille de produits. Ces produits partagent un ensemble de points communs et un ensemble de points de variation. Aujourd'hui, la validation est une activité disjointe du processus de développement des lignes de produits. L'effort et les moyens fournis dans les campagnes de tests de chaque produit peuvent être optimisés dans un contexte plus global au niveau de la ligne de produits. Le model-based testing est une technique de génération automatique des cas de test à partir d'un modèle d'états et de transitions construit à partir des exigences fonctionnelles. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une approche pour tester une ligne de produits logiciels avec le model-based testing. La première contribution consiste à établir un lien entre le modèle de variabilité et le modèle de test, à l'aide des exigences fonctionnelles. La deuxième contribution est un algorithme qui extrait automatiquement un modèle de test spécifique à un produit membre de la famille de produits sous test. L'approche est illustrée par une famille de produits de tableaux de bord d'automobiles et expérimentée par un industriel du domaine aéronautique dans le cadre du projet Européen MBATSoftware product line engineering is an approach that supports developing products in family. These products are described by common and variable features. Currently, the validation activity is disjointed from the product lines development process. The effort and resources provided in the test campaigns for each product can be optimized in the context of product lines. Model-based testing is a technique for automatically generating a suite of test cases from requirements. In this thesis report, we present an approach to test a software product line with model-based testing. This technique is based on an algorithm that establishes the relationship between the variability model released with OVM and the test model, using traceability of functional requirements present in both formalisms. Our contribution is an algorithm that automatically extracts a product test model. It is illustrated with a real industrial case of automotive dashboards and experimented by an industrial of aeronautic domain in the MBAT European project context
Books on the topic "Lignite testing"
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Hare, Brian, and Shinya Yamamoto. Minding the bonobo mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198728511.003.0001.
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We illustrate the central role the bonobo plays in testing evolutionary hypotheses regarding ape minds (including our own). The importance of bonobos has become apparent only recently with sustained fieldwork at multiple sites in the Congo Basin as well as the first direct quantitative comparisons between bonobos, chimpanzees and humans. This recent work has revealed a number of traits in which bonobos and chimpanzees are more similar to humans than they are to each other. This means that bonobos are crucial to determining the evolutionary processes by which cognitive traits evolved in our own lineage. Based on the evidence within, it becomes clear that one can no longer know chimpanzees or humans without also knowing bonobos. We argue this makes investing in bonobo research and improved protection for bonobos in captivity and the wild an even higher priority. Nous illustrons le rôle central joué par le bonobo pour tester les hypothèses relatives à l’évolution de l’esprit des grands singes (y compris le nôtre). L’importance des bonobos n’est apparue que récemment grâce à un travail de terrain soutenu sur de multiples sites dans le bassin du Congo ainsi qu’aux premières comparaisons quantitatives directes entre les bonobos, les chimpanzés et les humains. Ces récents travaux ont révélé un certain nombre de caractéristiques pour lesquelles les bonobos et les chimpanzés présentent plus de similarités avec les humains que l’un envers l’autre. Cela signifie que les bonobos sont essentiels pour déterminer les processus d’évolution par lesquels les caractéristiques cognitives ont évolué dans notre propre lignée. Sur la base des preuves contenues dans ce document, il devient clair que l’on ne peut plus connaître les chimpanzés ou les humains sans connaître les bonobos. Cela rend donc d’autant plus primordiaux l’investissement dans la recherche sur les bonobos et l’amélioration de la protection des bonobos en captivité comme à l’état sauvage.
Book chapters on the topic "Lignite testing"
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Pulkkinen, Erkki, Airi Mäkelä, and Hannu Mikkonen. "Preparation and Testing of Cationic Flocculants from Kraft Lignin." In ACS Symposium Series, 284–93. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0397.ch021.
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Meister, John J. "Review of the Synthesis, Characterization, and Testing of Graft Copolymers of Lignin." In Renewable-Resource Materials, 305–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2205-4_24.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Lignite testing"
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Huebel, Moritz, Juergen Nocke, Sebastian Meinke, and Egon Hassel. "Identification of Energy Storage Capacities Within Large-Scale Power Plants and Development of Control Strategies to Increase Marketable Grid Services." In ASME 2015 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2015-49179.
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In order to meet future demands, existing and new plants need to be optimized to offer additional control reserves to stabilize an electrical grid, which is highly penetrated by fluctuating renewables. Since this requires a dynamic investigation, transient physical based models of different power plants have been developed to evaluate effects of increased flexibility as well as to develop optimization strategies. The approach has been tested for a specific 500 MW lignite-fired power plant. It includes detailed modeling of the incorporated sub-systems and their interactions as well as the implementation of the power plant’s control system. The dynamic simulation model is used for the identification of energy storage potentials within the process and for testing and developing control strategies in order to increase flexibility and marketable output of the process. The strategies are benchmarked and evaluated based on the consideration of exergetic efficiency and lifetime-consumption of critical components.
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Breeding, Charlie, Danny Tandra, and Sandeep Shah. "Boiler Cleaning Using ISB (Intelligent Soot Blowing) System Integration: Recent Developments and Case Study." In ASME 2010 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2010-27322.
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Ash and slag deposits in coal fired boilers contribute to boiler in-efficiency, capacity reductions, and overheated tubes, which lead to tube failures. Typical on-line cleaning systems are not automated and do not optimize the removal of ash and slag deposits. The paper describes the development and implementation of an Intelligent Sootblowing (ISB) system which monitors data such as heat transfer rate and pendant weight and operates the boiler cleaning devises in an automatic mode. The system operates cleaning equipment to only clean what needs to be cleaned, thus reducing tube erosion and clinker formation. The Intelligent Sootblowing (ISB) system uses the process data, algorithms, thermodynamic models, and ash weight to derive a supervisory sequence control to initiate most effective sootblowing device, when and where necessary. Unique strain gage ash weight measurement feedback is utilized in the system. The system is modular and built with an Open Architecture off the shelf components. It comprises PLC Panels, Data Acquisition Panels and HMI (Human Machine Interface) / EWS (Engineering Work Station) using distributed controls architecture. This system also supports industry standard communication protocols, which provides seamless integration between the ISB system and the plant’s DCS. This protocol can be Ethernet, Modbus, Modbus TCP, DH+ or Serial. The Case Studies will describe existing installations where the integrated system controls the entire boiler cleaning system. One installation is in Texas for an 850 MW, supercritical Combustion Engineering tangential fired pulverized coal unit. The boiler burns Texas lignite coal with as much as 15% Powder River Basin coal blended. The soot blowing system consists of 50 retractable soot blowers and 8 water cannons plus air heater cleaners. Testing for this unit was supervised by EPRI. A second installation is in Louisiana where the system improved overall plant efficiency as much as 1% with a resulting high return on investment. Improvements also included improved heat rate, boiler efficiency, a reduction in spray flow and a reduction in soot blowing events.
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Meister, J. J., D. R. Patil, and H. Channell. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Testing of Lignin Graft Copolymers for Use in Drilling Mud Applications." In SPE Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/13559-ms.
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Hossain, Mohammad K., Mohammad R. Karim, Mahmudur R. Chowdhury, Muhammad A. Imam, Mahesh Hosur, Shaik Jeelani, and Ramsis Farag. "Tensile Properties Evaluation of Chemically Treated/Untreated Single Sugarcane Fiber." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65664.
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Natural fiber as a reinforcing constituent can play a dominant role in the field of fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPC) due to its eco-friendliness, renewability, abundance in nature, co2-neutrality, flexibility, low density, and low cost. Hence, sugarcane fiber can be a potential candidate to replace the synthetic FRPC. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of single sugarcane fiber. Sugarcane collected from the local market was cut into some specific length and fibers were extracted from the juicy section. These fibers were then dried in an oven to remove the moisture. Surface modification was accomplished by performing alkali treatment and neutralizing by acetic acid solution. The fiber was then rinsed with water and dried at 80°C for about twenty four hours using an oven. Untreated and treated fibers were characterized using tensile testing according to the ASTM D 3822-01 standard. Optical microscopy (OM) was employed to measure the diameter of the fiber and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the fracture morphology of failed samples. Tensile tests were carried out on the span length of 25 mm of the single fiber. The resultant data showed that maximum improvement in the tensile strength and modulus was observed to be 87% and 29%, respectively, compared to those of untreated ones due to chemical treatments using 5% NaOH solution and 2% acetic acid solution, respectively. Strain to maximum strength was enhanced by about 16% compared to that of the untreated one. A small initial weight loss was observed in the temperature ranging from 25 to 150 °C due to the evaporation of water. However, untreated fiber started to decompose at around 200 °C while treated fiber started to become decomposed at around 250°C. It might be due to the removal of non-cellulosic substances including hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin as a result of the chemical treatment. Fracture morphology of the treated fiber revealed rougher fracture surfaces compared to untreated fiber surfaces. This is an indication of more energy absorption by the treated fibers during the tensile loading.
Reports on the topic "Lignite testing"
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Steven A. Benson, Michael J. Holmes, Donald P. McCollor, Jill M. Mackenzie, Charlene R. Crocker, Lingbu Kong, and Kevin C. Galbreath. Large-Scale Mercury Control Technology Testing for Lignite-Fired Utilities - Oxidation Systems for Wet FGD. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/925511.
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Michael J. Holmes, Steven A. Benson, and Jeffrey S. Thompson. LARGE-SCALE MECURY CONTROL TECHNOLOGY TESTING FOR LIGNITE-FIRED UTILITIES-OXIDATION SYSTEMS FOR WET FGD. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822884.
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John H. Pavlish, Michael J. Holmes, Steven A. Benson, Charlene R. Crocker, Edwin S. Olson, Kevin C. Galbreath, Ye Zhuang, and Brandon M. Pavlish. JV TASK 45-MERCURY CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTRIC UTILITIES BURNING LIGNITE COAL, PHASE I BENCH-AND PILOT-SCALE TESTING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822933.
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