Relevant bibliographies by topics / Lignite Oxidation

Academic literature on the topic 'Lignite Oxidation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Lignite Oxidation"

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Gong, Gui Zhen, Ji Ming Chu, Xian Yong Wei, and Zhi Min Zong. "Oxidation of Huolinguole Lignite with NaOCl." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 584–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.584.

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Huolinguole lignite (HL) was oxidized with aqueous NaOCl solution under mild conditions. The oxidation products were analyzed by GC/MS. In total 111 products from the HL oxidation were detected, most of which were benzene polycarboxylic acids and short-chain alkanoic acids, while a predominant chlorinated compounds such as trichloromethane, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid were also identified. These results indicate that oxidation of coals with aqueous NaOCl solution may be a promising method for high value-added utilization of coals.
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Zhao, Huan, Jun Shuai Liu, Jiang Long Yu, Bin Bin Xin, and Xiu Zhen Geng. "A Review on Low-Temperature Oxidation of Lignite: Oxygen Transport, Effects of Drying and Measures for Restraining Coal Oxidation." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.571.

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Drying of lignite alters the physical and chemical structure of coal, and influences the oxygen transport on the low temperature oxidation process. This paper provides a comprehensive overview on low-temperature oxidation of lignite and its dried products, including oxygen transport during the oxidation process, changes of physical structure and chemical compositions occurring at the drying process and its effects on the oxygen transport, and restraint of dried lignite oxidation.
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Ge, Wu Jie, Qun Shao, Hui Xu, and Ya Li Wan. "Low Temperature Oxidation Effects on Lignite Molecular Structure." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2797.

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The paper studied the change of the coal characteristics based on the influence of lignite naturally oxidated in air. The original lignite and lignite naturally oxidated under different time were analyzed by the FTIR technology. The reason that metamorphism of lignite was vulnerable by oxygen was analyzed from the side of coal molecular structure. It indicates that lignite of a low rank coal easily oxidated is mainly because lignite has more active groups in coal molecular such as methyl, methylene, hydroxyl, aromatic ether, oxygen button and ether key. In lignite molecular, side chains of aromatic ring structure unit is firstly oxidized. The bridge button or side chains of coal molecular structure unit are easily oxidized at the same time with the structure of the bridge between units fracturing oxidation. Number of aromatic hydrocarbons remains stable after oxidation. General trend of cycloparafin hydrocarbon as well as aliphatic hydrocarbon are gradually reduced over the oxidized time.
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Yang, Fan, Yucui Hou, Shuhang Ren, and Weize Wu. "Selective oxidation of lignite to carboxyl chemicals." SCIENTIA SINICA Chimica 48, no. 6 (May 23, 2018): 574–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n032017-00219.

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Lalvani, Shashi, Milan Pata, and Robert W. Coughlin. "Electrochemical oxidation of lignite in basic media." Fuel 65, no. 1 (January 1986): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(86)90152-3.

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Li, Ya, Zhi-Min Zong, Yang-Yang Zhang, Xian-Yong Wei, and Yu Zhu. "Thermal treatment of Shengli lignite and subsequent oxidation." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 152 (November 2020): 104810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104810.

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Doskočil, Leoš, Laurent Grasset, Dana Válková, and Miloslav Pekař. "Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of humic acids and lignite." Fuel 134 (October 2014): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.06.011.

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Uğuz, Özlem, Hanzade Haykiri-Açma, and Serdar Yaman. "Combustion kinetics of lignite preheated under oxygen-enriched conditions." Energy & Environment 31, no. 5 (October 21, 2019): 813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x19882393.

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This study bases on the testing of the solid-state kinetic models to determine the combustion kinetics of thermally pretreated Turkish lignite (Adiyaman–Golbasi) in O2-enriched environment. The lignite sample was first preheated in a horizontal tube furnace at temperatures of 200°C, 400°C and 600°C that correspond to torrefaction, partly devolatilization and partly ashing temperatures. Oxidative environments that have the O2 concentrations of 21, 30, 40 and 50 vol.%. were created during this treatment by changing the ratio of O2/N2 in the binary gas mixtures. The solid residues remaining after oxidation were then subjected to non-isothermal combustion conditions in a thermal analyzer up to 900°C under dry air atmosphere. The conversion degrees calculated from the thermogravimetric analysis were used to establish the kinetic parameters based on the Coats–Redfern method. It was concluded that the first-order reaction model fits well for both the combustion of volatiles and the burning of the char. It was also seen that the concentration of O2 in the pre-oxidation stage plays an important role as treatment temperature also increases. Moreover, it was also concluded that the activation energies for the char burning regions of the samples treated at 200°C and 400°C differ seriously.
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Huang, Zhi an, Ling hua Zhang, Jing jing Wang, Rui Yang, Ying hua Zhang, Hui Wang, Yu yan Chen, and Yu kun Gao. "Influence of initial oxidation and secondary oxidation on spontaneous combustion of lignite." International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties 14, no. 1 (2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmmp.2019.098115.

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Gao, Yu kun, Yu yan Chen, Hui Wang, Ying hua Zhang, Jing jing Wang, Ling hua Zhang, Rui Yang, and Zhi an Huang. "Influence of initial oxidation and secondary oxidation on spontaneous combustion of lignite." International Journal of Microstructure and Materials Properties 14, no. 1 (2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmmp.2019.10019613.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lignite Oxidation"

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Tyhoda, Luvuyo. "Oxidative ammonolysis of technical lignins and lignites." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53548.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Today there is renewed interest in using soil improvers with fertilising capability as the use of inorganic fertilisers results in ground water pollution through leaching and formation of nitrates in plant materials. Lignin is an important precursor of humic material in soils and with modification, can be used as a raw material for producing slow release nitrogenous fertilisers. This project focussed on the use of industrial residues such as technical lignins which are produced by the South African pulping industry as well as low grade coals such as lignite occurring in South Africa, for the production of high-grade humic substances like Novihum TM, using the special technology developed by the Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry of the Technical University of Dresden in Germany. Technicallignins derived from kraft lignin, sugar cane baggase, autohydrolysis lignin with a trade name Sucrolin, a calcium lignosulphonate and South African lignites mined in the Kraaifontein and BraekenfeIl areas as well as German brown coal were subjected to oxidative ammonolysis with the aim to produce slow release nitrogenous fertilizers. Curie Point Pyrolysis GCIMS was used to determine the structural composition of the raw materials and products. Oxidative ammonolysis reactions were carried out on a laboratory and a pilot plant scale. Highest nitrogen contents were obtained with Sucrolin lignin followed by the lignite from Germany. The amount of nitrogen that could be fixed with oxidative ammonolysis varied between 1.44 - 10% for the various raw materials. The CIN ratios obtained were in the range between 5 - 34. Marginal differences were observed between the materials modified on lab and pilot plant scales. There were improvements in the total incorporated nitrogen when the raw materials were pre-activated with oxidising agents such as hydrogen perxide and a fungal species, Phanaerochateae chrysosporium prior to oxidative ammonolysis. Variable amounts of differently bonded nitrogen forms were obtained for the materials tested due to their structural differences.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is deesdae hernude belangstelling in die gebruik van grondverbeteringsmiddels wat ook 'n bemestingsfunksie het, aangesien die gebruik van anorganiese kunsmis besoedeling van grondwater deur uitlogingen insypeling veroorsaak, wat weer tot die vorming van nitrate in plantmateriaallei. Lignien is 'n belangrike voorloper van humiese materiale in grondstowwe en kan dmv modifisering gebruik word as 'n grondstof vir die produksie van stadigstikstof vrystellende nitro gene kunsmisstowwe. Die huidige projek het gefokus op die gebruik van industriële residue en tegniese ligniene wat deur die Suid- Afrikaanse pulpnywerheid geproduseer word, sowel as lae-graad steenkool soos ligniet wat in Suid-Afrika aangetrefword, vir die produksie van hoë-graad humiese stowwe soos Novihum TM. Hierdie produk is mbv spesiale tegnologie deur die Instituut van Plant- en Houtchemie van die Tegniese Universiteit van Dresden in Duitsland ontwikkel. In hierdie ondersoek is verskeie Suid-Afrikaanse tegniese ligniene soos Kraft lignien, suikerriet bagasse, 'n outohidrolise lignien met die naam van Sucrolin en 'n kalsiumlignosulfonaat sowel as SA ligniete, afkomstig van Brackenfell en Kraaifontein, gebied en Duitse bruinkool, aan oksidatiewe ammonolise onderwerp om sodoende verskillende, stadigvrstellende, stikstofryke kunsmisstowwe te vervaardig. Curie Punt Pirolise GC/MS is gebruik om die chemiese struktuur van die grondstowwe en produkte vas te stel. Oksidatiewe ammonolise reaksies is op 'n laboratorium en loodsaanlegskaal. uitgevoer. Die hoogste stikstofinhoud is met Sucrolin lignien verkry, gevolg deur die ligniet van Duitsland. Die hoeveelheid stikstof wat dmv oksidatiewe ammonlise bereik kon word, het tussen 1.44 en 10% gewissel. Die CIN verhoudings wat verkry was, het varieer tussen 5 en 34. Marginale verskille is tussen laboratorium - en loodsaanlegsskaal gemodifiseerde grondstowwe waargeneem. Daar was verhogings in stikstofinhoud wanneer die grondstowwe vooraf met oksiderende middels soos waterstofperoksied of swamkultur soos Phanaerochatae chrysosporium, aktiveer is. Stikstof is op verskillende maniere en in verskillende hoeveelhede gebind.
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Olsson, Moa. "Preparation of Lignin Diesel : Experimental and Statistical Study of the Biodiesel Preparation Process from a Pulp- and Paper Industry Residual Product." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-37420.

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The use of fossil fuels is depleting the petroleum resources and the emissions exhausted during the use is contributing to the planets temperature rise, glaciers reciding and rised sea level etc. In a global perspective, the liquid petroleum fuels are dominating the fuel market. In the coming ten years, the use of liquid fuels is expected to grow.   In this work a method of preparing a biodiesel microemulsion between petroleum diesel and kraft lignin has been examined. Lignin is a renewable by-product from the pulp- and paper industry, extracted from black liquor. In its natural appearance, lignin is not soluble in water and has to be modified to work as the hydrophilic phase in the microemulsion. The modification is achieved in a oxidative ammonolysis process. As an indication of how well the modification is performing, the amount of dissolved lignin in water were measured. The influence by the reaction time, pH-value and water content on the amount of dissolved lignin were examined in a statistical model in the software MODDE. A screening examination was performed to find the most influential factors. The MODDE model was optimized and could thereafter be used as a predictive tool and predict the outcome of responses within the experimental range. Ultrasonication was used to create the microemulsion. A stabilization test was performed by observing the created lignin diesel samples during three weeks. The operational cost of producing lignin diesel was calculated based on the chemical cost and the cost of electricity consumed during the production process.   A microemulsion was not created between diesel and modified lignin, rather an emulsion was achieved. The highest amount of dissolved lignin in the oxidative ammonolysis process were 99.77 %. The most influential factor was the pH-value in the oxidative ammonolysis process. The water content also affected the amount of dissolved lignin, while the reaction time factor within its range did not affect the amount of dissolved lignin. The statistical model design, execution and predictive ability were evaluated in MODDE and given a satisfying grade. In the stability test, a separation in the bottom of the samples were observed after 0.5 h time. After one week, there was a small colour gradient in the top of one of the samples. After two weeks, the same colour gradient were observed in all of the samples. In none of the samples, a total phase separation was observed under the three weeks.
Användningen av fossila bränslen utarmar jordens petroleum resurser och under användning utsöndras emissioner som bland annat bidrar till den globala uppvärmningen, smältande glaciärer och höjda havsnivåer. Globalt sätt dominerar de flytande petroleum bränslena bränslemarknaden och dess användning förväntas inom de närmsta tio åren öka.   I detta examensarbete undersöks och testas en metod för framställning av lignindiesel. Lignindieseln består av petroleumdiesel och lignin, vilka hålls ihop med hjälp av en mikroemulsion. Lignin är en förnybar restprodukt från pappers- och massaindustrin som utvinns från svartlut. I naturligt utförande är lignin inte blandbart med vatten och behöver därför modifieras för att kunna agera som hydrofil fas i mikroemulsionen. Modifieringen görs genom en oxidativ ammonolysprocess. Som indikation på hur modifieringen verkade på ligninet mättes mängden löst lignin i vatten. Påverkan av faktorerna reaktionstid, pH-värde och vatteninnehåll på ligninets löslighet i vatten undersöktes i en statistisk modell som gjordes i programvaran MODDE. Den statistiska modellens design, utförande och predikteringskapacitet utvärderades. En screeningundersökning utfördes för att identifiera hur de olika faktorerna påverkade lignets löslighet i vatten. Modellen i MODDE optimerades och kunde därefter användas som en predikterande modell inom undersökningens omfattning. Ultraljudssonikering användes för att skapa mikroemulsionen. Ett stabiliseringstest gjordes genom att de olika lignindieslarna placerades i provrör som observerades under tre veckors tid. Driftkostnaden i form av kemikaliekostnad och kostnad för konsumerad elektricitet under produktionen beräknades.   En mikroemulsion kunde inte framställas. Dock skapades en emulsion mellan diesel och modifierat lignin. Den högsta halten av löst lignin i vatten var 99.77 %. pH-värdet under reaktionen var den faktor som påverkade ligninets löslighet mest. Vatteninnehållet i det modifierade ligninet påverkade också lösligheten samtidigt som reaktionstiden inte påverkade lösligheten nämnvärt inom det givna spannet. Den statistiska modellens design och utförande var tillfredställande och den prediktiva kapaciteten var mycket bra. Stabilitetstestet visade att en separation observerades i botten ett av lignindieselproverna efter 0.5 h. Efter en vecka observerades en liten färggradient i toppen av ett av provrören. Efter två veckor syntes samma sorts färggradient i alla lignindieselproverna. Inget av lignindieselproverna undergick fullständig fasseparation under the tre veckornas separationstest.
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Alcantara, Berenice Kussumoto de. "Experimental approaches to study the responses to Al stress in cultivated crops." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11151/tde-10062014-105216/.

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This thesis was performed in the scope of International Graduation Program in which Universidade de São Paulo and The Ohio State University are inserted. In the first year of Ph.D. work we aimed to understand the effect of aluminum (Al) in root growth of Eucalyptus spp. and the relationship with biochemical parameters and transcriptional responses since there is little information about these responses for tree species. Aluminum is found naturally in the Earth crust, but under acidic conditions Al3+ ion becomes available and toxic to the plants. United States and Brazil possess large areas with Al toxicity and great area of forests growing under these conditions. In order to perform the transcriptional analysis, Eucalyptus RNA was transported to United States, however, the method of transportation was not efficient to guarantee RNA integrity. Therefore we changed our objectives and we performed new experiments using maize as biological system because this species has economical importance to U.S. and Brazil. Furthermore, substantial area of this crop is growing in soils under these conditions. In these experiments, we aimed to verify if pre-treating maize seeds before germination could be efficient to induce Al-tolerance in Al-sensitive genotypes. This thesis was organized in order to build a story based on the sequences of the experiments. In general, we obtained interesting results for Al-sensitive maize that presented reduction in lignin content and gene expression in shoots, also for Al-tolerant variety that present increase in growth, productivity and improvement of nutritional quality of the kernels.
Esta tese foi realizada no âmbito do Programa Internacional de Pós-Graduação em que a Universidade de São Paulo e The Ohio State University estão inseridos. No primeiro ano do trabalho de doutorado, o objetivo foi de compreender o efeito do alumínio (Al) no crescimento de raízes de Eucalyptus spp. e a relação com parâmetros bioquímicos e respostas de transcrição já que há pouca informação sobre estas respostas para espécies arbóreas. O alumínio é encontrado naturalmente na crosta terrestre, porém sob condições ácidas o íon Al3+ torna-se disponível e tóxico para as plantas. Os Estados Unidos e o Brasil possuem grandes áreas com Al tóxico e grandes áreas de florestas crescem sob estas condições. A fim de executar a análise transcricional, o RNA dos materiais de eucalipto foi transportado para os Estados Unidos, entretanto, o método de transporte não foi eficiente para garantir a integridade do RNA. Assim sendo, mudamos nossos objetivos e realizamos novos experimentos utilizando milho como sistema biológico, porque esta espécie tem importância econômica para os EUA e também para o Brasil. Ademais, substanciais áreas de cultivo do milho se encontram em solos sob estas condições. Nos novos experimentos realizados, o objetivo foi de verificar se o pré-tratamento de sementes de milho antes da germinação poderia ser eficiente para induzir tolerância ao alumínio em genótipos Al-sensíveis. Esta tese foi organizada a fim de construir uma história com base nas sequencias dos experimentos. Em geral, resultados interessantes foram obtidos para a linhagem de milho sensível ao Al que apresentou redução no teor de lignina e na sua expressão gênica em parte aérea, também para a variedade tolerante ao Al que apresentou aumento no crescimento, produtividade e melhoria da qualidade nutricional dos grãos.
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Yao, Soledad G. "OXIDATION OF β-O-4 LIGNIN MODEL COMPOUNDS AND APPLICATION TO LIGNIN LINKAGE DEGRADATION FACILITATED BY MECHANOCHEMICAL TREATMENT AND TWO-STEP OXIDATIVE DEPOLYMERIZATION." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_etds/91.

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The oxidation of lignin model compounds was studied in conventional solvents in parallel with oxidations in ionic liquid solvents. Catalyst systems were investigated in ionic liquid solvents to determine how reaction rates and the selectivity for benzylic carbon oxidation were affected. Oxidation rates were often lower in ionic liquids than in conventional solvents ‒ as indicated by lower conversion in a standard reaction time ‒ likely due, at least in part, to the higher viscosity of ionic liquids. Mechano chemical treatment of Indulin AT kraft lignin by ball milling with KOH and toluene produced significant carbonyl functionality, among other changes. The chemical reactivity of the lignin was increased, resulting in greater lignin degradation from porphyrin oxidation followed by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. The mechanochemical treatment produced a level of lignin oxidation that was similar to that produced by porphyrin-catalyzed oxidation. Combining mechanochemical treatment with porphyrin oxidation produced a synergistic positive effect on the depolymerization of lignin, as demonstrated by a significantly higher yield of monomers. The methyl ester of vanillic acid was obtained as the main monomeric product (after methylation), along with a small amount of methyl 5-carbomethoxyvanillate.
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Napoly, Francois. "Étude de nouveaux systèmes catalytiques pour la valorisation de la lignine par oxydation." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10207/document.

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Le but de cette thèse a été de trouver de nouveaux systèmes catalytiques pour l'oxydation de la lignine. Dans ce but, deux stratégies ont été abordées : une méthodologie directe, où différents systèmes catalytiques à base de sels métalliques et de peroxydes d'hydrogène ont été testés. Dans ce cas, le système Na2WO4,2H2O/H2O2 s'est avéré le plus efficace en dépolymérisant la lignine avec des rendements modérés. Une méthodologie indirecte via l'utilisation de molécules modèles de la lignine. Dans ce cas, des catalyseurs plus complexes ont été évalués notamment le Fe(TAML)Li. Ce dernier en combinaison avec le DAIB comme oxydant a montré une activité intéressante avec les molécules modèles, mais décevante avec la lignine. Enfin cette thèse a permis d'évaluer l'activité du Fe(TAML)Li dans l'oxydation d'alcools et d'alcane benzyliques
The goal of the thesis was to find new catalytic systems for lignin oxidation. Two strategies were chosen to reach this objective: a direct methodology, which implied the test of different catalytic systems based on metal salts and hydrogen peroxide. In that case the system Na2WO4,2H2O/H2O2 permitted to obtain the best results, with moderate depolymerization yields. An indirect methodology through the use of lignin model compounds. In that case, more complex catalysts were tested. The system Fe(TAML)Li/DAIB implied the best results with model compounds, but quite disappointing with lignin. Finally, the thesis have permitted to evaluate the activity of Fe(TAML)Li for the oxidation of alcohols and benzylic alkanes
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Cabral, Almada Cédric. "Étude sur la dépolymérisation catalytique de la lignine en milieu oxydant : vers la production d’aromatiques biosourcés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10301/document.

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Ces travaux de thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre du projet CHEMLIVAL qui vise à valoriser la lignine en composés aromatiques fonctionnalisés (fonction : aldéhydes, acides carboxyliques, phénols) pour des applications en chimie fine ou polymères. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié la valorisation de la lignine par voie d'oxydation catalytique hétérogène en milieu alcalin, une méthodologie respectueuse de l'environnement, pour la production de composés aromatiques telle que la vanilline ou la syringaldéhyde. Précédés par une caractérisation poussée des lignines utilisées dans cette étude, une optimisation des paramètres de la réaction (température, pression, catalyseurs…) ainsi que des suivis cinétique ont été réalisés. Ainsi des résultats comparables, voire supérieurs, à ceux décrits dans la littérature ont été obtenus. Ces travaux ont montré que la nature de la lignine ainsi que le procédé d'extraction lié à celle-ci avaient une grande influence sur les rendements en composés aromatiques. De plus, les résultats obtenus ont permis de proposer un schéma réactionnel d'oxydation de la lignine. L'utilisation d'un catalyseur (Pt/TiO2) a montré un effet bénéfique sur les rendements en composés aromatiques, probablement via un nouveau mécanisme d'oxydation de la lignine métallo-initié qui reste encore à élucider
This work is part of the CHEMLIVAL project aiming at the lignin valorization into functionalized aromatics compounds (functions : aldehydes, carboxylic acids, phenols) for fine chemistry or polymer applications. With this in mind, we studied lignin valorization through heterogeneous catalytic oxidation in alkaline media, an environmental friendly approach, for the production of aromatic compounds such as vanillin or syringaldehyde. After an extensive characterization of the different lignin samples used, we proceeded to an optimization of the conditions parameters (temperature, pressure, catalysts…) and kinetics study. As a results, yields similar or even higher than those reported in the literature were obtained. This work demonstrated that the lignin source as well as its extraction process has a great influence over the aromatic yields. Furthermore, the results acquired allowed us to propose a reaction scheme for lignin oxidation. The use of a catalyst (Pt/TiO2) was found to be beneficial for the production of aromatic compounds probably due to metallo-initiated mechanism that still needs to be identified
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Nguyen, Mai Thanh Thi. "Synthesis and Oxidation of Lignin-Carbohydrate Model Compounds." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/NguyenMTT2008.pdf.

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Wiegand, Ute. "Hydro- und geochemische Prozesse in oberflächennahen Kippensedimenten des Braunkohlentagebaus Zwenkau." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2004. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-37367.

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Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Rahmen des BMBF-geförderten Projektes "Luft- und bodengestützte spektrometrische Untersuchungen zur Differenzierung reaktiv veränderter Braunkohlentagebaugebiete in Mitteldeutschland" (Vorhaben 02 WB 9667/5) als Kooperation zwischen dem GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ), dem Deutschen Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), der Gesellschaft für Angewandte Fernerkundung (GAF) und dem Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig/Halle GmbH (UFZ) angefertigt. Grundidee des Projektes war es, die durch spektrometrische Erfassungsmethoden der Fernerkundung erhaltenen Überfliegungsdaten mittels konventioneller petrographischer, mineralogischer und geochemischer Analytik zu kalibrieren. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit lag dabei in der Charakterisierung der hydro- und geochemischen Veränderungen in den Kippensedimenten des im mitteldeutschen Raum südlich von Leipzig aufgeschlossenen Braunkohlentagebaus Zwenkau. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Kippensedimente in Abhängigkeit des Schüttungsalters und der Lagerung untersucht sowie die spezifischen Merkmale der Kippenwässer und Bodengase erfaßt, um die im Kippenkörper ablaufenden chemischen, petrographischen und gefügemäßigen Veränderungen sowie die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Sedimenten, Wässern und Bodengasen zu beschreiben. Schließlich wird ein Modell zur zeitlichen Entwicklung der Abraumförderbrückenkippe, beginnend bei ihrer Verkippung bis hin zu einem Alter von etwa 20 Jahren, vorgestellt, welches die beobachteten Erscheinungen bezüglich der auftretenden endogenen und exogenen Wechselwirkungsfaktoren gut erklärt
This thesis was prepared in cooperation with the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ), the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), the Gesellschaft für Angewandte Fernerkundung (GAF), and the Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig/Halle (UFZ) in frame of the project "Airborne and laboratory spectroscopic studies for differentiation of reactively alterated lignite mining pits in Central Germany" (No. 02 WB 9667/5) which was gratefully supported by the Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF). The major idea of the project was to achieve a calibration of the spectroscopic data acquired by the remote sensing though the results obtained from conventionally petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses. The main goal of this thesis was the characterization of the hydro- and geochemical alterations in the conveyor bridge dump of the open lignite mining pit Zwenkau which is located in the Central Germany District southern of Leipzig. Therefore, dependent on their ages in terms of dumping and their surface-near locations the dump sediments were investigated and the specific properties of the different types of dump water and soil gases were acquired as well in order to describe the ongoing chemical, petrographical and structural alterations and interactions between the sediments, the water and the soil gases in the conveyor bridge. Finally, a model of the chronological development of the overburden sediments starting from their spilling up to an age of about 20 years is proposed which well explains the observed phenomena regarding the appearing endogenous and exogenous interaction factors
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Condassamy, Olivia. "Valorisation d'une lignine alcaline industrielle : vers le développement de nouveaux synthons et oligomères bio-sourcés issus de la lignine." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0265/document.

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La première partie de ce projet à consisté à isoler la lignine à partir de liqueurs industrielles et à la purifier pour s’affranchir des sucres, des minéraux et autres constituants. Pour cela, un protocole efficace en trois étapes a été proposé pour obtenir des échantillons de lignine avec une pureté satisfaisante (95%) et pour récupérer 68% de la lignine initialement présente dans la liqueur alcaline de départ. La lignine alcaline purifiée a ensuite été caractérisée d’un point de vue moléculaire et par analyses thermiques. L’élucidation de la structure de la lignine alcaline a permis d’appréhender sa fonctionnalisation par oxydation. Les analyses par chromatographie d’exclusion stérique de la lignine après oxydation ont montré une diminution de la masse molaire confirmant ainsi le clivage. Trois fractions différentes ont été isolées après l’oxydation de la lignine selon le solvant d’extraction ; d’une part des oligomères (plus ou moins fonctionnalisés) et d’autre part des molécules aromatiques (dont15% de vanilline). Ce travail de thèse aura abouti à la synthèse de composés aromatiques à haute valeur ajoutée (vanilline) et d’oligomères de lignine fonctionnalisés par des fonctions acide carboxylique. Les applications envisageables de ces « polyacides » issus de lignine sont nombreuses pour la formation de nouveaux polymères bio-sourcés tels que des polyesters, polyamides ou encore polyuréthanes
A valorization of alkaline lignin from an industrial pulping liquor has been proposed for this project. Before considering any chemical modification or potential applications, the lignin structure has been elucidated. An efficient three-steps protocol for extraction and purification of lignin from industrial liquor has been established. This protocol leads to high purity sample of lignin (95%) and allows the recovery (68%) of the lignin initially present in the alkaline liquor. Alkaline lignin has been characterized utilizing analytical methods and thermogravimetric analysis. This precise structure elucidation was critical for proceeding to chemical modification of alkaline lignin. Chemical modification of alkaline lignin has been done by oxidation in alkaline media. Three major oxidized products have been isolated depending on the extraction solvent: oligomers bearing carboxylic groups and aromatic molecules. This thesis work led to the synthesis of value-added bio-sourced chemicals and functionalized oligomers. The polyacids from lignin obtained should be studied to form new biobased polymers such as polyesters, polyamids or polyurethanes
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Musharah, Amani. "Gold-catalysed oxidation of lignin-derived building blocks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/goldcatalysed-oxidation-of-ligninderived-building-blocks(ef60feb6-5bc8-40c8-95c9-eddd3175f8d1).html.

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The use of heterogeneous catalysts containing Au nanoparticles supported on TiO2 has been explored for oxidative aqueous phase transformations of sustainable phenolic and benzoic acid derivatives that can be obtained from lignin. Au/TiO2 catalysts were chosen because of their high activity for ambient pressure oxidations of gas phase species, and because their synthesis is facile and reproducible through a modified deposition-precipitation method. The aerobic oxidation of syringic, vanillic, and ferulic acid as well as of guaiacol, eugenol and anisole was investigated at temperatures up to 70°C under (i) atmospheric air sparging in an open reactor and (ii) at 10 atm air pressure in a closed reactor system. The catalysts were characterised by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Optical Emission Spectroscopy and the reproducibility of their catalytic activity independently monitored by determining their activity for carbon monoxide oxidation in a gas flow reactor. The oxidation of syringic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid over Au/TiO2 resulted in the formation of 2,6-dimethoxy benzoquinone, guaiacol, and vanillin, respectively, indicating high selectivity for decarboxylation followed by selective oxidation at the position releasing the leaving group. Guaiacol was found to form tetraguaiacol, while eugenol produced quinone methide. Generally, higher air pressure strongly accelerated the transformations, indicating that availability of oxidants formed from O2 is the rate limiting step in the observed transformations. No transformations took place when O2 was excluded from the systems. Overall, guaiacol was found to react fastest, followed by syringic acid, ferulic acid, then vanillic acid. Anisole was found to be unreactive, even at elevated air pressure. The overall reaction pattern emerging from these studies is that the aerobic oxidation in the presence of Au/TiO2 mimics known biotransformations, for example peroxidase-catalysed oxidations involving H2O2.To assess how the functional groups on the aromatic ring influence reactivity the oxidation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid was also assessed. It was found that decarboxylation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid proceeds, albeit rather slowly, forming phenol, with no further oxidation to hydroquinone or benzoquinone. Taken together these results indicate that the methoxy moieties influence reactivity through both their inductive and resonance effects: leaving of the carboxylic acid group appears to be enhanced through the inductive effect, while further oxidation at the phenolic site seems to be activated through the resonance effect in ortho-position. In line with this hypothesis, it was recently found that dimethoxybenzoic acid converts fast.
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Books on the topic "Lignite Oxidation"

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1956-, Argyropoulos Dimitris S., ed. Oxidative delignification chemistry: Fundamentals and catalysis. Washington, D.C: American Chemical Society, 2001.

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Smith, Dean A. The demonstration of electron-transfer reactions and their effect on model lignin condensation reactions under alkaline pulping conditions. 1986.

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Kirchman, David L. Degradation of organic matter. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0007.

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The aerobic oxidation of organic material by microbes is the focus of this chapter. Microbes account for about 50% of primary production in the biosphere, but they probably account for more than 50% of organic material oxidization and respiration (oxygen use). The traditional role of microbes is to degrade organic material and to release plant nutrients such as phosphate and ammonium as well as carbon dioxide. Microbes are responsible for more than half of soil respiration, while size fractionation experiments show that bacteria are also responsible for about half of respiration in aquatic habitats. In soils, both fungi and bacteria are important, with relative abundances and activity varying with soil type. In contrast, fungi are not common in the oceans and lakes, where they are out-competed by bacteria with their small cell size. Dead organic material, detritus, used by microbes, comes from dead plants and waste products from herbivores. It and associated microbes can be eaten by many eukaryotic organisms, forming a detritus food web. These large organisms also break up detritus into small pieces, creating more surface area on which microbes can act. Microbes in turn need to use extracellular enzymes to hydrolyze large molecular weight compounds, which releases small compounds that can be transported into cells. Fungi and bacteria use a different mechanism, “oxidative decomposition,” to degrade lignin. Organic compounds that are otherwise easily degraded (“labile”) may resist decomposition if absorbed to surfaces or surrounded by refractory organic material. Addition of labile compounds can stimulate or “prime” the degradation of other organic material. Microbes also produce organic compounds, some eventually resisting degradation for thousands of years, and contributing substantially to soil organic material in terrestrial environments and dissolved organic material in aquatic ones. The relationship between community diversity and a biochemical process depends on the metabolic redundancy among members of the microbial community. This redundancy may provide “ecological insurance” and ensure the continuation of key biogeochemical processes when environmental conditions change.
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Book chapters on the topic "Lignite Oxidation"

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Gellerstedt, G. "Chemical Degradation Methods: Permanganate Oxidation." In Methods in Lignin Chemistry, 322–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_22.

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Chen, C. L. "Nitrobenzene and Cupric Oxide Oxidations." In Methods in Lignin Chemistry, 301–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_21.

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Gonçalves, Adilson R., Priscila Benar, and Ulf Schuchardt. "Oxidation of Lignins and Mechanistic Considerations." In Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, 131–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-769-7_7.

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Grigoriev, Vladimir A., Craig L. Hill, and Ira A. Weinstock. "Polyoxometalate Oxidation of Phenolic Lignin Models." In ACS Symposium Series, 297–312. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0785.ch018.

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Schoemaker, Hans E., Emmo M. Meijer, Matti S. A. Leisola, Stephan D. Haemmerli, Roland Waldner, Dominique Sanglard, and Harald W. H. Schmidt. "Oxidation and Reduction in Lignin Biodegradation." In ACS Symposium Series, 454–71. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0399.ch033.

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Gonçalves, Adilson R., and Ulf Schuchardt. "Oxidation of Organosolv Lignins in Acetic Acid." In Twentieth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 127–32. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1604-9_12.

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DiCosimo, Robert, and Hsiao-Chiung Szabo. "Biomimetic Catalytic Oxidation of Lignin Model Compounds." In ACS Symposium Series, 123–40. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0392.ch010.

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Wu, G., M. Heitz, and E. Chornet. "The Depolymerization of Lignin via Aqueous Alkaline Oxidation." In Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 1558–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1336-6_127.

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Ma, Ruoshui, Mond Guo, and Xiao Zhang. "Chapter 6. Oxidative Valorization of Lignin." In Energy and Environment Series, 128–58. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010351-00128.

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Bugg, Timothy D. H., Rahman Rahmanpour, and Goran M. M. Rashid. "Bacterial Enzymes for Lignin Oxidation and Conversion to Renewable Chemicals." In Production of Biofuels and Chemicals from Lignin, 131–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1965-4_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lignite Oxidation"

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Chen, Wei, Yunlei Wang, Kalyan Annamalai, Jiafeng Sun, and Zhimin Xie. "Dewatering Studies on the Low Rank China Lignite Using N2, CO2 and Air." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-44035.

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The integrated gasification and combined cycle (IGCC), uses low rank coal (higher moisture and volatile contents and lower heating value) as fuel for gasification (e.g Texaco gasifier of Tampa electric with low ash coal) and convert the solid fuel into synthetic gas mainly consisting of CO and H2. During the storage of fresh low rank but highly reactive coals near the IGCC plants, the coals undergo drying and low temperature atmospheric oxidation which raises the temperature, reduces the moisture and eventually causes spontaneous ignition if the temperature rises above about 800 °C in the coal piles for bituminous and 500 °C for lignite coals. Thus it is of interest to understand the dewatering mechanism of the low rank lignite by drying samples using N2, CO2 and air (which represents partial oxidation) as drying mediums. Fundamental experiments were performed on dewatering of coal samples using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) with different particle sizes and drying mediums. A wide range of drying temperatures from 100 to 225 °C with a step of 25 °C was investigated at a residence time of about 30 minutes. There are no significant differences among moisture weight loss curves for the three drying mediums. It was found that the lignite lost only 5% mass at about 100 °C. With further increase in temperatures most of the mass loss occurred within the temperature range of 120 to 170 °C. The maximum moisture release rate occurred for the temperatures between 125 °C and 140 °C and hence serves as the optimal temperature range for removing the moisture. When drying temperature was below 140 °C, highest moisture release rate occurred in N2 environment while for CO2 environment, optimal temperature rose beyond 140 °C. The structure of the dewatered lignite samples were further investigated through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies. When experiments were repeated in air, ignition occurred and corresponding ignition temperatures were obtained. The larger particles reveal lower ignition temperatures.
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Levy, Edward, Harun Bilirgen, Joshua Charles, and Mark Ness. "Use of Condensing Heat Exchangers in Coal-Fired Power Plants to Recover Flue Gas Moisture and Capture Air Toxics." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98261.

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Heat exchangers, which cool boiler flue gas to temperatures below the water vapor dew point, can be used to capture moisture from flue gas and reduce external water consumption for power plant operations. At the same time, thermal energy removed from the flue gas can be used to improve unit heat rate. Recent data also show that emissions of air toxics from flue gas would be reduced by use of condensing heat exchangers. This paper describes results from a slip stream test of a water cooled condensing heat exchanger system at a power plant with a lignite-fired boiler. The flue gas which flowed through the heat exchangers had been extracted from a duct downstream of the electrostatic precipitator. Measurements were made of flue gas and cooling water temperatures, flue gas water vapor concentrations, and concentrations of elemental and oxidized Hg at the inlet and exit of the heat exchanger system. Condensed water was also collected and analyzed for concentrations of H2SO4 and HCl. Results on the effects of the condensing heat exchanger operating conditions on oxidation and capture of Hg and on the capture of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids are described.
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Bilets, Daria, and Denis Miroshnichenko. "DETERMINATION OF OXIDATIVE ENERGY-TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSING OF LIGNITE." In Modern Scientific Research: Achievements, Innovations and Development Prospects. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-126-8-4.

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Chen, Yunping, Renjin Gao, and Ting Chen. "Oxidation degradation of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin by tungstophosphoric acid catalysis." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5965967.

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Zeng, Xu, Fangming Jin, Jianglin Cao, Guodong Yin, Yalei Zhang, Jianfu Zhao, Fangming Jin, Qi Zhou, and Bing Wu. "Production of Formic Acid and Acetic Acid by Hydrothermal Oxidation of Alkali Lignin." In 2nd International Symposium on Aqua Science, Water Resource and Low Carbon Energy. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3529330.

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Matsubara, F. P., B. Wild, J. Martens, R. Wennström, T. Tesi, O. Dudarev, N. Shakhova, I. Semiletov, and Ö. Gustafsson. "Degradation of Terrigenous Organic Carbon During Cross-Shelf Transport in East Siberia as Indicated by Lignin Oxidation Products." In 29th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902745.

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Reports on the topic "Lignite Oxidation"

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Scott Tolbert and Steven Benson. JV Task 117 - Impact of Lignite Properties on Powerspan's NOx Oxidation System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/990811.

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Steven A. Benson, Michael J. Holmes, Donald P. McCollor, Jill M. Mackenzie, Charlene R. Crocker, Lingbu Kong, and Kevin C. Galbreath. Large-Scale Mercury Control Technology Testing for Lignite-Fired Utilities - Oxidation Systems for Wet FGD. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/925511.

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Michael J. Holmes, Steven A. Benson, and Jeffrey S. Thompson. LARGE-SCALE MECURY CONTROL TECHNOLOGY TESTING FOR LIGNITE-FIRED UTILITIES-OXIDATION SYSTEMS FOR WET FGD. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822884.

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Delmer, Deborah P., Douglas Johnson, and Alex Levine. The Role of Small Signal Transducing Gtpases in the Regulation of Cell Wall Deposition Patterns in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570571.bard.

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The combined research of the groups of Delmer, Levine and Johnson has led to a number of interesting findings with respect to the function of the small GTPase Rac in plants and also opened up new leads for future research. The results have shown: 1) The Rac13 protein undergoes geranylgeranlyation and is also translocated to the plasma membrane as found for Rac in mammals; 2) When cotton Rac13 is highly- expressed in yeast, it leads to an aberrant phenotype reminiscent of mutants impaired in actin function, supporting a role for Rac13 in cytoskeletal organization; 3) From our searches, there is no strong evidence that plants contain homologs of the related CDC42 genes found in yeast and mammals; 4) We have identified a rather unique Rac gene in Arabidopsis that has unusual extensions at both the N- and C-terminal portions of the protein; 5) New evidence was obtained that an oxidative burst characterized by substantial and sustained production of H202 occurs coincident with the onset of secondary wall synthesis in cotton fibers. Further work indicates that the H202 produced may be a signal for the onset of this phase of development and also strongly suggests that Rac plays an important role in signaling for event. Since the secondary walls of plants that contain high levels of lignin and cellulose are the major source of biomass on earth, understanding what signals control this process may well in the future have important implications for manipulating the timing and extent of secondary wall deposition. 6) When the cotton Rac13 promoter is fused to the reporter gene GUS, expression patterns in Arabidopsis indicate very strong and specific expression in developing trichomes and in developing xyelm. Since both of these cell types are engaged in secondary wall synthesis, this further supports a role for Rac in signaling for onset of this process. Since cotton fibers are anatomically defined as trichomes, these data may also be quite useful for future studies in which the trichomes of Arabidopsis may serve as a model for cotton fiber development; the Rac promoter can therefore be useful to drive expression of other genes proposed to affect fiber development and study the effects on the process; 7) The Rac promoter has also been shown to be the best so far tested for use in development of a system for transient transformation of developing cotton fibers, a technique that should have many applications in the field of cotton biotechnology; 8) One candidate protein that may interact with Rac13 to be characterized further in the future is a protein kinase that may be analogous to the PAK kinase that is known to interact with Rac in mammals.
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