Journal articles: 'Lignite Indonesia'

1

Liu, Ming Qiang, Jian Zhong Liu, Yu Jie Yu, Zhi Hua Wang, Jun Hu Zhou, and Ke Fa Cen. "Investigation of Lignite Combustion Characteristics with Thermal Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.25.

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Combustion characteristics of three types of lignite (coming from Indonesia, Ximeng, Hami), and a bituminous coal from Shenfu were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Combustion parameters including characteristic temperatures, maximum rate of combustion, combustion performance index and activation energy of samples were analyzed. Kinetic parameters of samples were calculated using Jander model. The results showed that the characteristic temperatures of lignite samples are lower than that of bituminous coal. Indonesian lignite has the best combustion performance and the lowest activation energy. It indicates that high quality lignite such as Indonesian lignite has good combustion performance, even better than some bituminous coal, which makes it possible to use lignite by bulk combustion.

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Hamdani, Ahmad Helman, and Agus Didit Haryanto. "The Spontaneous Combustion Potency of Lignite Coal Based on FTIR." European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences 3, no. 5 (October 5, 2022): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2022.3.5.326.

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To understand the role of functional groups in the spontaneous combustion of lignite coal, the distribution of functional groups in the lignite coal of the Sajau Formation in the Berau Basin, Indonesia, was studied. The functional group characterization was carried out using the Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) method. The results revealed the presence of four functional groups, namely hydroxyl structures, aliphatic structures, oxygen-containing structures, and aromatic structures. The lignite contained more hydroxyl and oxygen-bearing functional groups, from which aliphatic and aromatic; therefore, spontaneous combustion becomes easy in lignite coal.

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Zhao, Zhen Ning, and Qin Feng Zhang. "Burning Blended Coal of Indonesia Lignite and Vietnam Anthracite on a Face-Fired 600MW Boiler Original Designed for Bituminous Coal." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.167.

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Elemental research of burning blended coal of Indonesia Lignite and Vietnam anthracite on a face-fired 600MW supercritical boiler is performed, which is original designed for burning high-quality bituminous coal. Maximum ratio of Vietnam anthracite can be 40 percent. With the increase of the ratio of the anthracite, the size of residue particles and the ratio of unburned carbon in residues (UBCRs) rise up markedly, the slag formation of Indonesia Lignite alleviate. The results reveal: the burnout of anthracite is more difficult than its ignition, the key way to solve this problem is to control Fineness of Pulverized Coal Powder (FPCP) of the blended coal according requirements of anthracite, but to control the Primary Air (PA) outlet temperature of mill and the mass ratio of PA to coal as flammable coal Lignite. Besides, Secondary Air (SA) Distribution mode of Centralized Oxygen Feeding(COF), Big Swirl Intensity also have obvious effects the combustion of blended coal.

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Mar, K. K., D. Karnawati, Sarto, D. P. E. Putra, T. Igarashi, and C. B. Tabelin. "Comparison of Arsenic Adsorption on Lignite, Bentonite, Shale, and Iron Sand from Indonesia." Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 6 (2013): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2013.01.033.

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Efendi, M. Ade Andriansyah, N. Nurhadi, and P. Phiciato. "The effects of hydrothermal dewatering on Indonesia lignite characteristics for fixed-bed gasification." International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization 40, no. 2 (November 20, 2017): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19392699.2017.1383245.

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Gantina, T. M., P. Iriani, and A. S. Kurniasetiawati. "The potential of liquid fuel production from lignite using bio-solubilization method in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 830 (May 19, 2020): 022021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/830/2/022021.

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7

Julismi, Rusdianasari, and Abu Hasan. "Syngas Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Testing of In-Situ Type Lignite Coal and Fracture Type Coal." International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS) 1, no. 2 (September 22, 2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.53893/ijrvocas.v1i2.42.

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The advancement and utilization of technology require energy, namely electricity and fuel energy. The increasing cost of fossil energy, the scarcity of non-renewable energy sources and the increasing energy demand requires diversification of energy resources. One of the new renewable energy sources currently being developed in Indonesia is Underground Coal Gasification (UCG). UCG is a new technology that utilizes unmined coal. In the UCG process, coal is burned underground and the syngas produced is collected through bore wells for processing or direct use. The resulting syngas is analyzed to see the effect of in-situ type of lignite coal and fractured type of coal on syngas production using the UCG method. Tests carried out on fracture-type lignite coal for 120 minutes with a sample weight of 1.3 kg obtained a CH4 gas concentration of 0.24%, which is relatively low compared to the in-situ type lignite coal sample CH4 gas concentration of 1.13%. The CO2 concentration was 54.46% in the fracture sample, and the In-Situ type sample was 52.19%. The O2 content with a value of 19.43% for the Fracture Type sample and 4.94% for the In-Situ type sample. Fracture Type and In-situ Lignite Coal produced fewer syngas products due to UCG testing than high-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and bituminous coal.

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Stankiewicz, B. Artur, Michael A. Kruge, and Maria Mastalerz. "A geochemical study of macerals from a Miocene lignite and an Eocene bituminous coal, Indonesia." Organic Geochemistry 24, no. 5 (May 1996): 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00038-1.

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Puteri, Gina Chynthia Kamarudin, Roni Ridwan, and Ellin Harlia. "Ecological Diversity of Microbial Consortium Feces of Beef Cattle and Lignite Coal." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 27, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.27.3.180.

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Increasing energy demand is not alongside the availability of limited fossil fuels. Alternative and renewable energy sources are not only an option to overcome energy problems but also essential to minimize global warming. Another critical and promising renewable energy source is biomass-derived from livestock feces. Beef cattle feces contain a microorganism consortium that can be used as a starter with coal media to form biogas. Indonesia recently developed coal waste processing into renewable energy, such as biogas. This study aimed to overview the ecological diversity of microbial consortium of beef cattle feces, lignite coal waste, and a combination of livestock and lignite coal waste under mesophilic conditions. This research is an explorative method, the data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The process of formation was carried out anaerobically on a bottle containing the rumen fluid medium. The fermentation process lasted 42 days at 39℃ of temperature. After that, the sample was electrophoresis, followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. NGS data is processed with the MG-Rast website. This study demonstrates the ecological diversity of microbial consortium of beef cattle, lignite coal waste, and a combined consortium. The results showed ecological diversity in the form of taxonomy dominated by bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea.

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Nurrahman, Arif, Edwin Permana, Diah Riski Gusti, and Intan Lestari. "Pengaruh Konsentrasi Aktivator Terhadap Kualitas Karbon Aktif dari Batubara Lignit." Jurnal Daur Lingkungan 4, no. 2 (September 28, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/daurling.v4i2.86.

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Activated carbon has been widely used in everyday life. One of them is in water purification. Materials for making activated carbon have been made and researched. Coal is one of the materials that can be processed into activated carbon. The availability of coal in Indonesia is quite abundant and has the potential to be used as activated carbon. The coal used is lignite. This coal is categorized as light coal where its use is only used as fuel in industry. It is hoped that the activated carbon from this coal will become an alternative source of coal use in Indonesia. Activated carbon from coal uses a variable concentration of 0.5 M, 1 M, 1.5 M, 2 M, 2.5 M, 3 M with HCL activator solution. It is hoped that the results of this study are in accordance with the quality standard of SNI 06-3730-1995.

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Wang, Wei, and D. V. Griffiths. "Case study of slope failure during construction of an open pit mine in Indonesia." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 5 (May 2019): 636–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2017-0662.

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This paper presents back-analyses of a failed slope at an open pit lignite mine in Muara Enim, Indonesia. The slope, which was being raised by the dumping of excavated material, failed at a dump height of 24 m, well before reaching the design height of 80 m. The primary cause of failure was determined to be the presence of a previously unknown weak layer in the foundation, combined with high excess pore pressures generated by a relatively fast dumping rate. The failure resulted in significant disruption of the mining operation, in addition to environmental problems and a high cost of remediation. Finite element analyses were performed to gain a better understanding of the influence of the weak layer at the time of the failure. The case history emphasizes the need for a thorough site investigation and the risks associated with fast dumping on saturated weak clay overlain by a stiff residual soil layer with low permeability.

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Zahra, Khalda Az, Ahmad Helman Hamdani, and R. Tina Rosmalina. "Paleoenvironmental Implications from Biomarker Investigations on the Pliocene Lower Sajau Lignite Seam in Kasai Area, Berau Basin, Northeast Kalimantan, Indonesia." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 03, no. 05 (2015): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2015.35016.

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Li, Dongfang, Xiwei Ke, Hairui Yang, Seok-Gi Ahn, Junfu Lyu, Chung-Hwan Jeon, and Man Zhang. "The ash formation and attrition characteristics of an Indonesia lignite coal ash for a 550 MWe ultra supercritical CFB boiler." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 147 (July 2019): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2019.05.027.

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14

Ngatijo, Syamsurizal, and M. Damris. "Biochar Amendment for the Immobilization of Manganese and Cadmium in the Soils of Abandoned Coal Mining in Jambi, Indonesia." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 3190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9159.

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High heavy metal contents in soil of abandoned coal mining pose a risk to the environment. Acidic conditions impose a potential mobilization and availability of toxic heavy metals to water body. The objective of this study was to reduce mobilization of manganese and cadmium in the soil by amending lignite base biochar. The immobilization was investigated in a fixed bed column experiment in which concentrations of the metals in aliquot after the column were compared. Demineralized water adjusted to pH 4.7 to mimic environmental condition was pumped up through the column and the aliquots were collected at empty head space at liquid to solid (L/S) ratios of 1, 2, 5, 8 and 10. The results show that biochar amendment improves fraction of Mn and Cd immobilization in the soil and reduces mobility and availability of the metals. Amendment of 10% biochar could immobilize Mn (30%) and Cd (1%), respectively.

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15

Suparmono, Suparmono, Edi Suandana, and Fauzan Ilmas. "Determining Competitiveness of Indonesian Export Commodities using Revealed Comparative Analysis." Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan 23, no. 1 (April 21, 2022): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jesp.v23i1.13557.

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This article aims to analyze Indonesian products’ competitiveness in the global market using the static revealed comparative advantage (SRCA) and the dynamic revealed comparative advantage (DRCA). DRCA is considered superior to RCA because it takes into account the time element. The current research combines DRCA and RCA to provide an analytical comparison. The data were collected from the International Trade Centre, classified according to the Harmonized System (HS) from 2013 to 2019. Using SRCA, Indonesia’s tin and articles’ competitiveness only contributes 0.95% of Indonesia's total exports. The most significant shares of exports are mineral fuels, mineral oils, and their distillation products; bituminous substances; animal or vegetable fats and oils, and their cleavage products; and prepared edible fats. Using DRCA, Indonesia’s most significant exports in the rising star category are natural rubber and its derivatives; cars and other motorized vehicles; fatty acids and their derivatives; lignite; unforged lead; ferroalloys; wires and cables; refined copper; petroleum and minerals; and margarine and its derivatives. These products showed positive growth higher than the global average, which means Indonesia is competitive in exporting these products. Thus, the government could prioritize these products for export.

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16

Syafrullah, Syafrullah. "Lignite-based Organic Fertilizer Improves Soil Quality and Yield of Rice in Belitang South Sumatera." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 24, no. 3 (September 18, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2019.v24i3.109-117.

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To achieve food-self sufficiency in Indonesia, it is necessary to apply sustainable agriculture practices to improve soil quality. Most of paddy fields have been applied with chemical fertilizers intensively for more than 40 years without the addition of organic matter. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of lignite-based organic fertilizer application on the quality of paddy soil and yield of rice. The study was conducted in April until August 2014 in the irrigated rice fields in Belitang, Ogan Komering Ulu Timur District. The study was arranged in a Factorial Randomized Block Design, with 9 treatment combinations and 3 replicates. The first factor was the types of fertilizers, consisting of recommended chemical fertilizers (250 kg urea ha-1 + 150 kg SP36 ha-1 + 50 kg KCl ha-1), organic fertilizer from plant residue at 5 Mg ha-1, and lignite-based organic fertilizer (namely Baranik fertilizer) at 0.75 Mg ha-1. The second factor was rice varieties, consisting of Mentik Wangi, Gogo Aromatik and Ciliwung. The application of Baranik fertilizer at 0.75 Mg ha-1 has improved the quality of paddy soil with the increase of organic-C content from 1.44% to 2.90%. Application of Baranik fertilizer at 0.75 Mg ha-1 has increased the vegetative components and the yield of rice about 7.17 Mg ha-1 compared to the organic fertilizer from plant residue, but the yield is still the same as that in the recomended dosages of chemical fertilizers. Among the rice varieties, the yield of Ciliwung variety was higher than other varieties, i.e. 7.62 Mg ha-1. The yield of Gogo Aromatik variety is significantly lower than that of Ciliwung variety. Baranik organic fertilizer can be used to improve soil fertility for food security purpose.

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Fitrawan, M., Sufriadin, and S. Widodo. "Mineral Matter Analysis on Coal and Flanking Rocks in the Bulupoddo District, Sinjai Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1134, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1134/1/012029.

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Abstract South and West Sulawesi has coal resources of about 117 million tons or about 0.35% of the total resources nationally. Bulupoddo coal located in Sinjai Regency is a type of coal that is categorized as low rank coal. This study was conducted to identify the minerals contained in coal and its flanking rock (roof and floor) and determine the rank and quality of coal. The methods used are mineralogy and coal quality analysis methods. Field observations shows a type of coal that is about 50 cm thin and flanked by clay and sandstone. The results of microscope and XRD analysis (X-Ray Diffraction) showed minerals contained in Bulupoddo coal, namely in BP-01B (coal) and BP-01E (coal) samples containing kaolinite, illite, pyrite and quartz minerals. In the flanking rock samples, the samples of BP-01A (clay) and BP-01D (clay) contain the minerals kaolinite, illite, pyrite, quartz and chlorite. In the BP-01C (sand) sample indicated as sandstone contains feldspar, quartz and kaolinite minerals. The results of the coal quality analysis that have been carried out on the two coal samples, namely BP-01B and BP-01E, show that the BP-01B sample has a moisture content of 7.74%, an ash content of 54.23%, volatile matter is 23.35%, fixed carbon 14.68%, and total sulfur content by 0.37%. While the sample BP-01E has a moisture content of 9.2%, ash content of 67.76%, volatile matter 18.23%, fixed carbon 4.81% and sulfur content is 0.49%. The calorific value of the test results shows that the coal sample BP-01B has a calorific value of 1953 kcal/gr and BP-01E has a calorific value of 853 kcal/gr. The calorific value of Bulupoddo coal is categorized as lignite B type coal according to coal classification based on ASTM (American Society of Testing Materials).

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Laurence and Josephine Kasena. "Case study of life cycle assessment on battery container." E3S Web of Conferences 74 (2018): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187405005.

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Every year, the total of plastic industry in Indonesia grows rapidly. Not only giving positive effects on economic, but industrial development also causing a negative impact on the environment. Those negative impacts are caused by inefficiently using of resources and industrial waste which could pollute the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the impact itself by using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. The LCA could help us to take better decision to improve the production process and products which could minimize the energy consumption and resources. PT XYZ is a plastic injection company. This company hasn't collected, calculated and analysed their products and production process which may contribute to environmental damage. Therefore, this study will collect the data about the potential environmental impact which caused by the product of PT XYZ. LCA was performed at plastic car battery container type "X" and type "Y" using IMPACT 2002+ method in SimaPro8 software. The result of data calculation showing that the potential environmental impact is more dominant in these categories: respiratory inorganics, non-renewable energy, and global warming. The component which caused the greatest potential for respiratory inorganics and global warming is coming from electrical energy consumption (lignite).

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Mangestiono, Wiji. "PEMBUATAN PROTOTIPE PENGERING BATUBARA UNTUK MENGURANGI MOISTURE CONTENT PADA PLTU." Gema Teknologi 18, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v18i1.8814.

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Wiji Mangestiono, in paper prototype development of coal dryer to reduce moisture content on power plant explain that the percentage of coal use in the power industry in Indonesia has increased during the period of the last ten years. This policy is taken by the government by at least two considerations, namely: the higher world oil prices so that the price of electricity per kwh increase in addition Indonesia itself is the world's largest coal producer with serial number to six so that the transfer of fuel oil to the coal is considered very right. There is a fundamental problem that must be observed that coal mining in Indonesia in general have a low- rank quality with sub - categories butuminus and lignite which has a low calorific value (below 6100 kcal / kg ) and moisture content (moisture content) relatively high (40%). This is exacerbated by the way the coal deposit which is usually placed on the page (coal yard). Low-rank coal with pores relatively greater will more easily absorb water during the rainy season so that the moisture content will be even greater. The use of coal in Rembang reached 1.3 million tons / year. Heat loss due to the use of coal with a high moisture content reaches 300 billion kcal per year or equivalent to coal with a calorific value of 50 thousand tons or the equivalent of cash also 30 billion rupiah. After observing the phenomenon in Rembang the researchers plan to create a prototype coal heaters with a capacity of 100 kg / hour in the hope of getting a concept to eliminate or minimize heat loss as described. Heating devices planned screw -shaped drum with a player in it which serves stirring granulated coal. The hot air is taken from the flue gas is sprayed into the drum. The independent variable of this study is the screw rotational speed and the speed and temperature of the hot air flow. Coal is expected after discharge from the dryer may have a water content below 10 % as high quality coal (anthrasit). Keyword : coal, moisture content, dryers

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Wenas, Ari Akbariyanto, and Toto Hardianto. "Pengaruh Torefaksi terhadap Pencucian Potassium dalam Konversi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit menjadi Bahan Bakar Padat Ramah Lingkungan." JMPM (Jurnal Material dan Proses Manufaktur) 5, no. 2 (March 17, 2022): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jmpm.v5i2.14109.

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Pada tahun 2018, 37,5 juta ton tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) diproduksi di Indonesia dan berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar padat. Namun, ada dua masalah utama dalam penggunaan TKKS sebagai bahan bakar padat, yaitu nilai kalor yang rendah dan kandungan kalium yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, EFB perlu melalui beberapa proses terlebih dahulu yaitu torrefaction dan washing. Namun, ketika torrefaksi dilakukan terlebih dahulu diperkirakan dapat mempengaruhi kinerja pelindian kalium. Metode studi literatur digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh torrefaksi terhadap pelindian kalium TKKS. Penelitian diawali dengan pengumpulan data torrefaction dan leaching dengan perlakuan perendaman dan pengadukan yang dilakukan pada TKKS dari berbagai sumber. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis dan disimpulkan menjadi 4 zona dekomposisi, yaitu zona rendah (100℃ ≤T200℃ ), zona sedang (200℃ ≤T≤250℃ ), zona tinggi (250℃ T≤330), dan zona ekstrem (T330℃ ). Berdasarkan hasil analisis, TKKS pada zona rendah dan zona sedang dipilih sebagai zona yang sesuai untuk dilakukan torrefaksi pada TKKS karena nilai kalor TKKS dapat mencapai nilai kalor batubara peringkat Lignite A, sedangkan untuk zona sedang telah setara dengan batubara peringkat C sub-bituminus. Berdasarkan nilai kalor yang dapat dicapai dengan mempertimbangkan proses leaching yang tepat untuk diterapkan, torrefaksi pada 200℃ dianggap dapat menghasilkan produk torrefaksi yang optimal untuk TKKS. Kemudian, untuk menurunkan kadar kalium pada zona rendah dan sedang hingga suhu bias 230℃ , perlakuan perendaman terbukti dapat menurunkan kadar kalium rata-rata 52,2%. Untuk mengoptimalkan penurunan kandungan kalium, TKKS perlu direndam pada suhu lingkungan dengan perbandingan air cucian terhadap biomassa 30:1 selama minimal 15 menit. ABSTRACT In 2018, 37.5 million tons of palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) were produced in Indonesia and have the potential to be used as solid fuel. However, there are two main problems in using EFB as a solid fuel, which are low heating value and high potassium content. Therefore, EFB needs to go through several processes first, namely torrefaction and washing. However, when torrefaction is carried out first is thought to be able to affect the potassium leaching performance. The literature study method was used in this study to investigate the influence of the torrefaction on the potassium leaching of EFB. The research is begun by gathering data of torrefaction and leaching by soaked and stirred treatment, carried out on EFB from various sources. Then, the data is analyzed and concluded into 4 decomposition zones, namely the low zone (100℃≤T200℃), the moderate zone (200℃≤T≤250℃), the high zone (250℃T≤330℃), and the extreme zone (T330℃). Based on the results of the analysis, TKKS in the low zone and the moderate zone are selected as the appropriate zone to do torrefaction on EFB because the heating value of EFB could achieve Lignite A rank coal heating value, while for the medium zone has been equivalent to sub-bituminous C rank coal. Based on the heating value that can be achieved while considering the right leaching process to be applied, torrefaction at 200℃ is considered could produce the optimal torrefaction products for EFB. Then, to reduce the potassium content in low and moderate zones to a refractive temperature of 230℃, the soaked treatment has been proven to reduce potassium content by an average of 52.2%. As for optimizing the reduction in the potassium content, EFB needs to be soaked at environmental temperatures with a ratio of washing water to the biomass of 30:1 for at least 15 minutes.

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Chen, Dandan, Xuguang Jiang, Shuai Lv, Zengyi Ma, Jianhua Yan, Xuehai Yu, Haiyan Liao, and Hua Zhao. "Thermal treatment of Indonesian lignite washery tailing." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 123, no. 2 (July 23, 2015): 1727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4862-z.

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Chen, Dandan, Xuguang Jiang, Shuai Lv, Zengyi Ma, Jianhua Yan, Xuehai Yu, Haiyan Liao, and Hua Zhao. "Thermal treatment of Indonesian lignite washery tailing." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 123, no. 2 (July 23, 2015): 1735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4888-2.

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Cheng, Jun, Fan Zhou, Xin Wang, Jianzhong Liu, Zhihua Wang, Junhu Zhou, and Kefa Cen. "Optimization of microwave dewatering of an Indonesian lignite." Fuel Processing Technology 144 (April 2016): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.12.015.

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Dewi rezki, Siska Efendi, and Herviyanti. "Pengaruh Kompos, Bahan Humat dari Batubara tidak produktif dan Pupuk Buatan Terhadap Bibit Kakao (Theobroma cacao) pada Oxisol." Jurnal Riset Perkebunan 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrp.3.1.38-47.2022.

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Organic matter has a very important role in determining the level of soil fertility, especially in marginal soils such as Oxisol which is widespread in Indonesia. Organic matter that is commonly used requires large amounts and has the ability to react relatively slowly in the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to make efforts to obtain organic material that reacts quickly in the soil, such as humic material extracted from lignite. In this study, cocoa (Theobroma cacao) was used as an indicator plant. Cocoa is one of the plantation commodities that has a fairly important role in the national economy, especially as foreign exchange for the country and has a relatively stable price. This research was conducted in the form of a pot experiment using a 2 x 4 x 4 factorial design with 3 replications in a divided plot design, so that 32 treatments and 96 experimental units were obtained. From the research results obtained data that the addition of humic materials and compost up to a dose of 4% C-organic combined with artificial fertilizers can increase the availability of nutrients for cocoa seedlings in Oxisol. The best dose of each treatment was the addition of humic material at a dose of 4% C-organic combined with artificial fertilizer 50% of the recommendation and the addition of compost at a dose of 4% C-organic combined with artificial fertilizer 50% of the recommendation. The addition of organic matter can reduce the use of artificial fertilizers up to 50% of the recommendation. The addition of humic materials from unproductive coal can increase the availability of nutrients in Oxisol. Unproductive coal has the potential to increase Oxisol soil fertility.

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Lee, Do Kyun, Sang Kyum Kim, Soon Choel Hwang, Si Hoon Lee, and Young Woo Rhee. "Kinetic Study on Char-CO2Catalytic Gasification of an Indonesian lignite." Korean Chemical Engineering Research 52, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2014.52.4.544.

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Zhou, Fan, Jun Cheng, Jianzhong Liu, Zhihua Wang, Junhu Zhou, and Kefa Cen. "Improving the permittivity of Indonesian lignite with NaCl for the microwave dewatering enhancement of lignite with reduced fractal dimensions." Fuel 162 (December 2015): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.09.007.

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Wibawa, A. "Preparation of High Strength Coke from Indonesian Lignite by Deeply Pulverized." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 789, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/789/1/012074.

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Park, Jae Hyeok, Chang-Ha Lee, Young Cheol Park, Dowon Shun, Dal-Hee Bae, and Jaehyeon Park. "Drying Efficiency of Indonesian Lignite in a Batch-Circulating Fluidized Bed Dryer." Drying Technology 32, no. 3 (January 16, 2014): 268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2013.822385.

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Zaman, Muhammad Rizaldi, and Sri Widodo Agung Suedy. "Pemanfaatan Batubara Kalori Rendah pada IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle)." Jurnal Energi Baru dan Terbarukan 1, no. 1 (February 14, 2020): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jebt.2020.11156.

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Kekhawatiran akan emisi gas rumah kaca dan krisis energi yang semakin dirasakan negara-negara didunia khususnya di Indonesia menyebabkan perlu dilakukan pengembangan energi alternatif yang bersih dan ramah lingkungan. Teknologi Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle dapat menjadi alternatif terbaik untuk mengatasi permasalaan tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk memberikan gambaran dan keuntungan dari proses IGCC berdasarkan penilitian-penelitian yang sudah ada sehingga dapat dilakukan pengembangan pemanfaatan IGCC menggunakan batubara lignit di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan studi literatur, pengumpulan data dilakukan dari penelitian-penelitian yang sudah ada untuk mengetahui dampak dan metode yang digunakan untuk mengeringkan batubara rendah yang memiliki moisture tinggi. Analisis dalam penelitian dilakukan menggunakan perbandingan dari setiap literatur, sehingga diperoleh proses dan teknologi yang sesuai untuk pemanfaatan IGCC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemanfaatan teknologi IGCC menggunakan batubara lignit sangat menjanjikan karena walaupun lignit memiliki keterbatasan dalam efisiensi termal karena moisture bahan bakar yang sangat tinggi namun hal ini bisa diminimalisir menggunakan proses drying. Jumlah batubara lignit yang melimpah di Indonesia dapat memudahkan pengembangan IGCC dan emisi yang dihasilkan lebih rendah daripada pembangkit fosil lainnya.

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Zhou, Fan, Jun Cheng, Jianzhong Liu, Junhu Zhou, and Kefa Cen. "Improving physicochemical properties of upgraded Indonesian lignite through microwave irradiation with char adsorbent." Fuel 218 (April 2018): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.044.

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Cheng, Jun, Fan Zhou, Xin Wang, Jianzhong Liu, Zhihua Wang, Junhu Zhou, and Kefa Cen. "Physicochemical properties of wastewater produced from the microwave upgrading process of Indonesian lignite." Fuel 158 (October 2015): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.05.062.

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Mahreni, Mahreni, and Mitha Puspitasari. "Preliminary Study of Calorific Value Increase on Lignite Coal Using Dialkyl Carbohydrate Biosurfactant." Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry Research 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jpacr.2020.009.02.508.

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Indonesian coal consumption is dominated by a low-grade coal quality, and supplied from local coals mining which was composed of lignite. A technological breakthrough has to be main objective to convert low grade coal into upper-class coal. This paper reports on improving the quality of lignite coal by washing with biosurfactant. Di-alkyl carbohydrates were tested on coal sizes of 80, 64, 16 and 6 mesh. The optimum biosurfactant applied to increase the calorific value derived from brown algae, namely isopropyl stearate alginate (ISA) 0.5%. This was able to improve a calorific value of lignite coal up to 27722.74% or increased by 11%. The size of the coal also affects the calorific value of lignite coal. Four coal sizes applied in the study (80, 64, 16, and 6 mesh), indicates coal size 80 mesh has given the best calorific value improvement. Conversely, the smaller of the coal size, increase biosurfactant absorption. Thus, improve the washing capability of biosurfactants.

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Laksono, Andromeda Dwi, and Diah Tri Agustiningtyas. "Pengaruh Faktor Geografi Terhadap Karakteristik Bambu Petung." SPECTA Journal of Technology 3, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35718/specta.v3i1.115.

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In this study was about a comparison of geographic factors towards the characterization of petung bamboo in Indonesia and the Philippines. Bamboo is one of the plants that has advantages in the field of technical materials based on developments in composite materials and is found in various regions. In general, bamboo has lignin and cellulose, where the morphology and nature of both bamboos are not the same from different countries. Therefore,material testing was carried out on each Indonesian and Filipino petung bamboo using material characterization testing methods. The process of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was carried out to measure calorimetry with the yield of melting point in Philippine petung bamboo at 341ºC which is lower than the melting point in Indonesian petung bamboo which is 354.34ºC. In this DSC test, quantitative and qualitative results were obtainedin the form of phase changes, melting, and transition temperatures that occurred. Then an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) was analyzed and the carbon content of cellulose and lignin was higher in Indonesian petung bamboo, respectively 65.29 wt.% And 66.05 wt.%. The morphology of bamboo shows that the fibers and matrices present in Philippine petung bamboo are denser than those of Indonesian petung bamboo. The highest peak value based on X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) is found in Philippine petung bamboo at 2ș of 34.49 and cubic phase.

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Zhao, Huan, Jianglong Yu, Junshuai Liu, and Arash Tahmasebi. "Experimental study on the self-heating characteristics of Indonesian lignite during low temperature oxidation." Fuel 150 (June 2015): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.01.108.

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Santoso, Adi. "PEMANFAATAN LIGNIN KRAFT DARI LINDI HITAM SEBAGAI PEREKAT KAYU KOMPOSIT." Jurnal Sains Natural 1, no. 2 (November 25, 2017): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v1i2.22.

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Utilization of Kraft Lignin from black liquor as adhesives in the wood composite. The lignin in the sulphate black liquor (known as kraft lignin) has a strong affinity when being reacted with formaldehyde to form lignin formaldehyde adhesives. To increase the bonding strength, the lignin is co-polymerized with phenol or resorcinol to form lignin phenol formaldehyde or lignin resorcinol formaldehyde resins. The resins can be applied in of reconstituted wood products manufacturing such as plywood, finger-jointed wood assembly and glue laminated lumber. The research result showed that each type of lignin based adhesives had specific characters which met Indonesian standard. The test result on plywood which glued by lignin formaldehyde (LF) and lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) indicated that bonding strength of the products were 8.0-27.0 kg/cm2, for a while on laminated wood which glued by lignin resorcinol formaldehyde (LRF) indicated that bonding strength of the products were 36.9-88.0 kg/cm2, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity was 372-637kg/cm2 and47,164-60,237 kg/cm2, respectively. The formaldehyde emissions were about 0.05-0.14 mg/L. The efficiency of lignin based adhesives on finger joint application reach at 35.4-73.6%. Therefore, the synthesis of lignin based adhesives, an unique wood adhesive with good resin characteristics and met bonding strength and formaldehyde emission requirement as stated in Japanese standard. Keywords : Kraft lignin, composite wood, adhesives ABSTRAK Lignin dalam lindi hitam (dikenal sebagai lignin kraft) memiliki afinitas yang kuat bila direaksikan dengan formaldehida membentuk perekat lignin formaldehida. Guna meningkatkan daya rekatnya, lignin dikopolimerisasi dengan phenol atau resorsinol sehingga terbentuk resin lignin phenol formaldehida atau lignin resorsinol formaldehida. Resin tersebut dapat diaplikasikan dalam pembuatan produk kayu rekonstitusi seperti kayu lapis, papan sambung dan kayu lamina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap jenis perekat berbasis lignin memiliki karakter yang spesifik yang memenuhi persyaratan standar Indonesia. Hasil pengujian terhadap kayu lapis yang direkat dengan lignin formaldehida (LF) dan lignin phenol formaldehida (LPF) menunjukkan bahwa keteguhan rekat produk tersebut berkisar antara 8,0-27,0 kg/cm2, sementara untuk kayu lamina yang direkat dengan lignin resorsinol formaldehida (LRF) berkisar antara 36,9-88,0 kg/cm2, dengan modulus of rupture dan modulus of elasticity berturut-turut sekitar 372 - 637kg/cm2 dan47,164 - 60,237 kg/cm2. Emisi formaldehida produk berkisar antara 0,05-0,14 mg/L. Efisiensi perekat berbasis lignin pada aplikasi papan sambung mencapai 35,4 - 73,6%. Produk yang menggunakan perekat berbasis lignin ini memenuhi persyaratan Jepang.Kata kunci : Lignin Kraft, kayu majemuk, perekat

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Liu, Meng, Jian Li, and Yufeng Duan. "Effects of solvent thermal treatment on the functional groups transformation and pyrolysis kinetics of Indonesian lignite." Energy Conversion and Management 103 (October 2015): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.06.047.

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Cheng, Jun, Fan Zhou, Xin Wang, Jianzhong Liu, Junhu Zhou, and Kefa Cen. "Physicochemical properties of Indonesian lignite continuously modified in a tunnel-type microwave oven for slurribility improvement." Fuel 150 (June 2015): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.051.

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Zhou, Fan, Jun Cheng, Jianzhong Liu, Zhihua Wang, Junhu Zhou, and Kefa Cen. "Activated carbon and graphite facilitate the upgrading of Indonesian lignite with microwave irradiation for slurryability improvement." Fuel 170 (April 2016): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.12.034.

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Li, Guoqing, Aorui Xiu, Xiangchun Liu, and Ping Cui. "Effects of Changes in Physicochemical Properties Caused by Hydrothermal Treatment on Pyrolysis Performance of Indonesian Lignite." Solid Fuel Chemistry 56, no. 6 (December 2022): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0361521922060143.

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Priyanto, Slamet, Anansya Putri Intan, Bambang Rianto, Tutuk Djoko Kusworo, Bambang Pramudono, Edi Untoro, and Puspa Ratu. "The Effect of Acid Concentration (H2SO4) on the Yield and Functional Group during Lignin Isolation of Biomass Waste Pulp and Paper Industry." Reaktor 19, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.19.4.162-167.

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Declining oil production in Indonesia lately has been much discussed by industrial practitioners, especially from the petroleum industry. The decrease is due to the age of old drilling wells with high water cut (> 90%), so it is necessary to pursue a production method that can increase the production of these old wells. The EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) method is one way of extracting oil from oil wells that cannot be further retrieved by injecting materials that are not in the reservoir. One ingredient that can be injected is Sodium Ligno Sulfonate (SLS) surfactant derived from lignin. Lignin was obtained from the lignin isolation process from Black Liquor, which in this study came from the pulp and paper mill waste of PT. Indah Kiat, Pekanbaru, Sumatra, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the effect of variations in H2SO4 concentrations (concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% w/w) on the yield of lignin isolation results, and to compare the functional groups between dirty lignin, clean lignin, and pure lignin using FT-IR. Based on the research results, it was found that the best lignin is lignin with an H2SO4 concentration of 20%, with the highest yield and the color of lignin produced tends to be similar to pure lignin. In addition, it was found that the peak of the net lignin group had more similarity with commercial lignin compared to crude lignin. Keywords: Lignin, Black Liquor, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), FTIR

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Dwianto, Wahyu, Ikuho Iida, and Kazuya Minato. "Softening Behaviour of Indonesian Wood Species." Wood Research Journal 6, no. 2 (October 24, 2021): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2015.6.2.42-48.

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This paper deals with softening behaviour measurements of Indonesian wood species by static bending tests. Wood samples with a size of 110mm (R) x 10mm (T) x 4mm (L) were bending tested in air-dry at 20°C and 65% relative humidity (RH), in water saturation at 20°C, and in water saturation at 80°C to know the decreasing of modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) due to moisture content (MC) and both moisture content and temperature (MCT) changes. The wood samples represented Randu (Bombax ceiba. L) as the lowest specific gravity, i.e. 0.27 to Lamtoro (Leucaena glauca (Willd) Benth) as the highest specific gravity, i.e. 0.81. The three-point static bending test was carried out by a mechanical testing machine with a load capacity of 100kgf, loading deflection speed of 5mm/min, a span distance of 80mm at a room with a temperature of 20°C and 65% RH for air-dry wood samples, and that for wet wood samples were conducted in a water bath at 20°C (change in MC) and 80°C (change in MCT), respectively. MOE and MOR increased linearly with specific gravity regardless of wood species. On the other hand, maximum deflection did not correlate with specific gravity for any MCT conditions. The relative MOE and MOR which were calculated in wet 20°C to air-dry were affected from hardly to strongly depending on the wood species. Meanwhile, they decreased extremely when saturated in water at 80°C regardless of wood species. The relative MOE and MOR due to the change in MC or MCT was independent of specific gravity, as well. Furthermore, chemical compositions of the wood species were analysed to clarify the main factors that affected the decreasing of MOE and MOR due to MC and MCT changes. The results showed that the percentage of lignin and hemicelluloses in each wood played an important role in decreasing the static bending properties. Relative MOE and MOR decreased with increasing lignin and hemicellulose contents. It can be concluded that the hygrothermal properties of lignin and hemicelluloses significantly affect the changes of elastic and strength properties of wood in softening conditions.

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Tahmasebi, Arash, Hanglin Zheng, and Jianglong Yu. "The influences of moisture on particle ignition behavior of Chinese and Indonesian lignite coals in hot air flow." Fuel Processing Technology 153 (December 2016): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.07.017.

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Delila, Liling, Evi Susanti, and Eli Hendrik Sanjaya. "Isolation and Screening of Indigenous Fungus Producing Lignin Peroxidase from the Cocoa Plantation in Sepawon Kediri Regency Indonesia." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 5 (September 11, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i5.985.

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The aim of this research is to obtain indigenous fungus producing lignin peroxidase from the Cocoa Plantation in Sepawon Kediri Regency, Indonesia. Isolation was done using Minimum Salt Medium alkali lignin (MSM - L), purification was performed using monospore technique, lignin peroxidase activity was screened by agar medium containing methylene blue, and microscopic morphology of fungi was studied using slide culture technique. Five isolates of fungus were obtained and three isolates of fungus with different morphology were purified. The screening results showed that only two fungus isolates were indicated as the indigenous fungus producing lignin peroxidase were KLUM1 and KLUM2. KLUM1 was morphologycally predicted as Sporotricum aereum and KLUM2 was predicted close to genus Crysosporium sp.

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Putri, Melysa, and Shalsyabila Poeni. "Perbandingan Kandungan Selulosa dan Lignin dari Kayu Acacia crassicarpa dan Acacia mangium." REACTOR: Journal of Research on Chemistry and Engineering 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52759/reactor.v1i1.3.

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The development of the pulp & paper industries in Indonesia increase every year. To support the development of industries in Indonesia in order to be able to compete with similar industries from abroad, it is very important to pay attention to the quality of the paper produced. One way to determine the quality of the pulp & paper is by knowing the chemical composition and area where the wood grows. Important chemical compositions that can support the strength of wood and paper quality include cellulose and lignin. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the levels of cellulose and lignin contained in Acacia crassicarpa wood from wetlands and Acacia mangium from dry land which is processed into pulp & paper with good quality. Determination of cellulose and lignin content in wood was carried out using the gravimetric method. Test results on Acacia crassicarpa wood species from wetlands obtained cellulose content of 55.48% and lignin 24.13%, while in Acacia mangium wood from dry land obtained cellulose content of 51.46% and lignin 27.66%. According to company standards that levels of cellulose and lignin in two different fields are obtained according to the standards set by the company. So for the results of testing Acacia crassicarpa wood from wetlands have the highest levels of cellulose with low levels of lignin

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Mori, Aska, Mutia Dewi Yuniati, Anggoro Tri Mursito, Shinji Kudo, Koyo Norinaga, Moriyasu Nonaka, Tsuyoshi Hirajima, Hyun-Seok Kim, and Jun-ichiro Hayashi. "Preparation of Coke from Indonesian Lignites by a Sequence of Hydrothermal Treatment, Hot Briquetting, and Carbonization." Energy & Fuels 27, no. 11 (November 13, 2013): 6607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef4016558.

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Ghozali, Muhammad, Yan Irawan, and Wihatmoko Waskitoaji. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN LIGNIN TERHADAP STABILITAS TERMAL BIOKOMPOSIT POLIASAM LAKTAT / LIGNIN." Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian 14, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpasca.v14n1.2017.46-52.

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Biomassa merupakan sumber daya alam terbarukan yang ketersediaanya sangat melimpah di Indonesia yang memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai polimer biodegradabel terbarukan. Poliasam laktat atau polylactic acid (PLA) dan lignin merupakan material polimer biodegradabel yang secara ekonomi memiliki potensi yang sangat besar untuk dikembangkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh penambahan lignin terhadap stabilitas termal biokomposit PLA/Lignin. Pembuatan biokomposit PLA/Lignin dilakukan dengan cara mencampurkan PLA dengan lignin dalam rheomix dengan suhu 200ºC, kecepatan pengadukan 70 rpm selama 30 menit. Komposisi lignin yang ditambahkan adalah 5, 10, 15 dan 20 phr. Analisis menggunakan Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) dilakukan untuk menentukan gugus fungsi biokomposit PLA/Lignin. Stabilitas termal biokomposit PLA/Lignin dipelajari menggunakan Termogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Hasil analisa stabilitas termal menunjukkan degradasi termal utama biokomposit PLA/Lignin pada berbagai komposisi terjadi pada rentang suhu 230-360°C. Penambahan lignin ke dalam biokomposit PLA/Lignin akan meningkatkan massa tersisa sehingga dapat meningkatkan stabilitas termal biokomposit PLA/Lignin tersebut. Meningkatnya massa yang tersisa ini disebabkan oleh struktur kimia lignin, yang menunjukkan kurang berkontribusi terhadap kemampuan terbakar material yang disebabkan karena tingginya kemampuan menjadi arang dan rendahnya pelepasan panas ketika dibakar, sehingga sangat berpotensi digunakan sebagai flame retardant untuk berbagai aplikasi.

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Matsuoka, Hideichi, Yoshiyuki Matsui, Wataru Adachi, and Yuri Shibuya. "Possibility and Process of the Use of Upgraded Coal and Coke from Indonesian Lignite Coal in the Iron Making Process." ISIJ International 62, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 2500–2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2022-090.

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Yuliyati, Yati B., Seli Listiani, Solihudin Solihudin, and Atiek Rostika Noviyanti. "Isolation of Silica-Lignin Composites from Rice Husk and Their Adsorption to Cr(VI)." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 14, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.14.2.19818.267-276.

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Rice husk is the most abundant agricultural waste in Indonesia. It can be used as a precursor for multifunctional materials such as silica-lignin composite for adsorbents. Silica-lignin can reduce heavy metal content in an industrial waste, such as the content of Cr(VI). This study aims to isolate and characterize silica-lignin composite, and determines the isotherm type of silica-lignin for hexavalent chromium adsorption. The isolation from rice husk used an alkali extraction method. Confirmation of typical functional groups in the silica-lignin composite was characterized by FTIR, while the morphology was characterized by SEM, respectively. The results reveal that the silica-lignin isolation was successfully performed. FTIR spectra indicate a typical wavenumber of the silica-lignin. The SEM image of the composite showed homogeneous morphology. The silica-lignin adsorption process on hexavalent chromium followed a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherm type indicated by multilayer adsorption with a surface area of 948.8421 mg. g-1.

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HERI ISWANTO, APRI, YENNI SUHAIDA SIREGAR, ARIDA SUSILOWATI, ATMAWI DARWIS, RUDI HARTONO, BASUKI WIRJOSENTONO, HENTI HENDALASTUTI RACHMAT, ASEP HIDAYAT, and WIDYA FATRIASARI. "Short Communication: Variation in chemical constituent of Styrax sumatrana wood growing at different cultivation site in North Sumatra, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200221.

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Iswanto AH, Siregar YS, Susilowati A, Darwis A, Hartono R, Wirjosentono B, Rachmat HH, Hidayat A, Fatriasari W. 2019. Variation in chemical constituent of Styrax sumatrana wood growing at different cultivation site in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 448-452. Kemenyan Toba (Styrax sumatrana) is known as endemic resin-producing trees that naturally grow in North Sumatra and distributed throughout five districts within the province. Different growing site may constitute to different characteristics of the species, e.g. morphological differences, chemical constituent, bioactive substances, etc. Different characteristics of wood chemical constituent are an important factor determining further utilization and potential use of wood in wider spectrums. Information about wood chemical constituent of Styrax sumatrana growing from different site has not been determined yet. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyze the characteristics of chemical constituent of Styrax sumatrana wood originated from North Tapanuli and Pakpak Bharat according to axial direction of stem (bottom, middle, and top). Chemical properties such as hollocelulose, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, Acid Soluble Lignin (ASL), acid insoluble lignin (AIL), and non-structural component (extractive content in ethanol benzene 1: 2 and ash content) were observed. Results showed that different growth location would yield in different wood chemical constituent. The wood chemical constituent from North Tapanuli and Pakpak Bharat were 52.72 and 69.80% (hollocelulose), 25.94 and 39.87% (α-cellulose), 26.78 and 29.92% (hemicellulose), 5.49 and 4.33% (Acid Soluble Lignin), 4.37 and 20.43% (Acid-Insoluble Lignin), 10.95 and 2.42% (extractive content), 1.37 and 0.8% for ash content.

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Michael Lim, Eric Wirtanto, and Zuhrina Masyithah. "KAJIAN KARAKTERISTIK DAN PENGARUH NISBAH PEREAKSI, pH AWAL REAKSI DAN SUHU REAKSI TERHADAP BERAT RENDEMEN NATRIUM LIGNOSULFONAT." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 1, no. 1 (September 19, 2012): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v1i1.1404.

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Indonesia as one of the biggest producer of crude palm oil in the world for sure will have some problems on handling their wastes such as palm shell. Palm shell is one of industrial wastes that having low commercial value with contain about 29,4 % lignin component which very potential for use as new raw material for Sodium LignoSulfonat production. Sodium lignosulphonate (SLS) is a product of isolated lignin sulphonation process using NaHSO3 as sulphonation agent.The research begins with isolated lignin from palm shell amd continued with sulphonation with mass ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3(b/b) of 1:0.2, 1:0.3, and 1:0.5 and initial pH of 6,7 and 8 at temperature 85 oC and 95 oC. Studies on the efeect of various ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3 and initial pH and temperature for the sulphonation raction showed an increasing yield of (SLS) yield. The highest SLS yield of 51,2 % was obtained under condition mass ratio of palm shell lignin – NaHSO3 1:0.3, pH 7 and at temperature 95 oC. The resulted SLS was dark brown, purity 66,1782, pH level between 6-7, water soluble.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lignite Indonesia'

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