Journal articles: 'Lignin nanoparticle'

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Lee, Jae Hoon, Tae Min Kim, In-Gyu Choi, and Joon Weon Choi. "Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups in the Lignin Polymer Affect the Formation of Lignin Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071790.

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Alkaline soda lignin (AL) was sequentially fractionated into six fractions of different molecular size by means of solvent extraction and their phenolic hydroxyl groups were chemoselectively methylated to determine their effect on nanoparticle formation of lignin polymers. The effect of the lignin structure on the physical properties of nanoparticles was also clarified in this study. Nanoparticles were obtained from neat alkaline soda lignin (ALNP), solvent-extracted fractions (FALNPs, i.d. 414–1214 nm), and methylated lignins (MALNPs, i.d. 516–721 nm) via the nanoprecipitation method. Specifically, the size properties of MALNPs showed a high negative correlation (R2 = 0.95) with the phenolic hydroxyl group amount. This indicates that the phenolic hydroxyl groups in lignin could be influenced on the nucleation or condensation during the nanoprecipitation process. Lignin nanoparticles exhibited high colloidal stability, and most of them also showed good in vitro cell viability. This study presents a possible way to control nanoparticle size by blocking specific functional groups and decreasing the interaction between hydroxyl groups of lignin.

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Azimvand, J., Kh Didehban, and SA Mirshokraie. "Safranin-O removal from aqueous solutions using lignin nanoparticle-g-polyacrylic acid adsorbent: Synthesis, properties, and application." Adsorption Science & Technology 36, no. 7-8 (May 24, 2018): 1422–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617418777836.

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In this study, alkali lignin modified by ethylene glycol and lignin nanoparticles was prepared through acid precipitation technology. Lignin nanoparticle-g-polyacrylic acid adsorbent was prepared using copolymerization reactions between lignin nanoparticle and polyacrylic acid in the presence of potassium persulfate as the radical initiator. Then, lignin nanoparticle-g-polyacrylic acid adsorbent was used to remove Safranin-O from an aqueous environment. The adsorbent structures and morphologies of lignin nanoparticle and lignin nanoparticle-g-polyacrylic acid adsorbent were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Nanoparticle sizes were assessed using dynamic light scattering. Equilibrium isotherms were compared using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin adsorption models. Both adsorbent lignin nanoparticle and lignin nanoparticle-g-polyacrylic acid adsorbent showed good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacities of lignin nanoparticle and lignin nanoparticle-g-polyacrylic acid adsorbent reached 99 and 138.88 mg g−1 using model-like, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion, respectively. Experimental results showed that adsorbent lignin nanoparticle and lignin nanoparticle-g-polyacrylic acid adsorbent followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model.

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Lee, Jae Hoon, Shin Young Park, In-Gyu Choi, and Joon Weon Choi. "Investigation of Molecular Size Effect on the Formation of Lignin Nanoparticles by Nanoprecipitation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 4910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144910.

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In recent years, several studies focused on the synthesis of lignin-based nanoparticle in aqueous solution and its potential applications of the drug carrier were investigated. In this study, soda lignin (SL) nanoparticles (i.d. 128–560 nm) were synthesized by the nanoprecipitation process at three different concentrations (1, 2, and 4 mg/mL THF) with various molecular sizes of soda lignin (NP-F1, NP-F2, and NP-F3) obtained from sequential solvent extraction. The average molecular weights of SL, F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5 were 3130, 1190, 2550, 3680, 5310, and 14,650, respectively. The average size of the spherical lignin nanoparticle was a minimum of 128 nm for NP-C1 and the size increased up to 560 nm with increasing concentration. Particle surface charge increased with increasing concentration from −26 mV for NP-C1 to −38 mV for NP-C4. Contrary to expected general trends in polymeric nanoparticles, there was no remarkable change or trend with increasing lignin molecular weight since chemical structures of each lignin fraction are also remarkably different. Further studies to learn correlation between properties of lignin nanoparticle and its additional details regarding the chemical structures is needed.

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Wang, Yingchao, Niloofar Alipoormazandarani, Lauren Skye Puumala, Weijue Gao, Shanshan Liu, Fangong Kong, Qiang Wang, and Pedram Fatehi. "Amphiphilic Lignin Nanoparticles Made from Lignin-Acrylic Acid-Methyl Methacrylate Copolymers." Nanomaterials 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12152612.

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In this study, a novel amphiphilic KL-AA-MMA nanoparticle was prepared through the graft copolymerization of kraft lignin (KL) with acrylic acid (AA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), using potassium persulfate as an initiator in a water/dimethyl sulfoxide solvent medium, which was followed by the nanoprecipitation technique using dimethylformamide as a solvent and deionized water as an antisolvent. The successful graft polymerization was verified by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 31P-NMR, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses; and the grafting yield of the generated KL-AA-MMA copolymer ranged from 68.2% to 96.5%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation revealed the formation of amorphous KL-AA-MMA nanoparticles. Additionally, KL-AA-MMA9 nanoparticles with the highest yield exhibited the minimum hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity of 261 nm and 0.153, respectively. Moreover, the amphiphilicity of KL-AA-MMA nanoparticles was significantly improved by the grafting of MMA monomers. Finally, the adsorption performance of KL-AA-MMA nanoparticles at the xylene interface was evaluated by a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The results demonstrated that the most amphiphilic sample, KL-AA-MMA9 nanoparticles, with the smallest hydrodynamic size displayed the highest adsorption on the oil/water interface. This product provides a wide range of applications in oil/water emulsions.

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Mishra, Pawan Kumar, and Adam Ekielski. "The Self-Assembly of Lignin and Its Application in Nanoparticle Synthesis: A Short Review." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020243.

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Lignin serves as a significant contributor to the natural stock of non-fossilized carbon, second only to cellulose in the biosphere. In this review article, we focus on the self-assembly properties of lignin and their contribution to its effective utilization and valorization. Traditionally, investigations on self-assembly properties of lignin have aimed at understanding the lignification process of the cell wall and using it for efficient delignification for commercial purposes. In recent years (mainly the last three years), an increased number of attempts and reports of technical-lignin nanostructure synthesis with controlled particle size and morphology have been published. This has renewed the interests in the self-assembly properties of technical lignins and their possible applications. Based on the sources and processing methods of lignin, there are significant differences between its structure and properties, which is the primary obstacle in the generalized understanding of the lignin structure and the lignification process occurring within cell walls. The reported studies are also specific to source and processing methods. This work has been divided into two parts. In the first part, the aggregation propensity of lignin based on type, source and extraction method, temperature, and pH of solution is discussed. This is followed by a critical overview of non-covalent interactions and their contribution to the self-associative properties of lignin. The role of self-assembly towards the understanding of xylogenesis and nanoparticle synthesis is also discussed. A particular emphasis is placed on the interaction and forces involved that are used to explain the self-association of lignin.

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Adamcyk, Johannes, Stefan Beisl, Samaneh Amini, Thomas Jung, Florian Zikeli, Jalel Labidi, and Anton Friedl. "Production and Properties of Lignin Nanoparticles from Ethanol Organosolv Liquors—Influence of Origin and Pretreatment Conditions." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030384.

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Despite major efforts in recent years, lignin as an abundant biopolymer is still underutilized in material applications. The production of lignin nanoparticles with improved properties through a high specific surface area enables easier applicability and higher value applications. Current precipitation processes often show poor yields, as a portion of the lignin stays in solution. In the present work, lignin was extracted from wheat straw, spruce, and beech using ethanol organosolv pretreatment at temperatures from 160–220 °C. The resulting extracts were standardized to the lowest lignin content and precipitated by solvent-shifting to produce lignin micro- and nanoparticles with mean hydrodynamic diameters from 67.8 to 1156.4 nm. Extracts, particles and supernatant were analyzed on molecular weight, revealing that large lignin molecules are precipitated while small lignin molecules stay in solution. The particles were purified by dialysis and characterized on their color and antioxidant activity, reaching ASC equivalents between 19.1 and 50.4 mg/mg. This work gives detailed insight into the precipitation process with respect to different raw materials and pretreatment severities, enabling better understanding and optimization of lignin nanoparticle precipitation.

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Fal, Jacek, Katarzyna Bulanda, Julian Traciak, Jolanta Sobczak, Rafał Kuzioła, Katarzyna Maria Grąz, Grzegorz Budzik, Mariusz Oleksy, and Gaweł Żyła. "Electrical and Optical Properties of Silicon Oxide Lignin Polylactide (SiO2-L-PLA)." Molecules 25, no. 6 (March 16, 2020): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061354.

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This paper presents a study on the electrical properties of new polylactide-based nanocomposites with the addition of silicon-dioxide–lignin nanoparticles and glycerine as a plasticizer. Four samples were prepared with nanoparticle mass fractions ranging between 0.01 to 0.15 (0.01, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15), and three samples were prepared without nanoparticle filler—unfilled and unprocessed polylactide, unfilled and processed polylactide, and polylactide with Fusabond and glycerine. All samples were manufactured using the melt mixing extrusion technique and injection molding. Only the unfilled and unprocessed PLA sample was directly prepared by injection molding. Dielectric properties were studied with broadband spectroscopy in a frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz in 55 steps designed on a logarithmic scale and a temperature range from 293.15 to 333.15 K with a 5 K step. Optical properties of nanocomposites were measured with UV-VIS spectroscopy at wavelengths from 190 to 1100 nm. The experimental data show that the addition of silicon-dioxide–lignin and glycerine significantly affected the electrical properties of the studied nanocomposites based on polylactide. Permittivity and electrical conductivity show a significant increase with an increasing concentration of nanoparticle filler. The optical properties are also affected by nanofiller and cause an increase in absorbance as the number of silicon-dioxide–lignin nanoparticles increase.

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Matsakas, Leonidas, Anthi Karnaouri, Andrzej Cwirzen, Ulrika Rova, and Paul Christakopoulos. "Formation of Lignin Nanoparticles by Combining Organosolv Pretreatment of Birch Biomass and Homogenization Processes." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 1822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071822.

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Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into a biorefinery scheme requires the use of all biomass components; in this, the lignin fraction is often underutilized. Conversion of lignin to nanoparticles is an attractive solution. Here, we investigated the effect of different lignin isolation processes and a post-treatment homogenization step on particle formation. Lignin was isolated from birch chips by using two organosolv processes, traditional organosolv (OS) and hybrid organosolv-steam explosion (HOS-SE) at various ethanol contents. For post-treatment, lignin was homogenized at 500 bar using different ethanol:water ratios. Isolation of lignin with OS resulted in unshaped lignin particles, whereas after HOS-SE, lignin micro-particles were formed directly. Addition of an acidic catalyst during HOS-SE had a negative impact on the particle formation, and the optimal ethanol content was 50–60% v/v. Homogenization had a positive effect as it transformed initially unshaped lignin into spherical nanoparticles and reduced the size of the micro-particles isolated by HOS-SE. Ethanol content during homogenization affected the size of the particles, with the optimal results obtained at 75% v/v. We demonstrate that organosolv lignin can be used as an excellent starting material for nanoparticle preparation, with a simple method without the need for extensive chemical modification. It was also demonstrated that tuning of the operational parameters results in nanoparticles of smaller size and with better size homogeneity.

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Lievonen, Miikka, Juan José Valle-Delgado, Maija-Liisa Mattinen, Eva-Lena Hult, Kalle Lintinen, Mauri A. Kostiainen, Arja Paananen, Géza R. Szilvay, Harri Setälä, and Monika Österberg. "A simple process for lignin nanoparticle preparation." Green Chemistry 18, no. 5 (2016): 1416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc01436k.

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Wijaya, Christian J., Suryadi Ismadji, and Setiyo Gunawan. "A Review of Lignocellulosic-Derived Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: Lignin Nanoparticles, Xylan Nanoparticles, and Cellulose Nanocrystals." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030676.

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Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, lignocellulosic-derived nanoparticles are very potential materials for drug carriers in drug delivery applications. There are three main lignocellulosic-derived nanoparticles discussed in this review. First, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are an amphiphilic nanoparticle which has versatile interactions toward hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. The synthesis methods of LNPs play an important role in this amphiphilic characteristic. Second, xylan nanoparticles (XNPs) are a hemicellulose-derived nanoparticle, where additional pretreatment is needed to obtain a high purity xylan before the synthesis of XNPs. This process is quite long and challenging, but XNPs have a lot of potential as a drug carrier due to their stronger interactions with various drugs. Third, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a widely exploited nanoparticle, especially in drug delivery applications. CNCs have low cytotoxicity, therefore they are suitable for use as a drug carrier. The research possibilities for these three nanoparticles are still wide and there is potential in drug delivery applications, especially for enhancing their characteristics with further surface modifications adjusted to the drugs.

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Zhou, Yu, Yanming Han, Gaiyun Li, and Fuxiang Chu. "Effects of Lignin-Based Hollow Nanoparticle Structure on the Loading and Release Behavior of Doxorubicin." Materials 12, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101694.

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Because of their exceptional absorption capacity, biodegradability, and nontoxicity, nanomaterials fabricated from renewable natural resources have recently become an increasingly important research area. However, the mechanism of drug encapsulation by lignin nanoparticles and the role of nanoparticle structure on the stability and loading performance still remain unknown. Herein, lignin hollow nanoparticles (LHNPs) were prepared and applied as promising vehicles for the antineoplastic antibiotic drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The hydrogen bonding and π−π interactions contributed to the encapsulation of hydrophilic DOX by LHNPs with hydrophobic cavities. The encapsulation of DOX was enhanced by the pore volume and surface area. In addition, the nanoparticles contributed to the cellular uptake and the accumulation of the drug within HeLa cells. This work provides a scientific basis for future studies on the selective entrapment properties of hollow polymer nanoparticles derived from biomass material as vehicles for overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations.

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Stine, Jared S., Bryan J. Harper, Cathryn G. Conner, Orlin D. Velev, and Stacey L. Harper. "In Vivo Toxicity Assessment of Chitosan-Coated Lignin Nanoparticles in Embryonic Zebrafish (Danio rerio)." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010111.

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Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth after cellulose. Since lignin breaks down in the environment naturally, lignin nanoparticles may serve as biodegradable carriers of biocidal actives with minimal environmental footprint compared to conventional antimicrobial formulations. Here, a lignin nanoparticle (LNP) coated with chitosan was engineered. Previous studies show both lignin and chitosan to exhibit antimicrobial properties. Another study showed that adding a chitosan coating can improve the adsorption of LNPs to biological samples by electrostatic adherence to oppositely charged surfaces. Our objective was to determine if these engineered particles would elicit toxicological responses, utilizing embryonic zebrafish toxicity assays. Zebrafish were exposed to nanoparticles with an intact chorionic membrane and with the chorion enzymatically removed to allow for direct contact of particles with the developing embryo. Both mortality and sublethal endpoints were analyzed. Mortality rates were significantly greater for chitosan-coated LNPs (Ch-LNPs) compared to plain LNPs and control groups. Significant sublethal endpoints were observed in groups exposed to Ch-LNPs with chorionic membranes intact. Our study indicated that engineered Ch-LNP formulations at high concentrations were more toxic than plain LNPs. Further study is warranted to fully understand the mechanisms of Ch-LNP toxicity.

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Sadeghifar, Hasan, Richard A. Venditti, Joel J. Pawlak, and Jesse Jur. "Bi-component carbohydrate and lignin nanoparticle production from bio-refinery lignin: A rapid and green method." BioResources 14, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 6179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6179-6185.

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A rapid and green preparation of lignin nanoparticles was demonstrated starting from bio-refinery lignin containing grafted carbohydrates. The particles were prepared by recovering a fraction of the lignin, which contained 24% carbohydrate (by weight) as the insoluble fraction in 0.5 M NaOH. The carbohydrate content of this fraction was verified with a wet chemistry analytical technique, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray diffraction. This fraction was then dissolved in a NaOH/urea/water system and added dropwise to water under a high shear, which rapidly formed precipitated particles in a size range of approximately 100 nm. This carbohydrate-containing fraction of the lignin was soluble in a green solvent system that was not suited for lignin alone. The generated particles were stable in different organic solvents and water. Overall, the dissolution of the bio-refinery lignin in the NaOH/urea/water system, followed by precipitation in water can be regarded as a green and rapid method to produce stable nanoparticles. The generated nanoparticles, containing both carbohydrates and lignin, are expected to have unique applications because of their bi-component nature. Furthermore, this is the first publication to show how materials with high levels of lignin can be solubilized in solvents that are conventionally used for cellulose.

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Liu, Zhi-Hua, Naijia Hao, Somnath Shinde, Yunqiao Pu, Xiaofeng Kang, Arthur J. Ragauskas, and Joshua S. Yuan. "Defining lignin nanoparticle properties through tailored lignin reactivity by sequential organosolv fragmentation approach (SOFA)." Green Chemistry 21, no. 2 (2019): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc03290d.

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Alikhani, Tahereh Tofighi, Seyed Jalal Tabatabaei, Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand, and Daryush Talei. "Silica nanoparticles and calcium on the histological characteristics and stem bending in gerbera cut flower." Ornamental Horticulture 27, no. 3 (September 2021): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2447-536x.v27i3.2308.

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Abstract Silica nanoparticles and calcium are necessary for improving plant yield and decreasing stem bending in gerbera flower (Gerbera Jamesonii L.). In order to determine the optimal concentrations of silica nanoparticles and calcium in gerberas (Gerbera Jamesonii L.), a factorial experiment in the form of completely randomized design with two factors was conducted. The first factor was the concentration of silica nanoparticles (Nanoparticle-SiO2) at four rates (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg L-1) and the second factor was the concentration of calcium chelate (Ca-Chelate) at four rates (0, 60, 120, and 240 mg L-1) which were applied as nutrient solutions. After harvest, characteristics such as stem bending, cellulose content, phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase enzyme activity in leaves, and stem histological characteristics were measured. Results indicated that the lowest stem bending (deviation angle of 8.78°) was observed with applying 20 mg L-1 Nanoparticle-SiO2 and 240 mg L-1 Ca-Chelate. Comparing with control, applying 80 mg L-1 Nanoparticle-SiO2 and 240 mg L-1 Ca-Chelate increased lignin and cellulose contents by 33 and 15%, respectively. The highest amount of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (2.87 units per mg of fresh leaf) was obtained by using 60 mg L-1 calcium chelate. According to nutrient concentrations, the change patterns of xylem and stem lignification were different, which is in line with the results of the physiological studies conducted on the effects of applying silica nanoparticle and calcium in nutrient solution. Under the epidermis, there was a hypodermis (sclerenchyma) which strengthens stem tissue. Silica nanoparticles and calcium chelate due to increasing phenylalanine ammonia-lyase content and its effect on the production cycles of cellulose and lignin and increasing stem sclerenchyma, led to stems strength and lignification, which eventually decreased stem bending. According to study results, applying 40 mg L-1 Nanoparticle-SiO2 and 60 mg L-1 Ca-Chelate in hydroponic nutrient solution is recommended for growing gerbera flowers.

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Ngamthanacom, Nutchaporn, Napat Kaewtrakulchai, Weerawut Chaiwat, Laemthong Chuenchom, Masayoshi Fuji, and Apiluck Eiad-Ua. "Influence of Acid-Treatment on Waste Lignin for Synthesis of Carbon Nanoparticle." Key Engineering Materials 824 (October 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.824.1.

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Waste lignin (WL) obtained from paper mills, was studied for its potential application in preparing carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) with high porosity. This was done by impregnation of 0, 5, 10 and 20% concentrations of phosphoric acid under various carbonization temperatures (600, 700, 800 and 900°C). The physicochemical properties of CNPs were characterized through nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nitrogen sorption revealed that the condition using 10% concentration of phosphoric acid treatment at a carbonization temperature of 700°C formed carbon nanoparticles with a highly porous structure (Surface area 27.65 m2/g and pore volume 0.07 cm3/g). Additionally, in order to high surface area, porosity and concentrated carbon nanoparticle.

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Chen, Liheng, Si-Man Luo, Cong-Min Huo, Yun-Feng Shi, Jun Feng, Jing-Yi Zhu, Wei Xue, and Xueqing Qiu. "New insight into lignin aggregation guiding efficient synthesis and functionalization of a lignin nanosphere with excellent performance." Green Chemistry 24, no. 1 (2022): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc03651c.

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Jha, Swarn, Siddhi Mehta, Eugene Chen, Selvasundarasekar Sam Sankar, Subrata Kundu, and Hong Liang. "Bimetallic tungstate nanoparticle-decorated-lignin electrodes for flexible supercapacitors." Materials Advances 1, no. 6 (2020): 2124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00494d.

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Wang, Bin, and Zhu Long. "Preparation of Aromatic Aldehydes from Lignin Oxidation with a Perovskite-Type Catalyst." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.350.

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In order to study the morphology and catalytic oxidation performance of LaMnO3 nanoparticles after A or B site doping , the sol-gel methods is applied, the La1-xSrxMnO3 and LaCuxMn1-xO3（x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) nanoparticles are prepared. The diameter of particles and morphology-distribution of naniparticles with different doping amounts are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scan electric microscope (SEM) and related software. With the framework of the experiment, the average diameter of particles is between 16-21nm with better chemical homogeneity and have higher surface area. At the same time, the catalytic oxidation of nanoparticle under different doping amounts is also studied. Tests results show that nanoparticle has excellent catalytic oxidation performance, and with the increase of doping amount, the catalytic activity of the particle increase first and decrease afterwards with the increase of A or B site doping amount, the best performance presents at X=0.2 of A or B doping concentration. The effect of lattice deformation arising from the dopants, which leads to the decrease of the catalytic performance, can not be ignored at higher doping concentration anymore. Under the same doping amounts, the catalytic performance of B-site doped is better than A-site.

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Chu, Yu-Ming, Hafiz Muhammad Asif Javed, Muhammad Awais, Muhammad Ijaz Khan, Sana Shafqat, Falak Sher Khan, Muhammad Salman Mustafa, Dawood Ahmed, Sami Ullah Khan, and Rana Muhammad Arif Khalil. "Photocatalytic Pretreatment of Commercial Lignin Using TiO2-ZnO Nanocomposite-Derived Advanced Oxidation Processes for Methane Production Synergy in Lab Scale Continuous Reactors." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010054.

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The photocatalytic pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass to oxidize lignin and increase biomass stability has gained attention during the last few years. Conventional pretreatment methods are limited by the fact that they are expensive, non-renewable and contaminate the anaerobic digestate later on. The present study was focused to develop a metal-derived photocatalyst that can work with visible electromagnetic spectra light and oxidize commercial lignin liquor. During this project the advanced photocatalytic oxidation of lignin was achieved by using a quartz cube tungsten T3 Halogen 100 W lamp with a laboratory manufactured TiO2-ZnO nanoparticle (nanocomposite) in a self-designed apparatus. The products of lignin oxidation were confirmed to be vanillic acid (9.71 ± 0.23 mg/L), ferrulic acid (7.34 ± 0.16 mg/L), benzoic acid (6.12 ± 0.17 mg/L) and p-coumaric acid (3.80 ± 0.13 mg/L). These all products corresponded to 85% of the lignin oxidation products that were detectable, which is significantly more than any previously reported lignin pretreatment with even more intensity. Furthermore, all the pretreatment samples were supplemented in the form of feedstock diluent in uniformly operating continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). The results of pretreatment revealed 85% lignin oxidation and later on these products did not hinder the CSTR performance at any stage. Moreover, the synergistic effects of pretreated lignin diluent were seen that resulted in 39% significant increase in the methane yield of the CSTR with constant operation. Finally, the visible light and nanoparticles alone could not pretreat lignin and when used as diluent, halted and reduced the methane yield by 37% during 4th HRT.

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Zwilling, Jacob D., Xiao Jiang, Franklin Zambrano, Richard A. Venditti, Hasan Jameel, Orlin D. Velev, Orlando J. Rojas, and Ronalds Gonzalez. "Understanding lignin micro- and nanoparticle nucleation and growth in aqueous suspensions by solvent fractionation." Green Chemistry 23, no. 2 (2021): 1001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc03632c.

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Bi, Zhihao, Zhihao Li, and Lifeng Yan. "Catalytic oxidation of lignin to dicarboxylic acid over the CuFeS2 nanoparticle catalyst." Green Processing and Synthesis 7, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2017-0056.

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AbstractCuFeS2nanoparticles have been synthesized and used as catalyst for the degradation of lignin. Under mild condition of reaction at 60°C and 5 h in the presence of 2 ml hydrogen peroxide, lignin can be degraded completely and converted to dicarboxylic acids, such as oxalic acid (OA), fumaric acid, maleic acid, and succinic acid (SA), carbon oxides, and aromatic compounds. The major product is OA (up to 30% selectivity) and SA. On the basis of the chemicals detected, we proposed a logical mechanism similar to Fenton reaction. The results reveal that HO˙ and HOO−, formed from the cleavage of hydrogen peroxide over the catalyst, play an essential role in the oxidation of lignin to destroy its aromatic structure and generate carboxylic or DCA. This is a potential method to convert native lignin as a renewable feedstock to produce valuable chemicals.

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Guo, Daliang, Jinmeng Zhang, Lizheng Sha, Bei Liu, Xin Zhang, Xiumei Zhang, and Guoxin Xue. "Preparation and characterization of lignin-TiO2 UV-shielding composite material by induced synthesis with nanofibrillated cellulose." BioResources 15, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 7374–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.7374-7389.

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It is desirable to develop biodegradable ultraviolet (UV)-shielding materials from renewable resources, as the demand for sustainability is ever increasing. In this work, a novel lignin-TiO2 UV-shielding composite was synthesized successfully via a hydrothermal method induced by nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). Comprehensive characterization showed that the lignin-TiO2@NFC composite induced by NFC had good nanoparticle size, shape, and thermal stability. The sunscreen performance of lignin-TiO2@NFC was investigated via mixture with unmodified hand cream. The UV-visible (vis) transmission spectra results revealed that the unmodified cream with 10 wt% lignin-TiO2@NFC absorbed approximately 90% of UV light in the full UV band (200 nm to 400 nm), which indicated that lignin-TiO2@NFC had a good UV-shielding ability.

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Dahle, Sebastian, Lienhard Wegewitz, Wolfgang Viöl, and Wolfgang Maus-Friedrichs. "Formation of silver nanoparticles on lignin and two of its precursors." Les/Wood 70, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26614/les-wood.2021.v70n01a03.

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Metastable Induced Electron Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (He I and He II), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy were employed to study the interaction of silver with lignin as well as with two of its natural precursors, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol. For all three of them, no chemical interaction between the adsorbed silver and the organic substrate was found before contact with air. Nevertheless, silver nanoparticles were found in all three cases after contact with air. Thus, a process of silver nanoparticle formation during the decomposition of the organic molecules is suggested, similar to the previously found catalytic decomposition of cinnamyl alcohol by water in the presence of silver atoms.

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Yu, Fang Dan, Yuan Ru Guo, Gui Zhen Fang, and Zhi Ming Liu. "Synthesis of Nanostructural Silica Using Quaternary Ammonium Salt of Lignin as Template." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1045.

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Cationic surfactant, quaternary ammonium salt of lignin, was synthesis from the lignin and trimethylamine though Mannich Reaction. Then quaternary ammonium salt of lignin was used as a novel template to prepare nanostructural silica from TEOS by sol-gel templating method. After removing the template at 580°C, nanostructural silica were obtained. The results of SEM and TEM show that there were two kinds of the silica after calcined. One is 3-dimetional macroporous silica, with the pore size of 100-200 nm. The other kind of silica is nanoparticle: the particle sizes range from 20 to 200nm and the specific surface area is 387.6 m2•g-1.

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E. Rohaeti, N. A. Ariyanti, K. S. Budiasih, A. Afikah, S. M. Ayu, A. S. N. Annisa, and E. Nuraini. "ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL MICRO CELLULOSE OF BAGASSE BY MODIFICATION WITH SILVER NANOPARTICLES." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry, Special Issue (2022): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1558137.

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The preparation of microcellulose from sugarcane pulp enzymatically and its modification with silver nanoparticles had been conducted in this study. The objectives of this research were to prepare and characterize microfiber cellulose, and also its application as an antimicrobial material. Micro cellulose has been prepared by enzymatic methods and then continued with ultrasonication. The characterization of microfiber cellulose has been conducted by determining wavelengths with UV-Vis, functional groups with FTIR, surface image with SEM, and crystallinity with XRD. Synthesis of AgNPs had been conducted by bioreduction method using red betel leaf extracts via ultrasonication and stabilized by 0.05% starch solution. Characterization of silver nanoparticles had been conducted by determination of wavelength with UV-Vis and particle size with PSA. The antimicrobial tests of microcellulose have been determined by measuring of clear zones in Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The characterization of microcellulose showed that wavelengths of micro cellulose at 300 nm, has C-O glycosidic bonds, the C=O, and lignin/hemicellulose. However, C=C lignin aromatic rings begin to disappear. Microcellulose size was 1 μm and crystallinity was 79.05%. The wavelengths in silver nanoparticles were shown at 424 nm. The diameter of silver nanoparticles was 88.6 nm. Micro cellulose with nanoparticle modification was the best in microbial inhibition

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Zahra, Audrey, Seo-Kyoung Lim, Soo-Jeong Shin, and Ik-Jun Yeon. "Properties of Green Tea Waste as Cosmetics Ingredients and Rheology Enhancers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 12871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412871.

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Green tea waste (GTW) is a naturally abundant material, and it has not been widely reused into more valuable materials. The composition of GTW was identified using NMR for carbohydrate composition, an element analyzer for protein content, acetone and hot water extraction for evaluating extractives, and Klason lignin for lignin content. GTW can be converted into nanoparticles by carboxymethylation as pretreatment of the degree of substitutions (DS) and high-pressure homogenizer for nanoparticle making. GTW was prepared using various DS 0 until DS 0.4. The results showed that GTW DS has a more than −30 mV zeta potential, suitable for stable nanoemulsion formulations. The particle size of GTW DS decreases with increasing carboxyl content in the hydrogel, which has a width and length from GTW DS 0.3 to DS 0.4. As a humectant, the water retention value (WRV) of GTW with various DS was increased; DS 0.3 is the best. DS 0.4 has the highest viscosity, storage, and loss modulus as rheology modifiers.

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Sanyoto, Bernardi, Adid Adep Dwiatmoko, Jae-Wook Choi, Jeong-Myeong Ha, Dong Jin Suh, Chang Soo Kim, and Jong-Choo Lim. "Catalytic Depolymerization of Alkali Lignin Using Supported Pt Nanoparticle Catalysts." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 4570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.10982.

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Jha, Swarn, Siddhi Mehta, Yan Chen, Peter Renner, Selvasundarasekar Sam Sankar, Dilworth Parkinson, Subrata Kundu, and Hong Liang. "NiWO4 nanoparticle decorated lignin as electrodes for asymmetric flexible supercapacitors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 10 (2020): 3418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc05811g.

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Gao, Weijue, and Pedram Fatehi. "Lignin for polymer and nanoparticle production: Current status and challenges." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 97, no. 11 (September 25, 2019): 2827–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23620.

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Agustin, Melissa B., Mari Lehtonen, Marianna Kemell, Panu Lahtinen, Erfan Oliaei, and Kirsi S. Mikkonen. "Lignin nanoparticle-decorated nanocellulose cryogels as adsorbents for pharmaceutical pollutants." Journal of Environmental Management 330 (March 2023): 117210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117210.

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Demuner, Iara Fontes, Jorge Luiz Colodette, Fernando José Borges Gomes, and Rubens Chaves de Oliveira. "Study of LCNF and CNF from pine and eucalyptus pulps." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 35, no. 4 (November 18, 2020): 670–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0075.

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AbstractNanocelluloses produced from wood pulp are widely studied for various economic applications. Most studies of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) use lignin-free fibres obtained from bleached pulps; however, unbleached fibres with residual lignin may also be used to obtain lignocelluloses nanofibrils (LCNF). Research on lignocellulose nanofibrils is a recent subject in the field; thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the ultrastructure of lignocellulose nanofibrils compared to cellulose nanofibrils produced from the same raw material. Understanding of nanoparticle properties is of great relevance for their various applications; therefore, complete characterisation of the chemical, physical, and morphological structures of LCNF and CNF produced from pine and eucalyptus woods was performed. Unbleached cellulosic fibres are a viable alternative for LCNF production, which has properties comparable to that of traditional CNF production that uses lignin-free fibres. LCNF from pine and eucalyptus were obtained with 4.0 % and 1.8 % residual lignin, respectively. The nanofibrils had high thermal stability because LCNF had a higher maximum degradation temperature. Due to the low interaction of lignin with water, LCNF had a lower water retention value than CNF.

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Yang, Mingkun, Wenwen Zhao, Seema Singh, Blake Simmons, and Gang Cheng. "On the solution structure of kraft lignin in ethylene glycol and its implication for nanoparticle preparation." Nanoscale Advances 1, no. 1 (2019): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8na00042e.

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Zhang, Zengyao, Shun Yi, Yuejia Wei, Huiyang Bian, Ruibin Wang, and Yonggang Min. "Lignin Nanoparticle-Coated Celgard Separator for High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Polymers 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11121946.

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Tremendous efforts have been made toward the development of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries as one of the most reasonable solutions to the rapidly increasing demand for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, owing to their high cost-efficiency and theoretical energy density. However, the shuttle effect caused by soluble polysulfides is generally considered to be an insurmountable challenge, which can significantly reduce the battery lifecycle and sulfur utilization. Here, we report a lignin nanoparticle-coated Celgard (LC) separator to alleviate this problem. The LC separator enables abundant electron-donating groups and is expected to induce chemical binding of polysulfides to hinder the shuttle effect. When a sulfur-containing commercially available acetylene black (approximately 73.8 wt% sulfur content) was used as the cathode without modification, the Li–S battery with the LC separator presented much enhanced cycling stability over that with the Celgard separator for over 500 cycles at a current density of 1 C. The strategy demonstrated in this study is expected to provide more possibilities for the utilization of low-cost biomass-derived nanomaterials as separators for high-performance Li–S batteries.

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Choi, Jungsu, Heejae Yang, Frank Ko, Sophia Chan, Woojin Chung, and Sung Su Kim. "Fabrication and Characterization of Palladium Nanoparticle Reinforced Multifunctional Lignin Nanofiber Mat." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 11046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.13287.

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36

Hamawand, Ihsan, Saman Seneweera, Pubudu Kumarasinghe, and Jochen Bundschuh. "Nanoparticle technology for separation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin nanoparticles from lignocellulose biomass: A short review." Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 24 (October 2020): 100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2020.100601.

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Rak, Monika J., Tomislav Friščić, and Audrey Moores. "One-step, solvent-free mechanosynthesis of silver nanoparticle-infused lignin composites for use as highly active multidrug resistant antibacterial filters." RSC Advances 6, no. 63 (2016): 58365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03711a.

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Polyacrylamide embedded silver nanoparticles were synthesized from silver salts in a solvent-free fashion by ball milling mechanochemistry, with lignin as a biodegradable reducer, and used as highly efficient antibacterial plugs.

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38

Ding, Xiaoyuan. "Antibacterial and Wound Healing Properties of AgNPs Combined with Other Natural Materials." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 11 (August 23, 2022): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v11i.1267.

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With the development of new technology industry, nanoparticle is more and more getting valued as one of the most promising technologies in the technological revolution in the 21st century. In recent years, nanotechnology applied in biomedicine is in the ascendant and among the most metal nanoparticles, the silver nanoparticle(AgNP) is s kind of the most common nanomaterials used in wound healing according to its antibacterial properties. For the consideration of biocompatibility and dispersion of the AgNPs, nanocomposites that AgNPs combined with other natural materials like lignin, chitosan, nanofiber and cellulose have been researched a lot to apply to synthesize the wound healing materials. However, there is no sufficient evidence to prove the mechanism of the AgNPs’ toxicology until now. Nowadays, AgNPs have been widely used in products, as a result, how to correctly explain the toxicity of AgNPs and the safety to human body and the environment is urgent. In this article, the use of AgNPs combined with other natural materials is reviewed. Furthermore, the possible toxicology which is not mentioned before and the possible solutions are proposed.

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Miletić, Aleksandra, Ivan Ristić, Maria-Beatrice Coltelli, and Branka Pilić. "Modification of PLA-Based Films by Grafting or Coating." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 2 (May 7, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb11020030.

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Recently, the demand for the use of natural polymers in the cosmetic, biomedical, and sanitary sectors has been increasing. In order to meet specific functional properties of the products, usually, the incorporation of the active component is required. One of the main problems is enabling compatibility between hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Therefore, surface modification is necessary. Poly(lactide) (PLA) is a natural polymer that has attracted a lot ofattention in recent years. It is bio-based, can be produced from carbohydrate sources like corn, and it is biodegradable. The main goal of this work was the functionalization of PLA, inserting antiseptic and anti-inflammatory nanostructured systems based on chitin nanofibrils–nanolignin complexes ready to be used in the biomedical, cosmetics, and sanitary sectors. The specific challenge of this investigation was to increase the interaction between the hydrophobic PLA matrix with hydrophilic chitin–lignin nanoparticle complexes. First, chemical modification via the “grafting from” method using lactide oligomers was performed. Then, active coatings with modified and unmodified chitin–lignin nanoparticle complexes were prepared and applied on extruded PLA-based sheets. The chemical, thermal, and mechanical characterization of prepared samples was carried out and the obtained results were discussed.

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40

Richter, Alexander P., Joseph S. Brown, Bhuvnesh Bharti, Amy Wang, Sumit Gangwal, Keith Houck, Elaine A. Cohen Hubal, Vesselin N. Paunov, Simeon D. Stoyanov, and Orlin D. Velev. "An environmentally benign antimicrobial nanoparticle based on a silver-infused lignin core." Nature Nanotechnology 10, no. 9 (July 13, 2015): 817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.141.

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41

Astete, Carlos E., Judith U. De Mel, Sudipta Gupta, YeRim Noh, Markus Bleuel, Gerald J. Schneider, and Cristina M. Sabliov. "Lignin-Graft-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid Biopolymers for Polymeric Nanoparticle Synthesis." ACS Omega 5, no. 17 (April 22, 2020): 9892–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00168.

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Gupta, Arun Kumar, Smita Mohanty, and S. K. Nayak. "Influence of addition of vapor grown carbon fibers on mechanical, thermal and biodegradation properties of lignin nanoparticle filled bio-poly(trimethylene terephthalate) hybrid nanocomposites." RSC Advances 5, no. 69 (2015): 56028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra07828h.

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Bio-poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (bio-PTT) hybrid nanocomposites constituting 1.5 wt% of lignin nanoparticles (LNP) and variable wt% of vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF) were prepared using melt extrusion followed by a microinjection molding technique.

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Huang, Jiawei, Shanhao Zheng, Yuanhua Li, Huaizhi Pan, Jiheng Li, Aimin Wu, and Huiling Li. "Relationship between cellulolytic enzyme lignin structural and lignin nanoparticle-polyvinyl alcohol membrane property: Insights from monolignols and molecular dynamics simulations." Industrial Crops and Products 188 (November 2022): 115673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115673.

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Byrne, C. Ethan, Carlos E. Astete, Manibarathi Vaithiyanathan, Adam T. Melvin, Mahsa Moradipour, Stephen E. Rankin, Barbara L. Knutson, Cristina M. Sabliov, and Elizabeth C. Martin. "Lignin-graft-PLGA drug-delivery system improves efficacy of MEK1/2 inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer cell line." Nanomedicine 15, no. 10 (April 2020): 981–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0010.

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Aim: Few targeted therapies are available for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Here, we propose a novel alkaline-lignin-conjugated-poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) (L-PLGA) nanoparticle drug delivery system to improve the efficacy of targeted therapies. Materials & methods: L-PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with the MEK1/2 inhibitor GDC-0623 were characterized, tested in vitro on MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line and compared with loaded PLGA NPs. Results: Loaded L-PLGA NPs were less than half the size of PLGA NPs, had slower drug release and improved the efficacy of GDC-0623 when tested in vitro. We demonstrated that GDC-0623 reversed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in TNBC. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that L-PLGA NPs are superior to PLGA NPs in delivering GDC-0623 to cancer cells for improved efficacy in vitro.

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Nix, Cassandra, Bryan Harper, Cathryn Conner, Alexander Richter, Orlin Velev, and Stacey Harper. "Toxicological Assessment of a Lignin Core Nanoparticle Doped with Silver as an Alternative to Conventional Silver Core Nanoparticles." Antibiotics 7, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7020040.

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Ye, Xiaoxia, Yun Li, Huiting Lin, Yichong Chen, and Minghua Liu. "Lignin-Based Magnetic Nanoparticle Adsorbent for Diclofenac Sodium Removal: Adsorption Behavior and Mechanisms." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 29, no. 10 (March 29, 2021): 3401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02127-0.

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Wu, Wei, Huizhen Liu, Haihong Wu, Bingxiao Zheng, Shitao Han, Kaili Zhang, Xuelei Mei, Caiyun Xu, Mingyuan He, and Buxing Han. "Selective Hydrogenolysis of Lignin Model Compounds to Aromatics over a Cobalt Nanoparticle Catalyst." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9, no. 35 (August 20, 2021): 11862–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c03685.

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48

Dai, Lin, Rui Liu, Li-Qiu Hu, Zhu-Fan Zou, and Chuan-Ling Si. "Lignin Nanoparticle as a Novel Green Carrier for the Efficient Delivery of Resveratrol." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 5, no. 9 (August 4, 2017): 8241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01903.

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Liu, Xiaohuan, Xia He, Jiantao Zhang, Jiayao Yang, Xiaofei Xiang, Zhongqing Ma, Lina Liu, and Enmin Zong. "Cerium oxide nanoparticle functionalized lignin as a nano-biosorbent for efficient phosphate removal." RSC Advances 10, no. 3 (2020): 1249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09986g.

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Effendi, Emil Zacky, Yudhi Christian Hariady, Muhammad Daffa Salaahuddin, Chairul Irawan, and Iryanti Fatyasari Nata. "Utilization of Rice Husk Cellulose as a Magnetic Nanoparticle Biocomposite Fiber Source for the Absorption of Manganese (Mn2+) Ions in Peat Water." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 22, no. 6 (October 1, 2019): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.22.6.220-226.

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Rice husk (RH) is an agricultural waste that contains cellulose. Rice husk fiber (RHF) can be used as a source of fiber in the manufacture of magnetic nanoparticle biocomposite. The purpose of this study is to synthesize and characterize magnetic nanoparticle biocomposite used as an adsorbent and evaluate its performance on the adsorption of Mn2+ ions and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) in peat water. Rice husk fiber was delignified to eliminate lignin levels. Furthermore, the biocomposite was made through the solvothermal method with and without the addition of hexanediamine. The products produced are two types of adsorbents, namely magnetic nanoparticle biocomposite with an amino group (RHB-MH) and rice husk fiber biocomposite without an amino group (RHB-M). These biocomposites were used to adsorb Mn2+ ions in peat water. Evaluations were carried out at pH 5, 6, 7, and 8 with an optimum adsorption time of 60 minutes. The solutions at the time of adsorption were evaluated to determine the optimum conditions of the adsorption process carried out. The observation of magnetic nanoparticle biocomposite based on the analysis of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows magnetic nanoparticles formed on the surface of rice husk fiber with a diameter of 30-50 nm. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the delignification of rice husk increased Crystallinity Index (CrI) by 64.98% and reduced silica content by 78%. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectrometer show absorption peak at 570 cm-1 for Fe-O bonds and Fe3O4 peak around 1627 cm−1, indicating the presence of N-H bending. The optimum condition for Mn2+ adsorption was achieved at pH 5 and 60-minutes duration with an adsorption capacity of 54.7 mg/g and 190.78 mg/g for RHB-M and RHB-MH. The TSS reduction achieved the effectiveness of 60.2% and 90.3% for BSP-M and BSP-MH, respectively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lignin nanoparticle'

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