Journal articles on the topic 'Light towers'
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1
Bhagavathula, Rajaram, and Ronald B. Gibbons. "Effect of Work Zone Lighting on Drivers’ Visual Performance and Perceptions of Glare." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2617, no. 1 (January 2017): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2617-06.
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Nighttime crashes at work zones are major concerns for construction workers and motorists. Although in a majority of the U.S. states, department of transportation specifications for work zone lighting mention that contractors should reduce glare for workers and drivers, only two states advocate detailed specifications like light positions, orientation, and light levels. Although some studies have examined the impact of glare from work zone lights on workers and others have calculated veiling luminance levels for drivers in the work zone, the effect of work zone lighting on drivers’ visual performance and glare perception has never been studied in a realistic setting. The goal of this study was to understand the impact of commercially available portable light towers (metal halide, LED, and balloon) and their orientation on drivers’ visual performance and their perceptions of glare. Participants drove through a realistic work zone simulated on the Virginia Smart Road. Visual performance was assessed by a detection task and perception of visibility and glare were assessed by questionnaires. Results indicated that the type of light tower and its orientation affect visual performance and perceptions of visibility and glare. Light towers aimed toward the driver resulted in lowering drivers’ visual performance, both objectively and subjectively. When the light towers were aimed away from or perpendicular to the driver, the visual performance was higher and the differences in visual performance between the types of light towers were minimal. These findings indicate that these orientations should be preferred for work zone light towers.
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Bhagavathula, Rajaram, and Ronald B. Gibbons. "Effects of Mounting Height, Offset Distance, and Number of Light Towers on Drivers’ Visual Performance and Discomfort Glare in Work Zones." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 16 (July 1, 2018): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118782762.
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Portable light towers are a significant source of glare to motorists entering a work zone. Although existing research has evaluated the effect of light tower orientation on visibility and glare, the effects of factors like mounting height, offset distance from the roadway, and number of light towers in the work zone, on visual performance and discomfort glare is not known. Understanding these relationships can help in developing illuminating guidelines for work zones that can reduce glare for drivers. The goal of this paper is to understand the effect of mounting height, offset distance to the roadway, and number of light towers in the work zone on drivers’ visual performance and discomfort glare. Participants drove through a realistic work zone and evaluated portable light towers in varying mounting heights, offset distances, and number of light towers in the work zone. Results showed that the mounting height and offset distances play a critical role in affecting the driver’s visual performance and discomfort glare rating. Portable light towers, irrespective of wattage and lumen output, at lower than a mounting height of 20 ft and closer to the roadway result in decreasing driver visual performance and increasing their discomfort glare. Portable light towers should be mounted at a height of at least 20 ft and balloon light towers with higher wattage (4,000 W and greater) and lumen output (400,000 lumens and greater) should be located at an offset distance of at least 10 ft from the roadway.
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Gaile, Liga. "Analysis of Dynamic Parameters of Observation Towers in Latvia." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (August 8, 2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2013vol2.847.
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The purpose of this research is to experimentally identify the performance of most of the light-weight observation towers open for public in Latvia. It analyzes the structure of towers, technical condition, dynamic parameters and dynamic response to human movement along the tower height. During the experiment there were measured and recorded the vibration accelerations of 18 observation towers’ upper platform. Further dynamic parameters were extracted using the spectral analysis. There was performed the sensitivity analysis to establish parameters that most influences the dynamic response amplitudes due to human movement. All experimentally obtained fundamental frequencies of the inspected towers are in the typical range of human walking frequencies. It is found that the main parameter that denotes the response level (acceleration amplitude) of the tower due to human movement is a tower self-weight.
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Wilcock, Douglas, and Mary Haynes. "Faith, Hope, and Charity." Mathematics Teacher 106, no. 5 (December 2012): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacher.106.5.0334.
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On the outer arm of Cape Cod, a series of lighthouses was built in 1838 to warn mariners of the dangers of running aground. One, consisting of three towers, was built in North Eastham as a triple light to differentiate it from the single light at Highland (Truro) and the double light at Chatham. The three towers were called the Three Sisters because their white bases and black tops recalled ladies in white formal dress with black hats (see photograph 1). By 1911 a change in technology allowed a triple signal from a single tower, and two of the “sisters” were moved from the coast to their present location in North Eastham. The National Park Service bought the third sister in 1983 and relocated it next to its sisters.
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Bruss, F. Thomas, Guy Louchard, and John W. Turner. "On the N-tower problem and related problems." Advances in Applied Probability 35, no. 1 (March 2003): 278–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1046366109.
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Consider N towers each made up of a number of counters. At each step a tower is chosen at random, a counter removed which is then added to another tower also chosen at random. The probability distribution for the time needed to empty one of the towers is obtained in the case N = 3. Arguments are set forward as to why no simple formulae can be expected for N > 3. An asymptotic expression for the mean time before one of the towers becomes empty is derived in the case of four towers when they all initially contain a comparably large number of counters. We then study related problems, in particular the ruin problem for three players. Here we use simple martingale methodology as well as a solution proposed by T. S. Ferguson for a slightly modified problem. Throughout the paper it is our main objective to shed light on the reasons why the case N > 3 is so substantially different from the case N ≤ 3.
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Jayaprabakar, J. "Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Fill Materials in Cooling Towers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 766-767 (June 2015): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.766-767.505.
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The cooling water system is the industry’s primary way of conserving water. Modern water cooling towers were invented during the industrial age to dissipate heat when natural cooling water sources were available. The origin of cooling towers made the plant site selection independent of the availability of water source. The development of new, high efficiency film fills produced from light weights, flame retarded PVC reduces the size and weight of cross flow cooling towers. Today’s cooling tower combine the latest advanced materials to achieve the optimum balancing of High corrosion resistance, product durability and cost. Based on their specific functions, cooling tower components are designed using the materials with the best combination of corrosion resistance and physical properties. In this work, the coefficient of performance is determined by using Simpson’s rule and the performance of cooling tower at various L/G ratios is evaluated. The optimum approach of the tower is calculated.
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Bruss, F. Thomas, Guy Louchard, and John W. Turner. "On the N-tower problem and related problems." Advances in Applied Probability 35, no. 01 (March 2003): 278–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800012180.
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Consider N towers each made up of a number of counters. At each step a tower is chosen at random, a counter removed which is then added to another tower also chosen at random. The probability distribution for the time needed to empty one of the towers is obtained in the case N = 3. Arguments are set forward as to why no simple formulae can be expected for N > 3. An asymptotic expression for the mean time before one of the towers becomes empty is derived in the case of four towers when they all initially contain a comparably large number of counters. We then study related problems, in particular the ruin problem for three players. Here we use simple martingale methodology as well as a solution proposed by T. S. Ferguson for a slightly modified problem. Throughout the paper it is our main objective to shed light on the reasons why the case N > 3 is so substantially different from the case N ≤ 3.
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Paula, Unathan Kayke de, Luiz Fernando Rasuck de Carvalho, Elvys Dias Reis, and Deysiane Antunes Barroso Damasceno. "Static and dynamic analysis of telecommunication towers subjected to wind." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 4 (March 15, 2022): e18611427279. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i4.27279.
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The expansion of the telecommunications sector in Brazil in recent years and the consequent increase in demand for telecommunication towers open space for a discussion about the guidelines to be taken during the execution of projects of this type of structure. Because they are light and slender structures, wind loads become preponderant for the design of these towers and wind analysis is an important topic to be discussed. Thus, this work analyzes design aspects employing numerical modeling and parametric studies. The Brazilian standard NBR 6123:1988 was used to obtain the wind speed and its static and dynamic loads, to compare the responses generated by each of the methods. Then, this process was repeated following the European standard IEC 60826:2017, to compare the results between the two standards methods. A parametric study was also performed with towers of different heights to better understand the structure behavior. The tower responses were obtained using the finite element software SAP2000, in which a lattice tower model with a constant square section was developed, to which the wind loads calculated according to the aforementioned standards were applied. The results showed that each analysis method generates considerably different results, revealing that this is a point that should be very well studied during the design of telecommunication towers.
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Shimoda, Ichita. "Towers on the Earthen Foundation: New Insights by the Excavation and Boring Survey at the Bayon Temple." Heritage 4, no. 4 (September 29, 2021): 2835–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040159.
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Bayon temple, built in the latter half of the 12th century, is one representative temple of the Angkor monuments. To shed light on the foundation structure of the central towers that stand on the elevated terrace, archaeological excavation and boring tests were conducted. Based on these surveys, a unique foundation structure was revealed under the central towers. It was confirmed that there is no laterite or sandstone support structure directly beneath the upper structure, and that there is only compacted soil at a thickness of approximately 16 m above the natural sedimentary soil. On the other hand, a laterite masonry 6 m thick and 7–9 m wide was confirmed from around the compacted soil. In other words, the heavy load of the central towers is supported by compacted soil that is constrained from the sides by a laterite structure. In addition, the boring surveys provided new insights into the low structural property of the backfilled soil after the past excavation survey below the central tower and the extension process of the elevated terrace supporting the central towers. Delivered information about the foundation structure and material of central towers, including soil property, water table, water contents, and bearing capacity will be valuable for the future structural assessment of this temple.
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Mochocki, Wojciech, Paulina Obara, and Urszula Radoń. "System-reliability analysis of steel truss towers." MATEC Web of Conferences 219 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821902001.
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Steel truss towers are important structures in civil engineering, used as, for example, antenna towers, architectural towers, transmission towers, chimney towers, light towers, viewing towers, or water towers. In the paper, the latter structural type is analysed. Three types of truss towers with different topology are discussed. The towers are designed according to the standards. Next, reliability analysis is performed and the influence of type of truss topology on reliability is analysed. Reliability analysis concerns formulation of the limit state, calculation of failure probability and determination of reliability index. In the paper, the system approach is proposed, definitely more complete than that obtained using approximation-simulation methods. In the case of structures analysed in the paper, the types of reliability models are determined. Identification of reliability models relies on studies on the transformation of the safe structural system into the geometrically variable system (mechanism). The investigations made it possible to determine the kinematically admissible failure mechanisms which contain minimal critical sets of elements. In order to identify the mechanism, spectral analysis of the linear stiffness matrix is used. In the case of the towers of concern, the formulas specifying the number of mechanisms for any number of repeating sections are determined.
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Liu, Y., J. C. Axmacher, L. Li, C. Wang, and Z. Yu. "Ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) inventories: a comparison of light and pitfall trapping." Bulletin of Entomological Research 97, no. 6 (November 12, 2007): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485307005299.
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AbstractCarabid inventories gained via pitfall trapping were compared to manual samples from light towers. A comparison of the two methods indicated that pitfall traps recorded a significantly higher diversity of carabids and were efficient in indicating changes of habitat conditions. Nevertheless, this method failed to give near-complete inventories of all carabid species present. Manual sampling at light towers resulted in far greater sample sizes, and this method was particularly efficient in monitoring potential pest species, but again failed to record all species present. Both methods hence showed different strengths, and only a combination, potentially also including further sampling techniques, will enable the generation of complete species inventories.
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Mahoney, Laura, Bassam A. Younis, and Christopher W. Simmons. "A novel system for the treatment of wastewater from a tomato processing plant with UV light." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 662–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.064.
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Abstract In tomato processing plants, the production of paste involves the use of heat to evaporate water to concentrate the tomato juice. The hot water isolated from the juice is then passed through cooling towers to cool it sufficiently before discharge. Recovery of excess and blowdown water from the cooling towers would decrease the net water demand of the plant and improve water efficiency. However, since this water has been exposed to the open air, it must be disinfected before reuse. This research investigated the use of a novel ultraviolet (UV) system to disinfect water from the cooling tower basins located at an industrial tomato processing facility. The objective was to assess, in situ, the disinfection system's performance with regards to its utility, and its ability and to treat wastewater generated in an operational, industrial-scale setting. Beyond typical wastewater microbial assays, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was employed to understand the bacterial communities present in the wastewater, and to screen for microorganisms that may pose a risk for water reuse in food processing facilities.
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García-León, J., P. E. Collado Espejo, and F. J. Jiménez González. "NEGRO TOWER: DOCUMENTATION, CONSERVATION, AND RESTORATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W15 (August 22, 2019): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w15-489-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Negro Tower or Arráez Tower, in El Algar (Cartagena, Spain), dates from 1585. This tower was part of an extensive network of watch and defense towers built along the coastline of Murcia between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It is an inland rural tower, in visual contact with the coastal towers. Its objective was to receive and transfer warnings from onshore towers to protect the population, especially farmers. The tower is protected as a monument but is currently in a dilapidated state of conservation. Therefore, this building has been chosen as the object of an integral study, which can serve as a reliable basis for its correct conservation and restoration. Through historical analysis, light has been shed upon the evolution of the Tower from the social, cultural, and architectural points of view. The graphic documentation has been made using digital photogrammetry and a 3D laser scanner, compatible with classical topography. Based on all this information, an integral project of consolidation and volumetric recomposition of the tower has been proposed. As a result of this research, we intend to contribute to the conservation and recovery of the heritage value of the Tower, as well as the integration of the historic monument in its natural environment.</p>
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Yan, Wai Yeung, Salem Morsy, Ahmed Shaker, and Mark Tulloch. "Automatic extraction of highway light poles and towers from mobile LiDAR data." Optics & Laser Technology 77 (March 2016): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.09.017.
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Robinson, Cynthia. "Towers, Birds and Divine Light: The Contested Territory of Nasrid and “Mudéjar” Ornament." Medieval Encounters 17, no. 1-2 (2011): 27–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006711x561712.
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Zhang, Yuan Di, Gang Xie, and Yan Qing Hou. "Simulation and Optimization of Energy Saving Distillation Process for High-Purity Trichlorosilane with Material Properties." Advanced Materials Research 675 (March 2013): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.675.379.
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In order to reduce the production cost of polysilicon, the raw material of the photovoltaic industry, applying heat integrated distillation technology of two towers in trichlorosilane distillation process consisting of removal of light components after removing heavy components. By assistant of a chemical process software, the new energy-saving process is simulated, the main parameters of two towers are optimized and the best implementation solution are provided. The optimum parameters for the first tower are the operation pressure of 500 kPa, the number of theoretical plates of 32, the position of feed plate of 24, reflux ratio of 4.2 and the distillate to feed ratio of 0.8516. For the second tower, the operation pressure, the number of theoretical plates, the position of feed plate, the reflux ratio and the bottoms to feed ratio are 250 kPa, 74, 15, 111 and 0.9652 respectively.The results showed that the new process can save energy consumption up to 50%, the coefficient of recovery for trichlorosilane is up to 98.7% while the high purity of trichlorosilane can ensure the resulted polysilicon excellent photovoltaic properties.
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Cappiello, Luigi. "Hadronic ligh-by-light contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon: The role of scalar resonances in a holographic model of QCD." EPJ Web of Conferences 270 (2022): 00029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202227000029.
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We review the evaluation of scalar mesons contribution to the hadronic light-by-light piece of the muon anomalous magnetic moment, using a holographic model of QCD.We evaluate the contributions of the lightest, sub-GeV scalars σ(500), a0(980) and f0(980) and their associated towers of excited states. Our results point at a negative contribution, overwhelmingly dominated by the σ(500) meson, that we estimate at aμHLbL,S = -9(2)·10-11, in very good agreement with recent determinations from dispersive analyses.
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Kouris, Emmanouil-Georgios, Leonidas-Alexandros S. Kouris, Avraam A. Konstantinidis, Chris G. Karayannis, and Elias C. Aifantis. "Assessment and Fragility of Byzantine Unreinforced Masonry Towers." Infrastructures 6, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6030040.
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The seismic response of five cultural heritage towers erected between the 10th and 19th century AD are investigated herein. Firstly, their architectural and modal characteristics were studied in the light of seismic events that hit the monuments. There exist several historical reports of strong earthquakes, as well as damaged structures and collapses. The limit analysis is adopted to examine the post-elastic behavior of the towers up to collapse due to out-of-plane failure. Recurrent damage modes were collected from recent earthquakes and a classification of four possible collapse mechanisms in towers and slender masonry structures is here proposed: overturning, separation of perpendicular walls, diagonal cracking, and dislocation of the belfry. A thorough examination of the towers under investigation verified the proposed damage classification. The capacity curves were derived combining the capacity curves of each of the collapse mechanisms. Damage thresholds were defined on these curves in correspondence with damage states. The studied group of structures is representative of a wider typology. A statistical approach was adopted to describe damage with seismic intensity, and vulnerability curves were generated. The results of this study will improve the understanding of the performance and the collapse mechanisms of slender masonry structures under seismic loading and provide a characterization of seismic vulnerability for the studied cultural heritage types of towers.
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Weaver, Geoffrey, and Marc W. van Iersel. "Photochemical Characterization of Greenhouse-grown Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Green Towers’) with Applications for Supplemental Lighting Control." HortScience 54, no. 2 (February 2019): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13553-18.
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Plant light use efficiency decreases as light intensity is increased, and a better understanding of crop-specific light responses can contribute to the development of more energy-efficient supplemental lighting control strategies for greenhouses. In this study, diurnal chlorophyll fluorescence monitoring was used to characterize the photochemical responses of ‘Green Towers’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and daily light integral (DLI) in a greenhouse during a production cycle. Plants were monitored continuously for 35 days, with chlorophyll fluorescence measurements collected once every 15 minutes. Quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) decreased exponentially with PPFD, whereas electron transport rate (ETR) increased asymptotically to 121 µmol·m–2·s–1. Daily photochemical integral (DPI) is defined as the integral of ETR over a 24-hour period; DPI increased asymptotically to 3.29 mol·m–2·d–1 with increasing DLI. No effects of plant age or prior day’s DLI and a negligible effect of PPFDs 15 or 30 minutes before measurements within days were observed. Simulations were conducted using the regression equation of ETR as a function of PPFD {ETR = 121[1 – exp(–0.00277PPFD)]} to illustrate methods of increasing photochemical light use efficiency for improved supplemental lighting control strategies. For a given DLI, DPI can be increased by providing light at lower PPFDs for a longer period of time, and can be maximized by providing light with a uniform PPFD throughout the entire photoperiod. Similarly, the DLI required to achieve a given DPI is reduced using these same methods.
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KIMURA, GORO, YOSHIMORI MURAI, and TSUTOMU TANIKAWA. "Distribution and abundance of adult caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the vicinity of food and pharmaceutical factories." Zoosymposia 10, no. 1 (August 9, 2016): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.10.1.22.
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We investigated the abundance of adult caddisflies in the precincts of food and pharmaceutical factories. The objective of this study is to clarify the abundance of adult caddisflies from the cooling tower and catch basin by a light trap in the vicinity of food and pharmaceutical factories. In addition, to clarify the role of vegetation near factories for adult caddisflies, an investigation of the number of insects using vegetation was conducted with light traps. The light traps were operated in mid May−early June, end July−mid August, and mid−end October 2009. At St. 1, the highest number of hydroptilid adults was collected in cherry trees (64 individuals), followed by the cooling tower (38 individuals), and the catch basin (only one individual). On the other hand, the highest number of hydroptilid adults at St. 2 was collected in the catch basin (15 individuals), followed by cherry trees (7 individuals), and cooling tower (6 individuals). No hydroptilid adults were collected in the cooling tower and vegetation at St. 3. These results suggest that factories may be exposed to periodic invasions of adults from not only natural aquatic ecosystems, rivers and lakes, but also small man-made aquatic ecosystems, cooling towers and catch basins, in the vicinity of factories.
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Gómez, Celina, Robert C. Morrow, C. Michael Bourget, Gioia D. Massa, and Cary A. Mitchell. "Comparison of Intracanopy Light-emitting Diode Towers and Overhead High-pressure Sodium Lamps for Supplemental Lighting of Greenhouse-grown Tomatoes." HortTechnology 23, no. 1 (February 2013): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.1.93.
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Electric supplemental lighting can account for a significant proportion of total greenhouse energy costs. Thus, the objectives of this study were to compare high-wire tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production with and without supplemental lighting and to evaluate two different lighting positions + light sources [traditional high-pressure sodium (HPS) overhead lighting (OHL) lamps vs. light-emitting diode (LED) intracanopy lighting (ICL) towers] on several production and energy-consumption parameters for two commercial tomato cultivars. Results indicated that regardless of the lighting position + source, supplemental lighting induced early fruit production and increased node number, fruit number (FN), and total fruit fresh weight (FW) for both cultivars compared with unsupplemented controls for a winter-to-summer production period. Furthermore, no productivity differences were measured between the two supplemental lighting treatments. The energy-consumption metrics indicated that the electrical conversion efficiency for light-emitting intracanopy lighting (LED-ICL) into fruit biomass was 75% higher than that for HPS-OHL. Thus, the lighting cost per average fruit grown under the HPS-OHL lamps was 403% more than that of using LED-ICL towers. Although no increase in yield was measured using LED-ICL, significant energy savings for lighting occurred without compromising fruit yield.
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Verdiani, Giorgio, Martina Carrara, and Stefano Lami. "Destroyed Places and Ancient Wars. Digital Tools for the Montecastrese Fortress." Studies in Digital Heritage 1, no. 2 (December 14, 2017): 518–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v1i2.23221.
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In the XX century, after being forgotten for centuries, a series of archaeological excavations have brought to light the settlement, named “Montecastrese”, a system of Medieval fortifications organized on the top of a hill near the town of Camaiore, on the Tirreno sea. The archaeologists brought back to light the traces of the fortress and of the village, exploring the monumental ruins of the northern tower, still in place and tumbled down in two main large parts. In the first half of the XIII century, the castle of Montecastrese was conquered and destroyed by the army of Lucca. At the time of its major development the small fortress was organized around two main towers, with walls and various houses. A quite extended village was placed on the southern side of the hill. In 2015 the municipality of Camaiore commissioned a complete digital survey to the Dipartimento di Architettura in Florence. The general survey plan has seen the use of aerial photogrammetric survey, 3D laser scanner survey and terrestrial photogrammetry. The use of 3D modeling of all the lost parts, from the houses to the defense walls, to the system of towers was one of the focal point in this work, using the modeling process from the survey and supporting the reconstruction hypothesis with previous archaeological data, while matching the missing parts with similar architectures and the needs of the medieval defense/attack techniques. For the northern tower a specific operation based on the use of 3D printed models was brought on to bring to an end the debate about the sequence of the fall of the tower, quite important to the digital reconstruction of this building, the direct manipulation of a scaled model turned out to be a fundamental step for the completion of this part of the research.
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Forsberg, Charles W., Per F. Peterson, and Haihua Zhao. "High-Temperature Liquid-Fluoride-Salt Closed-Brayton-Cycle Solar Power Towers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 2 (July 8, 2006): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2710245.
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Liquid-fluoride-salt heat transfer fluids are proposed to raise the heat-to-electricity efficiencies of solar power towers to about 50%. The liquid salt would deliver heat from the solar furnace at temperatures between 700°C and 850°C to a closed multireheat Brayton power cycle using nitrogen or helium as the working fluid. During the daytime, hot salt may also be used to heat graphite, which would then be used as a heat storage medium to make night-time operations possible. Graphite is a low-cost high-heat-capacity solid that is chemically compatible with liquid fluoride salts at high temperatures. About half the cost of a solar power tower is associated with the mirrors that focus light on the receiver, and less than one-third is associated with the power cycle and heat storage. Consequently, increasing the efficiency by 20–30% has the potential for major reductions in the cost of electricity. Peak temperatures and efficiencies of current designs of power towers are restricted by (1) the use of liquid nitrate salts that decompose at high temperatures and (2) steam cycles in which corrosion limits peak temperature. The liquid-fluoride-salt technology and closed Brayton power cycles are being developed for high-temperature nuclear reactors. These developments may provide the technology and industrial basis for an advanced solar power tower.
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Liu, Changan, Yang Liu, Hua Wu, and Ruifang Dong. "A Safe Flight Approach of the UAV in the Electrical Line Inspection." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2015-0021.
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Abstract In recent years, the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) inspection for the electrical line has received increasing attentions due to the advantages of low costs, easiness to control and flexibility. The UAV can inspect the electrical tower independently and automatically by planning the flight path. But during the inspection along the path, the UAV is easily impacted by gust wind due to its light weight and small size, which always leads to the crash into the electrical tower. Thus, in this paper, a safe flight approach (SFA) is proposed to make the flight be safer during the inspection. The main contributions include: firstly, the piecewise linear interpolation method is proposed to fit the distribution curve of the electrical towers based on the GPS coordinates of the electrical towers; secondly, the no-fly zone on the both sides of the distribution curve are created, and a security distance formula (SDF) is raised to decide the width of the no-fly zone; thirdly, a gust wind formula (GWF) is proposed to improve the artificial potential field approach, which can contribute to the path planning of the UAV; finally, a flight path of the UAV can be planned using the SFA to make the UAV avoid colliding with the electric tower. The proposed approach is tested on the experiment to demonstrate its effectiveness.
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Romero-Rodríguez, Alba, Mario Martínez, Lluïsa M. Mir, and Hiroaki Yamamoto. "Determination of the Stray Light-Induced Noise from the Baffle in the Cryogenic Trapping Area of Advanced Virgo in O5." Galaxies 10, no. 4 (August 2, 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/galaxies10040086.
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As part of the Advanced Virgo upgrade for the O5 observation run in 2026, a more powerful laser and larger end mirrors in the Fabry–Perot cavities will be installed. The new optical configuration will increase the laser beam waist in the cryogenic trapping area close to the end towers. This could require enlarging the apertures in the vacuum pipe, now dictated by the presence of a baffle, in order to avoid beam clipping and noise due to coupling with baffle vibrations, potentially leading to a significant background to the gravitational-wave signals. This is a delicate operation that would require displacing the cryotrap and the end tower. In this study, we compute the expected back-scattering from the existing cryogenic trap baffle and compare it to the expected Virgo sensitivity in O5 to determine whether the existing hardware configuration constitutes a threat for the future performance of the detector.
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Mazurowski, Ryszard F., Danuta J. Michczyńska, Anna Pazdur, and Natalia Piotrowska. "Chronology of the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Settlement Tell Qaramel, Northern Syria, in the Light of Radiocarbon Dating." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 771–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200056083.
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Archaeological excavations at the Syrian settlement of Tell Qaramel have been conducted since 1999. They are concentrated on remnants of the Protoneolithic and early stages of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. The settlement has revealed an extremely rich collection of everyday use of flint, bone, and mostly stone objects, such as decorated chlorite or limestone vessels; shaft straighteners used to stretch wooden arrow shafts, richly decorated in geometrical, zoomorphic, and anthropomorphic patterns; as well as different kinds of stones, querns, mortars, pestles, grinders, polishing plates, celts, and adzes.Excavations brought the discovery of 5 circular towers. Some 57 charcoal samples were collected during the excavations and dated in the GADAM Centre in Gliwice, Poland. The stratigraphy of the settlement and results of radiocarbon dating testify that these are the oldest such constructions in the world, older than the famous and unique tower in Jericho. They confirm that the Neolithic culture was formed simultaneously in many regions of the Near East, creating a farming culture and establishing settlements with mud and stone architecture and creating the first stages of a proto-urban being.
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Viña, Carlos, and Pascal Morin. "Micro air vehicle local pose estimation with a two-dimensional laser scanner: A case study for electric tower inspection." International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 10, no. 2 (December 18, 2017): 127–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756829317745316.
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Automation of inspection tasks is crucial for the development of the power industry, where micro air vehicles have shown a great potential. Self-localization in this context remains a key issue and is the main subject of this work. This article presents a methodology to obtain complete three-dimensional local pose estimates in electric tower inspection tasks with micro air vehicles, using an on-board sensor set-up consisting of a two-dimensional light detection and ranging, a barometer sensor and an inertial measurement unit. First, we present a method to track the tower’s cross-sections in the laser scans and give insights on how this can be used to model electric towers. Then, we show how the popular iterative closest point algorithm, that is typically limited to indoor navigation, can be adapted to this scenario and propose two different implementations to retrieve pose information. This is complemented with attitude estimates from the inertial measurement unit measurements, based on a gain-scheduled non-linear observer formulation. An altitude observer to compensate for barometer drift is also presented. Finally, we address velocity estimation with views to feedback position control. Validations based on simulations and experimental data are presented.
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Shiba, Sabera Fahmida, Hyeongmin Jeon, Jong-Soo Kim, Jong-Eun Kim, and Jungkwun Kim. "3D Microlithography Using an Integrated System of 5-mm UV-LEDs with a Tilt-Rotational Sample Holder." Micromachines 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11020157.
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This paper demonstrates a 3D microlithography system where an array of 5 mm Ultra Violet-Light Emitting Diode (UV-LED) acts as a light source. The unit of the light source is a UV-LED, which comes with a length of about 8.9 mm and a diameter of 5 mm. The whole light source comprises 20 × 20 matrix of such 5 mm UV-LEDs giving a total number of 400 LEDs which makes it a very favorable source with a large area for having a batch production of the desired microstructures. This light source is able to give a level of precision in microfabrication which cannot be obtained using commercial 3D printers. The whole light source performs continuous rotational movement once it is turned on. This can also move up and down in a vertical direction. This multidirectional light source also comprises a multidirectional sample holder. The light source teaming up with the multidirectional sample holder highly facilitates the process of fabrication of a huge range of 3D structures. This article also describes the different levels of characterization of the system and demonstrates several fabricated 3D microstructures including high aspect ratio vertical micro towers, twisted turbine structures, triangles, inclined pillar ‘V’ structures, and hollow horn structures as well.
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Cadnum, Jennifer L., Annette L. Jencson, Scott A. Gestrich, Scott H. Livingston, Boris A. Karaman, Kevin J. Benner, Brigid M. Wilson, and Curtis J. Donskey. "A comparison of the efficacy of multiple ultraviolet light room decontamination devices in a radiology procedure room." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 40, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2018.296.
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AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of multiple ultraviolet (UV) light decontamination devices in a radiology procedure room.DesignLaboratory evaluation.MethodsWe compared the efficacy of 8 UV decontamination devices with a 4-minute UV exposure time in reducing recovery of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and Clostridium difficile spores on steel disk carriers placed at 5 sites on a computed tomography patient table. Analysis of variance was used to compare reductions for the different devices. A spectrometer was used to obtain irradiance measurements for the devices.ResultsFour standard vertical tower low-pressure mercury devices achieved 2 log10CFU or greater reductions in VRE and MRSA and ~1 log10CFU reductions in C. difficile spores, whereas a pulsed-xenon device resulted in less reduction in the pathogens (P<.001). In comparison to the vertical tower low-pressure mercury devices, equal or greater reductions in the pathogens were achieved by 3 nonstandard low-pressure mercury devices that included either adjustable bulbs that could be oriented directly over the exam table, a robotic base allowing movement along the side of the table during operation, or 3 vertical towers operated simultaneously. The low-pressure mercury devices produced primarily UV-C light, whereas the pulsed-xenon device produced primarily UV-A and UV-B light. The time required to move the devices from the corner of the room and set up for operation varied from 18 to 59 seconds.ConclusionsMany currently available UV devices could provide an effective and efficient adjunct to manual cleaning and disinfection in radiology procedure rooms.
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Lull, Vicente, Rafael Micó, Cristina Rihuete-Herrada, and Roberto Risch. "The La Bastida fortification: new light and new questions on Early Bronze Age societies in the western Mediterranean." Antiquity 88, no. 340 (June 1, 2014): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00101073.
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Recent excavations at La Bastida in south-eastern Spain have revealed an impressive stone-built fortification system dating to 2200–2100 cal BC that protected one of the main economic and political centres of Argaric Early Bronze Age society. It consists of parallel walls with projecting towers flanking a narrow entrance passage. The defensive character of these structures appears beyond question and their design suggests they were a response to significant changes in warfare and weaponry in this period. This sophisticated fortification system raises once again the question of possible Mediterranean contacts, along with social change and the role of physical violence in the rise of Argaric society.
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Zhang, Jun, Xufeng Wang, and Jun Ren. "Simulation of Gross Primary Productivity Using Multiple Light Use Efficiency Models." Land 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030329.
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Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the most basic variable in a carbon cycle study that determines the carbon that enters the ecosystem. The remote sensing-based light use efficiency (LUE) model is one of the primary tools that is currently used to estimate the GPP at the regional scale. Many remote sensing-based GPP models have been developed in the last several decades, and these models have been well evaluated at some sites. However, an accurate estimation of the GPP remains challenging work using LUE models because of uncertainties in the model caused by model parameters, model forcing, and vegetation spatial heterogeneity. In this study, five widely used LUE models, Glo-PEM, VPM, EC-LUE, the MODIS GPP algorithm, and C-fix, were selected to simulate the GPP of the Heihe River Basin forced using in situ measurements. A multiple-model averaging method, Bayesian model averaging (BMA), was used to combine the five models to obtain a more reliable GPP estimation. The BMA was trained using carbon flux data from five eddy covariance towers located at dominant vegetation types in the study area. Generally, the BMA method performed better than any single LUE model. From the case study in the study area, it is indicated that the trained BMA is an efficient method to combine multiple LUE models and can improve the GPP simulation accuracy.
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Ujszászi, Zsuzsanna. "The Pre-Raphaelite Journey into the Middle Ages." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausp-2015-0033.
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Abstract The Pre-Raphaelite artists and poets rejected contemporary conventional style in art, and did not concern themselves with the representation of contemporary life either. They viewed the surrounding social life as sordid, and reached back to the Middle Ages both for technique and subject matter. Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, and later William Morris found inspiration in late medieval art and literature. They took their subjects from history, legend, religion or poetry, focusing on moral or psychological issues, and expressed fascination for beauty as a value of spiritual nature. This paper examines three of Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s medieval fantasy pictures (The Tune of Seven Towers, The Blue Closet and A Christmas Carol), which prompt a meditative and imaginative response through their enigmatic references, and thus attest the mysterious feature of Pre-Raphaelite medieval imagery. The paper discusses their enigmatic nature in the light of William Morris’s early dream poems The Tune of Seven Towers and The Blue Closet, written on the relevant Rossetti pictures. A parallel reading of poem and picture evidences how Pre-Raphaelite medievalism in painting can invite the onlooker for an inner journey through exploring an imagined referential background.
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Youn, J., D. Kim, T. Kim, J. H. Yoo, and B. J. Lee. "DEVELOPMENT OF UAV AIR ROADS BY USING 3D GRID SYSTEM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4 (September 19, 2018): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-731-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> With the drastic development of low-altitude UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology, UAV will be used for long-distance logistics in the near future. Many countries begin to develop UTM (UAV Traffic Management) system, and one of the objectives for the system is preparation of UAV-logistics era. In that era, hundreds of drone will simultaneously fly at one area. To prevent UAV collision in the air, UAV air road should be designed. The Korean government have supported research projects related with UAV air roads. This paper deals with development of UAV air roads by using 3D grid system. First, detail 3D spatial information for UAV air roads is constructed. In many cases, 3D digital map does not include transmission towers, utility poles, power lines, or trees, since the interests of 3D digital map are focussed on digital elevation model and digital surface model with buildings. The transmission towers, utility poles, and power lines could be obstacles when UAV perform its logistics mission. Therefore, detail 3D information should be constructed for UAV air roads. We constructed such detail 3D information by using MMS (Mobile Mapping System) and aerial survey with Lidar and digital photograph. Next, 3D grid system is proposed to present such detail 3D information. Usual object based 3D information is huge size and hard to control. To provide 3D information to a flying UAV, data should be light. Therefore, light-weight 3D grid system is effective to provide air road information to UAV. Proposed 3D grid based air roads can be used for UAV flight plan, traffic management etc.</p>
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Besthorn, Fred H. "Post 9-11 Terror Hysteria: Social Work Practice and The US Patriot Act." Advances in Social Work 9, no. 1 (September 17, 2008): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/169.
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It was only weeks after the planes crashed into the twin towers on that bright, sunlit morning of September 11th, 200l, that it became apparent that the most important challenge now facing American democracy was how well would we strike a balance between liberty and security. This paper will look at the history of civil liberties in light of threats to national security. It will examine components of the US Patriot Act, how these provisions are being applied and the potential implication of the act on social work education and practice. Suggestions of how social work might respond to these new realities will be discussed.
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Matić, Gabrijela, and Željko Peković. "Sacral architecture of Split parish churches built since 1990." St open 2 (July 13, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/so.2.4.
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Objective: The article aims to provide a typology of contemporary sacral architecture in Croatia by analyzing the churches built in the Split area after the post-World War II ban on building churches was abolished. Methods: Parish archives and the Archive of Split-Makarska Archdiocese provided documentation that allowed for an in-depth analysis of newly built churches. A short historical overview is provided to corroborate the need of respective parishes for a new church; this is followed by an analysis of the ground plan and other architectural features. The church architecture is considered in the light of post-Council instructions that affect the appearance of contemporary churches. Finally, we provide an analysis of the relationship between sacral buildings and their urban environment. Results: Twelve new parish churches were built in the city of Split City area since 1990. A data analysis revealed that the major problem during church construction projects was the visual integration of the churches into the Split neighborhoods. The shape and size of the buildings was partly dictated by the urban environment. Most churches are located in the immediate vicinity of the center of the neighborhood. The churches mainly differed by the shape of their bell towers, which were used by the architects to convey their devotion to or departure from tradition. The move toward central-plan buildings, which would be expected in the light of post-Council guidelines, did not emerge in Split. Conclusion: A comparison of contemporary sacral architecture in Split did not reveal a defined church design typology. The contemporary sacral architecture in Split has not completely turned to new trends and is still partly trying to keep the tradition, as reflected in the ground plan and bell tower design. Architects have abandoned the strong longitudinal axis and have been dimensioning the churches based on the real needs.
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Nelkin, Jennifer, and Ursula Schuch. "(400) Basil Yields Were Affected by Production Systems and Environmental Control Strategies in a Retractable Roof Greenhouse." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1062A—1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1062a.
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Fresh weight production of basil (Ocimum basilicum`Genovese') growing in a retractable roof greenhouse (RRGH) or outdoors was evaluated under different shade environments, cultural production systems, and roof control strategies in a semi-arid climate. Cultural production systems included raised beds and towers consisting of six pots arranged vertically and stacked on edge. The growing substrate in both systems was perlite. The three shade environments included a RRGH with either a clear woven roof (35% shade) or a white woven roof (50% shade), or outdoors in full sun (0% shade). Within the RRGH, three strategies of roof control were tested based on air temperature thresholds, quantum thresholds, and globe thermometer temperature thresholds. After establishment, plants were grown for 4 weeks, each under the three roof control strategies in each environment and in both cultural systems. New shoots were harvested weekly and fresh weights were determined. Overall, fresh weight per plant was significantly affected by cultural production system, and basil grown in raised beds produced twice the biomass compared to plants grown in vertical towers. Productivity of basil grown in raised beds was not affected by the three shade environments, but plants in vertical towers produced about 20% more when grown in full sun or under 35% shade compared to under 50% shade. Within the RRGH, roof control strategy significantly affected basil fresh weight per plant. Roof control, based on either a quantum sensor or globe thermometer, increased production by 31% compared to air temperature control. Greater productivity was related to higher cumulative light exposure of plants. Quality of basil grown in the RRGH was superior to that grown in full sun.
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Wellington, Michael J., Petra Kuhnert, Luigi J. Renzullo, and Roger Lawes. "Modelling Within-Season Variation in Light Use Efficiency Enhances Productivity Estimates for Cropland." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (March 20, 2022): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061495.
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Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) for cropland is often estimated using a fixed value for maximum light use efficiency (LUEmax) which is reduced to light use efficiency (LUE) by environmental stress scalars. This may not reflect variation in LUE within a crop season, and environmental stress scalars developed for ecosystem scale modelling may not apply linearly to croplands. We predicted LUE on several vegetation indices, crop type, and agroclimatic predictors using supervised random forest regression with training data from flux towers. Using a fixed LUEmax and environmental stress scalars produced an overestimation of GPP with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.26 gC/m2/day, while using predicted LUE from random forest regression produced RMSEs of 0.099 and 0.404 gC/m2/day for models with and without crop type as a predictor, respectively. Prediction uncertainty was greater for the model without crop type. These results show that LUE varies between crop type, is dynamic within a crop season, and LUE models that reflect this are able to produce much more accurate estimates of GPP over cropland than using fixed LUEmax with stress scalars. Therefore, we suggest a paradigm shift from setting the LUE variable in cropland productivity models based on environmental stress to focusing more on the variation of LUE within a crop season.
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Fujikawa, Hiroyuki, Yoshitaka Kishimoto, and Seigo Nasu. "Aesthetic Design for Akashi Kaikyo Bridge." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1549, no. 1 (January 1996): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154900102.
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The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, part of the Honshu-Shikoku bridge project, is a suspension bridge with a center span of 1990 m. When completed in the spring of 1998, it will be the longest suspension bridge in the world. The bridge is expected to be an attractive addition to the highly urbanized area of Kobe. Therefore, the aesthetic design needed careful consideration. A suspension bridge consists of horizontal stiffening trusses, gently curving main cables, a pair of vertical towers, and anchorages. Aerodynamic stability is important in its structural design. For the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, five types of towers were compared using 1:500 scale models. Given the fabrication and erection work for the structure, a basic truss-type design was chosen. Structural concerns dictated the shape of the stiffening trusses and the main cables. In the selection of color, the surrounding environment was studied. Further research using computer graphics and scale models and site appearance tests was carried out. Greenish-gray was finally chosen from among 30 candidate colors. To lessen the impact of the immense concrete anchorages, light and shadow effects were utilized, and vertical and horizontal indentation was adopted on the surface. The result will be structural beauty and optimum harmony of the bridge with its surroundings.
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Tan, Jie, Wei Liu, and Meng Lin Wang. "Light Environment Research in the Patio of College Teaching Building - Tiangong Building in Hubei Engineering College for Example." Applied Mechanics and Materials 507 (January 2014): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.507.115.
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The college teaching building which corridor inside would be spend large quantities of electrical energy for the corridor lighting during the day, and although the teaching building of atriums could obtain good natural lighting and the atrium space, but due to the design of the glass curtain wall and glass ceiling large energy consumption, even with high technology , such as wind towers or daylighting shutter, to reduce energy consumption, but the investment and maintenance cost is large. Patio with its strong vitality of Chinese traditional local-style dwelling houses and unique charm come down, therefore, will raise a reasonable applied to the teaching building is a kind of low technology design to obtain high benefit .This article analys the apply of patio in teaching building, Hubei engineering college for example, using the analysis software and actual measurement, obtain the effect of natural lighting in the teaching building which the patio used and the influence of patio structure on natural lighting.
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Mailat, Damaris. "Aşezarea dacică de la Piatra Roşie." Hiperboreea A1, no. 12 (January 1, 2012): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.1.12.0011.
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Abstract The Dacian place Piatra Roșie is part of the Vest places of Grădiștea, after the Luncani Târsan place. The stronghold was systematically excavated in the spring of 1949 by a group from The Institute of History and Philosophy from Cluj. It is placed on the peak of a isolated peak, near to the Valea Roșie și Valea Târgului rivers. The plateau has 160 m length and the with is between 30 m(at South), 50 m (in the middle) and 45 m (in North). It is covered by a thin stratum of humus under which is the native calcareous stone. The archaeologists found in their reaserches many intersting things. In the South half of the plateau was found stone walls similars to those from Costești (102 x45 m). In the interior we have 5 towers, two in the S-V and N-V and three in the Est. The construction of the towers is like the enclosure's walls. The N-E tower from the corner was used as entrance. In the interior was found a quite big wooden building, with the bases from stone. The building has two rooms. It is surrounded by a wooden balcony with his shrings placed on the stone base. It has doors, and in thr North side the balcony is round, while the exterior wall is short for a good light. The funeral inventar is quite poor. It was found only fragmentary Dacian things: nails, targets, spikes, a bronze rushlight and iron staples. The citadel has a dominat military caracter. Civil places must have been on the hills which sourrended Piatra Roșie. The apse construction from balcony 1 could have been used as a place for living but in the same time as worship place.
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Hawthorne, Susan C. C., Ramona C. Ilea, and Monica “Mo” Janzen. "Engaged Philosophy: Showcasing Philosophers-Activists Working with the Media, Community Groups, Political Groups, Prisons, and Students." Essays in Philosophy 21, no. 1 (2020): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eip2020211/27.
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By drawing on a selection of interviews from the website Engaged Philosophy, this paper highlights the work of philosopher-activists within their classrooms and communities. These philosophers have stepped out of the ivory towers and work directly with media, community and political groups, people in prison; or they encourage their students to engage in activist projects. The variety of approaches presented here shows the many ways philosophically inspired activism can give voice to those who are marginalized, shine a light on injustices, expose the root of social problems, and empower others to seek solutions. This work shows the relevance of philosophy to practical problems and the powerful effects it can have in the world.
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MATIAS, JOAQUIM, and ALESSANDRO VICINI. "A SCREENING MECHANISM FOR EXTRA W AND Z GAUGE BOSONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, no. 21 (August 20, 2000): 3369–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00001166.
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We generalize a previous construction of a fermiophobic model to the case of more than one extra W and Z gauge bosons. We focus in particular on the existence of screening configurations and their implication on the gauge boson mass spectrum. One of these configurations allows for the existence of a set of relatively light new gauge bosons, without violation of the quite restrictive bounds coming from the ρ NC parameter. The links with Bess and degenerate Bess models are also discussed. Also the signal given here by this more traditional gauge extension of the SM could help to disentangle it from the towers of Kaluza–Klein states over W and Z gauge bosons in extra dimensions.
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Vedernikov, Alexander, Alexander Safonov, Fausto Tucci, Pierpaolo Carlone, and Iskander Akhatov. "Pultruded materials and structures: A review." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 26 (May 16, 2020): 4081–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320922894.
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Currently, the application of pultruded profiles is increasing owing to their advantages, such as light weight, high strength, improved durability, corrosion resistance, ease of transportation, speed of assembly, and nonmagnetic/nonconductive characteristics. This review analyzes the main application fields of elements produced by pultrusion manufacturing processes: bridges and bridge decks, cooling towers, building elements and complete building systems, marine construction, transportation, and energy systems. Analysis of the scientific literature in relation to the mechanical behavior of pultruded elements is presented as well. Finally, this review outlines the future study possibilities, giving the researchers and practitioners the directions for deeper investigation of specific features and exploration of new ones concerning the mentioned aspects of pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer composites.
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Hardman, Blair, and Dave Sharp. "Lighting the way." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S274—S277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21226.
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Historically, Chevron Australia Pty Ltd have utilised Mobile Diesel Lighting Towers (MDLTs), with ‘turtle friendly’ luminaires at the Gorgon natural gas project (located on Barrow Island, Western Australia), operated by Chevron Australia on behalf of a joint venture of the Australian subsidiaries of Chevron (47.3%), ExxonMobil (25%), Shell (25%), Osaka Gas (1.25%), Tokyo Gas (1%) and JERA (0.417%). MDLTs are a known, relatively safe and reliable light source that can be utilised in most locations, though they emit noise, odour, vibrations, waste hydrocarbons and CO2 as well as requiring regular refuelling and general engine maintenance. With recent and significant improvements in solar energy harvest, and battery storage efficiencies, Mobile Solar Lighting Towers (MSLTs) have technical and performance characteristics that are comparable, and in many instances superior, to MDLTs. In addition to these characteristics, Chevron Australia has successfully worked with its Australian supplier, conducting trials on site to introduce a range of additional design and performance improvements. These improvements include simple Human–Machine Interface (HMI) touch screen interface allowing remote automation through WiFi or 4G, real-time battery and performance monitoring, CCTV, geofencing and GPS tracking. The benefits of replacing just 25 owned MDLTs with solar includes the abatement of over 600 tonnes of CO2 and direct operational cost savings of almost A$50 000 per year (not including indirect cost savings or avoided carbon emissions costs). Further, net present value calculations demonstrate a financial benefit exceeding A$1 000 000 over 5 years when the solar towers are leased compared with maintaining existing or purchasing new diesel units. These MSLT units are delivering environmental benefits, direct and indirect financial savings, and reduced health, safety and environment risk, which have been welcomed by the on-site workforce.
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Afzali, Shirin, Sahand Mosharafian, Marc W. van Iersel, and Javad Mohammadpour Velni. "Development and Implementation of an IoT-Enabled Optimal and Predictive Lighting Control Strategy in Greenhouses." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122652.
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Global population growth has increased food production challenges and pushed agricultural systems to deploy the Internet of Things (IoT) instead of using conventional approaches. Controlling the environmental parameters, including light, in greenhouses increases the crop yield; nonetheless, the electricity cost of supplemental lighting can be high, and hence, the importance of applying cost-effective lighting methods arises. In this research paper, a new optimal supplemental lighting approach was developed and implemented in a research greenhouse by adopting IoT technology. The proposed approach minimizes electricity cost by leveraging a Markov-based sunlight prediction, plant light needs, and a variable electricity price profile. Two experimental studies were conducted inside a greenhouse with “Green Towers” lettuce (Lactuca sativa) during winter and spring in Athens, GA, USA. The experimental results showed that compared to a heuristic method that provides light to reach a predetermined threshold at each time step, our strategy reduced the cost by 4.16% and 33.85% during the winter and spring study, respectively. A paired t-test was performed on the growth parameter measurements; it was determined that the two methods did not have different results in terms of growth. In conclusion, the proposed lighting approach reduced electricity cost while maintaining crop growth.
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Weingart, Laurie, Philip Smith, and Mara Olekalns. "Quantitative Coding of Negotiation Behavior." International Negotiation 9, no. 3 (2004): 441–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571806053498805.
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AbstractThe examination of negotiation processes is seen by many researchers as an insurmountable task largely because the required methods are unfamiliar and labor-intensive. In this article, we shed light on a fundamental step in studying negotiation processes, the quantitative coding of data. Relying on videotapes as the primary source of data, we review the steps required to extract usable quantitative data and the lessons we've learned in doing so in our own research. We review our experience working with one large negotiation dataset, Towers Market II, to illustrate two steps within the larger research process: developing a coding scheme and coding the data. We then go on to discuss some of the issues that need to be resolved before data analysis begins.
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Coombs, M., A. P. Del Socorro, G. P. Fitt, and P. C. Gregg. "The reproductive maturity and mating status of Helicoverpa armigera, H. punctigera and Mythimna convecta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in tower-mounted light traps in northern New South Wales, Australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 4 (December 1993): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530003995x.
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AbstractThe reproductive condition and mating status of female Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), H. punctigera (Wallengren) and the mating status of the armywormMythimna convecta (Walker), trapped in tower-mounted light traps were studied over a four and a half year period, from November 1985 to December 1989. The traps were mounted on towers (40 and 50 m high) in two geographically distinct sites, one located at Point Lookout and the other at Mt Dowe both in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. At the Point Lookout site, 132 females of H. armigera and 366 of H. punctigera were examined and of those, 88.7% and 89.9% were unmated and immature, respectively. Most of the remaining females of both species were mature and mated. Of the matedH. armigerafemales, 78.6% carried only a single spermatophore, the remainder having either two or three spermatophores. Most of the matedH. punctigerafemales (97.1%) carried only a single spermatophore and the remainder had no more than two. Females ofM. convectawere predominantly (97.1%) unmated. At the Mt Dowe siteH. punctigeraadults were predominant and all 44 females of this species examined were unmated and non-gravid. Pre-reproductive flight byHelicoverpaspp. andM. convectais considered as an important component of the life-history strategies of these insects. Flexibility in the timing and spacing of reproductive effort is seen as enabling colonization of heterogeneous environments.
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Wang, Zhao, Shuguang Liu, Ying-Ping Wang, Ruben Valbuena, Yiping Wu, Mykola Kutia, Yi Zheng, et al. "Tighten the Bolts and Nuts on GPP Estimations from Sites to the Globe: An Assessment of Remote Sensing Based LUE Models and Supporting Data Fields." Remote Sensing 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020168.
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Gross primary production (GPP) determines the amounts of carbon and energy that enter terrestrial ecosystems. However, the tremendous uncertainty of the GPP still hinders the reliability of GPP estimates and therefore understanding of the global carbon cycle. In this study, using observations from global eddy covariance (EC) flux towers, we appraised the performance of 24 widely used GPP models and the quality of major spatial data layers that drive the models. Results show that global GPP products generated by the 24 models varied greatly in means (from 92.7 to 178.9 Pg C yr−1) and trends (from −0.25 to 0.84 Pg C yr−1). Model structure differences (i.e., light use efficiency models, machine learning models, and process-based biophysical models) are an important aspect contributing to the large uncertainty. In addition, various biases in currently available spatial datasets have found (e.g., only 57% of the observed variation in photosynthetically active radiation at the flux tower locations was explained by the spatial dataset), which not only affect GPP simulation but more importantly hinder the simulation and understanding of the earth system. Moving forward, research into the efficacy of model structures and precision of input data may be more important for global GPP estimation.
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Niaz, Babrak, Ali Hassan, and Sadaf Irtaza. "Role of Media in Minimizing Religious Extremism and Ethnic Instability in Balochistan, Pakistan." Global Regional Review V, no. IV (December 30, 2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(v-iv).02.
Full textAbstract:
This paper attempts to search out different conflicting issues that caused unrest in Balochistan from almost two decades. The incident of twin towers 9/11 has changed global order, and its impact and repercussion were felt in the barren mountains of Balochistan. The is the fifth insurgency in Balochistan, and from over 50 years the issue remained unresolved, beside nationalists movement in Balochistan extremist religious factor also played a pivotal role in the escalation of unrest. This paper shed light on to the historical perspective of both the Religious and ethnic conflicting issue, and it will also look into the media status that how it can play its role in minimizing both these conflicting issues. The study is descriptive in nature, and this study will find out some possible solution in the form of suggestions and commendations.
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Farizah Filzah Naing, Nur, Oh Chai Lian, Ilyani Akmar Abu Bakar, and Mohd Raizamzamani Md Zain. "Form-Finding of Tensegrity Model with Triangular Cells." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.36 (May 6, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.36.29094.
Full textAbstract:
Tensegrity structures is a light-weight structure compared to concrete structures that are heavy and rigid in shape. The studies on form-finding for tensegrity configuration are still ongoing and have been extensively conducted. Additionally, many proposed tensegrity structures have not been built for real applications. This study aims to determine potential self-equilibrated configurations of three-stage Class I tensegrity model assemblage with triangular cells, which may be applied as deployable towers. The form-finding methodology involves phases in establishment of desired form and formulation for the self-equilibrated state. The system of equilibrium equations was solved by Moore-Penrose generalized inverse method. A range of twist angles 10o – 50o for triangular cells was investigated in the form-finding process. It was found that the form-finding method via changing of twist angles has successfully search self-equilibrated tensegrity models.