Academic literature on the topic 'Light alkane'

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Journal articles on the topic "Light alkane"

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Centi, G. "Selective heterogeneous oxidation of light alkanes. What differentiates alkane from alkene feedstocks?" Catalysis Letters 22, no. 1-2 (March 1993): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00811769.

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Bairamgulova, Rezeda I., and Elena F. Trapeznikova. "LIGHT ALKANE DEHYDROGENATION CATALYSTS." Oil and Gas Business, no. 4 (June 2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2019-4-173-196.

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Wilcox, Esther M., George W. Roberts, and James J. Spivey. "Thermodynamics of light alkane carboxylation." Applied Catalysis A: General 226, no. 1-2 (March 2002): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(01)00913-9.

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Li, Yuming, Shuting Fu, Qiyang Zhang, Hongyu Liu, and Yajun Wang. "Recent Progress of Ga-Based Catalysts for Catalytic Conversion of Light Alkanes." Catalysts 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12111371.

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The efficient and clean conversion of light alkanes is a research hotspot in the petrochemical industry, and the development of effective and eco-friendly non-noble metal-based catalysts is a key factor in this field. Among them, gallium is a metal component with good catalytic performance, which has been extensively used for light alkanes conversion. Herein, we critically summarize recent developments in the preparation of gallium-based catalysts and their applications in the catalytic conversion of light alkanes. First, we briefly describe the different routes of light alkane conversion. Following that, the remarkable preparation methods for gallium-based catalysts are discussed, with their state-of-the-art application in light alkane conversion. It should be noticed that the directional preparation of specific Ga species, strengthening metal-support interactions to anchor Ga species, and the application of new kinds of methods for Ga-based catalysts preparation are at the leading edge. Finally, the review provides some current limitations and future perspectives for the development of gallium-based catalysts. Recently, different kinds of Ga species were reported to be active in alkane conversion, and how to separate them with advanced in situ and ex situ characterizations is still a problem that needs to be solved. We believe that this review can provide base information for the preparation and application of Ga-based catalysts in the current stage. With these summarizations, this review can inspire new research directions of gallium-based catalysts in the catalysis conversion of light alkanes with ameliorated performances.
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van den Bergh, Johan, Canan Gücüyener, Evgeny A. Pidko, Emiel J. M. Hensen, Jorge Gascon, and Freek Kapteijn. "Understanding the Anomalous Alkane Selectivity of ZIF-7 in the Separation of Light Alkane/Alkene Mixtures." Chemistry - A European Journal 17, no. 32 (July 13, 2011): 8832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201100958.

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Labinger, Jay A., David C. Leitch, John E. Bercaw, Mark A. Deimund, and Mark E. Davis. "Upgrading Light Hydrocarbons: A Tandem Catalytic System for Alkane/Alkene Coupling." Topics in Catalysis 58, no. 7-9 (April 2, 2015): 494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-015-0380-2.

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Atashi, Hossein, Mehdi Shiva, Farshad Farshchi Tabrizi, and Ali Akbar Mirzaei. "Study of Syngas Conversion to Light Olefins by Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/945735.

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The effect of adding MgO to a precipitated iron-cobalt-manganese based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalyst was investigated via response surface methodology. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was examined in a fixed bed microreactor at a total pressure of 1–7 bar, temperature of 280–380°C, MgO content of 5–25% and using a syngas having a H2to CO ratio equal to 2.The dependence of the activity and product distribution on MgO content, temperature, and pressure was successfully correlated via full quadratic second-order polynomial equations. The statistical analysis and response surface demonstrations indicated that MgO significantly influences the CO conversion and chain growth probability as well as ethane, propane, propylene, butylene selectivity, and alkene/alkane ratio. A strong interaction between variables was also evidenced in some cases. The decreasing effect of pressure on alkene to alkane ratio is investigated through olefin readsorption effects and CO hydrogenation kinetics. Finally, a multiobjective optimization procedure was employed to calculate the best amount of MgO content in different reactor conditions.
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Costa, Carlos, Anais Santos, and Milena A. Vega. "Kinetics of Arab Light Crude Oil Degradation by Pseudomonas and Bacillus Strains." Water 14, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 3802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14233802.

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The biodegradation of crude oil is a consequence of the presence of a specific enzymatic system in the microorganisms selected: the alkane hydroxylase (AlkH). The enzymatic biodegradation has been described since 1994, when the enzyme was first isolated from P. putida (formerly P. oleovorans), but the kinetics of microbial degradation has been weakly considered. We studied and described in this work the kinetics of Arab Light biodegradation, a light crude oil used for gasoline production (46.4% C7–C12 n-alkanes), using two oleophilic strains (Bacillus licheniformis and Pseudomonas putida). Alkanes were extracted from aqueous solutions in the bioreactors by dichloromethane, with a high ratio aqueous:organic volumes (1:0.2 mL) for the amplification of the GC n-alkane signals, and GC spectra were monitored in time over 40 days. Petroleum emulsions were visualized using optical microscopy as a result of biosurfactant segregation, which is necessary for the enzymatic biodegradation of oil by microorganisms. Kinetic analysis in biodegradation of Arab Light (total petroleum hydrocarbons, TPH) exhibits first-order kinetics with 0.098 d−1 and 0.082 d−1 as kinetic coefficients for 8.6 g/L initial crude oil concentration (30 °C), which results in degradation rates of 843 mg/Ld and 705 mg/Ld in B. licheniformis and P. putida, respectively. These results can be applied for oil spill bioremediation, using these microorganisms with the objective of removing contamination by petroleum alkanes.
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Li, Chunyi, and Guowei Wang. "Dehydrogenation of light alkanes to mono-olefins." Chemical Society Reviews 50, no. 7 (2021): 4359–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cs00983k.

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Carotta, M. C., A. Cervi, A. Giberti, V. Guidi, C. Malagù, G. Martinelli, and D. Puzzovio. "Metal-oxide solid solutions for light alkane sensing." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 133, no. 2 (August 2008): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.03.012.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Light alkane"

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Schmidt, Iver. "Design of nanoporous materials for light alkane transformation." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369114.

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Waku, Toshio. "Light alkane conversion to useful chemicals on modified ZSM5 catalysts." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136343.

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Nguyen, Luong Huu. "Development of a kinetic model for light alkane aromatisation over zeolite catalysts." Thesis, University of Bath, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419346.

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Derk, Alan Richard. "Understanding and Controlling Light Alkane Reactivity on Metal Oxides| Optimization Through Doping." Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3724768.

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Metal oxide catalysts have numerous industrial applications and have garnered research attention. Although oxides catalyze many important reactions, their yields to products are too low to be of economic value due to low conversion and/or low selectivity. For example, some oxides can catalyze the conversion of methane to intermediates or products that are liquefiable at yields no higher than 30%. With improved yield, such a process could help reduce the trillions of cubic feet of natural gas flared every year, saving billions of dollars and millions of tonnes of greenhouse gases. To this end, one goal of this work is to understand and improve the catalytic activity of oxides by substituting a small fraction of the cations of a "host oxide" with a different cation, a "dopant." This substitution disrupts chemical bonding at the surface of the host oxide, which can improve reactant and lattice oxygen activation where the reaction takes place. Another goal of this work is to combine catalysts with metal oxides reactants to improve thermodynamic limitations. Outstanding challenges for the study of doped metal oxide catalysts include (1) selection of dopants to ix synthesize within a host oxide and (2) understanding the nature of the surface of the doped oxide during reaction.

Herein, strongly coupled theoretical calculations and experimental techniques are employed to design, synthesize, characterize, and catalytically analyze doped oxide catalysts for the optimization of light alkane conversion processes. Density Functional Theory calculations are used to predict different energies believed to be involved in the reaction mechanism. These parameters offer valuable suggestions on which dopants may perform with highest yield and activity and why. Synthesis is accomplished using a combination of wet chemical techniques, suited specifically for the preparation of doped (rather than supported or mixed) metal oxide catalysts of high surface area and high reactivity. Characterization is paramount in any doped-oxide investigation to determine if the catalyst under reaction conditions is truly doped or merely small clusters of supported catalyst. With that goal, diffraction, X-ray, electron microscopies, infrared spectroscopy, and chemical probes are used to determine the nanoscopic nature of the catalysts. Additional novel measurement techniques, such as transient oxidation reaction spectroscopy, determined the nature of the active site's oxidation state.

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Al-Sayari, Saleh Abdullah. "Synthesis of active supported gold catalysts for CO oxidation and light alkane activation." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56051/.

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The preparation of gold catalysts supported on different metal oxides such as ZnO and Fe2O3, using two coprecipitation methods is investigated to determine important factors, such as selection of support material and preparation method, and preparation parameters, such as preparation temperature, pH, and ageing process. These factors control the synthesis of high activity catalysts for the oxidation of carbon monoxide at ambient temperature. The two preparation methods differ in the manner in which the pH is controlled during coprecipitation, either constant pH throughout or variable pH in which the pH is raised from an initial low value to a defined end point. Non- calcined Au/ZnO catalysts prepared using both methods are very sensitive to pH and ageing time. Catalysts prepared at higher pH give lower activity. However, all catalysts require a short indication period during which the oxidation activity increases. In contrast, the calcined catalysts are not sensitive to preparation conditions. Non-calcined Au/Fe203 catalysts exhibit high activity when prepared at pH > 5. Active calcined Au/Fe2O3 catalysts can be prepared when the pH is controlled at pH 6-7, 8, whereas calcined catalysts prepared using the variable pH method are inactive. The study demonstrates the immense sensitivity of catalyst preparation methods on the performance. Catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic activity and stability compared with the pure supports, ZnO and Fe2O3, and the best preparation temperature was 80 C. Use of temperatures > 80 C led to inactive catalysts. The deposition-precipitation (DP) method was also employed using four different supports in this study (ZnO, Fe2O3, MgO, and MnO2). A comparison between these catalysts was taken rather than an investigation of the effect of the preparation parameters on catalysts prepared by DP method because they have been well studied previously. Several characterization techniques including AAS, BET surface area, XRD, TPR, and XPS, were utilised to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the prepared supported gold catalysts. Characterization results were combined with catalytic results for the low temperature CO oxidation reaction of catalysts in order to study the aforementioned factors that can affect either the properties of catalysts or their activities. Subsequently, several experiments at high GHSV were conducted to study the catalytic activities of these catalysts in-depth and to correlate data with alkane activation reactions. CH4 activation reaction using supported gold catalysts at light temperatures and the effect of the preparation parameters, types of supports on catalysts activities were investigated. The Au/Fe2O3 catalyst prepared by coprecipitation method B at pH 8 showed the highest catalytic activity for CO oxidation and CH4 activation reactions. The most active catalysts were also evaluated for C2H6 and C3H8 activation at low temperature. After this, a comparison between CO oxidation and alkane activation over supported gold catalysts was undertaken to investigate the relationship between the behaviour of supported gold catalysts for these two types of reactions. Activation energies and pre-exponential factors of many catalysts were calculated based on the Arrhenius equation either for CO oxidation or for alkane activation. The preparation of gold catalysts supported on different metal oxides such as ZnO and Fe2O3, using two coprecipitation methods is investigated to determine the important factors that control the synthesis of high activity catalysts for the oxidation of carbon monoxide at ambient temperature. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Løften, Thomas. "Catalytic isomerization of light alkanes." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1909.

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In recent years the levels of sulfur and benzene in the gasoline pool have been reduced, and in the future there may also be new regulations on vapor pressure and the level of aromatics and olefins as well. The limitations on vapor pressure and aromatics will lead to reduced use of C4 and reformate respectively. The branched isomers of C5 and C6 alkanes have high octane numbers compared to the straight chain isomers, and are consequently valuable additives to the gasoline pool. To maintain the octane rating, it is predicted that an increased share of isomerate will be added to the gasoline pool.

Today there is a well established isomerization technology with platinum on chlorided alumina as the commercial catalyst for both isomerization of n-butane and of the C5/C6 fraction. This catalyst is very sensitive to catalyst poisons like water and sulfur, and strict feed pretreatment is required. Zeolites promoted by platinum are alternatives as isomerization catalysts, and has replaced Pt/alumina catalysts to some extent. The Pt/zeolite catalyst is more resistant to water and sulfur compounds in the feed, but it is less active than platinum on chlorided alumina. It does therefore require a higher reaction temperature, which is unfortunate since the formation of the branched isomers of the alkanes is thermodynamically favored by a low temperature.

Because of the limitations of the two types of isomerization catalysts, there is a search for a new catalyst that is resistant to sulfur and water in the feed and is highly active so it can be operated at low temperature. A new type of catalyst that seems to be promising in that respect is sulfated zirconia.

The first part of this study focuses on a series of iron and manganese promoted SZ catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as XRD, TGA, N2 adsorption and IR spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. The catalytic activity in n-butane isomerization at 250°C and atmospheric pressure was compared to the physical and chemical properties of the samples. No promoting effect of iron and manganese was found when n-butane was diluted in nitrogen. When nitrogen was replaced by hydrogen as the diluting gas the activity of the unpromoted SZ sample was dramatically lowered, while the activity of the promoted catalyst was not significantly changed.

If we only consider the promoted samples, the catalytic activity increases with increasing iron/manganese ratio. We also observe that the activity of the samples is clearly correlated with the number of strong Brønsted acid sites. The total number of strong acid sites (i.e. the sum of Brønsted and Lewis sites) does not change significantly when the promoter content is changing, hence no correlation between catalytic activity and the total number of acid sites is found. This underlines the importance of discrimination between Lewis and Brønsted acidity when characterizing the acidity of the samples.

The second part of this study is focused on a series of noble metal promoted sulfated zirconia. Their catalytic activity in n-hexane isomerization at high pressures was compared to a commercial Pt/zeolite catalyst. Among the noble metal promoted samples the catalyst promoted with platinum was the most active. The samples promoted with rhodium, ruthenium and iridium showed equal activity.

Common for all the noble metal promoted catalysts is the large increase in activity when catalysts are reduced with hydrogen compared to when they are pretreated in helium. The increase in activity is most likely connected to the reduction of the metal oxides of the promoters to ensure that the promoters are in the metallic state. Reduction at too high temperatures does however give lower activity. This is probably due to the reduction of surface sulfate groups leading to a loss in acid sites.

The commercial sample was considerably less active than the sample of platinum promoted sulfated zirconia. The commercial catalyst was however more stable than the PtSZ catalyst. All the sulfated zirconia catalysts deactivated, but the initial activity could be regenerated by reoxidation at 450°C followed by reduction at 300°C. The promotion with noble metals appears to inhibit coke formation on the catalyst. But, the main cause of deactivation of the platinum promoted sample is most likely the reduction of sulfate species leading to a loss of acid sites.

The kinetic study of the catalysts indicates that the n-hexane isomerization proceeds via a classical bifunctional mechanism where the role of the promoting metal is to produce alkenes, which are subsequently protonated on the acid sites. The reaction orders of hydrogen, n-hexane and total pressure are all in accordance with this mechanism. The activation energies of the catalysts are within the typical range of bifunctional catalysts.

All catalysts, except the unpromoted SZ sample, showed close to 100% selectivity to branched hexane isomers and a similar distribution of these isomers. The isomer distribution being the same for both the noble metal promoted catalyst and the Pt/zeolite is another indication that the isomerization proceeds via the bifunctional mechanism over the promoted samples. The different selectivity of the unpromoted SZ catalyst indicates that the isomerization proceeds via a different pathway over this catalyst; this is probably a pure acidic mechanism

The acidity characterization can not explain the differences in isomerization activity. It is however likely that the activity of the promoting metals in the dehydrogenation of alkanes is important since the classical bifunctional mechanism is prevailing.

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Pithan, Linus. "On the role of external stimuli to tailor growth of organic thin films." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17749.

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In dieser Arbeit werden neue Strategien zur Wachstumskontrolle funktionaler organischer Dünnschichtmaterialien aufgezeigt, mit denen sich die Eigenschaften molekularer Schichtsysteme gezielt beeinflussen lassen. Ein Fokus liegt dabei auf der Untersuchung des Einflusses von optischen Feldern auf das Wachstumsverhalten. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt wird auf das Grundlagenverständnis von thermisch aktivierten, kinetischen Prozessen, die die Morphologie während und nach dem Schichtwachstum beeinflussen, gelegt. Zuerst wird am Beispiel des molekularen Halbleiters Sexithiophen (6T) gezeigt, wie sich Kontrolle über das Kristallphasengleichgewicht während des Wachstums auf Kaliumchlorid (KCl) erzielen lässt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird eine neue Herangehensweise zur direkten Ausrichtung von Molekülkristallen im optischen Feld während ihrer Entstehung studiert. Am Beispiel von Tetracene wird gezeigt wie sich so optische anisotrope Absorptionseigenschaften von Molekülen dazu nutzen lassen den Brechungsindex eines polykristallinen Films lokal durch ein photolitographisches Verfahren zu beeinflussen. Im dritten Teil wird der Einfluss von dynamisch variierenden Wachstumsbedingungen während des Schichtwachstums von PTCDI-C8 studiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die Oberflächenrauigkeit stark reduzieren lässt, indem zu Beginn des Wachstums jeder individuellen molekularen Monolage die Nukleationsdichte stark erhöht und in den darauf folgenden Wachstumsphasen die Diffusivität gezielt gesteigert wird. Im vierten Teil wird das Diffusionsverhalten von n-Alkan Schichten unter thermischen Einflüssen betrachtet. Es wird gezeigt, dass die inhärente molekulare Anisotropie von C44H90 Molekülen (TTC) sowie die sehr geringe, stark anisotrope, Oberflächenenergie dieses Materials ein ungewöhnliches Diffusionsverhalten auslöst.
The research performed in the framework of this thesis focuses on new strategies to effectively control the growth of crystalline thin films of functional organic molecules and attributes the quest for additional growth control parameters in organic molecular beam deposition (OMBD). First the influence of light on the growth process of the sexithiophene (6T) is studied. We find that 6T thin films deposited as conventional in dark environments on KCl exhibit a bimodal growth with phase coexistence of two crystal polymorphs. In contrast, films grown under illumination with 532 nm light show increased phase purity. Further, we establish light-directed molecular self-assembly (LDSA) to generate permanently aligned thin films of tetracene (C18H12) and demonstrate direct patterning with light. Polarized light illumination leads to azimuthally photoaligned films on isotropic, amorphous substrates. Thus, LDSA can be regarded as a new degree of freedom in the quest for control-parameters in organic thin film growth. Next the impact of dynamic temperature oscillations on the time scales of molecular monolayer growth during organic molecular beam deposition is discussed. We strongly increase the island density during nucleation and selectively increase interlayer diffusion at later stages of monolayer growth. We analyse the interplay between molecular interlayer transport and island sizes to understand kinetic processes during growth. In a fourth experiment we show how thermal annealing can be used to improve smoothness and to increase the lateral size of crystalline islands of n-alkane (TTC, C44H90) films. We employ real-time optical phase contrast microscopy to track the diffusion across monomolecular step edges which causes the unusual smoothing during annealing. We rationalise the smoothing behaviour with the highly anisotropic attachment energies and low surface energies of TTC.
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Ramakrishnan, Ayyappan. "Visible light induced catalytic sulfoxidation of alkanes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=981136915.

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Su, Yee San 1977. "The heterogeneous partial oxidation of light alkanes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28306.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references.
(cont.) With this approach, an upper bound on the yield for OCM was computed. Results showed that even with optimal surface chemistry, strict limits existed on the attainable yield. Surface energetics necessary for superior OCM performance were identified and the origins of these requirements elucidated. The resulting upper bound on OCM yield under conventional, packed-bed, continuous-feed operation was found to be 28%. The catalytic properties of LiCl/sulfated ZrO₂-based catalysts were explored for ODHE. LiCl was shown to strongly interact with the acid sites on sulfated ZrO₂ (SZ), influencing its catalytic behavior. Two approaches were taken to modify the nature/strength of the LiCl-support interaction. Firstly, LiCl/Nd₂O₃-impregnated MoO/ZrO₂ and WOx/ZrO₂ were examined. Unlike SZ, these supports allowed for the tailoring of MoO[sub]x and WO[sub]x surface densities, which in turn drastically altered their ODHE performance. The poor stability of these supports, however, rendered them inferior to SZ. Secondly, the effects of dopant incorporation on the catalytic behavior of LiCI/MO,/SZ were studied. Si-doped ZrO₂-based catalysts synthesized via the sol-gel method were found to exhibit superior activity, selectivity and stability for ODHE. Sulfate decomposition experiments related the ODHE activity of these materials to the influence of the Si dopant on the sulfate binding strength. The sol-gel synthesis conditions were optimized with respect to sol pH, water:alkoxide ratio and silicon precursor, achieving improved catalyst homogeneity and enhanced ODHE performance ...
Within the petrochemical industry, a sizeable economic incentive exists for the upgrading of low-value, light alkanes. For instance, the dehydrogenation of ethane to ethene is of considerable interest due to ethene's use as a polymeric and chemical precursor. Partial oxidation provides an attractive alternative to standard pyrolysis methods for alkane-to-alkene conversion. Unlike pyrolysis, partial oxidative routes are largely unaffected by coke formation and have the added benefit of exothermicity. With the inclusion of oxygen as a reactant, however, numerous additional reaction pathways result. Among these, the presence of parallel and consecutive reaction channels to CO[sub]x products is of major concern. For this reason, previous efforts to create selective partial oxidation catalysts with high activity have typically fallen below economic feasibility requirements. This thesis focuses on the following alkane-to-alkene transformation reactions: Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM): 2CH₄ + O₂ <--> C₂H₄ + 2 H₂O Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane (ODHE): C₂H₆ + 1/2 O₂ <--> C₂H₄ + H₂O Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane (ODHP): C₃H₈ + 1/2 O₂ <--> C₃H₆ + H₂O. Regarding OCM, an approach was presented for determining an upper bound on the yield of a catalytic process, which allowed for variations in the catalytic chemistry. Scaling and thermodynamic arguments were used to set parameters of an elementary step surface mechanism at values resulting in optimal yields, subjected only to physical constraints. Remaining unknowns were treated as independent variables and varied over a broad range. The result was a set of thermodynamically consistent mechanisms with optimal kinetics that could be incorporated into reactor-transport models.
by Yee San Su.
Ph.D.
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Du, Xian. "Catalysis for CO2 activation reactions with light alkanes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:924c17f7-5b71-4e70-b304-e0686d0413ea.

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CO2, without question, the most famous greenhouse gas, is known to have an increasing concentration in both the atmosphere and oceans. To slow down the pace not only of global warming but also the ocean acidification, several routes are proposed to effectively reduce the net emission of CO2. Compared to Carbon Capture and Sequestration/Storage (CCS), Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) has much more potential because of the lower costs of scale up and higher profitability to potentially attract capital investment. Different from the conventional CCU route which is to reduce CO2 to fuels with hydrogen generated via renewable-energy-driving electricity, two processes are investigated in this thesis; that of Dry Methane Reforming (DMR) and the DeHydrogenation of Propane by CO2 (DHP by CO2). The projects on these two processes not only develop catalysts which would be suitable for the reaction performance, but also the ultimate aim is to link the processes with a renewable energy source (in the thesis we chose Solar Thermal Heating).Thermodynamic calculations and process simulations were also evaluated. The results of DMR unfortunately did not indicate a promising future to link with Solar Thermal Heating due to the very high temperature required during the process. However, the results of thermodynamic calculations and process simulations in DMR project illustrate a good opportunity to utilise flue gas in industry through the so-called Tri- Methane Reforming (TMR). In the DHP by CO2 process, the catalysts developed were less promising than the ones in DMR due to the severe side-reactions occurred which significantly decreased the selectivity for the desired product. However - and importantly - through our thermodynamic calculations and process simulations, the DHP by CO2 process has a bright future if the Solar Thermal Heating can be applied with the relative lower temperature requirement, making the CO2 utilisation process much easier to be fulfilled than DMR.
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Books on the topic "Light alkane"

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Derouane, Eric G., Jerzy Haber, Francisco Lemos, Fernando Ramôa Ribeiro, and Michel Guisnet, eds. Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0982-8.

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G, Derouane E., and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., eds. Advances and challenges: Catalytic activation and functionalisation of light alkanes. Dordrecht: Boston, Mass., 1998.

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Organization, World Health, ed. Calcium and magnesium in drinking-water: Public health significance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2009.

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Derouane, Eric G. Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes: Advances and Challenges. Springer, 2010.

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(Editor), E. G. Derouane, Jerzy Haber (Editor), Francisco Lemos (Editor), Fernando Ramôa Ribeiro (Editor), and Michel Guisnet (Editor), eds. Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes - Advances and Challenges. Springer, 1998.

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Guisnet, Michel, Fernando Ramôa Ribeiro, E. G. Derouane, Jerzy Haber, and Francisco Lemos. Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes: Advances and Challenges. Springer, 2013.

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Derouane, E. G., Jerzy Haber, and Francisco Lemos. Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes: Advances and Challenges. Springer, 2014.

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Bannatyne-Cugnet, Jo. Grampa's Alkali (Northern Lights Young Novels). Red Deer Press, 2002.

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Bannatyne-Cugnet, Jo. Grampa's Alkali (Northern Lights Books for Children). Tandem Library, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Light alkane"

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Sorokin, Alexander B. "Recent Developments of Bioinspired Approaches to Functionalization of Light Alkanes." In Alkane Functionalization, 189–210. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119379256.ch10.

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Djéga-Mariadassou, G. "Alkane Activation by Pseudo-Metals." In Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes, 333–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0982-8_13.

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Solymosi, F. "Molecular Chemistry of Alkane Activation." In Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes, 369–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0982-8_14.

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Guerrero-Pérez, M. Olga. "Mixed-Oxide Nanocatalysts for Light Alkane Activation." In Nanocatalysis, 115–34. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019. | “A science publishers book.”: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315202990-5.

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Zhou, X. P., S. Q. Zhou, W. D. Zhang, Z. S. Chao, W. Z. Weng, R. Q. Long, D. L. Tang, et al. "Methane and Light Alkane (C2-C4) Conversion Over Metal Fluoride-Metal Oxide Catalyst System in Presence of Oxygen." In Methane and Alkane Conversion Chemistry, 19–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1807-5_2.

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Labinger, Jay A., and Graham J. Hutchings. "Report of the Workshop on Challenges and Opportunities in Light Alkane Activation." In Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes, 455–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0982-8_25.

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Knops-Gerrits, P. P., A. M. Bavel, G. Langouche, and P. A. Jacobs. "Mono- and Binuclear Iron Complexes in Zeolites and Mesoporous Oxides as Biomimetic Alkane Oxidation Catalysts." In Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes, 215–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0982-8_9.

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Hutchings, G. J. "Selective Oxidation of Light Alkanes." In Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes, 125–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0982-8_6.

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Panov, Andrey, Sergey Vinogradov, and Svyatoslav Engalychev. "Evolutional Development of Alkaline Aluminosilicates Processing Technology." In Light Metals 2017, 9–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51541-0_2.

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Kozhevnikov, Ivan V. "Activation of Light Alkanes: Past and Present." In Catalytic Activation and Functionalisation of Light Alkanes, 75–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0982-8_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Light alkane"

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Yin, Sudong, Yanglin Pan, and Zhongchao Tan. "Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion of Glucose to Light Petroleum Alkanes." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90433.

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The production of carbon-neutral liquid fuels from renewable biomass has attracted worldwide interest in an age of depletion of fossil fuel reserves and pollutions caused by utilization of fossil petroleum. Currently, commercial bio-oil production technologies include bio-ethanol, bio-diesel and pyrolysis bio-oil. But, these bio-oils mainly consist of alcohols and aromatic chemicals rather than alkanes of the main components of gasoline and diesel. Direct utilization of these bio-oils can corrode car engines as well as emitting large unburned hydrocarbons particles through automotive combustion system. Therefore, in this study, catalytic hydrothermal conversion (CHTC) of glucose to alkanes in a single batch reactor was investigated with respect to effects of conversion parameters such as initial pressure of process gas H2, pH level of aqueous solution and catalysts on alkane yields and compositions. Results showed that the highest alkane yield of 21.6% (based on the mol of the input glucose) was obtained at 265 °C, with 300 psi of H2 process gas, 0.5 g catalyst of 1w%. Pt/Al2O3 and a residence time of 15 h. The alkane yield was significantly influenced by the initial pressure of H2, which increased with increasing H2 pressure. On the other hand, the alkane yields first increased and then decreased with pH levels. Also, more alkanes were produced by Pt/Al2O3 than Pd/Al2O3. Regarding alkane compositions, high initial pressure of H2 favored the production of relatively heavy C3–4 alkanes. With 300 psi of initial H2, C3H8 and C4H10 accounted for 75% of the total produced alkanes. All of the experimental data in this study lead to one conclusion that petroleum alkanes can be directly produced from glucose.
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Snytnikov, V. N. "LIGHT ALKANE CONVERSION IN A LASER REACTOR." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE METHODS OF AEROPHYSICAL RESEARCH. Novosibirsk: Издательство Сибирского отделения РАН, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53954/9785604788974_157.

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Ingebrigtsen, S., N. Bonifaci, A. Denat, and O. Lesaint. "Spectral analysis of light emitted from streamers in chlorinated alkane & alkene liquids." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdl.2008.4622485.

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CERVI, A., M. C. CAROTTA, A. GIBERTI, V. GUIDI, C. MALAGÙ, G. MARTINELLI, and D. PUZZOVIO. "METAL-OXIDE SOLID SOLUTIONS FOR LIGHT ALKANE SENSING." In Proceedings of the 13th Italian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812835987_0025.

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Zhou, Daiyu, Liming Lian, Zangyuan Wu, Gengping Yan, Wei Zhou, Guangqiang Shao, Haihang Sun, et al. "Optimization Design and Evaluation of Improved Miscible Assistants for CO2 Flooding and the Application in Pilot in L Reservoir." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22244-ms.

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Abstract This paper provide several improved miscible assistants, trying to mitigate the problem that CO2 miscible flooding is difficult to achieve in reservoirs because of the high miscible pressures, which leads to a lower recovery up to expectations. These miscible assistants could be easily mixed with crude oil by adding into CO2 and reduce the interfacial tension to drive down the minimum miscible pressure (MMP) in order to enhance sweep efficiency. Some efforts have been made to improve this situation. The effective method is to draw the experiences from structure characteristics of surfactants applied in micro emulsion of CO2-water systems. Amphiphilic organic assistants were designed to synthetize with fluoro-alkane chains and non-fluoro-OAc chains as the CO2-philic ends, as well as alkane structure as the lipophilic ends. The minimization of MMP of CO2 miscible processing assistants has been analyzed and optimized by surface tension testing in CO2-kerosene system and CO2-crude oil system. The crude oil was obtained from field test pilot in L Reservoir. The results of interfacial tension tests show that per-acetylated glucose dodecyl ester molecules have the ability to lower the interfacial tension most in these five kinds of new miscible processing assistants in two categories. Citric acid triisopropyl ester molecules take the second place, and others almost make no difference. The probable reason is that kerosene is mainly composed of C12 and lack of heavy components, which cause a weak interaction between independent hydroxyl of citric acid and tartaric acid assistant and hydrogen bond of kerosene. The results of interfacial tension tests show that all these miscible assistants possess good effects on minimizing the interfacial tension of the CO2-crudes system, and could also definitely reduce the MMP. Among these, per-acetylated glucose dodecyl ester molecules and citric acid isopropyl ester molecules perform most excellent, and could decrease the MMP of CO2 flooding by 27.5%. The assistants have been implemented in the CO2 flooding plan of L Reservoir with 4 gas injectors and 15 producers. After 15 years’ development simulation, cumulated oil production will reach 3.4 MMbbl with recovery increasing from 41.6% (only CO2 flooding) to 46.6%. Injection test shows that 1400 tons CO2 has been injected with 3800 bbl oil produced. The improved miscible assistants provided perform as well as other existing assistants in reducing interfacial tension and enhancing sweep efficiency in CO2 flooding. Compared with assistants of light hydrocarbon, these assistants require a little quantity to improve the miscible flooding, which could break the economic limits. Compared with the traditional fluoride assistants, these assistants are quite different in molecular structure and could cause little pollution and have been applied in field test.
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Van Reempts, J., B. Van Deuren, M. Borqers, and F. De Clerck. "R 68 070, A COMBINED TXA2-SYNTHETASE/TXA2-PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDE RECEPTOR INHIBITOR. REDUCES CEREBRAL INFARCT SIZE AFTER PHOTOCHEMICALLY INITIATED THROMBOSIS IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643470.

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The effects of R 68 070, an oxime-alkane carboxylic acid derivative combining specific thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthetase inhibition with TXA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor blockade in one molecule, were investigated in a model of photochemically induced stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats.Each experimental group was compared with an untreated control group. All animals were anesthetized with halothane in N20/02 and artificially ventilated. After incision of the scalp and stereotaxic positioning of a fibre optic light source, halothane was discontinued. When physiological variables reached normal values, a focal cortical infarction was produced by injection of 10 mg.kg-1 rose bengal and 20 min irradiation of the brain through the intact skull. Four hours later the brains were perfusion fixed and damaged areas measured on consecutive histologic sections. Infarct size was calculated by numerical integration.R 68 070 (40 mg.kg-1 p.o.,-3 h) significantly reduced the cerebral infarct size to 2.32 mm3 compared with 5.78 mm3 in controls (median values; n = 5; p < 0.05). At 2.5 mg.kg-1 the lesion was reduced from 11.75 mm3 in the control group to 7.82 mm3 in the treated group (n = 5; p = 0.095). Serum TXB2 levels were reduced by > 80 %.Production of damage in this model is based upon photodynamic generation of singlet molecular oxygen, resulting in peroxidative endothelial cell injury and subsequent platelet thrombus formation. Protection with R 68 070 can be explained by the anti-thrombotic effect of the compound. The relative contribution to this protective effect of synthetase and receptor blockade by R 68 070 are being investigated.
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Witkowski, M., M. Zawada, M. Bober, S. Bilicki, R. Munoz-Rodriguez, V. Singh, M. A. Butt, A. Tonoyan, D. Dziczek, and R. Ciuryo. "Interactions of Ultra-cold Alkaline-earth-like and Alkali Atoms with Light." In 2019 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium anEuropean Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF/IFC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fcs.2019.8856001.

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Gan, Yunyan, Li Chen, Jinqing Zhang, Oliver C. Mullins, Zhenghe Yan, Ji Tian, Xiaofei Gao, Weihua Chen, Haizhang Yang, and Jianrong Hao. "A Novel Reservoir Forming Mechanism with Wax-Out Cryo Trapping." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21918-ms.

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Abstract In South China Sea, about one half of the producing oilfields contain a type of strange and enigmatic oil. First, these waxy crude oils contain almost no solution gas, with bubble points of few atmospheres only. The formation has never been uplifted to very shallow depths to be degassed to that low-level of solution gas. Second, these crude oils also lack of other lighter alkane components up to C12, which, in any event, cannot be removed by a degas process. These crude oils are also not biodegraded with the full complement of n-alkanes heavier than C12, so the lighter n-alkanes have not been removed by this process. There is no credible explanation of these crude oils from maturity considerations either. This kind of reservoir fluid has long been known, however, has not been understood in terms its mechanism of formation. Petroleum system modeling in corresponding basins has not been accurate with regard to these reservoir fluid properties; thereby yielding significant uncertainty in both basin modeling and understanding the oil. This paper introduces a newly identified reservoir forming mechanism, for the first time, to account for these seemingly discordant fluid properties. Central to this new mechanism is "Wax-Out Cryo Trapping". When a crude oil in migration encounters its Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT) along the migration path, the wax can crystallize out of the oil yielding a large, localized wax deposit with associated trapped liquids. It is indeed trapped by the temperature. The mobile, dewaxed fluid phase can continue in migration up either becoming trapped in a separate conventional reservoir or lost via a seep. After continued subsidence, the formation holding the solid wax can heat above WAT thereby remobilizing this formerly frozen oil. This waxy oil can then proceed in migration, possibly along a migration path altered by subsidence. This waxy oil can then fill traps associated with the migration path and remain trapped until present day. The Wax-Out Cryo Trapping process is acting as a compositional fractionator spatially separating the initial waxy oil into its light liquid and gas fractions in one fraction and its waxy and occluded heavier liquids in the other fraction. It is routine to have crude oils undergo the phase transition of gas evolution in migration, but in that case, both phases migrate together. In the Wax-Out Cryo Trapping, there is a solid liquid phase transition with spatial separation based on very different mobilities of solid wax and the dewaxed fluid phase. The paper summarizes the distribution of the waxy "zero-GOR" crude oil in South China Sea and the source rock characteristics. It describes a systematic approach to identify the wax-out process and to rule out other possibilities. This analysis integrated many fluid properties, including PVT, GC, GOR, WAT, and thermal maturity, with hydrocarbon migration and formation bury history from basin modeling. The understanding of this process opens a new window to understand origin of the different fluids and their distribution within the basin, providing the time constraints and guidance for hydrocarbon generation and migration in petroleum system modeling. Wax-Out Cryo Trapping can happen when waxy oil from source rock migrates along paths with temperatures lower than the WAT temperature. This process is shown to be very common in the South China Sea, and it should also be somewhat common globally for the high wax content oilfields. But it is until now, this new mechanism just got discovered. It is proved to be an innovated model, introduce a new migration pattern for basin modeling and eventually provides the important guidance for oilfield exploration.
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Koroliov, Anton, Karolina Varsockaja, Jonas Reklaitis, Artūras Plukis, and Vidmantas Remeikis. "X-ray Pulse Emission of Alkali Metal Halide Salts Irradiated by Femtosecond Laser Pulses." In Compact EUV & X-ray Light Sources. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/euvxray.2020.jw4a.5.

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Padmaja, G., T. Goverdhan Reddy, P. Kistaiah, P. Predeep, Mrinal Thakur, and M. K. Ravi Varma. "On the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies in Mixed Alkali Borate Glasses." In OPTICS: PHENOMENA, MATERIALS, DEVICES, AND CHARACTERIZATION: OPTICS 2011: International Conference on Light. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3643605.

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Reports on the topic "Light alkane"

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Lyons, J. E. Catalytic conversion of light alkanes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7090637.

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Lyons, J. E. Catalytic conversion of light alkanes: Proof of concept stage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/67783.

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Lyons, J. E. Catalytic conversion of light alkanes. [Methane, ethane, propane and butanes]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7090643.

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Biscardi, J., P. T. Bowden, V. A. Durante, P. E. Jr Ellis, H. B. Gray, R. G. Gorbey, R. C. Hayes, et al. Catalytic conversion of light alkanes: Quarterly report, January 1-March 31, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/467133.

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Lyons, J. E. Catalytic conversion of light alkanes. Quarterly progress report, April 1--June 30, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10133009.

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Wasan, D. T. Surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding for light oil recovery. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/240455.

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Lyons, J. E. Catalytic conversion of light alkanes. Quarterly progress report, July 1, 1992--September 30, 1992. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10131893.

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Wasan, D. T. Surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding for light oil recovery. [Annual report], 1993--1994. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/32596.

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Wasan, D. T. Surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding for light oil recovery. Final report 1994--1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/541805.

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Wasan, D. T. Surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding for light oil recovery. Annual report, 1992--1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10176348.

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