Academic literature on the topic 'Ligase detection reaction'

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Journal articles on the topic "Ligase detection reaction"

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Huh, Yun Suk, Adam J. Lowe, Aaron D. Strickland, Carl A. Batt, and David Erickson. "Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Based Ligase Detection Reaction." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 6 (February 18, 2009): 2208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja807526v.

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Zhang, Jing, Hui Zhang, Kun Li, and Ming Shi. "Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction/Ligase Detection Reaction Assay for Detection of CYP2C19 Polymorphisms." Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers 22, no. 1 (January 2018): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gtmb.2017.0086.

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Khanna, Marilyn, Weiguo Cao, Monib Zirvi, Philip Paty, and Francis Barany. "Ligase detection reaction for identification of low abundance mutations." Clinical Biochemistry 32, no. 4 (June 1999): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9120(99)00020-x.

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Hashimoto, Masahiko, Kazuhiko Tsukagoshi, and Steven A. Soper. "Microfluidic Reactor for Sequential Operation of Polymerase Chain Reaction/Ligase Detection Reaction." Journal of Advanced Chemical Engineering 1 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4303/jace/a110602.

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Luo, Weihao, Dianming Zhou, Dixian Luo, Jianhui Jiang, and Xiangmin Xu. "Melting temperature of molecular beacons as an indicator of the ligase detection reaction for multiplex detection of point mutations." Analytical Methods 7, no. 10 (2015): 4225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay00475f.

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Lehman, Teresa A., Frank Scott, Michael Seddon, Karen Kelly, Edward C. Dempsey, Vincent L. Wilson, James L. Mulshine, and Rama Modali. "Detection of K-rasOncogene Mutations by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Ligase Chain Reaction." Analytical Biochemistry 239, no. 2 (August 1996): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0310.

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Ginya, Harumi, Ryouhei Matsushita, and Masafumi Yohda. "Quantification and improvement of error rate during ligase detection reaction." Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 109, no. 2 (February 2010): 202–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.07.011.

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Tooley, P. W., M. M. Carras, E. Hatziloukas, and D. L. Scott. "Use of ligase chain reaction for enhanced detection ofPhytophthora infestans." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 24, no. 3 (September 2002): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060660209507012.

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Yan, Jingli, Zhengping Li, Chenghui Liu, and Yongqiang Cheng. "Simple and sensitive detection of microRNAs with ligase chain reaction." Chemical Communications 46, no. 14 (2010): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b923521c.

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Zhou, Qian-Yu, Fang Yuan, Xiao-Hui Zhang, Ying-Lin Zhou, and Xin-Xiang Zhang. "Simultaneous multiple single nucleotide polymorphism detection based on click chemistry combined with DNA-encoded probes." Chemical Science 9, no. 13 (2018): 3335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sc00307f.

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A novel strategy utilizing a DNA template-directed CuAAC click reaction to mimic a ligation reaction based on DNA ligase was successfully established for multiple SNP detection with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ligase detection reaction"

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Abu-Halaweh, Marwan, and n/a. "Molecular Methods for Campylobacter and Arcobacter Detection." Griffith University. School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060223.084457.

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Twenty species and six subspecies of the genera Arcobacter and Campylobacter have been described to date. All are Gram-negative, microaerophilic, curved, spiral or S-shaped cells, and are members of the order Campylobacterales, class Epsilonproteobacteria phylum Proteobacteria. Though most members are pathogenic, C. jejuni, C. coli and A. butzleri are the most frequently isolated species from patients suffering from gastrointestinal illness. The current methods for their detection, identification, and differentiation are cumbersome, time consuming and lack specificity. DNA based molecular techniques including real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Fingerprinting methods Terminal Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) and Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR) have been used in this project to develop rapid detection and identification methods for Campylobacter and Arcobacter species. Five real-time PCR methods were developed which include: (a) rapid detection and identification of Campylobacter species using real-time PCR adjacent hybridisation probes, (b) rapid identification of C. jejuni using SYBR Green I, (c) rapid detection and differentiation of Arcobacter species using adjacent hybridisation probes, (d) rapid detection and differentiation of Arcobacter species and the Campylobacter group (C. coli, C. jejuni, C. lari, C. hyoilei, C. helviticus, C. hyointestinalis, C. insulaenigrae, C lanienae) using melting temperature (Tm) of adjacent hybridisation probes, and (e) a one tube real-time PCR multiplex for the rapid detection and identification of Campylobacter species, C. coli and C. jejuni using a TaqMan Probe, in an iCycler iQTM (BioRad, USA) and Light CyclerTM (Idaho Technology, USA). [Continued ...]
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Abu-Halaweh, Marwan. "Molecular Methods for Campylobacter and Arcobacter Detection." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367268.

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Twenty species and six subspecies of the genera Arcobacter and Campylobacter have been described to date. All are Gram-negative, microaerophilic, curved, spiral or S-shaped cells, and are members of the order Campylobacterales, class Epsilonproteobacteria phylum Proteobacteria. Though most members are pathogenic, C. jejuni, C. coli and A. butzleri are the most frequently isolated species from patients suffering from gastrointestinal illness. The current methods for their detection, identification, and differentiation are cumbersome, time consuming and lack specificity. DNA based molecular techniques including real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Fingerprinting methods Terminal Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) and Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR) have been used in this project to develop rapid detection and identification methods for Campylobacter and Arcobacter species. Five real-time PCR methods were developed which include: (a) rapid detection and identification of Campylobacter species using real-time PCR adjacent hybridisation probes, (b) rapid identification of C. jejuni using SYBR Green I, (c) rapid detection and differentiation of Arcobacter species using adjacent hybridisation probes, (d) rapid detection and differentiation of Arcobacter species and the Campylobacter group (C. coli, C. jejuni, C. lari, C. hyoilei, C. helviticus, C. hyointestinalis, C. insulaenigrae, C lanienae) using melting temperature (Tm) of adjacent hybridisation probes, and (e) a one tube real-time PCR multiplex for the rapid detection and identification of Campylobacter species, C. coli and C. jejuni using a TaqMan Probe, in an iCycler iQTM (BioRad, USA) and Light CyclerTM (Idaho Technology, USA). [Continued ...]
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences
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Takaoka, Yosuke. "Development of New Methods for Chemical Labeling, Functionalization and Detection of Proteins by Ligand-tethered Probes." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120896.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ligase detection reaction"

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Raja, A. "Ligase Detection Reaction-Fluorescent Microsphere Assay." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 291–96. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2043-4_21.

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Wallace, R. Bruce, Ching-I. P. Lin, Antonio A. Reyes, Jimmie D. Lowery, and Luis Ugozzoli. "Ligase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Specific DNA Sequences and Point Mutations." In Technologies for Detection of DNA Damage and Mutations, 307–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0301-3_23.

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Consolandi, Clarissa. "High-Throughput Multiplex HLA-Typing by Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR) and Universal Array (UA) Approach." In DNA and RNA Profiling in Human Blood, 115–27. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-553-4_9.

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Wu, Miaomiao, Zexi Zhang, Jiaxi Yong, Peer M. Schenk, Dihua Tian, Zhi Ping Xu, and Run Zhang. "Determination and Imaging of Small Biomolecules and Ions Using Ruthenium(II) Complex-Based Chemosensors." In Metal Ligand Chromophores for Bioassays, 199–243. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19863-2_6.

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AbstractLuminescence chemosensors are one of the most useful tools for the determination and imaging of small biomolecules and ions in situ in real time. Based on the unique photo-physical/-chemical properties of ruthenium(II) (Ru(II)) complexes, the development of Ru(II) complex-based chemosensors has attracted increasing attention in recent years, and thus many Ru(II) complexes have been designed and synthesized for the detection of ions and small biomolecules in biological and environmental samples. In this work, we summarize the research advances in the development of Ru(II) complex-based chemosensors for the determination of ions and small biomolecules, including anions, metal ions, reactive biomolecules and amino acids, with a particular focus on binding/reaction-based chemosensors for the investigation of intracellular analytes’ evolution through luminescence analysis and imaging. The advances, challenges and future research directions in the development of Ru(II) complex-based chemosensors are also discussed.
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"Ligase Chain Reaction (LCR) and Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR)." In Encyclopedia of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, 713–17. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-emgp-120040339.

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Fuchs, Jürgen, and Maurizio Podda. "Ligase Chain Reaction (LCR) and Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR)." In Encyclopedia of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, 713–17. Informa Healthcare, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780203997352.143.

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Burczak, John D., Shanfun Ching, Hsiang-Yun Hu, and Helen H. Lee. "Ligase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Infectious Agents." In Molecular Methods for Virus Detection, 315–28. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012748920-9/50015-7.

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Wiedmann, Martin, Francis Barany, and Carl A. Batt. "Detection of Listeria monocytogenes by PCR-Coupled Ligase Chain Reaction." In PCR Strategies, 347–61. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012372182-2/50029-0.

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Zebala, John A., and Francis Barany. "Detection of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy by Nonradioactive Ligase Chain Reaction." In PCR Strategies, 335–46. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012372182-2/50028-9.

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K. Joshi, Kaushal. "Chemistry with Schiff Bases of Pyridine Derivatives: Their Potential as Bioactive Ligands and Chemosensors." In Chemistry with Pyridine Derivatives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106749.

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Pyridine is a valuable nitrogen based heterocyclic compound which is present not only in large number of naturally occurring bioactive compounds, but widely used in drug designing and development in pharmaceuticals as well as a precursor to agrochemicals and chemical-based industries. Pyridine derivatives bearing either formyl or amino group undergo Schiff base condensation reaction with appropriate substrate and under optimum conditions resulting in Schiff base as product which behave as a flexible and multidentate bioactive ligand. These Schiff bases are of great interest in medicinal chemistry as they can exhibit physiological effects similar to pyridoxal-amino acid systems which are considered to be very important in numerous metabolic reactions. They possess an interesting range of bioactivities including antibacterial, antiviral, antitubercular, antifungal, antioxidant, anticonvulsants, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anticancer activity etc. and considered as a versatile pharmacophore group. Further, several pyridine-based Schiff bases show very strong binding abilities towards the various cations and anions with unique photophysical properties which can be used in ion recognition and they are extensively used in development of chemosensors for qualitative and quantitative detection of selective or specific ions in various kinds of environmental and biological media. These chapter insights the bioactivity and ion recognition ability of Schiff bases derived from pyridine derivatives.
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Conference papers on the topic "Ligase detection reaction"

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Barrett, Dwhyte O., Amit Maha, Yun Wang, Steven A. Soper, Dimitris E. Nikitopoulos, and Michael C. Murphy. "Design of a Microfabricated Device for the Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR)." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-62111.

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The Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR) is a mutation detection technique used to identify point mutations in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). A microscale Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR) device was designed and manufactured in polycarbonate. There are at least two mixing stages involved in the LDR identification process. Various micromixers were simulated in Fluent (v5.4, Lebanon, NH) and several test geometries were selected for fabrication. Passive diffusional micromixers were made with aspect ratios from 7 to 20. The mixers were made by SU-8 lithography, LIGA, laser ablation and micromilling to characterize each fabrication method. It was found that LIGA was best for making the micromixers, but was the longest process. The micromixers were fabricated and are being tested using fluorescent dyes. For a successful reaction temperatures of 0°C, 95°C and 65°C were needed. A stationary chamber method was used with thermal cycling in which the sample held while the temperature is cycled. Finite element analysis showed uniform temperatures in the rectangular 1.5 μl chambers and that air slits can effectively separate the thermal cycle zone from the 0°C cooling zone and the mixing region. A test device was laid out and micromilled with the temperature zones. A commercial thin film heater and a thermoelectric module were used with a PID controller to obtain the required process temperatures. Heating from 65°C to 95°C took 10 seconds, while cooling from 95°C to 65°C also took 10 seconds. The residence times at the required temperatures can adapt to changes in the LDR as parameters and reactant concentrations are varied.
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Lee, Tae Yoon, Dimistris E. Nikitopoulos, Daniel S. Park, Steven A. Soper, and Michael C. Murphy. "Design and Fabrication of a Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR) Microchip With an Integrated Passive Micromixer." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42216.

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The ligase detection reaction (LDR) is a technique that can distinguish low-abundant mutant DNAs from wild-type DNAs. LDR is usually carried out on DNAs amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the realization of modular microfluidic systems, the DNA output of the PCR handed off to the LDR chip needs to be mixed with LDR reagents before continuing the reaction. Polymer, continuous flow ligase detection reaction (CFLDR) devices with integrated passive micromixers, were designed, fabricated and tested. The devices each consisted of: a passive mixer for mixing a PCR sample, a cocktail of primers, and ligase, an enzyme of DNA; an incubator channel (95°C) for preheating the mixture; and a thermal cycling channel for the LDR. The devices were produced by hot embossing polycarbonate (PC) substrates with brass mold inserts manufactured by micro-milling. Experiments using food dyes showed that the appropriate mixture concentrations were delivered to the preheating channel in both the pulling and pushing modes.
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Barrett, Dwhyte O., Amit Maha, Yun Wang, Steven A. Soper, Dimitris E. Nikitopoulos, and Michael C. Murphy. "Design of a microfabricated device for ligase detection reaction (LDR)." In Micromachining and Microfabrication, edited by Peter Woias and Ian Papautsky. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.524681.

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Lowrey, Brooks B., Daniel S. Park, and Michael C. Murphy. "Thermal Analysis of a Modular, Microfluidic Device for the Rapid Detection of Stroke." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89849.

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A modular, microfluidic device was designed to aid in the rapid detection and treatment of stroke. The device modules process whole blood for the detection of genes expressed in response to a stroke event using a series of assay steps including: cell capture using antibodies, thermal lysis, solid-phase reversible immobilization (SPRI) of nucleic acids, reverse transcription (RT), ligase detection reaction (LDR), and single pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer (spFRET) readout. Cell lysis, RT, and LDR require temperatures of 90°C, 37°C, 65°C and 95°C respectively, therefore strict thermal isolation constraints between thermal zones in the device modules were necessary. Thermal isolation was accomplished using 2 mm and 1 mm air gaps between the fluidic modules and heating elements in the polymer device. Finite element mathematical models (ANSYS v. 12.1, Houston, PA) were used to characterize the thermal zones in two 2D simulations. Section 1 simulation results showed ±1.5°C in cell lysis, ±1.6°C in RT, and ±1.6°C in the denaturation section of LDR. Section 2 simulation showed ±2.6°C in denaturation and ±0.4°C in the annealing/extension zone of LDR.
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Erickson, David. "Nanomedical Applications of Optofluidics." In ASME 2010 First Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nemb2010-13381.

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In this talk I will discuss some of the nanomedical applications of optofluidic systems. As will be demonstrated such devices hold significant promise for improving on the state of the art in detection sensitivity as well as enable entirely new modalities for molecular analysis. Two example platforms will be discussed. The first of these will be our Nanoscale Optofluidic Sensor Arrays which comprise of a series of 1D evanescently coupled linear optical resonators. In addition to demonstrating both nucleic acid (Dengue virus) and immunological detection (Interleukins), I will show how optical forces can be used to increase the functionality of these devices including single molecule analysis. The second platform described is a method for performing surface enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS) on a chip. A unique ligase detection reaction based assay will be demonstrated to show the unique advantages of the approach.
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Chen, P. C., D. S. Park, B. H. You, N. Kim, T. Park, D. E. Nikitopoulos, S. A. Soper, and M. C. Murphy. "A High Throughput Microfluidic Thermal Reactor." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-13130.

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A high throughput microfluidic system including a 96 continuous flow (CF) thermal reactors and a multi-zone thermal control system was designed and fabricated. An infrared camera (IR) was used to analyze and verify the uniformity of the temperature distribution. Temperature variations from the nominal values were ±2°C in the denaturation zone and ±1°C in the renaturation and extension zones. Six different DNA fragments, with lengths ranging from 99 bp to 997 bp, were obtained from a λ-DNA template, each with a distinct renaturation temperature. As an initial demonstration of the biochemical performance of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reactor arrays, a column device comprised of eight 25-cycle CFPCRs was used to amplify identical PCR cocktails for each DNA fragment simultaneously at a flow velocity of 2 mm/s. All but the 997 bp were successfully amplified. Yields for the 99 bp fragment varied from 15%–36% of the amplicon on block thermal cycler. In a second experiment, a row device composed of six 25-cycle CFPCRs was used to successfully, simultaneously amplify cocktails for all six DNA fragment lengths at a flow velocity of 1 mm/s in parallel. Each device in the row had a distinct renaturation temperature to match the DNA fragment length. The parallel thermal arrays can be used in modular systems including both PCR for amplification and, for example, ligase detection reaction (LDR) for mutation detection.
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Jomeh, Sina, and Mina Hoorfar. "Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Geometric and Physiochemical Parameters on Biomolecule Capture Efficiency." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30531.

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This paper presents and compares three different designs including open channel, circular pillar and screen-plate microreactors for capturing and detection of biomolecules in a buffer liquid. In general, these capturing/detection devices consist of a flow cell containing one or several reactive surfaces loaded with ligand molecules. The critical issue in the design of an efficient device is the proximity of the biomolecules to the ligands in the capturing stage since the latter is immobilized on the reactive surface and the former is freely moving in the flow. The flow pattern and the geometry of the device are the key factors in this regard. The presented designs are numerically modeled and compared in terms of capture efficiency. Immersed biomolecules are assumed to behave like a continuum medium. The Navier-Stokes and advection-diffusion equations are solved in two dimensions and the concentration profile is found after a certain sampling period. The chemical reaction between the ligand and the biomolecule is included in the model through solving the first order kinetic equation at the boundaries. The average surface concentrations of the adsorbed molecules are plotted and compared for all the geometries to determine the most efficient one. Considering the performance, ease of fabrication, and detection, the screen plates are found to be the best option for the purpose of biomolecule removal. The effects of the change in the geometric parameters (e.g., the flow path width in the microchannels) and physicochemical parameters (e.g., the diffusion constant, ligand surface density, and forward and backward reaction rates) involved in the problem on the adsorbed concentration are thoroughly inspected and the corresponding results are plotted.
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Wabuyele, Musundi B., Hannah Farquar, Wieslaw J. Stryjewski, Robert P. Hammer, Steven A. Soper, Yu-Wei Cheng, and Francis Barany. "Detection of low abundant mutations in DNA using single-molecule FRET and ligase detection reactions." In Biomedical Optics 2003, edited by Dan V. Nicolau, Joerg Enderlein, Robert C. Leif, and Daniel L. Farkas. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.478916.

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Maha, Amit, Vamsidhar Palaparthy, Steven A. Soper, Michael C. Murphy, and Dimitris E. Nikitopoulos. "Optimized High-Aspect-Ratio Diffusional Micromixers." In ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55294.

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This part of our work has been aimed at designing, manufacturing and characterizing effective micro-mixers which are cheap, durable and easily integrated on a variety of bio-chips with emphasis on those performing Polymerese Chain Reactions (PCR) and Ligase Detection Reactions (LDR). A key contribution is the development of an optimization procedure for the design of passive micro-mixers utilizing high-aspect-ratio micro-channels (HARMC). The optimization procedure identifies the optimum type of mixer on the basis of the flow rate proportions of the mixture constituents and provides for two optimum designs of the selected mixer type for an aspect ratio of choice in two ways: (a) for specified mixture volume and mixer pressure drop the optimum mixer dimensions and operating condition minimize the total production time and (b) for specified mixture volume and a total production time the optimum mixer dimensions and operating condition minimize the mixer pressure drop. The simplest and easiest to manufacture layout of an optimized mixer configuration (X2JC) with two inlet ports and three layers is shown in Figure 1. The injection of compound 1 into the compound 2 main stream is performed through two side-jets in a wider channel to further reduce the pressure loss overhead followed by a contraction into the main mixing channel.
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Reports on the topic "Ligase detection reaction"

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Fernando, P. U. Ashvin Iresh, Gilbert Kosgei, Matthew Glasscott, Garrett George, Erik Alberts, and Lee Moores. Boronic acid functionalized ferrocene derivatives towards fluoride sensing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44762.

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In this technical report (TR), a robust, readily synthesized molecule with a ferrocene core appended with one or two boronic acid moieties was designed, synthesized, and used toward F- (free fluoride) detection. Through Lewis acid-base interactions, the boronic acid derivatives are capable of binding with F- in an aqueous solution via ligand exchange reaction and is specific to fluoride ion. Fluoride binding to ferrocene causes significant changes in fluorescence or electrochemical responses that can be monitored with field-portable instrumentation at concentrations below the WHO recommended limit. The F- binding interaction was further monitored via proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). In addition, fluorescent spectroscopy of the boronic acid moiety and electrochemical monitoring of the ferrocene moiety will allow detection and estimation of F- concentration precisely in a solution matrix. The current work shows lower detection limit (LOD) of ~15 μM (285 μg/L) which is below the WHO standards. Preliminary computational calculations showed the boronic acid moieties attached to the ferrocene core interacted with the fluoride ion. Also, the ionization diagrams indicate the amides and the boronic acid groups can be ionized forming strong ionic interactions with fluoride ions in addition to hydrogen bonding interactions.
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