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Journal articles on the topic 'LIFU'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Liao, Ye-Hui, Bin Wang, Mo-Xian Chen, Yao Liu, and Li-Juan Ao. "LIFU Alleviates Neuropathic Pain by Improving the KCC2 Expression and Inhibiting the CaMKIV–KCC2 Pathway in the L4–L5 Section of the Spinal Cord." Neural Plasticity 2021 (April 13, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6659668.

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Effective treatment remains lacking for neuropathic pain (NP), a type of intractable pain. Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), a noninvasive, cutting-edge neuromodulation technique, can effectively enhance inhibition of the central nervous system (CNS) and reduce neuronal excitability. We investigated the effect of LIFU on NP and on the expression of potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) in the spinal cords of rats with peripheral nerve injury (PNI) in the lumbar 4–lumbar 5 (L4–L5) section. In this study, rats received PNI surgery on their right lower legs followed by LIFU stimulation of the L4–L5 section of the spinal cord for 4 weeks, starting 3 days after surgery. We used the 50% paw withdraw threshold (PWT50) to evaluate mechanical allodynia. Western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to calculate the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV (CaMKIV), phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (p-CREB), and KCC2 in the L4–L5 portion of the spinal cord after the last behavioral tests. We found that PWT50 decreased ( P < 0.05 ) 3 days post-PNI surgery in the LIFU− and LIFU+ groups and increased ( P < 0.05 ) after 4 weeks of LIFU stimulation. The expression of p-CREB and CaMKIV decreased ( P < 0.05 ) and that of KCC2 increased ( P < 0.05 ) after 4 weeks of LIFU stimulation, but that of p-ERK1/2 ( P > 0.05 ) was unaffected. Our study showed that LIFU could effectively alleviate NP behavior in rats with PNI by increasing the expression of KCC2 on spinal dorsal corner neurons. A possible explanation is that LIFU could inhibit the activation of the CaMKIV–KCC2 pathway.

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2

Patel, Ankur A., Max Zhukosvky, Shawn Sidharthan, Rohan Jotwani, Neal Rakesh, and Amitabh Gulati. "Preliminary effects of low-intensity focused ultrasound treatment program for cancer-related neuropathic pain." Pain Management 11, no. 5 (September 2021): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pmt-2020-0099.

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Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) therapy in the management of cancer-related neuropathic pain (CNP). Methods: A retrospective review with 22 patients with CNP treated with LIFU therapy (frequency 3 Hz, 3 W/cm2, pulse mode duty cycle 50%) was conducted. Results: Out of the 22 patients, 15 had CNP secondary to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Compared with baseline, there was a significant reduction in numeric pain rating scale (p < 0.001). Additionally, 76.5% of patients (n = 13) were considered to be responders to LIFU therapy. Conclusion: LIFU therapy may be a viable treatment modality in the management of CNP, specifically chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, with a minimal side effect profile. Larger, prospective studies with a structured protocol are necessary.

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Yan, K., Y. Yu, and L. Liao. "A noninvasive multimodal sono-contrast NIR spectroscopy system for breast cancer diagnosis: Clinical trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 27_suppl (September 20, 2011): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.27_suppl.68.

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68 Background: A noninvasive multimodal sono-constrast spectroscopy system was developed to detect breast cancer from benign mass. An IRB approved clinical study has been carried out to evaluate its diagnostic power. Fourteen patients with histologically-proven cancer and 26 with benign mass were enrolled with informed consent. Methods: This system combines three modules: diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, ultrasonography and low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU). It reports the optical functional difference in cancer and benign mass after transient LIFU interaction with vascular flow. The optical intensity and LIFU signals were collected during each study. The ratio of optical intensities at wavelengths 685 nm and 830 nm was decomposed into low frequency and high frequency components using wavelet analysis. Results: Comparison of the high frequency component showed that LIFU stimulated transitory fluctuation in benign mass, but not in malignant tissue, as quantified by mean absolute deviation (MAD). The ratios of MAD during LIFU vs. baseline in cancer and benign mass are [mean (max/min/std)] 2.04 (3.27/1.41/0.43) and 3.00 (4.29/1.86/0.62). This suggests that high frequency fluctuation was amplified in benign mass during LIFU stimulation. There are a few outliers due to poor patient setup or patient movement during procedure. The MAD ratios are significantly different in cancer vs. benign mass (p<<0.01). An ROC curve was generated by varying threshold MAD values. The area under ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to be 0.91. With threshold 2.3, sensitivity of 92.8% and specificity of 80.8% can be achieved. Backward stepwise regression study reveals that system performance is not affected by patient age (hormone status), tumor depth and tumor size. Conclusions: Current results demonstrate the effectiveness of the multimodal system in characterizing breast cancer vs. benign mass. LIFU appears to exert more pronounced influence on blood flow in benign mass than in tumor. This lack of response to LIFU in breast cancer is possibly due to its abnormal blood vasculature. The analysis is ongoing to incorporate ultrasound imaging parameters with spectroscopy to further improve the diagnostic power.

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Zhang, Minjian, Bo Li, Xiaodong Lv, Sican Liu, Yafei Liu, Rongyu Tang, Yiran Lang, Qiang Huang, and Jiping He. "Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Attenuation of Acute Seizure Activity Based on EEG Brain Functional Connectivity." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060711.

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(1) Background: Ultrasound has been used for noninvasive stimulation and is a promising technique for treating neurological diseases. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, that is attributed to uncontrollable abnormal neuronal hyperexcitability. Abnormal synchronized activities can be observed across multiple brain regions during a seizure. (2) Methods: we used low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) to sonicate the brains of epileptic rats, analyzed the EEG functional brain network to explore the effect of LIFU on the epileptic brain network, and continued to explore the mechanism of ultrasound neuromodulation. LIFU was used in the hippocampus of epileptic rats in which a seizure was induced by kainic acid. (3) Results: By comparing the brain network characteristics before and after sonication, we found that LIFU significantly impacted the functional brain network, especially in the low-frequency band. The brain network connection strength across multiple brain regions significantly decreased after sonication compared to the connection strength in the control group. The brain network indicators (the path length, clustering coefficient, small-worldness, local efficiency and global efficiency) all changed significantly in the low-frequency. (4) Conclusions: These results revealed that LIFU could reduce the network connections of epilepsy circuits and change the structure of the brain network at the whole-brain level.

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5

Song, Fengyan, Hui Gao, Danyang Li, Arseniy V. Petrov, Vladimir V. Petrov, Dongsheng Wen, and Gleb B. Sukhorukov. "Low intensity focused ultrasound responsive microcapsules for non-ablative ultrafast intracellular release of small molecules." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 9, no. 10 (2021): 2384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tb02788j.

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Most PAH/PSS/SiO₂ capsules in B50 rat neuronal cells can be ruptured and release rhodamine B (Rh-B) into the cytosol within only 30 s of 0.75 W cm⁻² LIFU treatment, while the same LIFU treatment showed no obvious damage to cells.

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6

Dallapiazza, Robert F., Kelsie F. Timbie, Stephen Holmberg, Jeremy Gatesman, M. Beatriz Lopes, Richard J. Price, G. Wilson Miller, and W. Jeffrey Elias. "Noninvasive neuromodulation and thalamic mapping with low-intensity focused ultrasound." Journal of Neurosurgery 128, no. 3 (March 2018): 875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.11.jns16976.

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OBJECTIVEUltrasound can be precisely focused through the intact human skull to target deep regions of the brain for stereotactic ablations. Acoustic energy at much lower intensities is capable of both exciting and inhibiting neural tissues without causing tissue heating or damage. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) for neuromodulation and selective mapping in the thalamus of a large-brain animal.METHODSTen Yorkshire swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) were used in this study. In the first neuromodulation experiment, the lemniscal sensory thalamus was stereotactically targeted with LIFU, and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were monitored. In a second mapping experiment, the ventromedial and ventroposterolateral sensory thalamic nuclei were alternately targeted with LIFU, while both trigeminal and tibial evoked SSEPs were recorded. Temperature at the acoustic focus was assessed using MR thermography. At the end of the experiments, all tissues were assessed histologically for damage.RESULTSLIFU targeted to the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus suppressed SSEP amplitude to 71.6% ± 11.4% (mean ± SD) compared with baseline recordings. Second, we found a similar degree of inhibition with a high spatial resolution (∼ 2 mm) since adjacent thalamic nuclei could be selectively inhibited. The ventromedial thalamic nucleus could be inhibited without affecting the ventrolateral nucleus. During MR thermography imaging, there was no observed tissue heating during LIFU sonications and no histological evidence of tissue damage.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that LIFU can be safely used to modulate neuronal circuits in the central nervous system and that noninvasive brain mapping with focused ultrasound may be feasible in humans.

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Baek, Hongchae, Ki Joo Pahk, Min-Ju Kim, Inchan Youn, and Hyungmin Kim. "Modulation of Cerebellar Cortical Plasticity Using Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Poststroke Sensorimotor Function Recovery." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 32, no. 9 (August 29, 2018): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968318790022.

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Background. Stroke affects widespread brain regions through interhemispheric connections by influencing bilateral motor activity. Several noninvasive brain stimulation techniques have proved their capacity to compensate the functional loss by manipulating the neural activity of alternative pathways. Over the past few decades, brain stimulation therapies have been tailored within the theoretical framework of modulation of cortical excitability to enhance adaptive plasticity after stroke. Objective. However, considering the vast difference between animal and human cerebral cortical structures, it is important to approach specific neuronal target starting from the higher order brain structure for human translation. The present study focuses on stimulating the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN), which sends major cerebellar output to extensive cortical regions. Methods. In this study, in vivo stroke mouse LCN was exposed to low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU). After the LIFU exposure, animals underwent 4 weeks of rehabilitative training. Results. During the cerebellar LIFU session, motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were generated in both forelimbs accompanying excitatory sonication parameter. LCN stimulation group on day 1 after stroke significantly enhanced sensorimotor recovery compared with the group without stimulation. The recovery has maintained for a 4-week period in 2 behavior tests. Furthermore, we observed a significantly decreased level of brain edema and tissue swelling in the affected hemisphere 3 days after the stroke. Conclusions. This study provides the first evidence showing that LIFU-induced cerebellar modulation could be an important strategy for poststroke recovery. A longer follow-up study is, however, necessary in order to fully confirm the effects of LIFU on poststroke recovery.

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Tan, Mixiao, Yuli Chen, Yuan Guo, Chao Yang, Mingzhu Liu, Dan Guo, Zhigang Wang, Yang Cao, and Haitao Ran. "A low-intensity focused ultrasound-assisted nanocomposite for advanced triple cancer therapy: local chemotherapy, therapeutic extracellular vesicles and combined immunotherapy." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 23 (2020): 6703–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm00804d.

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Metwally, Mohamed K., Hee-Sok Han, Hyun Jae Jeon, Sang Beom Nam, Seung Moo Han, and Tae-Seong Kim. "Influence of Skull Anisotropic Mechanical Properties in Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound." Journal of Computational Acoustics 24, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x1650003x.

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Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) is a new noninvasive brain stimulation technique where ultrasound is applied with low frequency and intensity to focus at a target region within the brain in order to exhibit or inhibit neuronal activity. In applying LIFU to the human brain, the skull is the main barrier due to its well-known high anisotropic mechanical properties which will affect the ultrasound focusing thereby affecting the neuromodulation or brain stimulation. This study aims at investigating the influence of the anisotropic mechanical properties of the skull on ultrasound propagation and focusing in LIFU. In this study, we used 2D finite element (FE) head models incorporating the isotropic and anisotropic properties of the skull. Three kinds of stresses were examined and shown within the skull: namely the normal stress in the direction of wave propagation ([Formula: see text]-stress), normal stress in the transverse direction to the wave propagation ([Formula: see text]-stress), and shear stress. Our analysis show that although most of the pressure that reaches to the brain is due to the longitudinal wave propagation through the skull, the stress in the transverse direction to the wave propagation direction ([Formula: see text]-stress) has the main influence on the pressure profile inside the brain. The results also show that the anisotropic properties of the skull broaden the focal size about 19% and 13% in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively more than the case of considering the isotropic properties in the realistic 2D FE head model. The results indicate the importance of considering the anisotropic properties of the skull in practicing LIFU to achieve accurate targeting within the brain.

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10

Walder, Andrew G. "Tan Lifu: A “Reactionary” Red Guard in Historical Perspective." China Quarterly 180 (December 2004): 965–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004000700.

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Tan Lifu was a Red Guard leader whose August 1966 speech in defence of the Party's class line and his university's work team has long been considered key evidence for social interpretations of Red Guard factionalism. New documentation – including the complete transcript of the original speech – shows that Tan's case deviates sharply from the reputed profile of “conservative” students. Tan in fact espoused a version of the Party's class line that did not differ from the one advocated by those who denounced him; his “rebel” opponents at Beijing Industrial University were also organized and led by students from revolutionary cadre backgrounds; and Tan supported the (second) work team sent to his school because (unlike the first) it conducted a ferocious purge of a Party leadership against whom Tan harboured strong grievances. The case illustrates the ways that the politics of the work team period split students from similar backgrounds into opposing camps rather than sorting them into factions based on differences in family background.

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Wang, Hai-yan, Li Hou, Hai-liang Li, Xu Wang, Yang Cao, Bo-yu Zhang, Jing-tao Wang, Shi-jie Wei, Hong-wan Dang, and Hai-tao Ran. "A nanosystem loaded with perfluorohexane and rose bengal coupled upconversion nanoparticles for multimodal imaging and synergetic chemo-photodynamic therapy of cancer." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 9 (2020): 2488–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9bm02081k.

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12

Schulz, E., V. Mawamba, V. Sturm, R. Ernestus, U. Schatzschneider, M. Löhr, and C. Hagemann. "P11.44 Conception of a promising future therapy: Drug loaded-microbubbles against glioblastoma." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_3 (August 2019): iii53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz126.190.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Major obstacles for an effective chemotherapy of glioblastomas (GBM) are the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and serious systemic side effects of the cytotoxic drugs. A new promising strategy could be the delivery of microbubbles, encapsulating the chemotherapeutics, across the BBB to the tumor site. This will shield the drug from detrimental systemic effects. Low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) is able to open the BBB and triggers targeted release of the drugs within the tumor. First data on the synthesis of microbubbles, specifically designed new drugs and the targeted rupture of microbubbles by LIFU are presented. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thin-film hydration of lipids was utilized to prepare microbubbles, which were tested for toxicity on the GBM cell lines GaMG, U87, U138 and U343. In addition these cells were treated with 6 platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes conjugated to lipophilic side chains of different length (C1, C8, C10) for 72h. To evaluate cell viability and calculate EC50 values MTT assays and a real-time proliferation assay using the impedance-based xCELLigence DP-System were executed. RESULTS Microbubbles ≤ 2µm in diameter were synthesized and could be disintegrated by applying LIFU. Neither the intact bubbles nor the lipids alone had any toxic effects on the GBM cells. In contrast, all six drugs were highly effective with EC50 values far below those of Temozolomide (67µM) and in the range of the reference drug cisplatin (3µM). Especially the palladium(II) compound with the C1-chain displayed a very low EC50 value (<10µM), while the longer chains and the platinum(II) compounds were less effective (EC50 10–40µM). An early and concentration-dependent onset of the cytotoxic effect of drugs with C1 and C8 side chains was revealed in the real time proliferation assay. CONCLUSION All components for a new microbubble-based therapeutic strategy are in place. Microbubbles were synthesized without having toxic effects in cell culture. New highly potent palladium(II) and platinum(II) compounds with low EC50 values were developed. The next step will be their encapsulation into the microbubbles via their lipophilic side chains to develop an effective drug-delivery system for the treatment of GBM in combination with LIFU. This will allow increasing the local concentration of chemotherapeutic agents at the tumor site, irrespectively of their molecular size and BBB penetration capacity.

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Cho, H., K. Pahk, and H. Kim. "Development of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) based MRI-compatible brain stimulation system." Brain Stimulation 10, no. 2 (March 2017): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.139.

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ROTHSCHILD, WALTER. "On a little-known species of Papilio from the Island of Lifu, Loyalty Group." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 40, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1892.tb03050.x.

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15

Micic, Peter. "Pop Music Commands a Huge Audience Today: An Interview with the Young Composer Li Lifu." CHINOPERL 19, no. 1 (June 1996): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/chi.1996.19.1.95.

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16

Joe, Haeyoung, Ki Joo Pahk, Shinsuk Park, and Hyungmin Kim. "Development of a subject-specific guide system for Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (LIFU) brain stimulation." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 176 (July 2019): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.05.001.

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Schulz, Ellina, Viviane Mawamba, Volker Sturm, Ralf-Ingo Ernestus, Ulrich Schatzschneider, Mario Löhr, and Carsten Hagemann. "EXTH-17. TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT GLIOMAS WITH DRUG-LOADED MICROBUBBLES: CONCEPTION OF A PROMISING FUTURE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi85—vi86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.351.

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Abstract The major obstacles for an effective chemotherapy of glioblastomas (GBM) are the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and serious systemic side effects of the cytotoxic drugs. A new promising strategy could be the delivery of the chemotherapeutics across the BBB to the tumor site encapsulated in microbubbles. The microbubbles will shield the drug from detrimental systemic effects. Low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) allows opening of the BBB and a targeted release of the drugs within the brain tumor. We synthesized microbubbles ≤ 2 µm in diameter by thin-film hydration of lipids, which could be disintegrated applying LIFU. The toxicity was tested on GBM cell lines and neither the intact bubbles nor the lipids alone showed any toxic effects. Additionally, these cells were treated with 6 platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes conjugated to lipophilic side chains of different length (C1, C8, C10) for 72 h. Cell viability was evaluated with MTT assay and in real-time utilizing the impedance-based xCELLigence DP-System. EC50 values were calculated from both assays and all six drugs were highly effective. Especially the palladium(II) compound with the C1-chain had a very low EC50 value (< 10 µM), while the longer chains and the platinum(II) compounds were less effective (EC50 10 - 30 µM). The real time proliferation assay of the drugs revealed an early and concentration-dependent onset of the cytotoxic effect, about 30 h after application. The lipophilic side chains of the drugs should allow encapsulating them into the microbubbles to develop an effective drug-delivery system for the treatment of GBM.

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Hu, ZhongQian, Bin Yang, Tiankuan Li, and Jia Li. "Thyroid Cancer Detection by Ultrasound Molecular Imaging with SHP2-Targeted Perfluorocarbon Nanoparticles." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8710862.

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Background. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging has been widely used in the ultrasound diagnosis of a variety of tumours with high diagnostic accuracy, especially in patients with hepatic carcinoma, while its application is rarely reported in thyroid cancer. The currently used ultrasound contrast agents, microbubbles, cannot be targeted to molecular markers expressed in tumour cells due to their big size, leading to a big challenge for ultrasound molecular imaging. Phase-changeable perfluorocarbon nanoparticles may resolve the penetrability limitation of microbubbles and serve as a promising probe for ultrasound molecular imaging. Methods. 65 thyroid tumour samples and 40 normal samples adjacent to thyroid cancers were determined for SHP2 expression by IHC. SHP2-targeted PLGA nanoparticles (NPs-SHP2) encapsulating perfluoropentane (PFP) were prepared with PLGA-PEG as a shell material, and their specific target-binding ability was assessed in vitro and in vivo, and the effect on the enhancement of ultrasonic imaging induced by LIFU was studied in vivo. Results. In the present study, we verified that tumour overexpression of SHP2 and other protein tyrosine phosphatases regulated several cellular processes and contributed to tumorigenesis, which could be introduced to ultrasound molecular imaging for differentiating normal from malignant thyroid diagnostic nodes. The IHC test showed remarkably high expression of SHP2 in human thyroid carcinoma specimens. In thyroid tumour xenografts in mice, the imaging signal was significantly enhanced by SHP2-targeted nanoparticles after LIFU induction. Conclusion. This study provides a basis for preclinical exploration of ultrasound molecular imaging with NPs-SHP2 for clinical thyroid nodule detection to enhance diagnostic accuracy.

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Gibson, K. M., A. E. Doskey, D. Rabier, C. Jakobs, and C. Morlat. "Differing clinical presentation of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency in adolescent siblings from Lifu Island, New Caledonia." Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 20, no. 3 (July 1997): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1005334129412.

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Layard, E. L., and H. B. Tristram. "XV.-Notes on Collections of Birds sent from New Caledonia, from Lifu (one of the Loyalty Islands)." Ibis 21, no. 2 (April 3, 2008): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1879.tb07390.x.

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Song, Zhaojun, Yongjie Ye, Zhi Zhang, Jieliang Shen, Zhenming Hu, Zhigang Wang, and Jiazhuang Zheng. "Noninvasive, targeted gene therapy for acute spinal cord injury using LIFU-mediated BDNF-loaded cationic nanobubble destruction." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 496, no. 3 (February 2018): 911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.123.

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Liu, Jianxin, Fenfen Xu, Ju Huang, Jinshun Xu, Yang Liu, Yuanzhi Yao, Meng Ao, et al. "Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)-activated nanodroplets as a theranostic agent for noninvasive cancer molecular imaging and drug delivery." Biomaterials Science 6, no. 11 (2018): 2838–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8bm00726h.

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Liu, Jianxin, Tingting Shang, Fengjuan Wang, Yang Cao, Lan Hao, JianLi Ren, Haitao Ran, Zhigang Wang, Pan Li, and Zhiyu Du. "Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)-induced acoustic droplet vaporization in phase-transition perfluoropentane nanodroplets modified by folate for ultrasound molecular imaging." International Journal of Nanomedicine Volume 12 (January 2017): 911–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s122667.

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Wang, Yang, Guoqing Sui, Dengke Teng, Qimeihui Wang, Jia Qu, Lingyu Zhu, Haitao Ran, Zhigang Wang, Chunxiang Jin, and Hui Wang. "Low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) triggered drug release from cetuximab-conjugated phase-changeable nanoparticles for precision theranostics against anaplastic thyroid carcinoma." Biomaterials Science 7, no. 1 (2019): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8bm00970h.

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Liu, Zhangluxi, Haitao Ran, Zhigang Wang, Shiji Zhou, and Yaxu Wang. "Targeted and pH-facilitated theranostic of orthotopic gastric cancer via phase-transformation doxorubicin-encapsulated nanoparticles enhanced by low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) with reduced side effect." International Journal of Nanomedicine Volume 14 (September 2019): 7627–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s212888.

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Liu, Yuefei. "Changes in skeletal muscle heat shock proteins: Pathological significance." Frontiers in Bioscience 6, no. 1 (2001): d12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/liu.

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Liu, Chunyu, Franak Batliwalla, Wentian Li, Annette Lee, Ronenn Roubenoff, Evan Beckman, Houman Khalili, et al. "Genome-Wide Association Scan Identifies Candidate Polymorphisms Associated with Differential Response to Anti-TNF Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis." Molecular Medicine 14, no. 9-10 (July 3, 2008): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2119/2008-00056.liu.

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Pan, Fan, and Chen Liu. "Grieve, J. (2016). Regional Variation in Written American English." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 23, no. 2 (October 5, 2018): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.00005.liu.

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Tang, Xuri, and Gaixiang Liu. "Solving contradictions in semantic prosody analysis with prosody concord." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 23, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 437–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.17057.liu.

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Abstract Using collocation-based approaches, semantic prosody analyses of lemmas like alleviate and cure yield judgments of negative prosody, which contradict common sense. This poses a challenge to the concept of semantic prosody and the principle of co-occurrence. To solve such contradictions, this paper proposes a new approach to semantic prosody analysis named ‘prosody concord’. The approach adopts collostruction as the locus of analysis on the basis of the explication of the unit of meaning model, and uses a mechanism for semantic prosody determination that incorporates multiple sources of information such as interactions of words, collocations, colligations and semantic preferences. Case studies of the lemmas budge, credibility, cause and alleviate show that the proposed approach can solve the contradictions and provide a consistent means for semantic prosody analysis.

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Liu, Xin. "Pragmalinguistic challenges for trainee interpreters in achieving accuracy." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 22, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.00035.liu.

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Abstract In cross-examination, questions are used by counsel as powerful tools to control witness testimonies. In bilingual courtrooms, conveying the subtlety in the use of questions from one language to another is crucial for all participants. However, achieving a high level of accuracy is extremely demanding due to the intricacy of courtroom discourse and the complexity of interpreting in such an institutional setting. Drawing on a moot court exercise at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, this study investigates the most common pragmalinguistic challenges for trainee interpreters in achieving accuracy when interpreting cross-examination questions from English to Mandarin. Findings show that it can be challenging to produce pragmatically accurate renditions: Mandarin interpretations have an overall weakened illocutionary force compared to the original English questions. In particular, declaratives, reported speech declaratives, modal interrogatives, and tag questions are found to be difficult to interpret into Mandarin. This paper also explores the way the illocutionary force of the interpreted questions deviates from the original and the possible causes for this shift. Findings point to the need to enhance pragmatic competence among trainee interpreters, which in turn will require specialised training for interpreters working in legal settings.

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Liu, Xiqin. "Chan, 2017. The Future of Translation Technology: Towards a World without Babel." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 63, no. 6 (December 31, 2017): 897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00020.liu.

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Liu, Xiaodong, and Defeng Li. "Isabel Lacruz and Riitta Jääskeläinen (Eds). Innovation and Expansion in Translation Process Research." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 65, no. 5 (December 18, 2019): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00121.liu.

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Liu, Yongzhi, and Chunlan Tang. "Translation of visual poetic spatiality." APTIF 9 - Reality vs. Illusion 66, no. 4-5 (October 20, 2020): 796–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00185.liu.

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Abstract Spatiality in literature has been explored in depth in recent years, but there are still few applications in literary translation studies. With space cognitively defined and the trichotomy of iconic signs adopted, we argue that the written text of a poem has its visual poetic spaces – the scene properties of linguistic signs (letters, character parts, words, lineation etc.) and relational reference of linguistic signs (distance, sequence etc.) – and that these poetic spaces are imagically and diagrammatically iconic. Our analysis of the English-Chinese and Chinese-English translation of poems’ iconic letters, lineation, distance, and sequence reveals that some translators have successfully reproduced the source text’s visual spatiality in the target text, but some have simply ignored or neglected the rendering; visual poetic spaces are semantically important and translatable, and the translation techniques involve direct reproduction and complementary renderings. We argue that, in addition to portraying the linguistic and cultural information found in poems, translators should pay more attention to visual poetic spatiality in their work in order to ensure an accurate portrayal of the original author’s work.

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Liu, Dilin. "A corpus study of Chinese EFL learners’ use of circumstance, demand, and significant." Journal of Second Language Studies 1, no. 2 (August 27, 2018): 310–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jsls.00006.liu.

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Abstract This study investigated Chinese EFL learners’ use of circumstance, demand, and significant, three challenging words each being a member in a synonym set: circumstance in the case/circumstance/event/situation set, demand in the ask/demand/request/require set, and significant in the important/meaningful/significant set. Via an expert rating and a close examination of all the uses of the three words in Wen, Wang, and Liang’s (2005) Spoken and Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners, the study has uncovered various inappropriate usages as well as successfully acquired usages involving the three words. The results reveal a failure by many Chinese EFL learners to understand the three words’ semantic usage differences with their respective synonyms. The study has also identified L1 interference, inadequate descriptions of these words in dictionaries, and insufficient instructional attention to the semantic usage differences among synonyms as likely reasons for the learners’ inappropriate usages. Pedagogical and research implications are also discussed.

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Liu, Ming. "“Contesting the Cynicism of Neoliberalism”." Journal of Language and Politics 16, no. 2 (March 21, 2017): 242–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.15010.liu.

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Abstract This article aims to expose the hegemony of neoliberalism in media discourse through a corpus-assisted discourse study of the representations of the Sino-US currency dispute in two newspapers – China Daily (CD) from China and The New York Times (NYT) from the US. The findings suggest that while neoliberal ideology can be identified in both CD and NYT, it is articulated and appropriated differently in the two newspapers to construct their respective stance towards the issue. Neoliberal beliefs are found pervading different levels of discourse (i.e., thematic, lexical and grammatical) in NYT to construct a combative stance towards China’s exchange rate policies. However, the hegemony of neoliberalism can also be detected through CD’s ambivalent stance towards change and the seemingly contradictory evaluation of the impact of exchange rate changes.

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Liu, Lihua. "Identity construction and negotiation in Chinese political discourse." Journal of Language and Politics 19, no. 2 (March 20, 2019): 331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.18057.liu.

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Abstract Based on identity theory and previous studies of crisis discourse, this paper systematically analyzes the process of identity construction and negotiation between political discourse and social discourse representing the event of a fire at Xinjian Village, Daxing District in the southern suburb of Beijing. It is found that in the first phase, the political discourse focuses on the meta-discourse of “for Renmin’s sake, we carry out a campaign of thorough inspection, cleaning-up and rectification to eliminate safety hazards.” In the second phase of the event the Renmin category is then represented concretely as “residents”, “migrant workers”, “people who need help” and so on. These discursive practices have constructed a relatively acknowledged identification with the social groups concerned, and thus positively affect the governance and management of this crisis event.

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Liu, Minhua, Ingrid Kurz, Barbara Moser-Mercer, and Miriam Shlesinger. "The interpreter’s aging." Translation, Cognition & Behavior 3, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00045.liu.

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Abstract This article reports part of the first phase of the AIIC Lifespan Study, for which ten conference interpreters over 70 years old were interviewed to learn how interpreters’ professional language experiences interact with their cognitive functions and, specifically, if they demonstrate different patterns of cognitive decline regarding language use. The interview transcripts were coded to identify examples that matched the items in the research-informed interview guide or any emerging patterns that informed the theme of cognitive changes. The interviewees experienced some aging-induced cognitive challenges, such as comprehension difficulties in less than optimal environments, concentration and memory issues, and slowness in lexical retrieval. Some of these challenges had an impact on some interviewees’ decision to quit interpreting.

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Liu, Hui, and Fan Xu. "Ławrynowicz, A. 2017. Semantic Data Mining, An Ontology-Based Approach,." Terminology 24, no. 2 (November 26, 2018): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.00022.liu.

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Liu, Hui. "Chan, Sin-wai (ed.). 2018. The Human Factor in Machine Translation." Terminology 25, no. 1 (July 24, 2019): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.00030.liu.

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Liu, Hui. "Review of O’Hagan (2019): The Routledge handbook of translation and technology." Terminology 26, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.00054.liu.

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Liu, Chen-Yu, and Hao-Jan Howard Chen. "Functional variation of lexical bundles in academic lectures and TED talks." Register Studies 2, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): 176–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rs.18003.liu.

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Abstract This study explores the differences between academic lectures and TED talks by comparing their respective frequent four-word lexical bundles, and the discourse functions of those bundles in these two registers. The results indicate that academic lectures use more varied lexical bundles at a higher frequency than TED talks do. The functional distributions of the bundles further reveal that referential bundles are prevalent in both registers. However, TED speakers use more lexical bundles to organize their discourse and to guide the audience through their talks, while academic lecturers use more stance bundles to show their intentions and to inform the audience about upcoming events. The distinctive characteristics of academic lectures and TED talks are revealed via the divergent sets of lexical bundles in the two registers; the two registers are also shown to differ greatly in terms of the use of lexical bundles for different functions.

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Liu, Gordon G., Shawn X. Sun, Dale B. Christensen, and Zhongyun Zhao. "Cost analysis of schizophrenia treatment with second- generation antipsychotic medications in north Carolina's Medicaid program." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 47, no. 1 (January 2007): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/1544-3191.47.1.77.liu.

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Liu, Ping, and Huiying Liu. "Responding to direct complaints." Pragmatics and Cognition 24, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 4–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.16009.liu.

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Abstract This article examines the role of metapragmatic expressions (MPEs) in constructing common ground (CG) in the call taker’s responses to customer direct complaints in telephone interactions in the framework of the socio-cognitive approach proposed and developed by Kecskes (2008, 2010, 2013, 2017) and Kecskes and Zhang (2009, 2013). Based on five extracts drawn from the data of about two hours of 15 recordings of telephone interactions that include successful complaint settlements made between customers and the customer service department of one Chinese airline, it reveals that the call taker mainly employs five types of MPEs as CG construction devices to explicitly manifest intentions of giving accounts and explanations, confirming and checking information, negotiating adequate compensations, establishing close interpersonal relationships, and aligning with the organization. This article enhances our understanding of the functioning process of metapragmatic indicators in complaint settlement in institutional telephone interactions.

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Liu, Si, and Yi Yang. "Cognitive processing of scalar implicatures with Chinese gradable adjectives." Pragmatics and Cognition 24, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 373–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.17036.liu.

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Abstract In previous research comparing the Context-driven Model with the Default Model of meaning processing, the former was preferred. It predicts that contexts play an exclusively decisive role in meaning processing, whereas the latter holds that the inference of literal meaning generally goes through, unless it is subsequently defaulted or cancelled by the context it is associated with. The Standardization Model, which we added to our experiments, highlights that implicatures are figured out from standardized forms typically based on the mutual background belief and speaker’s intention. We tested whether Chinese people’s processing of the gradable adjective scale <hot, burning> conformed more to the Context-driven Model, the Default Model, or the Standardization Model. The results demonstrated that the Standardization Model is the most acceptable among the three. The findings of this study, which is the first study using the experimental paradigm on Chinese gradable adjectives, highlighted a need for further studies to investigate the same questions with different languages and cultures.

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Liu, Li, and Hin Tat Cheung. "The partial productivity of schematic idioms in Chinese." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 19, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 80–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00004.liu.

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Abstract Idiomatic expressions are generally manifested as lexically fixed. Yet some expressions allow lexical variations in their open slots and thus show certain degree of productivity in actual use. How young children acquire the productive use of idiomatic expressions, however, has rarely been addressed in current literature. The present study explores the developmental trajectory in learning idiom productivity by targeting the quadra-syllabic schematic idioms in Chinese. Results of two Graded Acceptability Judgment tests showed that acquisition of the selective productivity of schematic idioms may undergo an interactive process shaped by its token frequency, structural complexity, inherent semantic relation and the chunk effect of its open morphemes at different age levels. Findings in the studies are further discussed in relation to the emergentist model in idiom learning.

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Liu, Yeu-Ting. "Linguistic relativity in L2 acquisition." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 19, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 117–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00005.liu.

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Abstract Proponents of the Linguistic Relativity Principle has maintained that the language we use modulates our thinking and that our thinking also shapes or determines how the language is parsed and understood. Existing research has provided compelling evidence for the above relativistic view in monolingual speakers. Recently, a growing number of studies have also started to investigate the relativistic view on language and thought in L2 learners. These L2 studies have yielded evidence regarding the cognitive constraint of an early-learned language (e.g. L1) on the later-learned language (e.g. L2). Despite this vigorous research effort, much remains unknown about whether the cognitive development in the later-learned language would modulate how the early-learned language is parsed (lower-level processing) and understood (higher-level processing). To fill the gap, this study drew on the self-paced reading experimental paradigm to study linguistic relativity effects on advanced L2 learners’ reading of L1 (Chinese) counterfactual statements – a concept encoded differently in these learners’ L1 and L2. The participants’ online response time and offline accuracy data were both the foci of the analyses; while the analyses of the response time data were suggestive of the participants’ initial lower-level parsing of the L1 counterfactual statements, the analyses of the accuracy data shed light on how the concept of counterfactuality is represented and understood in the L1. Throughout these analyses, this study intends to address the following questions: Does L2 acquisition impose any cognitive constraint on bilinguals’ lower-level L1 parsing and/or on their higher-level L1 processing? If so, in what way and to what extent? Furthermore, the study also intends to empirically establish whether the cognitive constraint as stipulated by the Linguistic Relativity Principle would be modulated by different onset age of learning the L2 (early vs. late). Findings of this study are discussed vis-à-vis the Linguistic Relativity Principle, L2 processing mechanism, and L2 literacy instruction.

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Liu, Meichun, and Juiching Chang. "From caused-motion to spatial configuration." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 20, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 180–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00034.liu.

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Abstract This study re-examines Mandarin Placement verbs from a lexical-constructional perspective and redefines the class with semantic-to-syntactic properties pertaining to lexicalization patterns in Mandarin. It aims to show that Placement verbs lexicalize a cognitively salient causal chain that extends from an agentive motion to locational change and to resultant spatial configuration. The event chain serves as the conceptual basis for linking motion-triggered events and states that are syntactically distinct in profiling the three contingent stages: caused to move → caused to be → spatially grounded. Although English Placement verbs (put, hang, etc.) are typically taken to be exemplars of the caused-motion construction, this study shows that Placement verbs may be distinguished syntactically and semantically from pure Caused-Motion verbs and posture-based Spatial Configuration verbs. While the three classes of verbs may be viewed as demonstrating respectively the individuated stages of the proposed event chain, Placement verbs are the only class that encompasses all three event types in their meanings and are associated with a wide range of semantically compatible constructions. The three stages are discussed with graphical representations and collocational distinctions. Further sub-classifications of the Mandarin Placement verbs are provided with different semantic profiles for each subclass. Crucial to the analysis is the fact that location-profiled uses of Placement verbs outnumber path-profiled uses in Mandarin, indicating a categorical shift from motional to locational predication. By teasing out the language-specific and class-specific lexicalization patterns that are collo-constructionally definable, the study demonstrates the usefulness of a lexical-constructional approach in fine-tuning verbal semantic distinctions for cross-linguistic and cross-categorial comparisons.

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Liu, Hsiuhsueh. "閩南語元音演變路徑與觸發因素." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 21, no. 3 (June 16, 2020): 408–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00066.liu.

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抽象本文從次方言比較角度，對比台南、新竹、廈門、鹿港、金門等五地，尋找閩南語單元音歸併演變路徑及其相關變化的可能觸發因素。台南與厦門（鼓浪嶼一帶）的發音相似，傳統閩南語的o、ɔ分立，都轉爲ə、o分立，顯示語言異地同變之追求系統均衡的普遍趨勢。若系統存在固有央元音ə、ɨ音位，傾向阻擋o前移，以免降低固有ə與o區別度，在泉州腔的金門與同安均可見此現象。鹿港老一輩可見到僅以舌位高低區別o、ɔ，但中青年層也普遍出現o元音前移趨勢；說明固有央元音ə阻擋o央化不是必然，次方言接觸強度會進一步誘發差異演變。語言優勢效應也影響了閩南語元音變化，當優勢華語進入生活各領域，促使閩南語中青年層元音系統朝向等同於華語的三個舌位高度發展；目前廈門、金門與台灣各地青年層閩南語元音都是三個舌位高度。總結而言，元音系統內部平衡機制、優勢語言影響、與次方言接觸強度等動力，綜合影響了當今閩南語元音系統歸併變化。

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Liu, Chin-Ting, and Li-mei Chen. "Testing the applicability of third tone sandhi at the intonation boundary." Language and Linguistics / 語言暨語言學 21, no. 4 (September 18, 2020): 636–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lali.00073.liu.

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Abstract The purpose of this study is to test the applicability of Tone Three Sandhi (T3S) when the critical syllable is a monosyllabic topic preceding a topic boundary. A recitation task from 37 native speakers of Taiwan Mandarin was employed. The results from human judgements indicated that the participants predominantly produced the critical syllables with Tone 3 (T3). Additionally, the fundamental frequency of the critical syllables demonstrated a falling contour, showing that T3S was not applied. Intonation break-ups and the prolongation of the critical syllables lent strong support to the view that the topic syllable was at an intonation/phonological phrase-final position. The findings can be elegantly accommodated by constraint-based analyses, which propose that T3S must be avoided when two T3 syllables are separated by an intonation/phonological phrase boundary. Issues relating to pauses, speech rates and word frequency effects are also discussed.

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Liu, Xingbing. "Review of He (2019): Patient-Subject Constructions in Mandarin Chinese: Syntax, semantics, discourse." Pragmatics and Society 11, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.00037.liu.

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