Academic literature on the topic 'Lifecycle of plastics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Lifecycle of plastics"
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Bai, Mengyu, and Daoji Li. "Quantity of plastic waste input into the ocean from China based on a material flow analysis model." Anthropocene Coasts 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/anc-2018-0028.
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Marine plastic waste has been an important global environmental issue in recent years, and quantifying the amount of global marine plastic waste input is vital for control and mitigation. However, determining an accurate quantity of oceanic plastics is challenging because comprehensive monitoring data are difficult to obtain on national and global scales. To understand the contribution of China in global marine plastic waste input, we used a material flow analysis (MFA) method, which is included in lifecycle assessment and combines statistical data from China’s official statistics, reports, and NPO (nonprofit organization) to establish an MFA model. The model assesses the lifecycle of plastics, which starts with primary plastic, passes the stage of plastic product, and eventually becomes plastic waste. With the MFA model, the annual amount of plastic waste entering the ocean from China from 2011 to 2020 can be calculated. In 2011, 0.65 million tonnes of plastic waste entered the ocean from China, and the quantity rose slowly until 2016. A rapid decline appeared in 2018 because of China’s governmental managements and the quantity will continue to decrease until 2020. Our results indicate the amount of oceanic plastics has a strong correlation with government control measures.
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Koinig, Gerald, Elias Grath, Chiara Barretta, Karl Friedrich, Daniel Vollprecht, and Gernot Oreski. "Lifecycle Assessment for Recycling Processes of Monolayer and Multilayer Films: A Comparison." Polymers 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 3620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173620.
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This work covers a lifecycle assessment of monolayer and multilayer films to quantify the environmental impacts of changing the management of plastic film waste. This lifecycle assessment offers the possibility of quantifying the environmental impacts of processes along the lifecycle of monolayer and multilayer films and mapping deviating impacts due to changed process parameters. Based on the status quo, the changes in global warming potential and abiotic fossil resource depletion were calculated in different scenarios. The changes included collecting, sorting, and recycling mono- and multilayer films. The “Functional Unit” under consideration comprised 1000 kg of plastic film waste, generated as post-consumer waste in Austria and captured in the lightweight packaging collection system. The results showed the reduction of environmental impacts over product lifecycles by improving waste management and creating a circular economy. Recycling all plastic film reduced global warming potential by 90% and abiotic fossil resource consumption by 93%. The necessary optimisation steps to meet the politically required recycling rates by 2025 and 2030 could be estimated, and the caused environmental impacts are presented. This work shows the need for increased collection, recycling, and significant improvement in the sorting of films to minimise global warming potential and resource consumption.
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Kasner, Robert, Weronika Kruszelnicka, Patrycja Bałdowska-Witos, Józef Flizikowski, and Andrzej Tomporowski. "Sustainable Wind Power Plant Modernization." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061461.
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The production of energy in wind power plants is regarded as ecologically clean because there being no direct emissions of harmful substances during the conversion of wind energy into electricity. The production and operation of wind power plant components make use of the significant potential of materials such as steel, plastics, concrete, oils, and greases. Energy is also used, which is a source of potential negative environmental impacts. Servicing a wind farm power plant during its operational years, which lasts most often 25 years, followed by its disassembly, involves energy expenditures as well as the recovery of post-construction material potential. There is little research in the world literature on models and methodologies addressing analyses of the environmental and energy aspects of wind turbine modernization, whether in reference to turbines within their respective lifecycles or to those which have already completed them. The paper presents an attempt to solve the problems of wind turbine modernization in terms of balancing energy and material potentials. The aim of sustainable modernization is to overhaul: assemblies, components, and elements of wind power plants to extend selected phases as well as the lifecycle thereof while maintaining a high quality of power and energy; high energy, environmental, and economic efficiency; and low harmfulness to operators, operational functions, the environment, and other technical systems. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology to assess the efficiency of energy and environmental costs incurred during the 25-year lifecycle of a 2 MW wind power plant and of the very same power plant undergoing sustainable modernization to extend its lifecycle to 50 years. The analytical and research procedure conducted is a new model and methodological approach, one which is a valuable source of data for the sustainable lifecycle management of wind power plants in an economy focused on process efficiency and the sustainability of energy and material resources.
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Federici, Stefania, Zahida Ademovic, Mónica J. B. Amorim, Moritz Bigalke, Mariacristina Cocca, Laura Eleonora Depero, Joydeep Dutta, et al. "COST Action PRIORITY: An EU Perspective on Micro- and Nanoplastics as Global Issues." Microplastics 1, no. 2 (May 5, 2022): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microplastics1020020.
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Plastic fragments, weathered into or released in the form of micro- and nanoplastics, are persistent and widespread in the environment, and it is anticipated that they have negative environmental impacts. This necessitates immediate efforts for management strategies throughout the entire plastics lifecycle. This opinion paper was initiated by the EU COST Action CA20101 PRIORITY, which focuses on the need to develop an effective global networking platform dealing with research, implementation, and consolidation of ways to address the worldwide challenges associated with micro- and nanoplastics pollution in the environment.
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Romero, Victor J., Alberto Sanchez-Lite, and Gerard Liraut. "Development of a Multi-Criteria Design Optimization Methodology for Automotive Plastics Parts." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010156.
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The plastic industry is undergoing drastic changes, due to the customer sustainability perception of plastics, and the eruption of new processes (such 3D printing) and materials (such as renewably sourced resins). To enable a fast transition to high-quality, sustainable plastic applications, a specific methodology could be a key competitive advantage. This novel methodology is focused on improving the objectivity and efficiency of plastic production and the design review process. It is applicable to discrete optimization events in any product lifecycle milestone, from concept design to serial production stages. The methodology includes a natural way to capture plastic-related knowledge and trends, oriented towards building a dynamic “interaction matrix”, with a list of potential optimizations and their positive or negative impacts in a comprehensive set of multi-criteria evaluations. With an innovative approach, the matrix allows the possibility to incorporate a business strategy, which could be different at every lifecycle stage. The business strategy is translated from the common “verbal” definition into a quantitative set of “Target and Restrictions”, making it possible to detect and prioritize the best potential design optimization changes according to the strategy. This methodology helps to model and compare design alternatives, verify impacts in every evaluation criteria, and make robust and objective information-based decisions. The application of the methodology in real cases of plastic material design optimization in the automotive industry has provided remarkable results, accelerating the detection of improvement methods aligned with the strategy and maximizing the improvement in product competitiveness and sustainability. In comparison with the simultaneous application of existing mono-criteria optimization methodologies (such as “Design to Cost” or “Eco Design”) and subjective expert-based reviews, the novel methodology has a reduced workload and risks, confirming its potential for future application and further development in other polymer-based products, such as consumer goods or packaging.
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Domina, Tanya, and Kathy Koch. "The Textile Waste Lifecycle." Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 15, no. 2 (March 1997): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887302x9701500204.
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Broekel, J., and G. Scharr. "The specialities of fibre-reinforced plastics in terms of product lifecycle management." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 162-163 (May 2005): 725–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.02.226.
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A.I., Umar, Yusuf Sarkingobir, and Dikko M. "Spectro-analytical Research of Selected Heavy Metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in Four Different Single-use Plastics Commonly in Contact with Food from Sokoto, Nigeria." Jurnal Teknokes 15, no. 2 (June 7, 2022): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35882/jteknokes.v15i2.199.
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Single use plastics are types of plastics discarded after one usage. They are everywhere you go because of their wide range of applications in life. In plastics, additives are incorporated to supplant properties of plastics. One of the common additives is the heavy metals, which could leach out along the plastics lifecycle, thereby creating a problem. This study was stimulated to determine the levels of heavy metals in selected single-use-plastics commonly in contact with food (as containers or wrappings or relations) in Sokoto. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy methodology was utilized to determine the levels of copper, chromium, lead, zinc and cadmium. The results for determination of selected heavy metals in selected single use plastics from Sokoto State University, Nigeria were revealed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Therein, the concentrations of copper (Cu) ranges from 0.335+0.002 to 0.540+0.002(ug/kg), levels of cadmium (Cd) ranges from 0.0551+0.003 to 0.0041+0.0003(ug/kg), levels of chromium (Cr) ranges from 0.0959 +0.004 to 0.0265+0.001(ug/kg), levels of lead (Pb) ranges from -1.791+0.02 to -0.0706+0.008(ug/kg). Thus, the results revealed disparity in the levels of the analyzed heavy metals in the selected single use plastics. However, Cu concentration was the most elevated in plastic bottle (PB) and lowest in Takeaway (T); Cd was highest in Straw (S), and lowest in PB; Cr was highest in Ice cream cup (IC) and lowest in S; Pb was highest in PB, and lowest in S. The concentrations of Cupper, Chromium, Lead, and Cadmium in plastic bottle, Takeaway, Straw and lce cream cup, have shown disparity. However, Cu concentration was the most elevated in plastic bottle (PB) and lowest in Takeaway; Cd was highest in Straw, and lowest in PB; Cr was highest in Ice cream cup and lowest in S; Pb was highest in PB, and lowest in S. They levels determined are within the permissible limits.
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Kerscher, Ulrich. "Towards a Sustainable Future? The EU Policies Concerning Plastics and Their Didactical Potential for Primary and Secondary Teaching." Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/dcse-2019-0005.
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Abstract Plastic, plastic waste and marine litter indisputably is one of the key environmental issues of the 21st century. The already existing amount of accumulated marine litter, the high quantity of plastic waste escaping from waste management streams every year in combination with the low recycling rates for plastic and the missing awareness of the consumer for sustainable consumption pose a permanent threat to the ecosystem, biodiversity and human health. What is more, as economic and ecological interests strongly deviate from each other, the transformation of this status quo towards a more sustainable future will take place very slowly. Against this background, this paper will shortly outline the multitude of problems connected to plastic products throughout a productís lifecycle and introduce the idea of a circular economy. On this basis, the paper will critically analyze the strategy papers and the ongoing legislation of the EU introduced to solve these problems and to realize the transformation process of the EU-economy towards a circular economy from a sustainable development point of view. On the one hand, awareness raising is one main strategy of the EU to achieve this transformation, on the other hand, educational institutions are not specifically mentioned by the EU. In order to address this shortcoming, the paper will constitute the teaching principle global development politics / education for sustainable development as one measure to increase consumersí awareness and sustainable consumption. In general, this paper will proof that the topical area plastics can fruitfully be implemented at German schools for primary and secondary education in order to strengthen the education for sustainable development.
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Sharma, Renuka, and Himanshi Kaushik. "Micro-plastics: An invisible danger to human health." CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research 3, no. 2 (July 17, 2021): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46860/cgcijctr.2021.06.31.182.
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Microplastics are small plastic pieces ranging between the size of 1-5 micrometre (µm). Because of their small size and their continuity, it has the potential to spread throughout all parts of our environment. These are ubiquitous environmental contaminants leading to inevitable human exposure. It can enter our bodies through ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. It has already been found in various human foods, beers, drinking water, honey, seafood, sugar, table salt etc. It is demonstrated that marine organisms including zooplanktons, bivalves, crustaceans, worms, fish, reptiles etc. ingest microplastic. Around 2% to 40% of fishes were found to be contaminated with microplastic. It can reach our stomach and due to its size , these are either excreted, get entrapped in intestinal lining and stomach or move freely in body fluids like blood, thereby reaching various organs and tissues of body. To tackle this serious issue of microplastic pollution in environment and in human health, various effective policies must take under consideration all stages of lifecycle of plastic connecting producers to users and ultimately to waste managers. Thus, we have to seem for potential effects of microplastics in living beings, which specializes in the pathways of toxicity and exposure, way to reduce microplastic pollution, sources of invisible plastics. Present work was conducted to explore the possible threats of micro as well as nanoplastic particles to humanity as well as to our ecosystem. Under this study we summarized various aspects of this critical issue, which provide better scientific knowledge for future research.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lifecycle of plastics"
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Ackerstierna, Paula. "The Environmental Impact of an Automotive Plastic Component : A lifecycle approach of a deco panel scenario analysis of two different plastics." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-73177.
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The transport sector is a major end-user of energy. As consumers are becoming aware and conscious of their environmental footprint making the enviromental footprint of automobile components one of the requirements in new product design development. The purpose of the study is to identify environmental impacts of a plastic panel. The main objective of the study is to perform an environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA) of an existing panel regarding four scenarios with a nonbio-based plastic and a bio-based plastic. The first two scenarios have the same production and use phase, but different end-of-life treatments. The plastic in these scenarios is non-biobased. The last two scenarios have the same bio-based plastic and use phase, but different end-of-life-treatments. The first three scenarios have a surface material covering the plastic. The environmental impacts analyzed are global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, photochemical ozone creation potential, primary energy demand and particulate matter. The analysis is carried out according to the ISO14040/44 with the four steps of LCA: 1) Goal and Scope Definition, 2) Inventory Analysis, 3) Impact Assessment, and 4) Interpretation. The functional unit of the anaysis is a plastic panel. The inventory was collected by literature, the LCA software GaBi, and the commissoner of the study. The environmental impact assessment was conducted in GaBi 8 with the method of CML2015, Primary Energy, and IMPACT2002+. A dominance and a contribution analyses were applied to identify the hotspots of the life cycle. The hotspot of the life cycle was identified to be the production phase. The main contributor within the scenarios was the plastic production, specifically the granulates and the fiber fillings. The bio-based plastic reduced the impacts compared to the non-bio-based in five out of six cases. However, the photochemical ozone creation potential for both plastics were the same. The bio-based plastic reduced the GWP 16%, AP by 1%, EP by less than 1%, and PED by 19%. If the surface cover in aluminum was removed, the GWP was reduced by 46%, AP by 35%, EP by29%, POCP by 36%, PED by 42%and PM by 40%. The transportation contributed most to impacts in the acidification potential, eutrophication potential, and particulate matter. The transportation’s impacts were greater in the bio-based plastic than the non-bio-based. The granulates of the plastic along with the injection molding are the main contributors due to usage of coal-based electricity for the injection molding and oil for the plastic production. The values used in the study are based on country averages which may differ depending on geographic location and its development as China is a country with a large area. The GWP is the highest value of the impacts analyzed, but even though the other are small fractions these may cause great damages. These damages can irritate eyes, damage lungs and destroy photosynthesis. By using recycled material for products instead of new materials, as done in the study, the impacts could be lower. As some previous studies agrees, the usage of bio-plastics lowers the environmental impact by a few percentages. The bioplastic is an environmentally sustainable option to the current plastic as the location of the panel is not sensitive to excessive heat.
Book chapters on the topic "Lifecycle of plastics"
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Sebastian, Donald H., Marino Xanthos, Ezra Ehrenkrantz, Ming C. Leu, Kamalesh K. Sirkar, Reggie J. Caudill, and Richard Magee. "Multi-Lifecycle Design Strategies: Applications in Plastics for Durable Goods." In Life-Cycle Modelling for Innovative Products and Processes, 383–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-34981-7_33.
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"Case Study: The Lifecycle of Conductive Plastics Based on Carbon Nanotubes." In Safety of Nanomaterials along Their Lifecycle, 428–45. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17774-23.
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Eikerling, Heinz-Josef, and Pietro Mazzoleni. "A Methodology for the Design, Development and Validation of Adaptive and Context-Aware Mobile Services." In Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing, 462–87. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-960-1.ch030.
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The authors present a holistic approach for the efficient design, implementation, and validation of context-aware mobile services. The according concepts have been developed within the PLASTIC project which devises a methodology based on model-to-model transformations to be applied at different stages of the service lifecycle. Starting from a conceptual model, these models reflect characteristic properties of the mobile service under development such as context information. For the implementation of the service, a middleware suite then is used which comprises a set of constituents which significantly simplify and shorten the mobile services development cycle. The authors focus on demonstrating the concepts in terms of mobile business-to-business field services as opposed to business-to-consumer services. Here through the methodology and tools the dynamicity can be significantly enhanced. By using the contained adaptation mechanism, service specifications (static by nature) can be qualified to deal with additional information (e.g., context) needed for achieving a better quality of service and usability.
Conference papers on the topic "Lifecycle of plastics"
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Belotti, Vittorio, Roberto P. Razzoli, and Rinaldo C. Michelini. "Lifecycle Monitoring for the Automotive Eco-Sustainability." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59395.
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The growth sustainability requires dramatic changes to lower the natural resources consumption and the surroundings pollution, by recovery/remediation processes. The EU policy aims at the extended producers/suppliers responsibility, with effective charges on the products allowed to be put on the market, used and called-back, in view of the properly small impact and transparent lifecycle acknowledgement. This leads to «extensions» in designing the new offers with integrated monitoring and service functions. The design for the lifecycle eco-effectiveness is accomplishment, better qualifying the far-seeing companies according to the EU eco-policy. The idea is to reach the duty visibility, by the extended plug-and-play concept, based on series of integrated design options, assigning the structural and functional modules, for the operation monitoring, the reliability assessment and the impact appraisal. This instrumental setting includes intangible information/communication aids, to confer ambient intelligence abilities. This way, the on-process visibility is assured, and exploited for on-duty servicing and end-of-life processing. The example case chosen deals with the critical situation of the parts manufactured in plastics, which are deemed to represent most relevant portion in the cars to come. The following recovery options are possible: - the reuse of the reconditioned items, according to suitably assessed life-extension opportunities; - the recycling of the warn-out components, with the regeneration and reusing of the materials; - the thermal recovery of residual stuffs, within careful handling and pollution-safe warnings; - the reduction to registered ASR, automobile shredding residue, within the EU directives limits. The on-board information system includes, as innovative feature, the resort to identifying tags or labels, to be read and written through wireless links. The technology exploits cheap and compact supports, allowing the labelling of the component, from production, to lifecycle, with an identifying code. The RFID, Radio Frequency Identification Device, is privileged, as ideal means for the component traceability and the history, use modes/styles and cumulated issues storing.
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Jayanty, Sri Satya Kanaka Nagendra, William J. Sawaya, and Michael D. Johnson. "Sustainable Distribution Design: Contrasting Disposable, Recyclable, and Reusable Strategies for Packaging Materials Using a Total Cost Analysis With an Illustration of Milk Distribution." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28823.
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Engineers, policy makers, and managers have shown increasing interest in increasing the sustainability of products over their complete lifecycles and also from the ‘cradle to grave’ or from production to the disposal of each specific product. However, a significant amount of material is disposed of in landfills rather than being reused in some form. A sizeable proportion of the products being dumped in landfills consist of packaging materials for consumable products. Technological advances in plastics, packaging, cleaning, logistics, and new environmental awareness and understanding may have altered the cost structures surrounding the lifecycle use and disposal costs of many materials and products resulting in different cost-benefit trade-offs. An explicit and well-informed economic analysis of reusing certain containers might change current practices and results in significantly less waste disposal in landfills and in less consumption of resources for manufacturing packaging materials. This work presents a method for calculating the costs associated with a complete process of implementing a system to reuse plastic containers for food products. Specifically, the different relative costs of using a container and then either disposing of it in a landfill, recycling the material, or reconditioning the container for reuse and then reusing it are compared explicitly. Specific numbers and values are calculated for the case of plastic milk bottles to demonstrate the complicated interactions and the feasibility of such a strategy.
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Trubiano, Franca. "From Carbon to Human Health: Lifecycle of Fossil Fuels, Toxic Polymers and Social Justice in Philadelphia." In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.28.
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The ubiquitous use of plastics in architectural design and construction obfuscates the very real human health risks which exist when polymers—derived from petroleum, coal, or natural gas—are used in the building industry. For more than fifty years, a majority of construction materials have been engineered using polymers for the purposes of achieving a range of advanced performance capacities. These materials are widely manipulated using fossil fuel derivatives for augmenting their structural strength, moisture resistance, form finding, or general resistance to weathering. Polyvinyl chlorides, for example, are used in plumbing supplies, exterior sheathing, interior surfaces, furniture, and landscaping, for these reasons. Indeed, nearly everything in our built environment is permeated by chemicals derived from fossil fuels. This is obviously problematic for carbon emissions: it is all the more critical in what concerns human health. More than half a century following the deliberate and orchestrated flooding of the construction market with inexpensive plastics, very little data is disclosed about the potential health risks associated with adopting such large quantities of nonrenewable, nonrecyclable, and wasteful materials. Architects, engineers, builders, clients, and the general public are poorly informed on the toxic accumulation of highly synthetic building polymers that originate in carbon-intensive fossil fuel industries and that saturate our air, water, and physical bodies. In response, this paper reports on the results of a funded research project aimed at identifying the sources, risks, and impacts of using such materials in the building industry. Funded by the Kleinman Center and the Penn Undergraduate Research Mentoring program at the University of Pennsylvania, the project studies site-specific material flows involved in the lifecycle of a set of polymers manufactured in the Philadelphia region. Invisible to most, yet present in many communities, are industrial sites which distill, manufacture, and fabricate the polymerized materials that pose the highest risks when building. This has been the case in the city of Philadelphia where for decades fossil fuels and their derivatives intended for the building industry have been manipulated, with risk. Sharing evidence of this, is the focus of this paper.
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Ostojic, Gordana, Vukica Jovanovic, Stevan Stankovski, and Milovan Lazarevic. "RFID Product and Part Tracking for the Preventive Maintenance." In ASME 2009 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2009-84122.
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RFID technology can be applied during the different phases of a product realization, material handling, packaging, but also during the disassembly. Recently, environmental issues have posed certain challenges in a way that products are being handled after the end of their lifecycle. Nowadays, the products are being designed for assembly but also for a disassembly. Whatever the selected strategy for products or parts of products is at the end of their life cycle, it is necessary to design an appropriate production system as well as a disassembly system. Reflection about the final stages in a product overall lifecycle early in the process has enabled focus on a sustainable design. In this paper, one such system is going to be described. Managing of product related data and product identification could be more efficient if some new technologies are used. One of them is the use In-mould labeling (IML) technology. The molded plastic items are being labeled before they are formed by different kinds of robots or manipulators. Labels are caught into the mould of plastic injection molding machines (IMM). Our intention is to present an automated system that enables tracking of product throughout the different stages of its lifecycle. Writing and updating information about the states of the IML robot and its basic robot components (e.g. cylinders), on the RFID tag and in database, could be done only by an authorized user. The user can get the information about the momentary status of a particular product or part during different phases during the life cycle. Information placed in the database about a product can describe the components that can be used for spare parts, information about the services (dates and descriptions), number of working cycles, etc. Such information can be used for product or part tracking for preventive maintenance.
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Vollrath, Bastian, and Hartwig Hübel. "Efficient Fatigue and Ratcheting Computation in Case of Multi-Parameter Loading." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21089.
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Abstract Cyclic and over-elastic loading can lead to an accumulation of plastic strains. If there is a cyclic load, which is driven by a single parameter, the lifecycle design can be very costly in terms of computational effort. If more than one cyclic load parameter is to be taken into account, which is then a multi-parameter loading, this task can become even more complex and costly. To solve this problem efficiently, different techniques are proposed. One of these techniques is based on step-by-step calculations of the strain ranges for a reduced set of loadings. Once these strain ranges are known, the accumulated state for each individual load case can be estimated using the Simplified Theory of Plastic Zones (STPZ), which requires just a few linear elastic analyses. It is shown that cyclic loads, which occur in intervals, can be replaced by interval-free calculations, which reduce the computational effort enormously. All these techniques lead to a procedure, which delivers good estimations in terms of post-shakedown quantities with very low computational effort compared to incremental step-by-step calculations. The results of the STPZ are presented by an example. A thick-walled cylinder is loaded with a constant axial force and subjected to cyclic shear and cyclic internal pressure. In general, for structures exhibiting ratcheting, hundreds or more load cycles must be analysed via step-by-step calculations until the shakedown state is reached. Using the STPZ, post-shakedown quantities, including strain ranges and accumulated strains can be estimated efficiently and the structure can be designed according to the rules of the ASME Codes. The computational effort and the quality of the results of the STPZ are compared with a step-by-step calculation.
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Parasumanna, Ajeet. "Bimetal Mixture Forging Process and Its Influence on Intermetallic Phase Seam Properties for An Automotive Component." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-mml-052.
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In today’s scenario, the fuel cost and stricter norms related to environmental protection are exponentially increasing and thus lightweight forging is gaining importance which directly enhances the efficiency of the entire vehicle leading to reduction in pollution and fuel consumption. Material substitution with lighter alloy is one of the solutions but the part design is a constraint to implement this approach in structural load bearing parts which undergoes dynamic loading in its lifecycle. Mixture forging is a solid / Semi solid hot-forming process of two different materials while plastic deformation occurs. In mixture forging of steel-aluminum parts there is a formation of intermetallic phases and the diffusion occurs between two materials. This paper is addressing the challenges in forging process and especially producing bimetal product by adapting to currently followed forging practices and infrastructure. In this study, a component forging process is designed using finite element computation tool and then forged in two stages followed by application of mixture forging concept during forging operation to achieve light weighting. The two different materials used are 42CrMo4 steel for high strength at the outer case and AA6061 aluminium alloy for a lightweight core. The thickness of the intermetallic phase seam achieved is less than 10 μm and its material characterisation is carried out using SEM analysis. Micro-hardness measurement was taken of the intermetallic phase and is found to be 855 (HV 0.01) which is brittle in nature. The component thus forged is found to be 27% lighter than the component produced by steel forging. This technology is a part of the multi material joining technology using forging process wherein conventional equipment can be used. The bulk forming process achieving multi material solution is a innovative process and can lead to lighweighting of various circular parts and shaft primarily in the transmission of ICE and Electric Vehicles.
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Laskowski, Christina, Todd Snelson, and Saadia Safir. "Sustain-A-Bear™: Applying Manufacturing Sustainability Practices to Plush Stuffed Animals." In ASME 2009 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2009-84224.
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The stuffed toy market is quite large, with some manufacturers earning nearly half a billion dollars in revenue per year. However, the vast majority of manufacturers do not currently employ sustainable manufacturing techniques. This paper documents the development of a cost-effective stuffed product by placing an emphasis on sustainability within the design process while maintaining the user appeal of a traditional teddy bear. Specifications were determined by analyzing each of the four stages of the product timeline (extraction, manufacture, use, and disposal) to ensure that sustainability was considered throughout the lifecycle of the product. Material choice was a main focus of the extraction stage, and limiting new material usage was an important goal. Considerations for the manufacturing stage included carbon dioxide produced, waste generated, toxicity, and packaging. Specifications regarding the consumer’s use of the product included user appeal, stain resistance, durability, price, and safety concerns. Objectives of the last stage, disposal, included plans to minimize the amount of material sent to landfills by making the product easier to store, improving ease of recycling, and reducing transportation required. These specifications, importance ratings, marginal values, and ideal values are discussed. While investigating more sustainable manufacturing practices, many solutions were found, and the practicality of these solutions was investigated. By incorporating these solutions, the product — Sustain-A-Bear™ — met specifications, embodied sustainability, and also proved cost competitive. Once specification-level analysis was complete, multiple bears were constructed, both to create a baseline for comparison with standard stuffed animal assembly and also to aid in the development of a more sustainable assembly process. Through the use of ultrasonic welding for material bonding to thermally weld materials together and through the use of specialized platens, the bear was assembled from PET fleece (recycled from plastic soda bottles) using significantly less time and energy than that required to sew a bear together. Part reduction and shape simplification also aided bear assembly throughput. Furthermore, tensile testing on an Instron machine yielded results better than those resulting from sewing, owing largely to the reduction of stress concentrations. Finally, overall cost analysis indicates that stuffed animals made in this fashion could, in fact, be affordably made in the United States.
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Baska, Philippe, Alexandre François-Heude, Cécile Millet, and Florian Thebault. "Ageing Resistance of Bi-Layer Coating Systems for Dry Lubrication of Premium OCTG Connections." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208183-ms.
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Abstract The latest dope-free configuration combines an electrodeposited zinc-nickel (ZnNi) plating, which provides anti-galling and most of anticorrosion properties, and an organic topcoat which provides lubrication through its low friction coefficient. This dry lubrication constitutes an alternative to storage and running dope meanwhile it improves running performances, reduces operational costs on the yard and rig and avoids dope discharge to the environment. Since the technology is "rig-ready", it must withstand the different risks of degradation occurring along its whole lifecycle. The present study aims at assessing the robustness towards ageing along storage on yards, transportation to the rig and or service life in well conditions. The performances of the different layers were checked stepwise, first assessing the ZnNi plating alone, and then considering the additional protection brought by thermoset topcoat. Regarding atmospheric corrosion, the characterization path involved both accelerated laboratory tests (such as the VDA 233-102 cyclic corrosion test) and outdoor exposures, under plastic protectors and after their removal, in different climates: temperate, desertic and tropical. The specimens were inspected regarding at: (i) efficiency of cathodic protection provided by the metallic coating; (ii) paint blistering, (iii) propagation of corrosion from a scribe down to substrate. Regarding rig operations, some examples of rig-return were reported and the compatibility with completion fluids, encountered in case of misrun and subsequent pull-out of the column, was checked though immersion in alkaline brines. In respect to the service in simulated well conditions, the resistance to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in brines were carried out to complete the former autoclave tests to assess resistance of carbon and stainless steel to well conditions. Both the ZnNi plating and the bi-layer system revealed lifetimes in storage conditions ranging from 3 to more than 5 years before any sign of significant degradation such as red rust, paint blistering or disbonding. According to cyclic corrosion tests results, higher lifetimes could be even expected thanks to the additional anticorrosion protection of the topcoat. Regarding exposure to completion fluids, the bilayer coating was shown to withstand 3000h exposure with no more than scarce rust indications. These results testify of the technology robustness from storage on yards to rig operations. In the multiple service conditions in wells, it was shown that the corrosion and cracking resistance of the substrate was not deteriorated by the plating presence, but instead improved in the multiple assessed well service conditions. The present communication updates the results of atmospheric corrosion compared to the former one [1] and it details new results after rig-return and regarding the risks of cracking.