Academic literature on the topic 'Life worthiness'
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Journal articles on the topic "Life worthiness"
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Wickie, Susanne K., and Samuel J. Marwit. "Assumptive World Views and the Grief Reactions of Parents of Murdered Children." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 42, no. 2 (March 2001): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2k1c-5qu6-meqn-lx2e.
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The World Assumptions Scale and the Revised Grief Experience Inventory was administered to parents of murdered children and parents bereaved by sudden accidental death. Compared to parents bereaved by accidents, parents bereaved by homicide showed more negative views of the benevolence of the world, but no difference with regard to meaningfulness of the world or worthiness of the self. For both groups, worthiness of self was less affected by trauma than was either benevolence or meaningfulness of the world. Also, as hypothesized, assumptive world views were found to be predictive of grief intensity, along with gender and time since death. Clinical implications of these findings were discussed.
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Kono, Shintaro, Gordon J. Walker, Eiji Ito, and Yumiko Hagi. "Theorizing Leisure's Roles in the Pursuit of Ikigai (Life Worthiness): A Mixed-Methods Approach." Leisure Sciences 41, no. 4 (October 23, 2017): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2017.1356255.
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Long, David P. "Eucharistic Ecclesiology and Excommunication." Ecclesiology 10, no. 2 (May 5, 2014): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455316-01002005.
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The practice of excommunication is first described in the New Testament as the conscious decision by the faithful community to exclude one of its own from the celebration of the Eucharist. It is a decision rooted in medicinal hopefulness, where the community excludes an offender from active participation in its sacramental life while always maintaining the bonds of charity and fellowship. The understanding of excommunication now seems to be shifting away from its communitarian roots, as seen in the writings of Paul, Ignatius of Antioch, and Cyprian of Carthage, towards a post-Vatican II ecclesiology that appears to emphasize the individual’s judgment of their own worthiness to receive communion. By investigating the developments in the understanding of excommunication in three stages: the Patristic era, the Scholastic period and the contemporary Catholic Church, it can be illustrated that the concepts of internal worthiness of reception of communion and external excommunication are in fact not as disparate as originally believed.
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Sudarmaji, Eka, Noer Azam Achsani, Yandra Arkeman, and Idqan Fahmi. "Credit-worthiness Prediction in Energy-Saving Finance using Machine Learning Model." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v8i2.1899.
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Companies can form their own "ESCO model" with their capitals. New opportunities that Energy Saving Company (ESCO) can do was to offer PSS business model in the form of Energy Saving Agreement (ESA) or Energy Saving Performance Contract (ESPC), which was known as "saving back arrangement financing." ESCO contracts could free business owners from new upfront investment. Unfortunately, customer's creditworthiness was becoming more crucial for ESCO. Machine learning was used to predict the creditworthiness of clients in ESCO financing processes. This research aimed to develop a scoring model to leverage a machine learning and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) to evaluate alternative financing for Energy Saving in Indonesia. Research from the case studies leads to a clearer understanding of the factors that affect all parties' decisions to implement and continue with their ESCO project. Both considerations, technology, and administration emerge from this case study which greatly influenced the participants to adopt the decision and continue with the ESCO project. In contrast, both parties agreed to solve the credit risk constraints on the project. This study indicates that administration influences were more significant than the technological factor in shaping their decisions.
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Nugraha, R. Gita Ardhy, Totok Sumaryanto, and Kamsijo Budi Utomo. "Developing Android Role Playing Game for Elementary Music Learning." Harmonia: Journal of Arts Research and Education 18, no. 2 (January 3, 2019): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/harmonia.v18i2.14018.
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Elementary students prefer to listen to modern songs from the device that they have in their daily life. In the music learning process, the student feels bored because of the monotone learning method, even though the music art learning process is an important process to promote student knowledge about Indonesia’s traditional songs. Innovation is needed because of this condition. This study aims to design and develop an android role-playing game (RPG) for music learning, especially Indonesia’s traditional songs. This study also analyses the worthiness of android RPG game based on expert judgment validation’s score. Based on expert judgment validation’s score, the music art learning media called “Lagu Nusantara” is worthy of supporting the student to learn about the basic of music learning and Indonesia’s traditional songs. The average score is 3.6 for media representation, 4 for the material which presented in this game, and 3.3 for the use of language. The worthiness of this media is above 90% (precisely 90.83%). In conclusion, this RPG game can use by teachers or students to promote music art learning process, especially about Indonesia’s traditional songs.
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Berglund, Karin, Monica Lindgren, and Johann Packendorff. "The Worthy Human Being as Prosuming Subject: ‘Projectified Selves’ in Emancipatory Project Studies." Project Management Journal 51, no. 4 (June 22, 2020): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756972820930534.
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The projectified self is suggested in this article as a way to advance emancipatory project studies toward improved understandings of how individuals in contemporary neoliberal societies are urged to become self-controlling, self-improving, self-commercializing, life-compartmentalizing, and deadline driven. We propose (1) a developed theoretical foundation for studies of the projectified self, based on recent writings on enterprising selves, and (2) the notion of prosumption as a concept for how the worthiness of this projectified self is constructed in a simultaneous process of project-based production and consumption. This is discussed in relation to the on-going studies of social media entrepreneurs.
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Byaruhanga, Ivan, and Jonas Debesay. "The Impact of a Social Assistance Program on the Quality of Life of Older People in Uganda." SAGE Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 215824402198931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244021989311.
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This study explores the impact of social assistance on older persons’ quality of life in a Ugandan district. The purpose of the study is to establish how older persons aged above 65 years provide their livelihood in the wake of declining and waning informal family/clan/society support systems. These systems have been the source of their care for a long time. The study therefore examines how the recipients of the grant manage their everyday life amid changing norms in reciprocal care. The study is based on two focus group discussions with 13 older grant beneficiaries and four in-depth interviews with key participants affiliated with the social assistance scheme. The study’s main results include themes such as fulfilling basic needs, start-up capital and credit worthiness, supplementary income, and respite from isolation and loneliness. The study shows positive changes in the lives of older persons and a notable relative improvement in the standards of living of older persons in beneficiary districts.
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Abdellateef, Amr, Xiaoyu Ma, Zhigang Chen, Liang Wu, Jianqiao Cai, and Lei Jiang. "Subxiphoid uniportal thoracoscopic pulmonary segmentectomy for stage I non‐small cell lung cancer: Feasibility, quality of life and financial worthiness." Thoracic Cancer 11, no. 6 (March 28, 2020): 1414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.13392.
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Heilmann, Tobias, and Klaus Jonas. "Validation of a German-language core self-evaluations scale." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 38, no. 2 (March 1, 2010): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.2.209.
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In this study the validation of a German-language Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES; Judge, Erez, Bono, & Thoresen, 2003) is presented. Core self-evaluations are fundamental appraisals that individuals hold about their own capability, effectiveness, and worthiness as a person (Judge et al., 2003). Data were collected from 2 samples, 200 from the workforce and 134 students. The data supported the underlying single-factor solution. The German-language CSES (G-CSES) was found to be reliable and shows convergent validity with regard to internality (Krampen, 1981) and International Personality Item Pool (IPIP40) neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness scales (Hartig, Jude, & Rauch, 2003) and discriminant validity with regard to the IPIP40 openness scale. The scale correlates significantly with job satisfaction and life satisfaction. Additionally, the G-CSES is incrementally valid over and above traits of the 5-factor model of personality.
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Welch, James R. "Ethics in Ethnobiology Publication." Ethnobiology Letters 3 (December 29, 2012): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14237/ebl.3.2012.30.
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With the recent multiplication of traditional and electronic venues for publishing in ethnobiology, the social sciences, the life sciences, and related fields, it is increasingly important that authors practice self-diligence to ensure that the contents of their publications meet criteria of veracity and ethical soundness. Although the peer-review process encourages high standards, it is an insufficient means for verifying the ethical worthiness of most publications. The ethical merits of published research derive from a cumulative process including formulating a research design, obtaining permissions, collecting and analyzing data, and finally composing and submitting a manuscript. Unfortunately, there is no failsafe ethical gatekeeper at any stage of the process. The importance of ethical publishing is all the more important in the field of ethnobiology, as professionals in the field often cross the intellectual and methodological boundaries between disciplines, and their research often involves multiple stakeholders in widespread jurisdictions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Life worthiness"
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Rzechorzek, Peter, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The ways of the philosopher: What Plato dodn't say." Deakin University. School of Humanities, 1989. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051017.112729.
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Socrates' search is for direction in life, for how one should live. For him, an unexamined life is not worth living. The suggestion in this thesis is that Plato follows Socrates in asking the extremely relevant and practical question that seeks to discover the sort of life worthy of the human individual. For Plato, the answer involves the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom, it is, in short, to do philosophy. Socrates regards genuine philosophy as active and dialectical. Plato accepts the challenge of conveying this through the written word. Implicit in his dialogues is the idea that human wisdom is a fusion of the spiritual and the rational. The philosophic life is realised in practice by following the three interdependent ways of the philosopher, these are the ways of dialectics, death and love. These identify the philosophic life with a critically detached, yet passionate attitude to the world. However, this practical teaching is guided and informed by Plato's metaphysics, in particular his idea of the Good. A major task of this thesis is to show how the idea of the Good is relevant to ordinary human conduct.
Books on the topic "Life worthiness"
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McGrath, Matthew. Pragmatic Encroachment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758709.003.0009.
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The thesis of pragmatic encroachment about knowledge holds that whether a subject knows that p can vary due to differences in practical stakes, holding fixed the strength of the subject’s epistemic position with respect to p. Accepting pragmatic encroachment about knowledge brings with it a significant explanatory burden: if knowledge varies with the stakes, why does knowledge show so many signs of staying fixed with variations in the stakes? This chapter argues that explanatory burdens of this general kind are harder to avoid than is commonly thought: even if you deny the stakes-sensitivity of knowledge, you will be stuck accepting the stakes-sensitivity of other statuses which, like knowledge, show the same signs of staying fixed with variations in the stakes. The chapter discusses two such statuses: reason-worthiness and emotion-worthiness. If the arguments succeed, then, the problems of pragmatic encroachment are everyone’s problems.
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Rondel, David. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0010.
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This chapter puts pragmatist egalitarianism to work, and shows how it reconciles many of the disputes that philosophical egalitarians are engaged in. It also considers inequality in the real world and provides an analysis of racial inequality in the United States. Racial inequality involves a complex imbroglio of (a) institutions like banks, the criminal justice system, media of various kinds, public schools, the healthcare system, zoning laws, electoral politics, public transportation, etc., (b) private individual feelings and biases about black work ethic, loan worthiness, personal responsibility, attitude, ambition, etc., (c) nebulous cultural meanings about black inferiority, violence, criminality, lesser intelligence, and, crucially, (d) the subtle ways in which (a), (b), and (c) mutually reinforce each other. The argument in this chapter is that all three variables are irreducible, triangulated, and mutually constituting and supporting.
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Lashua, Brett. The Beat of a Different Drummer. Edited by Roger Mantie and Gareth Dylan Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190244705.013.3.
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What does music making “look” like when viewed from a leisure studies perspective and the point of view of a drummer as participant observer? This chapter reports on four years of ethnographic research in Liverpool during which the author participated in a number of popular music groups as a drummer. The chapter is presented as an EP-style track listing that spotlights sites of music making and leisure practices in the production of this characterful city. In addition to the neglected experiences of drummers in popular music and leisure studies, it argues that rehearsal spaces also offer opportunities to explore the relations of music making, leisure, cities, place, regeneration, and social identities. Throughout, the chapter shows how a leisure perspective opens up different views of music making in terms of social, historical, political, and economic relations. Such a perspective, especially from a drummer’s-eye view, showcases the worthiness of researching music making as leisure.
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Erickson, Jennifer. Race-ing Fargo. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501751134.001.0001.
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Tracing the history of refugee settlement in Fargo, North Dakota, from the 1980s to the present day, this book focuses on the role that gender, religion, and sociality play in everyday interactions between refugees from South Sudan and Bosnia-Herzegovina and the dominant white Euro-American population of the city. The book outlines the ways in which refugees have impacted this small city over the last thirty years, showing how culture, political economy, and institutional transformations collectively contribute to the racialization of white cities like Fargo in ways that complicate their demographics. The book shows that race, religion, and decorum prove to be powerful forces determining worthiness and belonging in the city and draws attention to the different roles that state and private sectors played in shaping ideas about race and citizenship on a local level. Through the comparative study of white secular Muslim Bosnians and Black Christian Southern Sudanese, the book demonstrates how cross-cultural and transnational understandings of race, ethnicity, class, and religion shape daily citizenship practices and belonging.
Book chapters on the topic "Life worthiness"
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"Chapter 1: The Author’s Worthiness – Chapter 50: The Mother of Our Mother Dies." In The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Walatta Petros, 78–190. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400874149-010.
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Singh, Varinder, and Shikha Dhiman. "Shielding the Confidentiality, Privacy, and Data Security of Bio-Medical Information in India." In Medical Data Security for Bioengineers, 81–99. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7952-6.ch004.
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The framers of Indian Constitution were very much cognizant about the significance of human nobility and worthiness and hence they incorporated the “right to life and personal liberty” in the Constitution of India. Right to life is considered as one of the primordial fundamental rights. There is no doubt that Indian Judiciary has lived up to the expectations of the Constitution framers, both in interpreting and implementing Article 21 initially, but there are still a few complications left as to the viability of Article 21 in modern times. Looking at the wider arena of right to life, it can be articulated that broader connotation of “right to life” aims at achieving the norms of “privacy” as well.
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Singh, Varinder, and Shikha Dhiman. "Shielding the Confidentiality, Privacy, and Data Security of Bio-Medical Information in India." In Research Anthology on Privatizing and Securing Data, 1954–72. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8954-0.ch095.
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The framers of Indian Constitution were very much cognizant about the significance of human nobility and worthiness and hence they incorporated the “right to life and personal liberty” in the Constitution of India. Right to life is considered as one of the primordial fundamental rights. There is no doubt that Indian Judiciary has lived up to the expectations of the Constitution framers, both in interpreting and implementing Article 21 initially, but there are still a few complications left as to the viability of Article 21 in modern times. Looking at the wider arena of right to life, it can be articulated that broader connotation of “right to life” aims at achieving the norms of “privacy” as well.
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Nisnevich, Anna. "“You, Mozart, Aren’t Worthy of Yourself”: Aesthetic Discontents of Rimsky-Korsakov’s Mozart and Salieri." In Rimsky-Korsakov and His World, 97–142. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182711.003.0003.
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This chapter analyzes Rimsky-Korsakov's creative crisis by considering his opera Mozart and Salieri. With Mozart, Rimsky-Korsakov was compelled to interrogate directly—for the first time in his life—the very core of his professional being, and so query the very grounds of composerly worthiness. Indeed, in his Mozart, Rimsky-Korsakov summoned historical styles not to comment on history, but to confront the contemporaneity that appeared increasingly incapacitated by what he'd identified in 1892 as metaphysical excess, but what he was now coming to see as a more widespread ailment, “the indifference of taste”—the loss of familiar experiential connection, of active kinship between life and art. His opera did not just celebrate the creator sympathetically aligned with his environment; it offered an object lesson in the proliferation of sentience.
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Mruk, Christopher J. "Developing Authentic Self-Esteem." In Feeling Good by Doing Good, 47–68. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190637163.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 addresses the development of healthy or authentic self-esteem. This section examines self-esteem in relation to six important domains of life. They include the importance of being connected to others, the place of morality or virtue in relation to self-esteem, physical attractiveness, the ability to solve problems competently, physical integrity, and the value of personal autonomy or control. The chapter also identifies four major sources of self-esteem needed to be healthy, namely, acceptance, virtue, achievements, and power, two of which are related to feeling or being worthy as a person and two of which involve competently facing life’s challenges. The chapter also examines various self-esteem problems and reveals the importance of self-esteem moments or situations that challenge people in terms of their competence and worthiness. Both positive and negative self-esteem moments are discussed.
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Hamkins, SuEllen. "Cultivating Stories of Strength and Meaning and Deconstructing Damaging Discourses: The Course of Treatment." In The Art of Narrative Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199982042.003.0010.
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Listening for narratives of strength and meaning that have not yet been told but are implicit in the patient’s experience is key to the art of narrative psychiatry. In any conversation, there are many openings for finding exceptions to the activities and effects of problems. Each exception to the problem is a seed that can be cultivated into a narrative by fleshing it out with detail, linking it to other exceptions over time, and articulating the meanings that these exceptions have for the person. This new narrative offers fertile ground for freshly imagining what might be possible in the future. It sustains valued aspects of identity and points the way toward freedom from the problem. At the same time that we are nurturing nascent stories of skill and resilience, we are also listening for narratives that fuel problems, so that they may be examined, dismantled, and replaced with narratives that support well-being. Stories that fuel problems come from many sources. For example, someone who is dealing with depression may be influenced by a family story of being the “problem child,” a local story that derides those who seek mental health treatment, and a wider cultural story that narrowly defines a successful life in terms of money. These narratives can be named and closely examined in light of the patient’s own values, allowing the patient more choice over which narratives are taken up and which are set aside. Narrative psychiatry continuously attends to the patient’s social context. Often, the people who consult with us are living under the influence of cultural discourses that make negative claims about their worthiness, seek to limit their prospects, and engage them in processes of self-scrutiny that lead to anxiety or despair. By discourses I mean narratives and practices that share a common value. These discourses include those that privilege or denigrate people on the basis of their race, gender, gender preference, sexual preference, body type, financial status, education, health, or ability. Narrative psychiatry attends to issues of power—of privilege and oppression—and deconstructs the operations of power as they influence someone’s life.
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Kvanvig, Jonathan L. "Categorizing Metatheologies." In Depicting Deity, 35–45. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896452.003.0002.
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The approaches I am focusing on are representatives in a category scheme derived from the twentieth century concern that led to the rise of metaethics, a concern over what to make of the different kinds of declarative sentences in natural language. Some such sentences are straightforwardly descriptive (“The cat is on the mat), while others are evaluative (“Ice cream is the best dessert”), and still others are normative (“Drinking and driving is forbidden”). Here we see how these categories line up with our fundamental metatheologies, with Creator Theology being descriptive, Perfect Being Theology being evaluative, and Worship-Worthiness Theology being normative.
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Bishop, Chris. "Beowulf: Dragon Slayer (1975)." In Medievalist Comics and the American Century. University Press of Mississippi, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496808509.003.0007.
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Failure can be just as illuminating as success, and so this looks at the alarmingly short-lived Beowulf: Dragon Slayer. By the mid-1970s, when the Anglo-Saxon hero appeared in his own title series, Beowulf, the Anglo-Saxon poem, was yet to transition from an academic to a popular milieu, and a continuous and steadfastly nationalist interpretation made it very difficult for the poem’s eponymous hero to get the sort of traction enjoyed by folk heroes such as Robin Hood or Thor. Subsequently, Beowulf: Dragon Slayer, despite the innate worthiness of its subject and despite the efforts of DC heavyweights like Michael Uslan, was doomed before issue one hit the newsstands.
Conference papers on the topic "Life worthiness"
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Ugle, Rohit, and Yaoyu Li. "Trip Specific Worthiness of Replacement of Individual Cells for Battery Pack in Electric Vehicles." In ASME 2011 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference and Bath/ASME Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2011-5910.
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Ever increasing acceptance of electric vehicles relies on better operation and control of large battery packs. The individual cells in the large battery packs cannot have identical characteristics and may degrade differently due to its manufacturing variability and other factors. It is beneficial to evaluate the performance gain by replacing certain battery modules/cells during actual driving. We have a two-fold objective for this research. First, we are developing an on-line battery module degradation diagnostic scheme using the intrinsic signals of a battery pack equalization circuit. Therefore, a battery “health map” can be constructed and updated in real time. Secondly, based on the derived battery health map, the performance of the battery pack will be evaluated for customer specified trip so as to evaluate the “worthiness of replacing” certain modules/cells.
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De Baere, Kris, Helen Verstraelen, Remke Willemen, Raf Meskens, and Geert Potters. "Taking Care of Ballast Tank Coatings = Green Ballast Tanks Coatings." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2014-t59.
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Shipping plays an important role in the logistic chain. These a worthiness of ships transporting goods world wide is therefore crucial. One element defining these a worthiness of a ship is the condition of her ballast tanks. These tanks are an area of concern for ship owners and crew. They are subject to corrosion; and due to the enclosed environment and complex structure, maintenance is very difficult and costly. This paper gives the results of an “insitu” study of ballast tanks on board of more than 150 merchant ships. No selection criteria were applied from the start and the ships were surveyed as opportunity arose. Most of the ships are worldwide trading and the age varies between brand new and 36years. Figure 1 gives a good idea of the age distribution. Many types of ships are represented in the database amongst others 10oil tankers, 14 liquefied gas carrier, 25 chemical tankers, 28 bulk carriers, 23 full containers carriers, 5 general cargoes, 9 RoRo’s, 8 refrigerated ships. Surface corrosion was assessed, compared and the importance of condition and environmental parameters during coating application recognized. The paper also reveals the significant difference between the average corrosion regression line of the data base and the coating condition in the ballast tanks on board ships to where the operator invested in a superior coating system at new building, with extra attention to surface preparation and coating application. The need to reduce the environmental impact of shipping becomes more and more obvious. Blasting with shot and grit, vast amounts of water used for water jetting and rinsing, surface cleaning and high solvent coatings jeopardize our future generations. Luckily, there duction of the environmental impact has beneficial economic consequences a sit brings down significantly maintenance costs.
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Morelle, Patrick, and Alain Remouchamps. "Comparison of Gradient and Non Gradient Based Methods for Crash Optimisation." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/dac-34045.
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The BOSS Quattro system (developed by Samtech s.a.) is an open architecture allowing to run various optimisation engines including gradient based methods (SQP, GCMMA, Conlin, MDAQ, ...), DOE and Response Surfaces, and Genetic Algorithms. This system has been used and various optimisation strategies compared for the resolution of non linear optimisation problems including crash worthiness and airbags opening simulation. Thanks to BOSS Quattro open architecture, using neutral or specific drivers so to read information from models, software like MADIMO, Pam Crash, LS-Dyna, but also NASTRAN, SAMCEF and Abaqus can been used in order to model the non linear behaviour of the optimised vehicles. One or several models were used and computation distributed by BOSS parallel architecture on network of workstations. Direct parallel mode can be used, or the tasks distributed on the network through a Task Manager like for example LSF. As a first example, the optimisation of a stiffened box is performed using one (dynamic) then two models (static but elasto-plastic/dynamic). The external software used are NASTRAN and ABAQUS. A second example deals with the optimisation of a Golf crash model using MADIMO to represent a sequence of events including opening of air bags. Mixed optimisation is performed using as design variables : the time to open a given airbag (continuous) or the type of wheel configuration (pure discrete variable). Constraints are related to safety of the passenger (sternum invasion, various criteria related to accelerations).
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Moses, Clifford A., and Petrus N. J. Roets. "Properties, Characteristics, and Combustion Performance of Sasol Fully Synthetic Jet Fuel." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50545.
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In 1999, as the only inland petroleum refinery in South Africa was reaching capacity, Sasol gained approval of a semi-synthetic jet fuel (SSJF) for civil aviation to augment production and meet the growing demand for jet fuel at the airport in Johannesburg. Prior to this, all jet fuel had to be refined from petroleum sources. SSJF consists of up to 50% of an iso-paraffinic kerosene produced from coal using Fischer-Tropsch processes. The production of SSJF remains vulnerable to the production capacity of conventional jet fuel, however. To ensure supply, Sasol has proposed producing a fully synthetic jet fuel (FSJF) using synthetic kerosene streams that contain aromatics and satisfy all the property requirements of international specifications for jet fuel. Being fully synthetic, it was necessary to demonstrate that the fuel is “fit-for-purpose” as jet fuel, i.e., behaves like conventional jet fuel in all aspects of storage and handling as well as air worthiness and flight safety. Four sample blends were developed covering the practical range of production. Extensive tests on chemistry and physical properties and characteristics demonstrated that Sasol FSJF will be typical of conventional jet fuel. As a final demonstration, the engine manufacturers requested a series of engine and combustor tests to evaluate combustion characteristics, emissions, engine durability, and performance. The performance of the synthetic test fuel was typical of conventional jet fuel. This paper identifies the tests and presents the results demonstrating that Sasol fully synthetic jet fuel is fit-for-purpose as jet fuel for civilian aviation. Sasol FSJF is the first fully synthetic jet fuel approved for unrestricted use.