Journal articles on the topic 'Life time of charge carrier'
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Liu, Yang, Roderick C. I. MacKenzie, Bin Xu, Yajun Gao, Miquel Gimeno-Fabra, David Grant, Paul H. M. van Loosdrecht, and Wenjing Tian. "Organic semiconductors with a charge carrier life time of over 2 hours at room temperature." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 47 (2015): 12260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc02678d.
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Hanmandlu, Chintam, Satyanarayana Swamy, Anupriya Singh, Hsin-An Chen, Chi-Ching Liu, Chao-Sung Lai, Anisha Mohapatra, Chun-Wei Pao, Peilin Chen, and Chih-Wei Chu. "Suppression of surface defects to achieve hysteresis-free inverted perovskite solar cells via quantum dot passivation." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 10 (2020): 5263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta12904a.
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We fabricated the defect passivation of perovskite solar cells using CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. The efficient defect passivation of reduces the trap charge density and elongates the charge carrier life time.
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Tien, Li-Chia, and Jhih-Lin Shih. "Type-II α-In2S3/In2O3 nanowire heterostructures: evidence of enhanced photo-induced charge separation efficiency." RSC Advances 6, no. 15 (2016): 12561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24370j.
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Type-II α-In2S3/In2O3 nanowire heterostructures exhibit significant photo-induced carrier life time improvement and visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity.
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Kobtsev, D. A., A. V. Tyazhev, I. I. Kolesnikova, and R. A. Redkin. "Effect of Gallium Arsenide Charge Carrier Life Time on the Generation and Detection Efficiency of Continuous and Pulsed Terahertz Radiation." Russian Physics Journal 63, no. 11 (March 2021): 1997–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-021-02262-0.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Temperature Dependence of Hall Mobility AndCarrier Concentration of pb0.55S0.45 Films." Baghdad Science Journal 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.6.1.129-134.
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Measurements of Hall effect properties at different of annealing temperature have been made on polycrystalline Pb0.55S0.45 films were prepared at room temperature by thermal evaporation technique under high vacuum 4*10-5 torr . The thickness of the film was 2?m .The carrier concentration (n) was observed to decrease with increasing the annealing temperature. The Hall measurements showed that the charge carriers are electrons (i.e n-type conduction). From the observed dependence on the temperature, it is found that the Hall mobility (µH), drift velocity ( d) carrier life time ( ), mean free path (?) were increased with increasing annealing temperature
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Velpandian, Muthuraja, Supriya Pulipaka, Akshay Tikoo, and Praveen Meduri. "Improved charge carrier dynamics of WS2 nanostructures by the way of CdS@WS2 heterostructures for use in water splitting and water purification." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 8 (2020): 4096–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00533a.
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Long emission decay life time and significantly quenched fluorescence emission of tungsten disulfide (WS2)/cadmium sulfide (CdS) heterostructures aid in enhancing photoelectrochemical water splitting and water purification properties.
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Agarwal, M. K., P. D. Patel, R. M. Joshi, and V. V. Rao. "Life time measurements of charge carriers in layer MoSexTe2−x (0 ≦x ≦ 2) PEC solar cells." Crystal Research and Technology 25, no. 4 (April 1990): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170250421.
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Оbukhov, S. G., I. А. Plotnikov, and V. G. Маsolov. "Service life tests for storage batteries used in islanded power systems with renewable energy sources." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-4-463-477.
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We investigated the service life of storage batteries to provide recommendations on the design of energy storage systems used in islanded energy systems based on renewable power sources. The service life of maintenance-free, sealed lead-acid batteries produced by absorbed glass mat (AGM) technology was determined by endurance tests carried out by repeated charge/discharge cycles according to specified load profiles, implemented at a specialized Chroma Test System station. Three battery load profiles were simulated: one for the standard DC charge/discharge mode, and two for the charge/discharge modes from renewable energy sources. To this end, the actual data obtained from monitoring the operating modes of a wind power plant were used. It was found that the battery service life depends on the intensity of stress factors. Among them, the throughput factor has the most pronounced influence on the battery lifespan. To extend the service life of storage batteries, it is proposed to separate the charge/discharge modes in time. For batteries operated on renewable energy profiles, this approach decreases time intervals between full charges and at low battery levels, which increases the battery service life by 14%. A solution to designing an energy storage system for microgrids was proposed, which consists in the use of a combined double-circuit energy storage unit. An experimental prototype of such a unit with a power of 15 kW was developed. The use of a combined energy storage unit in the microgrid system: increases the battery service life by 20–30% compared to analogues; improves the static and dynamic stability of the local energy system with a response time of no more than 50 ms towards power change; allows a fuel replacement level of at least 25%; reduces the electricity cost by 25–30%.
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Makogon, Helen, Roman Suchko, Viktor Moskalenko, Igor Kalinin, Sergiy Burdin, and Viktoriia Iksarytsia. "APPLICATION OF THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS MATHEMATICAL APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION THE LEAD–ACID BATTERIES MANAGEMENT AND STATUS CONTROL MINIMUM DIAGNOSIS." Advanced Information Systems 5, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2021.1.19.
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The subject matter of the article is the lead–acid batteries carrier and management. The goal of the study is the development of a methodology for assessing the lead–acid batteries’ parameters and to provide recommendations for their long–term management and carrier in the army operation. The tasks to be solved are: on the basis of the lead–acid batteries operation experience to define a set of diagnostic parameters on which it is possible to draw a conclusion about the technical state of a battery and change of its electric, operational and design properties; to determine the correlations between the properties of the battery and make their assessment based on the established criteria; to build a diagnostic graph–model of causal relationships of a battery’s parameters in the form of a correlation galaxy; to justify the lead–acid batteries carrier and management minimum diagnosis which can be carried out during their life cycle management та status control under the lack of time. General scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge are used. The following results were obtained: The set of diagnostic parameters to assess the battery technical state was determinated. Statistical data processing using the mathematical apparatus of correlation analysis was done. The diagnostic graph model of a lead–acid battery in the form of a correlation galaxy was constructed. The lead–acid batteries carrier and management minimum diagnosis during the life cycle was determined. Conclusions. Analysis of the experience of the lead–acid batteries operation determines a set of diagnostic parameters, which can be used to draw a conclusion about the technical state of a battery and change of its electric, operational and design properties. As generalized diagnostic parameters of the battery technical state can be considered the State of Health and the State of charge. Statistical data processing using the mathematical apparatus of correlation analysis allows to determine the causal and dependencies between the battery’s parameters and make their assessment based on the established criteria. Presentation of generalized results in the form of a correlation galaxy makes it possible to build a diagnostic graph–model of battery in the form of a correlation galaxy. Control of the SoC and SoH of the lead–acid battery will ensure the monitoring of the remaining charge, as well as the issuance of a warning about the need to replace the battery. A promising direction in the development of battery operation can be considered the development of battery–powered trackers – software and hardware devices capable of caring for battery care and battery management.
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Nasir, Eman Mizher. "Morphology and electrical properties of Cu X Zn1-XO thin films prepared by PLD technique." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 14, no. 29 (February 3, 2019): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v14i29.215.
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Cu X Zn1-XO films with different x content have been prepared bypulse laser deposition technique at room temperatures (RT) anddifferent annealing temperatures (373 and 473) K. The effect of xcontent of Cu (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) wt.% on morphology andelectrical properties of CuXZn1-XO thin films have been studied.AFM measurements showed that the average grain size values forCuXZn1-xO thin films at RT and different annealing temperatures(373, 473) K decreases, while the average Roughness values increasewith increasing x content. The D.C conductivity for all filmsincreases as the x content increase and decreases with increasing theannealing temperatures. Hall measurements showed that there aretwo types of conductance (n- type and p-type charge carriers). Alsothe variation of drift velocity (vd), carrier life time (), and free meanpath (l) with different x content and annealing temperatures weremeasured.
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Oguma, Noriyasu, Naoya Sekisugi, Yasuhiro Odake, and Tatsuo Sakai. "Estimation of Fatigue Limit in Interior Inclusion Induced Fracture Mode for Bearing Steel in Rotating Bending." Key Engineering Materials 664 (September 2015): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.664.188.
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The fatigue life forming fine granular area (FGA) is expected to occupy a large fraction of the total fatigue life. In order to examine the commencing time of the FGA forming and estimate the fatigue limit in the interior inclusion induced fracture mode, rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out by using SUJ2 specimens with and without the hydrogen charge. Especially, the hydrogen charge time was set in the wide variety of the cyclic loadings to confirm the FGA forming process supposing the effect of the hydrogen charge on the fatigue crack propagation behavior. From experimental and analytical results, it is concluded that the FGA formation is already started at early stage as 5 % of the fatigue life. Another finding is that we have a clear correlation between the stress intensity factor range and the FGA growth ratio. Based on this aspect, the critical value of the stress intensity factor range in which the FGA is not formed around the inclusion was given as 2.65 MPa.
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Ghosh, D., B. Ghosh, Anindita Ghosh, S. Hussain, R. Bhar, and A. K. Pal. "Carbon Based PV: n-Si(100)/DLC Structure for Photovoltaic Application." ISRN Renewable Energy 2013 (September 8, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/851876.
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Diamond-like carbon films were electrodeposited on n-Si substrate to realize an n-Si/DLC PV structure. The films thus obtained were characterized by FESEM, XPS, FTIR, and Raman studies. Solar cell characteristics were also investigated critically. Maximum efficiency of 3.7% was obtained for the best n-Si(100)/DLC structure. Carrier life time was obtained from Voc decay measurement. It was observed that photoinduced charge separation in n-Si(100)/DLC structure was associated with an increase in the dielectric constant and a decrease in the device resistance. The process, being reproducible, cheap, and scalable, involving significantly less process steps, is likely to usher a new hope to the current competitive scenario of PV technology.
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Mohammed Ali, Asmaa N. "Effect of the AgO content on the surface morphology and electrical properties of SnO2 thin films prepared by PLD technique." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 16, no. 39 (January 5, 2019): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v16i39.98.
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Tin dioxide doped silver oxide thin films with different x content (0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07) have been prepared by pulse laser deposition technique (PLD) at room temperatures (RT). The effect of doping concentration on the structural and electrical properties of the films were studied. Atomic Force Measurement (AFM) measurements found that the average value of grain size for all films at RT decrease with increasing of AgO content. While an average roughness values increase with increasing x content. The electrical properties of these films were studied with different x content. The D.C conductivity for all films increases with increasing x content. Also, it found that activation energies decrease with increasing of AgO content for all films. Hall measurements confirmed that all the intrinsic films are n-type charge carriers. The variation of carriers concentration increase with increasing x content. Hall mobility decreasing with increasing x content for all films. Also the variation of Drift velocity, carrier life time and free mean path decrease with increasing of x content.
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Li, Wenzao, Mallory N. Vila, Lisa M. Housel, Nahian Sadique, Genesis D. Renderos, Steve Ehrlich, David C. Bock, et al. "Operando bulk and interfacial characterization for electrochemical energy storage: Case study employing isothermal microcalorimetry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy." Journal of Materials Research 37, no. 1 (October 25, 2021): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s43578-021-00350-y.
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Abstract The global shift to electricity as the main energy carrier will require innovation in electrochemical energy storage (EES). EES systems are the key to the “electron energy economy,” minimizing losses and increasing reliability between energy supply and demand. However, steep challenges such as cost, cycle/calendar life, energy density, material availability, and safety limit widespread adoption of batteries for large-scale grid and vehicle applications. Battery innovation that meets today’s challenges will require new chemistries, which can originate from understanding charge transport phenomena at multiple time and length scales. The advancement of operando characterization can expedite this progress as changes can be observed during battery function. This article highlights progress in bulk and interfacial operando characterization of batteries. Specifically, a case study involving Fe3O4 is provided demonstrating that combining X-ray absorption spectroscopy and isothermal microcalorimetry can provide real-time characterization of productive faradaic redox processes and parasitic interfacial reactions during (de)lithiation. Graphic abstract
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He, Hongmei. "The Influence of the Change of Literary Language on the Modern Literary Form." Advances in Higher Education 3, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/ahe.v3i2.1413.
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<p>As an important communication tool, language carries rich information and is an important medium for people to shorten the distance between each other and express their feelings. Literary language is an important carrier for writers to reflect social reality, express personal views and thoughts. Both the writer's inner world and the real reflection of social life should be conveyed and summarized through literary language. In the process of social development, literary language is not invariable, at the same time, its changes will also have an impact on the form of modern literature, and the two are mutual influence and promote each other. On the basis of summarizing the existing research, this paper takes literary language as the entry point to explore the relationship between its transition and modern literary form.</p>
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Béki, Piroska, and Beatrix Faragó. "Athlete’s life path in the perspective of gender athletes reporting opportunities in their sports after their sport carrier." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 14, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2020/2-3/7.
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Sport is the highlight of the male-female relationship system. We find that the concept of homogeneity is becoming more and more weakened, sport becomes unisex, which can strongly influence gender judgment in society. The "weaker sex" appearance and spread of the sport indicate that something has changed in the world, so thinking has to change also. Nowadays, there is a dual process in the field of sport: 1.) women appear in the traditionally masculine sports, and this plays an important role in the development of gender relations as mixed races arise; 2.) at the same time, men also appear in previously reserved areas for women, which they have not had opportunities so far (BÉKI, 2018). This phenomenon can be observed, though much slower in sports management. Yet in other sports roles, the gates for both sexes have not yet been opened in masculine and feminine sports. The study deals with how the status of an athlete will be transformed after sport if he/she wants to remain his or her sport in other sports roles - concentrating on coaching and judging roles – to represent his or her own sport. Particularly, we have been focusing on sports whose judgment is not socially acceptable to both sexes. The research sample is team and individual women athletes who are more than 14 years old. Research method is in-depth interview research (n = 145) and questionnaire research (n = 240). The results showed that female athletes are becoming more accepted in masculine sports, although more limited in their careers possibilities than men after an athlete’s life. Their athlete’s identity is strong, they want to stay in the sport on the civilian life as well.
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Platonov, Nikolay, Nail Suleimanov, and Valery Bazarov. "Study of the electrophysical properties of nanostructured porous germanium as a promising material for electrodes of electrochemical capacitors." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801073.
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Electrochemical capacitors (ECC) are a fast charging devices, with high power density, capacity and increased life time. Nanostructured semiconductors are now considered as the promising materials for electrodes of such devices due to its conductive properties and effective surface. One of such materials is the porous germanium which can be used as an electrode in electrochemical capacitors. In this article the novel approach based on the method of ion implantation was developed to grow these structures. This method allows to obtain a structures up to 1 μm thick. The object of this work was the investigation of the electrophysical characteristics of samples of nanostructured porous germanium (Ge) depending on the implantation dose and surface morphology. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the search the structures with the highest effective surface area and electronic conductivity, capable of multiplying the energy capacity and specific power of ECC. Methods: The samples of amorphous Ge were grown on dielectric single-crystal substrates of Al2O3. The thickness of samples was 600 and 1000 nm. The magnetron sputtering and ion implantation methods were used to growth these structures. The irradiation with Ge+ ions produced with an energy of 40 keV and the range of implantation doses varied from 2·1016 to 12•1016 ion / cm2. The study of electrical properties was carried out on the Hall installation HL55PC at the NPP KVANT in Moscow. The following parameters were measured: the sheet concentration of carriers in the near-surface layer, electrical resistance, mobility of the charge carriers, Hall coefficient. As a result, the dependences of carriers concentration and their mobility as the function of the implantation dose and thickness of the samples of nanostructured porous germanium were determined, and the results were analyzed. Results: It was found that ion implantation of single-crystal germanium leads to an increase in the carrier concentration in the near-surface layer. To sum up, the most suitable material as an electrode for ECC is the porous germanium with the maximum dose of ion implantation and the largest thickness. The maximum sheet carrier concentration that was obtained in the study for Ge is 1017 cm-2.
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Afanasyev, Alexey V., Vladimir A. Ilyin, Victor V. Luchinin, Sergey A. Reshanov, Adolf Schöner, K. A. Sergushichev, and A. A. Smirnov. "Effect of Neutron Irradiation on Epitaxial 4H-SiC PiN UV-Photodiodes." Materials Science Forum 897 (May 2017): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.897.614.
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4H-SiC UV-photodetectors based on full-epitaxial p +p-n+ multilayer structures werefabricated. The diodes were irradiated with fast neutrons up to the fluence of 1·1014 cm-2 . Current-voltage characteristics, life time of non-equilibrium charge carriers as well as photosensitivityspectra of the diodes before and after irradiation were investigated. The studies showed that PiNUV-photodiodes with base doping below 1·1015 cm-3 retain their performance up to the fluence of5·1012 neutrons per cm2 . The further increase in fast neutron fluence stimulates the creation ofexcessive deep recombination centers. This leads to degradation of I-V-characteristics, reduction ofcarrier life time and, consequently, to degradation of the photosensitivity of devices.
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Kaulachs, I., A. Ivanova, A. Tokmakov, M. Roze, I. Mihailovs, and M. Rutkis. "Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3–XClx Solar Cells and their Degradation (Part 1: A Short Review)." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 58, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2021-0005.
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Abstract Development of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSC) has been one of the hottest research topics since 2013. Within brief literature review, we would like to achieve two objectives. Firstly, we would like to indicate that a whole set of physical properties, such as high change carrier mobility, very low recombination rates, large carrier life time and diffusion length, large absorption coefficients and very weak exciton binding energies, are defining high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of methyl ammonium lead trihalide SC. The second objective is to draw attention to some, in our opinion, important aspects that previously have not been satisfactory addressed in literature. Although degradation of PSC is widely discussed, processes at very first exposure to ambient conditions after deposition of top electrode are uncovered.
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Senzaki, Junji, Atsushi Shimozato, and Kenji Fukuda. "Acceleration Factors in Acceleration Life Test of Thermal Oxides on 4H-SiC Wafers." Materials Science Forum 556-557 (September 2007): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.556-557.635.
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Acceleration factors in acceleration life test of thermal oxides grown on 4H-SiC(0001) wafers and influences of dislocations on oxide reliability have been investigated using time-dependent dielectric breakdown measurements. The thermal oxides are formed by dry oxidation at 1200°C followed by annealing in nitrogen atmosphere. Then, post oxidation annealing in wet ambient at 950°C or hydrogen atmosphere at 800°C were carried out for some of the oxides. Aluminum or poly-Si films with thickness of 300 nm were formed as gate electrodes. The temperature dependence of time-to-breakdown (tBD) indicates that activation energy (Ea) values for the Al-gate and Poly-Si-gate thermal oxides are 0.59 eV - 0.79 eV and 0.34 eV - 0.72 eV, respectively. Analyzing the electric field dependence of tBD, it was indicated that the values of electric acceleration parameters (β) are 2.7 cm/MV - 7.0 cm/MV and 5.8 cm/MV - 7.1 cm/MV for the Al-gate and poly-Si-gate thermal oxides, respectively. In addition, the charge-to-breakdown decreases with increase in the density of basal plane dislocation.
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Kim, Kyung Min, Hee Hwan Ji, In Shik Han, Seong Hyung Park, Hee Seung Lee, Young Seok Kang, Dae Byung Kim, et al. "Dependency of 1/f Noise on Initial Oxidation Method in Nano-CMOS Technology." Solid State Phenomena 121-123 (March 2007): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.121-123.595.
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In this paper, it is presented that flicker (1/f) noise of ultra thin gate oxide can be improved by initial oxidation and subsequent plasma nitridation(PN). PN which raises Nitrogen peak upward from the Si/Oxide interface to gate polysilicon/Oxide interface is adopted mainly to improve the life time such as Negative-Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) and hot carrier in Nano CMOS technology. Three different types of initial oxidation prior to plasma nitridation are investigated. One is slow thermally grown oxide(STO) in very small Oxygen ambient, another is rapid thermally grown oxide(RTO) and the other is grown in Nitrous oxygen ambient (NO). Oxide thickness of all splits is about 14.5< Then, it is shown that STO has the lowest drain current noise power (Sid) among the splits. The interface trap densitie (Dit) of each oxide is characterized using charge pumping method. Finally, we reached a conclusion that the 1/f noise can be significantly reduced by initial STO and Plasma Nitridation in Nano CMOS technology.
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Seshavatharam, U. V. S., and S. Lakshminarayana. "Role of Four Gravitational Constants in Nuclear Structure." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.48.2.
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This paper attempts to understand the role of the four gravitational constants in the nuclear structure whichhelps in understanding the nuclear elementary charge, the strong coupling constant, nuclear charge radii,nucleon magnetic moments, nuclear stability, nuclear binding energy and Neutron life time. The three assumed atomic gravitational constants help in understanding neutron-proton stability. Electromagnetic and nuclear gravitational constants play a role in understanding proton-electron mass ratio, Bohr radius and characteristic atomic radius. With reference to the weak gravitational constant, it is possible to predict the existence of a weakly interacting fermion of rest energy 585 GeV, called Higg’s fermion. Cosmological ‘dark matter’ research and observations can be carried out in this direction also.
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Prachopchok, Prathan, Chanchana Thanachayanon, and Tanakorn Osotchan. "Correlation between Conversion Efficiency and Impedance Spectroscopy Parameters for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell with TiO2 Nanostructure Modification." Advanced Materials Research 1131 (December 2015): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1131.169.
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Impedance spectroscopy (IS) is a useful technique to investigate the detail of charge transfer in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) especially for individual part of cell component. The charge transport in electrolyte, platinum and TiO2 electrodes can be separately examined by varying the frequency range of IS. In this work, the TiO2 electrode was modified by various nanostructures and the equivalence circuit parameters extracted from the measured IS were correlated to the power conversion efficiency of fabricated solar cells, in order to describe the origin of decreasing and increasing of the DSSC efficiency. The TiO2 electrode was prepared at different conditions of mixing with inorganic nanoparticle of CdS, CdSe and nanostructure of C60 at various concentration. Normally, the DSSC with unmodified TiO2 electrode shows the efficiency about 7.12% at AM 1.5. The dramatically dropping of efficiency was occurred in the cell with very small amount of nanoparticle added in TiO2 electrode. For most of the cases, the efficiency tended to become increase as increasing the amount of nanoparticle in the TiO2 electrode. In some structures, the efficiency can become higher than that of the unmodified TiO2 cell. However the large amount of nanoparticle in TiO2 electrode leaded to decreasing of cell efficiency in all fabricated types of TiO2 nanostructure. These efficiency variations were related to the resistance and capacitance values extracted from IS measurement in the frequency range of TiO2 response. It was found that the extracted value of cell resistance played the important role on the efficiency variation and the capacitance value can be used to describe the life-time of charge carrier in the cells.Keywords: Impedance spectroscopy, dye sensitized solar cell.
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Chowdhury, Ananda, Alexander Marin, David J. Weber, and Alexander K. Andrianov. "Nano-Assembly of Quisinostat and Biodegradable Macromolecular Carrier Results in Supramolecular Complexes with Slow-Release Capabilities." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111834.
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Self-assembly of ionically charged small molecule drugs with water-soluble biodegradable polyelectrolytes into nano-scale complexes can potentially offer a novel and attractive approach to improving drug solubility and prolonging its half-life. Nanoassemblies of quisinostat with water-soluble PEGylated anionic polyphosphazene were prepared by gradient-driven escape of solvent resulting in the reduction of solvent quality for a small molecule drug. A study of binding, analysis of composition, stability, and release profiles was conducted using asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) spectroscopy. Potency assays were performed with WM115 human melanoma and A549 human lung cancer cell lines. The resulting nano-complexes contained up to 100 drug molecules per macromolecular chain and displayed excellent water-solubility and improved hemocompatibility when compared to co-solvent-based drug formulations. Quisinostat release time (complex dissociation) at near physiological conditions in vitro varied from 5 to 14 days depending on initial drug loading. Multimeric complexes displayed dose-dependent potency in cell-based assays and the results were analyzed as a function of complex concentration, as well as total content of drug in the system. The proposed self-assembly process may present a simple alternative to more sophisticated delivery modalities, namely chemically conjugated prodrug systems and nanoencapsulation-based formulations.
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Li, Jian Feng, Shu Qing Zhang, Shang Li Shi, and Ping Hui Huo. "Four Materials as Carriers for Phosphate Dissolving Rhizobium Sp. Inoculants." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.919.
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As the most commonly used carrier for commercial inoculants, the development of peat has been limited because peat is a material of nonrenewable resource. Many other materials have been evaluated as alternatives to peat as carriers of rhizobia, yet seldom have been included in inoculants of phosphate dissolving rhizobia. As accessible and inexpensive carriers for rhizobial inoculants, corn stalk powder, loessal soil and vermiculite powder were used in the study to compare with peat carrier on the capacities of rhizobial solution absorption, pH value maintaining of microenvironment, viable rhizobial cells maintaining and the control of contamination. Completely randomized design and 4 replicates were used in the experiment. Twelve different compositions of selected inoculant carrier with different absorption volumes of rhizobial suspension, and were evaluated the ability of maintaining viable rhizobial cells and undesired microbes during the period of 120 days at room temperature. Thereafter, pH value, viable rhizobial cell number and undesired microbes of inoculants with selected absorption volume of rhizobial suspension that stored at 4 and room temperature respectively, after 1a storage, were evaluated. Viable rhizobial cells in inoculants were examined after 120d and 1a storage by plate counting method, and ratio of undesirable microbes was examined by antibiotic-carrying and normal plates counting method. The result indicated that: for a period of 120days at room temperature, maximum viable rhizobial cells were found in peat, vermiculite powder, corn stalk powder and loessal soil based inoculants when the absorption volume of rhizobial suspension of inoculants were 450, 500, 1000 and 200ml/kg, respectively; viable rhizobial cell numbers were better maintained in corn stalk powder than in peat, loessal soil and vermiculite, but undesired microbes contamination was a severe problem. In the study, viable rhizobial cell numbers in loessal soil was found the highest, followed by peat, while the most serious contamination was found in peat inoculants; corn stalk powder and vermiculite could not be used as inoculant carrier because fewer viable rhizobial cells existed in these inoculants. The greatest pH change was found in peat and loessal soil based inoculants during 1a storage because of enhanced acidification caused by metabolism of phosphate dissolving rhizobia; more viable rhizobial cells were found in the 4 carriers that stored at 4 than at room temperature after 1a storage. As carriers of phosphate dissolving Rhizobium inoculants, viable rhizobial cells of corn stalk powder after short time storage (120d) and of loessal soil after long time storage (1a) were found better than that of peat, and was also found more cost effective compared with peat, commercially. Both of the two carriers could be used as inoculant carriers at room temperature, but corn stalk powder could only be used as carrier with short shelf life.
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Mustafa, Sanaul, V. Kusum Devi, and Roopa S. Pai. "Kanamycin Sulphate Loaded PLGA-Vitamin-E-TPGS Long Circulating Nanoparticles Using Combined Coating of PEG and Water-Soluble Chitosan." Journal of Drug Delivery 2017 (March 2, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1253294.
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Kanamycin sulphate (KS) is a Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein synthesis inhibitor. Due to its intense hydrophilicity, KS is cleared from the body within 8 h. KS has a very short plasma half-life (2.5 h). KS is used in high concentrations to reach the therapeutic levels in plasma, which results in serious nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity. To overcome aforementioned limitations, the current study aimed to develop KS loaded PLGA-Vitamin-E-TPGS nanoparticles (KS-PLGA-TPGS NPs), to act as an efficient carrier for controlled delivery of KS. To achieve a substantial extension in blood circulation, a combined design, affixation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to KS-PLGA-TPGS NPs and adsorption of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) (cationic deacetylated chitin) to particle surface, was raised for surface modification of NPs. Surface modified NPs (KS-PEG-WSC NPs) were prepared to provide controlled delivery and circulate in the bloodstream for an extended period of time, thus minimizing dosing frequency. In vivo pharmacokinetics and in vivo biodistribution following intramuscular administration were investigated. NPs surface charge was close to neutral +3.61 mV and significantly affected by the WSC coating. KS-PEG-WSC NPs presented striking prolongation in blood circulation, reduced protein binding, and long drew-out the blood circulation half-life with resultant reduced kidney sequestration vis-à-vis KS-PLGA-TPGS NPs. The studies, therefore, indicate the successful formulation development of KS-PEG-WSC NPs with reduced frequency of dosing of KS indicating low incidence of nephrotoxicity/ototoxicity.
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Prapan, Ausanai, Nittiya Suwannasom, Chiraphat Kloypan, Saranya Chaiwaree, Axel Steffen, Yu Xiong, Ijad Kao, Axel Pruß, Radostina Georgieva, and Hans Bäumler. "Surface Modification of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers Reduces Recognition by Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin, and Hemoglobin Antibodies." Coatings 9, no. 7 (July 21, 2019): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9070454.
Full textAbstract:
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) represent a propitious type of blood substitute to transport oxygen throughout the body while acting as a carrier in biomedical applications. However, HBOCs in blood are recognized and rapidly scavenged by the body’s innate immune systems. To overcome this problem, HBOCs require a surface modification that provides protection against detection and elimination in order to prolong their circulation time after administration. In this study, we investigated different surface modifications of hemoglobin submicron particles (HbMPs) by double/triple precipitation, as well as by adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA), hyaluronic acid (HA), and pluronic (Plu) to discover how diverse surface modifications influence the oxygen binding capacity and the binding of anti-hemoglobin (Hb) antibodies, immunoglobulin G (IgG), and haptoglobin (HP) to HbMPs. The particle size and zeta potential of the six types of HbMP modifications were analyzed by zeta sizer, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and were compared to the unmodified HbMPs. The results revealed that all surface-modified HbMPs had a submicron size with a negative charge. A slight decrease in the oxygen binding capacity was noticed. The specific binding of anti-Hb antibodies, IgG, and HP to all surface-modified HbMPs was reduced. This indicates a coating design able to protect the particles from detection and elimination processes by the immune system, and should lead to a delayed clearance and the required and essential increase in half-life in circulation of these particles in order to fulfill their purpose. Our surface modification method reflects a promising strategy for submicron particle design, and can lead the way toward novel biomedical applications.
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Monteiro, Luiz Eduardo Cotta, Hugo Miguel Varela Repolho, Rodrigo Flora Calili, Daniel Ramos Louzada, Rafael Saadi Dantas Teixeira, and Rodrigo Santos Vieira. "Optimization of a Mobile Energy Storage Network." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010186.
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This paper introduces the mobile battery network for electronic devices through powerbanks in a city, and proposes an optimization model to find the optimum site and set-up of the network considering costumers demand, logistics components, the batteries degradation, and terminal’s charger regime. To this end, a series of degradation tests were carried out on lithium-ion batteries, in four different charger regimes, in which the battery voltage amplitude and the charging electric current were varied. The results of these tests were incorporated into the optimization model as the depreciation rate and charge time over battery life. The mathematical modeling innovates by including new components designed specifically for this new problem: battery availability according to charging time; different types of customer service; objective function modeling that includes the logistical costs of battery relocation, terminal maintenance, and battery depreciation. The results indicate that the network performance using batteries in the fastest charging configuration tends to have a positive impact on their efficiency and profitability. The model can be used as a reference for other applications that require recharge points that enable the use of mobile batteries, such as electric scooters, electric bicycles, and drones, among others.
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Desa, Maria Vianti. "PENDAMPINGAN PASTORAL BAGI ANAK TUNANETRA DI YAYASAN BHAKTI LUHUR MALANG." Jurnal Pelayanan Pastoral 2, no. 2 (October 25, 2021): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53544/jpp.v2i2.265.
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Every human being has different problems in his life, both problems with himself and his environment. Life problems and destructive problems are very varied, for example; heart, disappointment, depression, emotional wounds, and physical conditions that experience obstacles. This situation is very much needed by pastoral companions to help others in overcoming real problems The assistance given pays attention to several aspects, namely physical, mental, social and spiritual. In pastoral care must meet the spiritual needs of blind children. This study aims to see the implementation, inhibiting factors and support for the pastoral assistance of blind children at the Bhakti Luhur Malang Foundation. The research was conducted at the Bhakti Luhur Foundation guest houses, using a descriptive qualitative approach through the method (Case Study). The results of the research are based on interviews regarding the implementation of pastoral assistance for blind children at the Bhakti Luhur Foundation, according to the person in charge of the guesthouse, in general, it has been carried out according to schedule, sometimes it is not carried out due to other tasks. According to the nurse, sometimes it is done, sometimes it is not because the nurse does not understand mentoring children with visual impairment. The sisters said, still carrying out the ups and downs, asked the expert team. Inhibiting factors according to the person in charge and the nurse; laziness, new tasks happening at the same time. According to the ALMA Sisters, the inhibiting factor; the condition of blind children is very severe. Supporting factors; the person in charge, the ALMA Sisters and the nurses have the same answer; availability of facilities and infrastructure, following technological developments. Thus the research results show that the implementation of mentoring at the Bhakti Luhur Foundation has been carried out according to schedule, but sometimes it is not optimal, it needs to be considered by stakeholders.
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Закревский, В. А., В. А. Пахотин, and Н. Т. Сударь. "Старение и разрушение (пробой) полимерных пленок в переменном электрическом поле." Физика твердого тела 61, no. 10 (2019): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2019.10.48276.445.
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An explanation is proposed for the difference in the electrical strength properties of polymers in DC and AC fields. Energy release during recombination of electrons and holes injected into a polymer dielectric is considered as a factor accelerating the process of electrical aging of these dielectrics in AC field. It is shown that the nonradiative relaxation of electronic excited states, which causes bond breaks in macromolecules and the formation of free radicals, leads to the formation of deep electron traps in a polymer dielectric, as a result of which the ionization of macromolecules in the electric field is accelerated due to electron transitions into these traps. In solid-state plasma, a shielding effect occurs, leading to a decrease in the ionization potential of molecules. As a result, the ionization rate of macromolecules increases, i.e. the rate of formation of charge carriers, which leads to a decrease in the electrical life time of the polymer dielectric in AC field compared with the life time of polymers in DC field.
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Srithanachai, Itsara, Surada Ueamanapong, Poopol Rujanapich, Amporn Poyai, Surasak Niemcharoen, and Wisut Titiroongruang. "Effect of X-Ray Irradiation on the Current of P-N Diode." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.561.
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An effect induced by x-ray irradiation on Boron-doped crystalline Si at room temperature was closely investigated in this paper. Irradiation of X-ray energy of 40, 55 and 70keV has been performed on P-N junction diodes fabricated at Thai Microelectronics Center. Minority carrier life time of the device has been calculated before and after irradiation for comparison. The results show no significant change on the value between exposed and unexposed device. Therefore, any permanent lattice modified or any defects caused by X-ray in the device bulk seem to be unconfirmed in this range of energy. However, from this study, X-ray irradiation still effects on electrical characteristics of the diodes. Current-voltage (I-V) measurement has been carried out to study characteristic variation of the device. Biasing of the device was performed from -10 to 1 V and, after the exposure, the leakage current was obviously decreased by 25% and forward current was dramatically increased by 3 order of magnitude related to increment of X-ray energy.
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Wu, Shing-Lih, Hung-Cheng Chen, and Chih-Hsuan Chien. "A Novel Active Cell Balancing Circuit and Charging Strategy in Lithium Battery Pack." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 24, 2019): 4473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234473.
Full textAbstract:
A novel, active cell balancing circuit and charging strategy in lithium battery pack is proposed in this paper. The active cell balancing circuit mainly consists of a battery voltage measurement circuit and switch control circuit. First, all individual cell voltages are measured by an MSP430 microcontroller equipped with an isolation circuit and a filter circuit. Then, the maximum cell voltage difference is calculated by subtracting the minimum cell voltage from the maximum cell voltage. When the maximum cell voltage difference exceeds 0.05 V, the balancing action starts to carry on. The MSP430 microcontroller output controls signals to close the switches corresponding to the battery cell with the maximum voltage. At this time, the balancing charge power performs a balancing charge for other batteries, except for the one that is switched on. In addition, a three-stage balancing charge strategy is also proposed in this paper to achieve the goal of speedy charging with balancing action. In the first stage, a 0.5 C balancing current is used to perform pre-balanced charging on all battery cells until the maximum cell voltage difference is less than 0.05 V, which is required for entry to the second stage of charging. In the second stage, constant current charging of 1 C, coupled with 0.2 C balancing current charging is carried out, until the maximum battery cell voltage reaches 4.2 V, which is required for entry into the third stage of charging. In the third stage, a constant voltage charging is coupled with 0.2 C balancing current charging, until the maximum battery cell voltage reaches 4.25 V, which is required to complete the balancing charge. The imbalance of power between the battery cells during battery pack charging, which reduces battery charging efficiency and battery life, is thus effectively improved. In this paper, a six-cells-in-series and two-in parallel lithium battery pack is used to perform a balancing charge test. Test results show that the battery cells in the battery pack are capable of quickly completing a balancing charge under different initial voltages, the maximum voltage difference is reduced to within the range of 0.05 V, and the total time required for each balancing charge is approximately 3600 s.
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Russo, Domenico, Rocco Tripepi, Fabio Malberti, Biagio Di Iorio, Bernadette Scognamiglio, Luca Di Lullo, Immacolata Gaia Paduano, Giovanni Luigi Tripepi, and Vincenzo Antonio Panuccio. "Etelcalcetide in Patients on Hemodialysis with Severe Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. Multicenter Study in “Real Life”." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 7 (July 20, 2019): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8071066.
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Etelcalcetide is a new calcimimetic indicated for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in dialysis patients. Etelcalcetide efficacy in SHPT has been ascertained only in randomized controlled trials. This multicenter study was carried out in “real world” setting that is different from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of etelcalcetide in SHPT, (2) to assess calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase changes, (3) to register gastrointestinal side effects. Data were collected from twenty-three dialysis units with n = 1190 patients on the charge. From this cohort, n = 168 (14%) patients were on treatment with etelcalcetide, and they were evaluated for statistics. A median weekly dose of etelcalcetide was 15 mg (7.5–45 mg). Patients were either naïve (33%) or switched from cinacalcet to obtain better control of SHPT with reduced side effects or pills burden. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) declined over time from a median value of 636 pg/mL to 357 pg/mL. The median time for responders (intact PTH (iPTH) range: two to nine times the upper normal limit) was 53 days; the percentage of responders increased (from baseline 27% to 63%) being similar in switched-patients and naïve-patients. Few patients had symptomatic hypocalcemia requiring etelcalcetide withdrawal (four cases (3%) at 30-day control, two cases (2%) at 60-day, one case (1%) at 90-day control). Side effects with etelcalcetide were lower (3–4%) than that registered during cinacalcet treatment (53%). Etelcalcetide is a new therapeutic option for SHPT with low side effects and pills burden. Etelcalcetide may improve adherence to therapy, avoiding unremitting SHP. It remains to be assessed whether etelcalcetide may reduce parathyroidectomy, vascular calcification, or mortality. Being etelcalcetide very potent in suppressing PTH levels, even in severe SHPT, future studies should evaluate the potential risk of more adynamic bone disease during long-term therapy.
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Rodríguez-Serna, Johnatan M., and Ricardo Albarracín-Sánchez. "A Study on the Life Estimation and Cavity Surface Degradation Due to Partial Discharges in Spherical Cavities within Solid Polymeric Dielectrics Using a Simulation Based Approach." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030324.
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Partial Discharges (PD) in cavities are responsible for the greatest ageing rate in polymeric solid dielectrics due to chemical and physical deterioration mechanisms activated by the charge carriers, Ultra Violet (UV) radiation and local temperature rising during PDs activity. From the above, it is necessary to develop prognosis tools based on PDs measurements as diagnostic quantities in order to infer the time-to-breakdown, life, of solid dielectrics for improving the reliability of electrical assets, especially in current applications where they are subject to great electrical stresses in voltage frequency and magnitude. In this paper, the degradation in polymeric materials induced by PDs in cavities is briefly discussed from a phenomenological point of view, and then it is quantitatively evaluated using a simulation-based approach and a new proposed damage function. The time-to-breakdown calculated from simulations exhibits good agreement when compared with experimental measurements. Additionally, an analysis on the effect of the magnitude and frequency of the applied voltage on the degradation rate is also presented and the effectiveness of a degradation indicator, proposed by other authors, is evaluated under different stress conditions.
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Gayder, Steven, Michael Parcey, Darlene Nesbitt, Alan J. Castle, and Antonet M. Svircev. "Population Dynamics between Erwinia amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans and Bacteriophages: Exploiting Synergy and Competition to Improve Phage Cocktail Efficacy." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091449.
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Bacteriophages are viruses capable of recognizing with high specificity, propagating inside of, and destroying their bacterial hosts. The phage lytic life cycle makes phages attractive as tools to selectively kill pathogenic bacteria with minimal impact on the surrounding microbiome. To effectively harness the potential of phages in therapy, it is critical to understand the phage–host dynamics and how these interactions can change in complex populations. Our model examined the interactions between the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora, the antagonistic epiphyte Pantoea agglomerans, and the bacteriophages that infect and kill both species. P. agglomerans strains are used as a phage carrier; their role is to deliver and propagate the bacteriophages on the plant surface prior to the arrival of the pathogen. Using liquid cultures, the populations of the pathogen, carrier, and phages were tracked over time with quantitative real-time PCR. The jumbo Myoviridae phage ϕEa35-70 synergized with both the Myoviridae ϕEa21-4 and Podoviridae ϕEa46-1-A1 and was most effective in combination at reducing E. amylovora growth over 24 h. Phage ϕEa35-70, however, also reduced the growth of P. agglomerans. Phage cocktails of ϕEa21-4, ϕEa46-1-A1, and ϕEa35-70 at multiplicities of infections (MOIs) of 10, 1, and 0.01, respectively, no longer inhibited growth of P. agglomerans. When this cocktail was grown with P. agglomerans for 8 h prior to pathogen introduction, pathogen growth was reduced by over four log units over 24 h. These findings present a novel approach to study complex phage–host dynamics that can be exploited to create more effective phage-based therapies.
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Klöckner, U., and G. Isenberg. "Intracellular pH modulates the availability of vascular L-type Ca2+ channels." Journal of General Physiology 103, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 647–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.103.4.647.
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L-type Ca2+ channel currents were recorded from myocytes isolated from bovine pial and porcine coronary arteries to study the influence of changes in intracellular pH (pHi). Whole cell ICa fell when pHi was made more acidic by substituting HEPES/NaOH with CO2/bicarbonate buffer (pHo 7.4, 36 degrees C), and increased when pHi was made more alkaline by addition of 20 mM NH4Cl. Peak ICa was less pHi sensitive than late ICa (170 ms after depolarization to 0 mV). pHi-effects on single Ca2+ channel currents were studied with 110 mM BaCl2 as the charge carrier (22 degrees C, pHo 7.4). In cell-attached patches pHi was changed by extracellular NH4Cl or through the opened cell. In inside-out patches pHi was controlled through the bath. Independent of the method used the following results were obtained: (a) Single channel conductance (24 pS) and life time of the open state were not influenced by pHi (between pHi 6 and 8.4). (b) Alkaline pHi increased and acidic pHi reduced the channel availability (frequency of nonblank sweeps). (c) Alkaline pHi increased and acidic pHi reduced the frequency of late channel re-openings. The effects are discussed in terms of a deprotonation (protonation) of cytosolic binding sites that favor (prevent) the shift of the channels from a sleepy to an available state. Changes of bath pHo mimicked the pHi effects within 20 s, suggesting that protons can rapidly permeate through the surface membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells. The role of pHi in Ca2+ homeostases and vasotonus is discussed.
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Rahman, Md Mustafizur, Chowdhury Sadid Alam, and TM Abir Ahsan. "A life cycle assessment model for quantification of environmental footprints of a 3.6 kWp photovoltaic system in Bangladesh." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 8, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.8.2.113-118.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an extremely useful tool to assess the environmental impacts of a solar photovoltaic system throughout its entire life. This tool can help in making sustainable decisions. A solar PV system does not have any operational emissions as it is free from fossil fuel use during its operation. However, considerable amount of energy is used to manufacture and transport the components (e.g. PV panels, batteries, charge regulator, inverter, supporting structure, etc.) of the PV system. This study aims to perform a comprehensive and independent life cycle assessment of a 3.6 kWp solar photovoltaic system in Bangladesh. The primary energy consumption, resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CH4, N2O, and CO2), and energy payback time (EPBT) were evaluated over the entire life cycle of the photovoltaic system. The batteries and the PV modules are the most GHG intensive components of the system. About 31.90% of the total energy is consumed to manufacture the poly-crystalline PV modules. The total life cycle energy use and resulting GHG emissions were found to be 76.27 MWhth and 0.17 kg-CO2eq/kWh, respectively. This study suggests that 5.34 years will be required to generate the equivalent amount of energy which is consumed over the entire life of the PV system considered. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to see the impact of various input parameters on the life cycle result. The other popular electricity generation systems such as gas generator, diesel generator, wind, and Bangladeshi grid were compared with the PV system. The result shows that electricity generation by solar PV system is much more environmentally friendly than the fossil fuel-based electricity generation. ©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved
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Mosa, Jadra, and Mario Aparicio. "Sol-Gel Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Mesoporous Li4Ti5O12 Thin-Films as Anodes for Li-Ion Microbatteries." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071369.
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The development of anodes based on Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) for lithium ion batteries has become very important in recent years on the basis that it allows a long service life (stability in charge-discharge cycling) and safety improvements. The processing of this material in the form of thin film allows for greater control of its characteristics and an improvement of its disadvantages, namely reduced electrical conductivity and low diffusion of lithium ions. In this work, we try to limit these disadvantages through the synthesis of a mesostructured carbon-doped Li4Ti5O12 thin-film with a pure spinel phase using a combination of a block-copolymer template and in situ synthesis of Li-Ti double alkoxide. Structural and electrochemical characterization has been carried out to determine the best conditions (temperature, time, atmosphere) for the thermal treatment of the material to reach a compromise between crystallinity and porosity distribution (pore size, pore volume, and interconnectivity).
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Liu, Gang, Rongjun Man, and Yanyan Wang. "A Data Management Approach Based on Product Morphology in Product Lifecycle Management." Processes 9, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071235.
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In the product life cycle from conception to retirement, there are three forms: conceptual products, digital products and physical products. The carriers of conceptual products are requirements, functions and abstract structures, and data management focuses on the mapping of requirements, functions, and structures. The carrier of digital products is digital files such as drawings and models, and the focus of data management is the design evolution of product. Physical products are physical entities, and their attributes and states will change over time. Existing data model research often focuses on one or two forms, and it is even impossible to integrate three forms of data into one system. So, a new data management method based on product form is presented. According to the characteristics of the three product form data, a conceptual product data model, a digital product data model, and a physical product data model are established to manage the three forms of data, respectively, and use global object mapping to integrate them into a unified data model. The conceptual product data model has a single data model for a single business stage. The digital product data model uses the core data model as the single data source, and uses one stage rule filter to add constraints to the core data model for each business stage. The physical product data model uses the core data model to manage the public data of the physical phase, and the phase private data model focuses on the private data of each business phase. Finally, a case of Multi-Purpose Container Vessel is studied to verify the feasibility of the method. This paper proposes three product forms of product data management and a unified data management model covering the three product forms, which provides a new method for product life cycle data.
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Talha, Muhammad, Furqan Asghar, and Sung Ho Kim. "Experimental Evaluation of Cell Balancing Algorithms with Arduino Based Monitoring System." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 20, no. 6 (November 20, 2016): 968–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2016.p0968.
Full textAbstract:
The trend toward more electric vehicles has demanded the need for high efficiency, high voltage and long life battery systems [1,_2]. Also renewable energy systems carry huge battery backups to overcome the renewable source shortage. Battery systems are affected by many factors, cells unbalancing is one of most important among these factors. Without the balancing system, individual cell voltages will differ over time that will decrease the battery pack capacity quickly. This condition is especially severe when the battery has a long string of cells and frequent regenerative charging is done via battery pack. Cell balancing is a method of designing safer battery solutions that extends battery runtime as well as battery life. Balancing mechanism can help in equalizing the state of charge across the multiple cells, therefore increasing the performance of battery system. Different cell balancing methodologies have been proposed for battery pack in recent years. These methods have some merits and demerits in comparison to each other; e.g. balancing time, complexity and active or passive balancing etc. In this paper, current bypass active cell balancing and Arduino based monitoring system designing and implementation is carried out. In charging process, this balancing technique provides partial current bypass using charging slope for weak cells. Also the passive shunt resistor technique is implemented to compare and verify the proposed system efficient response. Output result shows that this proposed balancing technique can perform cell balancing in much effective and efficient way as compared to previous balancing techniques. Using this cell balancing technique, we can improve overall battery health and lifetime.
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Rudakova, A. V. "PHARMACOECONOMICS OF ORAL PARICALCITOL THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH A CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE AND SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM." Nephrology (Saint-Petersburg) 23, no. 1 (February 6, 2019): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1561-6274-2019-23-1-67-72.
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Selective vitamin D receptors agonist paricalcitol can increase probability of proteinuria reduction at patients with the chronic kidney disease (CKD) and secondary hyperparathyroid-ism. THE AIM of this study was to determine the cost effectiveness of oral paricalcitol in patients with a CKD and secondary hyperparathyroidism and to carry out the budget impact analysis to understand the potential financial effect of introducing this drug in a health plan. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Assessment was carried out from a health care payer per-spective with use of the 5-year temporary horizon. Markov modeling on the basis of results of double blind trials at whom the efficacy of a paricalcitol at patients with hyperparathyroidism was estimated is carried out. The analysis is carried out taking into account tariffs of compulsory health insurances across St. Petersburg for 2018. Cost of paricalcitol corresponded to the price of registration including VAT for 2018 and 10% of a trade extra charge (5061.27 rub for 28 caps. on 1 mcg). During cost-effectiveness assessment clinical and economic outcomes were discounted at 3,5% a year. The budget impact analysis was carried out without discount-ing. RESULTS. Purpose of an oral paricalcitol to patients with CKD stage 3-4 and secondary hyperparathyroidism allows to increase time before transition to dialysis and life expectancy on average for 0,049-0,134 and for 0,033-0,144 year, respectively (when calculating without dis-counting). The cost effectiveness of an oral paricalcitol is higher at early stages of a nephropathy – 1,377 million rubles / year without dialysis gained, 1,408 million rubles / life year gained and 1,647 million rubles / QALY. At the same time paricalcitol therapy of patients with early stages of a nephropathy demands increase of cumulative expenses in 5 years by 2,24 times. CONCLUSIONS. Oral paricalcitol therapy in patients with a CKD and secondary hyperparathyroidism, according to results of modeling, allows to postpone transition of patients to dial-ysis and, taking into account the made assumptions, can be considered in patients with early stages of a nephropathy as economically acceptable intervention.
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Malik, Tayyaba, Shayan Naveed, Muhammad Muneer, and Mohammad Ali Mohammad. "Fabrication and Characterization of Laser Scribed Supercapacitor Based on Polyimide for Energy Storage." Key Engineering Materials 778 (September 2018): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.778.181.
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Recently, supercapacitors have attracted a tremendous amount of attention as energy-storage devices due to their high-power density, fast charge–discharge ability, excellent reversibility, and long cycling life. In this research work, we demonstrate a laser scribed super capacitor based on polyimide (PI) substrate for the storage of electrical energy. PI substrate of thickness 200μm and area 1cm × 1cm was reduced by a laser engraver with a 450 nm wavelength in the form of stackable supercapacitor electrodes. Although, PI itself exhibits non-conductive behavior; however, by laser irradiation we change the surface properties of PI and reduce its resistance. The chemical property of irradiated PI was characterized with XRD where the carbon peak was observed at 2*theta = 25.44, which confirms the reduction of PI material in to a graphene-like substance. The electrical conductivity was analyzed with a probe station and observed to be 1.6mS. Two conductive regions were assembled into a capacitor device by sandwiching a PVA/H3PO4 electrolyte in between. During the charging and discharging characterization of the capacitor device, current density was observed to be 1.5mA/cm2. Capacitance versus voltage analysis was carried out and the device showed 75mF/cm2 against a voltage sweep of ±2V. The galvanostatic charging and discharging curve shows a symmetric behavior with respect to time exhibiting the stability and durability of the device.
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Prihandoko, Bambang, Achmad Subhan, and Slamet Priyono. "Electrochemical Behavior of Li4Ti5O12 under In Situ Process of Sintering and Surface Coating with Cassava Powder." Advanced Materials Research 789 (September 2013): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.789.21.
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Anode active material Li4Ti5O12/C has an advantage to increase the life time and the ability to charge and discharge lithium batteries. An experiment was carried out to make Li4Ti5O12/C more cheaper and simple process. Preparation of Li4Ti5O12/C was carried out with stoichiometric composition of raw materials TiO2 (Merck) and LiOH.H2O (Germany) under powder metallurgy method. After mixing and calcinations cassava starch as a source of carbon black coating could be mixed under comparison 1:1 with calcinations powders. Pyrolisis process was done in - situ by the sintering process at temperature variation, i.e. 800, 850 and 900°C for 1 hour. XRD test results indicated the presence of anatase TiO2 entire sample. The best results of powder Li4Ti5O12/C with in situ process under 850°C for 1 hour had conductivity in the order of 10-4S/cm and capacity round 5mAh/g. Carbon coating of cassava starch that is well identify in the black color of sample powder and EDX analysis, gave influence on electrochemical graphics of oxidation and reduction by cyclic voltammeter. The working voltage of Li4Ti5O12/C is in general 1.55V.
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Huang, Junhan, Shunli Wang, Wenhua Xu, Weihao Shi, and Carlos Fernandez. "A Novel Autoregressive Rainflow—Integrated Moving Average Modeling Method for the Accurate State of Health Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries." Processes 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9050795.
Full textAbstract:
The accurate estimation and prediction of lithium-ion battery state of health are one of the important core technologies of the battery management system, and are also the key to extending battery life. However, it is difficult to track state of health in real-time to predict and improve accuracy. This article selects the ternary lithium-ion battery as the research object. Based on the cycle method and data-driven idea, the improved rain flow counting algorithm is combined with the autoregressive integrated moving average model prediction model to propose a new prediction for the battery state of health method. Experiments are carried out with dynamic stress test and cycle conditions, and a confidence interval method is proposed to fit the error range. Compared with the actual value, the method proposed in this paper has a maximum error of 5.3160% under dynamic stress test conditions, a maximum error of 5.4517% when the state of charge of the cyclic conditions is used as a sample, and a maximum error of 0.7949% when the state of health under cyclic conditions is used as a sample.
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Sugimoto, Kenji, Hiroshi Sakata, and Shigehiro Isomura. "Device Simulation of Carrier Life-Time Controlled GTO." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 116, no. 9 (1996): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.116.903.
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Schubert, Gerald, and Holger Fehske. "Charge Carrier Localisation in Disordered Graphene Nanoribbons." Materials Science Forum 700 (September 2011): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.700.80.
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We study the electronic properties of actual-size graphene nanoribbons subjected tosubstitutional disorder particularly with regard to the experimentally observed metal-insulatortransition. Calculating the local, mean and typical density of states, as well as the time-evolutionof the particle density we comment on a possible disorder-induced localisation of charge carriersat and close to the Dirac point within a percolation transition scenario.
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Xu, Hongxiao, Jingxing Liu, Zhaoxia Teng, Ming Ru, Zhaoping Wang, and Yingcui Wang. "Construction of MPEG-PCL Nanomicelle Ocular Drug Delivery Vector and Its Application in the Treatment of Hypertensive Fundus Disease." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (March 18, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7086199.
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With the continuous development of society and the continuous development of technology, people’s living standards have gradually improved, and the development of new things has gradually entered a new agenda. Alcoholism has gradually taken over most people’s lives. Excessive drinking can lead to excessive alcohol content in the body, which is harmful to the liver. The stomach and other organs are affected, and the formation of high blood pressure is directly related to excessive drinking. And hypertensive patients are prone to have some adverse reactions and cause other more serious diseases. Hypertensive ocular fundus disease is one of its complications. Hypertensive ophthalmopathy is caused by abnormal changes in the retina, which can be very harmful. Patients with low rates and blindness can cause vision loss. Such diseases must be treated in time to allow patients to get rid of the troubles of the disease as soon as possible and restore their quality of life. In the treatment of hypertensive fundus disease, low-intensity laser radiation combined with nanomicelle ocular drug delivery carrier treatment has achieved a relatively ideal treatment effect. This article adopts the comparative treatment method and selects 120 patients with hypertensive ocular fundus disease admitted to X Hospital from 2018 to 2020 and evenly distributes them into the experimental group and the control group for comparative treatment experiments. Conclusions are obtained based on the analysis of treatment data. Related factors analyzed include age, gender, whether retinal laser photocoagulation has been performed before, and whether anti-VEGF treatment has been performed before surgery. The experimental results proved that there was no difference in the overall quality of life between the two groups before the treatment and at the end of the first course of treatment ( P > 0.05 ), and the overall quality of life of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group until the end of the second course of treatment ( P < 0.05 ). Hypertensive fundus disease is very harmful. If it is not treated in time, it will cause blindness in patients. In the treatment of hypertensive fundus disease, the use of low-intensity laser irradiation combined with MPEG-PCL nanomicelle therapy is beneficial to the recovery of vision and blood flow. The change index can guarantee the safety of treatment at the same time, which is worthy of clinical promotion.
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Bergna, Andrea, Elena Zanfagna, Alessia Ballabio, Andrea Vendramini, Livio Claudio Bressan, and Umberto Solimene. "Efficacy of the Osteopathic Treatment in Parkinson’s Disease." Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2021-20-2-88-93.
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Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Several studies were carried out in time on osteopathic treatments in patients with PD, demonstrating an improved motor function, albeit short lived. Our trial was aimed at assessing the potential efficacy of the Osteopathic Manipulative treatment (OMT) on mobility, posture, and gait in patients with moderate PD, as well as the importance of “taking charge” of the patient for the Quality of Life (QoL) of individuals with PD. Material and methods. 32 subjects aged 76±7.284 were divided in two groups: group B (n=17) received the OMT, followed by the SHAM treatment; group A (n=15) received the SHAM treatment, then the OMt. the study was designed as a nine-week cross-over trial, with group cross-overperformed after a one-week wash-out. All the subjects underwent a baseline neurological blind evaluation at four weeks and post cross-over. the ADL, IADL, GDS, and GpE scales were also administered. Results. 16 subjects completed the study, 32 subjects participated in the first four weeks only. An improvement of the mean and standard deviation parameters was observed in the UpDRS and the tUG test in patients receiving the OMT. A decrease of the dysfunction degree was observed in both groups upon the osteopathic evaluation. Conclusions. The data show the potential usefulness of the OMT in PD with respect to stiffness, mobility, posture and where the patient is taken charge of. Further studies will be needed to disprove the goal of the trial.
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KIM, Kyungwan. "Investigation of Ultrafast Charge Carrier and Lattice Dynamics." Physics and High Technology 29, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/phit.29.030.
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When a material is driven out of an equilibrium state, fundamental interactions governing the material properties play roles in returning to the equilibrium state. The microscopic process of this recovery takes place on an ultrafast time scale far beyond the usual time resolution of usual detection methods. Thanks to the recent development of the ultrashort pulsed lasers, various ultrafast techniques are now available to investigate the ultrafast dynamics of materials. In this article, I briefly review the experiment techniques used to investigate ultrafast electronic and lattice dynamics.
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Schindler, Karl-Michael, and Marinus Kunst. "Sensitization and Charge Carrier Kinetics in ZnO Powders." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 43, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1988-0301.
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Abstract The influence of the excess charge carrier injection mechanism on the excess charge carrier dynamics in ZnO powder is investigated by contactless transient photoconductivity measurements. Excess charge carriers were produced by above bandgap light, subbandgap light and by injection from an adsorbed dye (Rhodamine B) after excitation of this dye. In all these cases the transient photoconductivity decay extends over a large time range but only after band-to-band excitation an appreciable decay is observed in the microsecond time range. The experimental results are discussed in particular with respect to photocatalysis.