Academic literature on the topic 'Life time of charge carrier'
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Journal articles on the topic "Life time of charge carrier"
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Liu, Yang, Roderick C. I. MacKenzie, Bin Xu, Yajun Gao, Miquel Gimeno-Fabra, David Grant, Paul H. M. van Loosdrecht, and Wenjing Tian. "Organic semiconductors with a charge carrier life time of over 2 hours at room temperature." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 47 (2015): 12260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc02678d.
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Hanmandlu, Chintam, Satyanarayana Swamy, Anupriya Singh, Hsin-An Chen, Chi-Ching Liu, Chao-Sung Lai, Anisha Mohapatra, Chun-Wei Pao, Peilin Chen, and Chih-Wei Chu. "Suppression of surface defects to achieve hysteresis-free inverted perovskite solar cells via quantum dot passivation." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 10 (2020): 5263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta12904a.
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We fabricated the defect passivation of perovskite solar cells using CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. The efficient defect passivation of reduces the trap charge density and elongates the charge carrier life time.
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Tien, Li-Chia, and Jhih-Lin Shih. "Type-II α-In2S3/In2O3 nanowire heterostructures: evidence of enhanced photo-induced charge separation efficiency." RSC Advances 6, no. 15 (2016): 12561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra24370j.
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Type-II α-In2S3/In2O3 nanowire heterostructures exhibit significant photo-induced carrier life time improvement and visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity.
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Kobtsev, D. A., A. V. Tyazhev, I. I. Kolesnikova, and R. A. Redkin. "Effect of Gallium Arsenide Charge Carrier Life Time on the Generation and Detection Efficiency of Continuous and Pulsed Terahertz Radiation." Russian Physics Journal 63, no. 11 (March 2021): 1997–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11182-021-02262-0.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Temperature Dependence of Hall Mobility AndCarrier Concentration of pb0.55S0.45 Films." Baghdad Science Journal 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.6.1.129-134.
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Measurements of Hall effect properties at different of annealing temperature have been made on polycrystalline Pb0.55S0.45 films were prepared at room temperature by thermal evaporation technique under high vacuum 4*10-5 torr . The thickness of the film was 2?m .The carrier concentration (n) was observed to decrease with increasing the annealing temperature. The Hall measurements showed that the charge carriers are electrons (i.e n-type conduction). From the observed dependence on the temperature, it is found that the Hall mobility (µH), drift velocity ( d) carrier life time ( ), mean free path (?) were increased with increasing annealing temperature
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Velpandian, Muthuraja, Supriya Pulipaka, Akshay Tikoo, and Praveen Meduri. "Improved charge carrier dynamics of WS2 nanostructures by the way of CdS@WS2 heterostructures for use in water splitting and water purification." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 8 (2020): 4096–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00533a.
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Long emission decay life time and significantly quenched fluorescence emission of tungsten disulfide (WS2)/cadmium sulfide (CdS) heterostructures aid in enhancing photoelectrochemical water splitting and water purification properties.
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Agarwal, M. K., P. D. Patel, R. M. Joshi, and V. V. Rao. "Life time measurements of charge carriers in layer MoSexTe2−x (0 ≦x ≦ 2) PEC solar cells." Crystal Research and Technology 25, no. 4 (April 1990): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170250421.
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Оbukhov, S. G., I. А. Plotnikov, and V. G. Маsolov. "Service life tests for storage batteries used in islanded power systems with renewable energy sources." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-4-463-477.
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We investigated the service life of storage batteries to provide recommendations on the design of energy storage systems used in islanded energy systems based on renewable power sources. The service life of maintenance-free, sealed lead-acid batteries produced by absorbed glass mat (AGM) technology was determined by endurance tests carried out by repeated charge/discharge cycles according to specified load profiles, implemented at a specialized Chroma Test System station. Three battery load profiles were simulated: one for the standard DC charge/discharge mode, and two for the charge/discharge modes from renewable energy sources. To this end, the actual data obtained from monitoring the operating modes of a wind power plant were used. It was found that the battery service life depends on the intensity of stress factors. Among them, the throughput factor has the most pronounced influence on the battery lifespan. To extend the service life of storage batteries, it is proposed to separate the charge/discharge modes in time. For batteries operated on renewable energy profiles, this approach decreases time intervals between full charges and at low battery levels, which increases the battery service life by 14%. A solution to designing an energy storage system for microgrids was proposed, which consists in the use of a combined double-circuit energy storage unit. An experimental prototype of such a unit with a power of 15 kW was developed. The use of a combined energy storage unit in the microgrid system: increases the battery service life by 20–30% compared to analogues; improves the static and dynamic stability of the local energy system with a response time of no more than 50 ms towards power change; allows a fuel replacement level of at least 25%; reduces the electricity cost by 25–30%.
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Makogon, Helen, Roman Suchko, Viktor Moskalenko, Igor Kalinin, Sergiy Burdin, and Viktoriia Iksarytsia. "APPLICATION OF THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS MATHEMATICAL APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION THE LEAD–ACID BATTERIES MANAGEMENT AND STATUS CONTROL MINIMUM DIAGNOSIS." Advanced Information Systems 5, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2021.1.19.
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The subject matter of the article is the lead–acid batteries carrier and management. The goal of the study is the development of a methodology for assessing the lead–acid batteries’ parameters and to provide recommendations for their long–term management and carrier in the army operation. The tasks to be solved are: on the basis of the lead–acid batteries operation experience to define a set of diagnostic parameters on which it is possible to draw a conclusion about the technical state of a battery and change of its electric, operational and design properties; to determine the correlations between the properties of the battery and make their assessment based on the established criteria; to build a diagnostic graph–model of causal relationships of a battery’s parameters in the form of a correlation galaxy; to justify the lead–acid batteries carrier and management minimum diagnosis which can be carried out during their life cycle management та status control under the lack of time. General scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge are used. The following results were obtained: The set of diagnostic parameters to assess the battery technical state was determinated. Statistical data processing using the mathematical apparatus of correlation analysis was done. The diagnostic graph model of a lead–acid battery in the form of a correlation galaxy was constructed. The lead–acid batteries carrier and management minimum diagnosis during the life cycle was determined. Conclusions. Analysis of the experience of the lead–acid batteries operation determines a set of diagnostic parameters, which can be used to draw a conclusion about the technical state of a battery and change of its electric, operational and design properties. As generalized diagnostic parameters of the battery technical state can be considered the State of Health and the State of charge. Statistical data processing using the mathematical apparatus of correlation analysis allows to determine the causal and dependencies between the battery’s parameters and make their assessment based on the established criteria. Presentation of generalized results in the form of a correlation galaxy makes it possible to build a diagnostic graph–model of battery in the form of a correlation galaxy. Control of the SoC and SoH of the lead–acid battery will ensure the monitoring of the remaining charge, as well as the issuance of a warning about the need to replace the battery. A promising direction in the development of battery operation can be considered the development of battery–powered trackers – software and hardware devices capable of caring for battery care and battery management.
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Nasir, Eman Mizher. "Morphology and electrical properties of Cu X Zn1-XO thin films prepared by PLD technique." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 14, no. 29 (February 3, 2019): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v14i29.215.
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Cu X Zn1-XO films with different x content have been prepared bypulse laser deposition technique at room temperatures (RT) anddifferent annealing temperatures (373 and 473) K. The effect of xcontent of Cu (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) wt.% on morphology andelectrical properties of CuXZn1-XO thin films have been studied.AFM measurements showed that the average grain size values forCuXZn1-xO thin films at RT and different annealing temperatures(373, 473) K decreases, while the average Roughness values increasewith increasing x content. The D.C conductivity for all filmsincreases as the x content increase and decreases with increasing theannealing temperatures. Hall measurements showed that there aretwo types of conductance (n- type and p-type charge carriers). Alsothe variation of drift velocity (vd), carrier life time (), and free meanpath (l) with different x content and annealing temperatures weremeasured.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Life time of charge carrier"
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Golda, Martin. "Polovodičové struktury, metoda nábojového sběru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220953.
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This thesis treats about semiconducting silicon structures. It describes the characteristics of the element and creation of P and N type of semiconductor and discusses about different types of faults in the crystal lattice. It deals with the description of methods for monitoring faults in semiconductor ie. determining the properties of semiconductors via EBIC, EBIV and CC methods, which are used for analysis of semiconductor devices and materials. Determining the properties of silicon components is being done by generation of charge carriers in the sample loaded in chamber of the scanning electron microscope by high energy electrons. Bellow the sample surface is being generated an electric charge which is being collected by probes. Using this data obtained by EBIC and CC were evaluated diffusion length and lifetime of electrons.
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Федоров, Антон Олександрович. "Час життя в пористих структурах з нанокристалами металів." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2019. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/28877.
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Загальний обсяг роботи складає 72 сторінки, кількість ілюстрацій - 32, таблиць - 2, джерел за переліком посилань - 18.
Час життя носіїв неврівноважених носіїв заряду є важливим параметром для напівпровідникових приладів та пристроїв. Зазвичай вважається, що присутність металів в кремнії призводить до погіршення об’ємних властивостей напівпровідника.
В останні три десятиліття почав набувати популярності такий матеріал як пористий кремній, одним із способів отримання якого є хімічне травлення в присутності металів.
Метою роботи є дослідження часу життя неврівноважених носіїв заряду в пористому кремнії, виготовленому методом хімічного травлення в присутності металів. Важливим факторов є присутність різних металів при травленні крепнію.
Для здійснення дослідження необхідно про зробии наступне:
• Провести огляд літератури та ознайомитися с особливостями пористого кремнію та методами його виготовлення.
• Виготовити достатню кількість різноманітних зразків пористого кремнію
• Провести виміри часу життя
• Зробити висновки щодо отриманох під час дослідження інформації
Об’єктами дослідження є зразки пористого кремнію, що містять ту чи іншу кількість металічних речовин.
У роботі було виористано наступні методи дослідження:
• Отримання реалксаційної характеристики носіїв заряду методом модцляції в точковому контакті.
• Вимірювання опору зразків
• Вивчення морфології зразків сенсорів за допомогою растрової електронної мікроскопії.
Наукова новизна полягає у дослідженні параметрів пористого кремнію, протравленного саме в присутності Ag, Au та Cu з подальшим видаленням металічних наночасток у деяких випадках.The total amount of work is 72 pages, number of illustrations - 32, tables - 2, bibliographic titles - 18. The lifetime of carriers of unbalanced charge carriers is an important parameter for semiconductor devices and devices. It is generally believed that the presence of metals in silicon leads to a deterioration of the bulk properties of the semiconductor. In the last three decades, such material has become popular as porous silicon, one of the methods of obtaining which is chemical etching in the presence of metals. The purpose of this work is to study the lifetime of unbalanced charge carriers in porous silicon made by the method of chemical etching in the presence of metals. Important factors are the presence of various metals during etching. To conduct the study, you must do the following: • To conduct a review of the literature and get acquainted with the features of porous silicon and methods of its manufacture. • To produce a sufficient number of different samples of porous silicon • Take measurements of life time • Make conclusions about the information obtained during the study The objects of the study are samples of porous silicon containing one or another amount of metallic substances. The following research methods were developed in the work: • Obtaining a realxication characteristic of charge carriers by a method of modulation in point contact. Measuring the resistance of the samples • Studying the morphology of sensor samples using raster electron microscopy. The scientific novelty consists in studying the parameters of porous silicon, etched precisely with help of metal chemical assisting etching with Ag, Au, and Cu, with the subsequent removal of metallic nanoparticles in some cases.
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Karlsen, Peter. "Terahertz spectroscopy of charge-carrier dynamics in one-dimensional nanomaterials." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33086.
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One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials are of great importance for a number of potential applications. However, in order to realize this potential a thorough understanding of the charge-carrier dynamics in these materials is required, since these largely determine the optoelectronic properties of the materials in question. This thesis investigates the charge-carrier dynamics of two 1D nanomaterials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and tungsten-oxide nanowires (WOxNWs), with the goal of better understanding the nature of their optoelectronic responses, and how nanomaterial geometry and morphology influence these responses. We do this using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and optical pump - terahertz probe time-domain spectroscopy (OPTP). Firstly, we discuss how to properly analyse and interpret the data obtained from these experiments when measuring 1D nanomaterials. While the data obtained from THz-TDS is fairly straight-forward to analyse, OPTP experimental data can be far from trivial. Depending on the relative size of the sample geometry compared to the probe wavelength, various approximations can be used to simplify the extraction of their ultrafast response. We present a general method, based on the transfer matrix method, for evaluating the applicability of these approximations for a given multilayer structure, and show the limitations of the most commonly used approximations. We find that these approximations are only valid in extreme cases where the thickness of the sample is several orders of magnitude smaller or larger than the wavelength, which highlight the danger originating from improper use of these approximations. We then move on to investigate how the charge-carrier dynamics of our CNTs is influenced by nanotube length and density. This is done through studying the nature of the broad THz resonance observed in finite-length CNTs, and how the nanotube length and density affects this resonance. We do this by measuring the conductivity spectra of thin films comprising bundled CNTs of different average lengths in the frequency range 0.3-1000 THz and temperature interval 10-530 K. From this we show that the observed temperature-induced changes in the terahertz conductivity spectra depend strongly on the average CNT length, with a conductivity around 1 THz that increases/decreases as the temperature increases for short/long tubes. This behaviour originates from the temperature dependence of the electron scattering rate, which results in a subsequent broadening of the observed THz conductivity peak at higher temperatures and a shift to lower frequencies for increasing CNT length. Finally, we show that the change in conductivity with temperature depends not only on tube length, but also varies with tube density. We record the effective conductivities of composite films comprising mixtures of WS2 nanotubes and CNTs vs CNT density for frequencies in the range 0.3-1 THz, finding that the conductivity increases/decreases for low/high density films as the temperature increases. This effect arises due to the density dependence of the effective length of conducting pathways in the composite films, which again leads to a shift and temperature dependent broadening of the THz conductivity peak. Next, we investigate the conflicting reports regarding the ultrafast photoconductive response of films of CNTs, which apparently exhibit photoconductivities that can vastly differ, even in sign. Here we observe explicitly that the THz photoconductivity of CNT films is a highly variable quantity which correlates with the length of the CNTs, while the specific type of CNT has little influence. Moreover, by comparing the photo-induced change in THz conductivity with heat-induced changes, we show that both occur primarily due to heat-generated modification of the Drude electron relaxation rate, resulting in a broadening of the plasmonic resonance present in finite-length metallic and doped semiconducting CNTs. This clarifies the nature of the photo-response of CNT films and demonstrates the need to carefully consider the geometry of the CNTs, specifically the length, when considering them for application in optoelectronic devices. We then move on to consider our WOxNWs. We measure the terahertz conductivity and photoconductivity spectra of thin films compromising tungsten-oxide (WOx) nanowires of average diameters 4 nm and 100 nm, and oxygen deficiencies WO2.72 and WO3 using THz-TDS and OPTP. From this we present the first experimental evidence of a metal-to-insulator transition in WOx nanowires, which occurs when the oxygen content is increased from x=2.72 -> 3 and manifests itself as a massive drop in the THz conductivity due to a shift in the Fermi level from the conduction band down into the bandgap. Furthermore we present the first experimental measurements of the photoexcited charge-carrier dynamics of WOx nanowires on a picosecond timescale and map the influence of oxygen-content and nanowire diameter. From this we show that the decay-dynamics of the nanowires is characterized by a fast decay of < 1 ps, followed by slow decay of 3-10 ps, which we attribute to saturable carrier trapping at the surface of the nanowires.
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Kampfrath, Tobias. "Charge carrier dynamics in solids and gases observed by time resolved terahertz spectroscopy." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2006/250/index.html.
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Aytac, Yigit. "Time-resolved measurements of charge carrier dynamics in Mwir to Lwir InAs/InAsSb superlattices." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2039.
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All-optical time-resolved measurement techniques provide a powerful tool for investigating critical parameters that determine the performance of infrared photodetector and emitter semiconductor materials. Narrow-bandgap InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs) have shown great promise as next generation materials, due to superior intrinsic properties and versatility. Unfortunately, InAs/GaSb T2SLs are plagued by parasitic Shockley-Read-Hall recombination centers that shorten the carrier lifetime and limit device performance. Ultrafast pump-probe techniques and time-resolved differential-transmission measurements are used here to demonstrate that "Ga-free" InAs/InAs₁₋xSbx T2SLs and InAsSb alloys do not have this same limitation and thus have significantly longer carrier lifetimes. Measurements of unintentionally doped MWIR and LWIR InAs/InAs₁₋xSbx T2SLs demonstrate minority carrier (MC) lifetimes of 18.4 µs and 4.5 µs at 77 K, respectively. This represents a more than two order of magnitude increase compared to the 90 ns MC lifetime measured in a comparable MWIR and LWIR InAs/GaSb T2SL. Through temperature-dependent differential-transmission measurements, the various carrier recombination processes are differentiated and the dominant recombination mechanisms identified for InAs/InAs₁₋xSbx T2SLs. These results demonstrate that these Ga-free materials are viable options over InAs/GaSb T2SLs and potentially bulk Hg₁₋xCdxTe photodetectors.
In addition to carrier lifetimes, the drift and diusion of excited charge carriers through the superlattice layers (i.e. in-plane transport) directly aects the performance of photo-detectors and emitters. All-optical ultrafast techniques were successfully used for a direct measure of in-plane diffusion coeffcients in MWIR InAs/InAsSb T2SLs using a photo-generated transient grating technique at various temperatures. Ambipolar diffusion coefficients of approximately 60 cm²/s were reported for MWIR InAs/InAs₁₋xSbxT2SLs at 293 K.
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Olson, Benjamin Varberg. "Time-resolved measurements of charge carrier dynamics and optical nonlinearities in narrow-bandgap semiconductors." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2596.
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All-optical time-resolved measurement techniques provide a powerful tool for investigating critical parameters that determine the performance of infrared photodetector and emitter semiconductor materials. Narrow-bandgap InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices (T2SLs) have shown great promise as a next generation source of these materials, due to superior intrinsic properties and versatility. Unfortunately, InAs/GaSb T2SLs are plagued by parasitic Shockley-Read-Hall recombination centers that shorten the carrier lifetime and limit device performance. Ultrafast pump-probe techniques and time-resolved differential transmission measurements are used here to demonstrate that Ga-free InAs/InAsSb T2SLs and InAsSb alloys do not have this same limitation and thus have significantly longer carrier lifetimes. Measurements at 77 K provided minority carrier lifetimes of 9 μs and 3 μs for an unintentionally doped mid-wave infrared (MWIR) InAs/InAsSb T2SL and InAsSb alloy, respectively; a two order of magnitude increase compared to the 90 ns minority carrier lifetime measured in a comparable MWIR InAs/GaSb T2SL. Through temperature-dependent lifetime measurements, the various carrier recombination processes are differentiated and the dominant mechanisms identified for each material. These results demonstrate that these Ga-free materials are viable options over InAs/GaSb T2SLs for potentially improved infrared photodetectors.
In addition to carrier lifetimes, the drift and diffusion of excited charge carriers through the superlattice growth layers (i.e. vertical transport) directly affects the performance of photodetectors and emitters. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information pertaining to vertical transport, primarily due to difficulties in making measurements on thin growth layers and the need for non-standard measurement techniques. However, all-optical ultrafast techniques are successfully used here to directly measure vertical diffusion in MWIR InAs/GaSb T2SLs. By optically generating excess carriers near one end of a MWIR T2SL and measuring the transit time to a thin, 2 lower-bandgap superlattice placed at the other end, the time-of-flight of vertically diffusing carriers is determined. Through investigation of both unintentionally doped and p-type superlattices at 77 K, the vertical hole and electron diffusion coefficients are determined to be 0.04±0.03 cm2/s and 4.7±0.5 cm2/s, corresponding to vertical mobilities of 6±5 cm2/Vs and 700±80 cm2/Vs, respectively. These measurements are, to my knowledge, the first direct measurements of vertical transport properties in narrow-bandgap superlattices.
Lastly, the widely tunable two-color ultrafast laser system used in this research allowed for the investigation of nonlinear optical properties in narrow-bandgap semiconductors. Time-resolved measurements taken at 77 K of the nondegenerate two-photon absorption spectrum of bulk n-type GaSb have provided new information about the nonresonant change in absorption and two-photon absorption coefficients in this material. Furthermore, as the nondegenerate spectrum was measured over a wide range of optical frequencies, a Kramers-Kronig transformation allowed the dispersion of the nondegenerate nonlinear refractive index to be calculated.
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Hérissan, Alexandre. "Étude par Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity de photocatalyseurs pour la dépollution de l’eau." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS097/document.
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La photocatalyse se base sur l’excitation d’un semi-conducteur par des photons d’énergie supérieure ou égale à son gap, générant des paires électron-trous. Celles-ci sont très réactives et susceptibles de réagir à l’interface pour réaliser par exemple l’oxydation totale d’un composé organique. Cette méthode peut être appliquée sur des eaux usées pour éliminer totalement les polluants organiques qui y sont présents. Dans la perspective d’une utilisation du soleil comme source de lumière, cette méthode peut s’avérer très économique et écologique pour le traitement de l’eau.L’interaction lumière-semi-conducteur et la dynamique des porteurs de charge sont des processus physico-chimiques primordiaux pour la photocatalyse, et il est nécessaire de bien les comprendre pour maîtriser le procédé et développer des matériaux plus efficaces. La Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) est une technique qui se base sur la réflexion des micro-ondes sur un semi-conducteur excité qui est directement reliée avec le nombre de porteurs de charge photo-générés. Il s’agit d’un moyen de sonder en temps réel la dynamique des porteurs de charge dans les semi-conducteurs.Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR PhotoNorm. Il consiste en une étude par TRMC de dioxyde de titane TiO2 utilisé pour la dépollution de l’eau par photocatalyse. Une partie de cette étude concerne la caractérisation des propriétés opto-électroniques des matériaux, pour lesquels la dynamique des porteurs de charge sera comparée à l’activité photocatalytique. L’effet bénéfique en photocatalyse de la déposition de nanoparticules d'or, d'argent ou bimetallique or-cuivre sur des TiO2 commerciaux sera relié à une capture d’électrons libres observée en TRMC. L’effet bénéfique sur la photocatalyse en lumière visible a été relié à une injection d’électrons dans le TiO2 par des nanoparticules de bismuth. L’autre partie de ce travail consiste en une étude plus fondamentale de la dynamique des porteurs de charge dans des TiO2 commerciaux ou synthétisés dans le cadre du projet PhotoNorm. Il y sera montré l’importance de la longueur d’onde et de l’intensité d’excitation du matériau sur le rendement de génération de porteurs de charge. L’importance des effets de surface et de l’environnement seront aussi mis en évidence de plusieurs façons. La première consiste simplement en un traitement chimique de la surface (lavage), qui peut avoir une grande influence à la fois sur la dynamique des porteurs de charge et sur la photocatalyse, sûrement en lien avec la présence d’impuretés de surface. La seconde consiste à imprégner le TiO2 par des colorants organiques présentant une forte absorption en lumière visible. Les mesures de TRMC sur ces systèmes permettent de mettre en évidence l’interaction entre le semi-conducteur et les molécules extérieures adsorbées à sa surface, notamment l’injection d’électrons du colorant excité vers le semi-conducteur, mais aussi des effets de recombinaison accrus. La troisième méthode consiste à modifier l’atmosphère de travail en TRMC. Il y est observé notamment l’importance de l’oxygène sur la dynamique des porteurs de charge, et notamment les effets de captures d’électrons, phénomènes qui entrent en jeu dans le processus de photocatalyse.Au final, la TRMC s’avère être un bon moyen d’étude de la durée de vie des porteurs de charge dans les semi-conducteurs, qui peut permettre de mieux comprendre les processus fondamentaux associés à la photocatalyseThe photocatalysis is based on the excitation of semiconductor by photons with an energy superior or equal to the gap, generating electron-hole pairs. These are very reactive and able to react at the interface, involving for exemple the total oxidation of an organic compound. This method can be used on wastewater to eliminate the organic pollutants. With a view to use the sun as a light source this method may become an economical and ecological way for the water treatment. Light interaction between light and semiconductor and the charge-carrier dynamics are fundamental processes for photocatalysis and it is necessary to understand them in order to manage with this process and develop more efficient materials. The Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) is a method based on the reflexion of microwaves on an excited semiconductor which is linked to the number of photo-generated charge-carriers. This method allows us to probe in real time the charge-carrier dynamics in semiconductor. This work is included in the ANR Photonorm project. It consists in a TRMC study on titanium dioxyde TiO2 used for water depollution by photocatalysis. One part of this study consists in the characterization of the opto-electronic properties of materials for which the charge-carrier dynamics will be compared with the photocatalytic activity. The beneficial effect of nanoparticles deposition of gold, silver or gold-copper bimetallics on commercial TiO2 will be linked to the observation of free electrons observed by TRMC . The beneficial effect on photocatalysis in visible light was linked to an electron injection in TiO2 by bismuth nanoparticles. The second part of this work consists in a more fundamental study of charge-carrier dynamics on commercial or synthetized for the Photonorm project. I will be shown the importance of excitation wavelength and intensities on charge carrier generation. The importance of surface effect and environment will be emphasized by several ways. The first one just consist in surface treatment which can have a major importance on charge-carrier dynamics and photocatalysis, probably in connection with the presence or not of impurities on the surface. The second way consists in impregnating TiO2 by organic dyes which show a strong visible light absorption. The TRMC measurements highlight the interaction between the adsorbed molecules and the semiconducteur, including the electron injection from the excited dye to the TiO2 but also an increased recombination effect. The third method consist in modified the working atmosphere in TRMC. The major role of oxygen is so observed on charge-carrier dynamics, with an effect of electron capture, involving in photocatalytic mechanism.Finally TRMC proves to be a convenient method for studying charge-carrier dynamics in semiconductors, which allow a better understanding of fundamental processes bound to photocatalysis
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Jansen, Hendrik [Verfasser]. "Chemical Vapour Deposition Diamond : Charge Carrier Movement at Low Temperatures and Use in Time-Critical Applications / Hendrik Jansen." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1077289219/34.
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Roland, Paul Joseph. "Charge Carrier Processes in Photovoltaic Materials and Devices: Lead Sulfide Quantum Dots and Cadmium Telluride." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1449857685.
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Jansen, Hendrik [Verfasser]. "Chemical Vapour Deposition Diamond : Charge Carrier Movement at Low Temperatures and Use in Time-Critical Applications [[Elektronische Ressource]] / Hendrik Jansen." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1047145537/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Life time of charge carrier"
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Roesch, Roberta. The Working woman's guide to managing time: Take charge of your job and your life while taking care of yourself. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1995.
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Roesch, Roberta. The working woman's guide to managing time: Take charge of your job and your life while taking care of yourself. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1996.
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Bettin Lattes, Gianfranco, and Paolo Turi, eds. La sociologia di Luciano Cavalli. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-644-0.
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The Faculty of Political Science of Florence – the oldest school of political and social science in Italy, founded in 1875 by Carlo Alfieri and named after his father Cesare – has a tradition of study that is widely recognised, even abroad, to which the cultural project of this series is related. The first book is dedicated to the research activity carried out by Luciano Cavalli and the profound traces that it has left on Italian and European sociology. Now Professor Emeritus, Luciano Cavalli taught and worked at the "Cesare Alfieri" for many years from 1966 on. Around his commitment as a "pioneer" of sociology in Italy he mustered an array of sociologists, active in different universities, many of whom have opened up new frontiers within the discipline and have successfully cultivated a dialogue with the other social sciences, as the contents of the book clearly illustrate. This extensive collection of essays offers a clear image of the fertile sociological work that burgeoned around the scientific commitment of Luciano Cavalli and was often generated by his own action of cultural stimulus. The three sections into which the book is divided – Portrait of an intellectual, The sociology of political phenomena and Sociological theory and social change – address issues of great relevance to the contemporary sociological debate. The rapport between the democratic construction of the modern State and the role and functions of the leadership, the relations between citizens and leaders, the various forms of the democratic institutional structures and the transformations of political culture are interwoven with the Neo-Weberian interpretation of the charisma theory that Cavalli masterfully proposed. Also particularly significant and topical are the critical reflections made by writers whose scientific itinerary has run parallel to that of Cavalli for decisive stretches, and who were and are bound to his teaching when they tackle arguments such as the changes in urban life, immigration and the problems of economic, political and social development in our times.
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Johal, Dr Sweeny. Me Time: Taking Charge of Your Life. Dr Sweeny Johal, 2018.
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Ponseca, Carlito S. Chapter 11 Charge Carrier Dynamics in Organometal Halide Perovskite Probed by Time-Resolved Electrical Measurements. InTechOpen, 2016.
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Declutter Your Data: Take Charge of Your Data and Organize Your Digital Life. Self-Counsel Press, 2018.
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Jonas, Crystal. Time Management 101 for Students: 101 Tested and True Techniques to Take Charge of the Time of Your Life. Tap Your Genius, Inc., 2016.
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Entwisle, Timothy. Sprinter and Sprummer. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486302048.
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Since 1788, Australia has carried the yoke of four European seasons that make no sense in most parts of the country. We may like them for historical or cultural reasons, or because they are the same throughout the world, but they tell us nothing of our natural environment. It's time to reject those seasons and to adopt a system that brings us more in tune with our plants and animals – a system that helps us to notice and respond to climate change.
Using examples from his 25 years working in botanic gardens, author Timothy Entwisle illustrates how our natural world really responds to seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall and daylight, and why it would be better to divide up the year based on what Australian plants do rather than ancient rites of the Northern Hemisphere.
Sprinter and Sprummer opens with the origins and theory of the traditional seasonal system, and goes on to review the Aboriginal seasonal classifications used across Australia. Entwisle then proposes a new five-season approach, explaining the characteristics of each season, along with the biological changes that define them. The book uses seasons to describe the fascinating triggers in the life of a plant (and plant-like creatures), using charismatic flora such as carnivorous plants, the Wollemi Pine and orchids, as well as often overlooked organisms such as fungi. The final chapter considers climate change and how the seasons are shifting whether we like it or not.
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Organise Yourself: Clear the Clutter, Take Charge of Your Time, Manage Information. Kogan Page, Limited, 2010.
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Dee, Catherine. The Girls' Guide to Life: Take charge of your personal life, your school time, your social scene, and much more! 2nd ed. Little, Brown Young Readers, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Life time of charge carrier"
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Ahlers, Reinhard. "The Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) Methodology." In New Business Models for the Reuse of Secondary Resources from WEEEs, 81–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74886-9_7.
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AbstractThe FENIX project has started to develop future business models for the efficient recovery of secondary resources. It would not be enough just to improve business models based on traditional linear approaches. Rather, new approaches must be developed with a particular focus on environmental and climate changes. Electronic scrap is no longer scrap, but must be seen as valuable material. Using the mobile phone as an example, FENIX has developed technologies to get recyclable materials out of scrapped mobile phones and to process them into new materials and final products. The developed technological approaches are not limited to mobile phones, but can be used for all types of electronic waste. FENIX has only focused on the logistic chain from the dismantling of the cell phones to the manufacturing of new materials and products (recycling chain). This, of course, involves a lot of effort in dismantling the e-waste, as the recycling process was not yet considered when developing the products currently on the market. Such eco-design approaches would certainly reduce the disassembly effort in the future. FENIX business models should not only be based on economic success but also consider ecological effects at the same time. Therefore, an accompanying Life Cycle Performance Assessment (LCPA) has been carried out to prove the advantages of the developed business models. From the interim assessment, recommendations for further technical development directions were repeatedly given to achieve the best possible economic and ecological solutions.
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Chaves, Covadonga. "Wellbeing and Flourishing." In The Palgrave Handbook of Positive Education, 273–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64537-3_11.
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AbstractThe presence of childhood and adolescent mental illness has risen significantly in recent years. The challenges that modern society poses necessitate providing children with the cognitive, social, and emotional competencies that help them avoid future mental illness as well as flourish socially and professionally. Positive psychology has introduced models of mental health in childhood to incorporate both the ‘treatment/prevention approach’ (i.e., treating and preventing mental disorders; removing negative states) as well as the ‘promotion approach’ (promoting life satisfaction; increasing positive states). In that sense, wellbeing can be defined as feeling good, functioning well, and doing good for others. Flourishing implies feeling satisfied with life and having the ability to live to the fullest. School and family contexts are important in the promotion of wellbeing in childhood. Nowadays, there is evidence that points to the positive association between levels of wellbeing and students’ academic performance, social abilities, and physical and psychological health. Many of the lifelong habits, beliefs, behaviours, and attitudes that a person carries are established in the family context. In this chapter, advances in the incorporation of positive psychology in these developmental environments are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the efficacy of interventions in preventing future psychological problems as well as in promoting childhood wellbeing, and the importance of political commitment to the achievement of generalized and sustainable changes over time is analysed.
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Zolnikov, Konstantin P., Dmitrij S. Kryzhevich, and Aleksandr V. Korchuganov. "Regularities of Structural Rearrangements in Single- and Bicrystals Near the Contact Zone." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 301–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_14.
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AbstractThe chapter is devoted to the analysis of the features of local structural rearrangementsin nanostructured materialsunder shear loadingand nanoindentation. The study was carried out using molecular dynamics-based computer simulation. In particular, we investigated the features of symmetric tilt grain boundary migration in bcc and fcc metals under shear loading. The main emphasis was on identifying atomic mechanisms responsible for the migration of symmetric tilt grain boundaries. We revealed that grain boundaries of this type can move with abnormally high velocities up to several hundred meters per second. The grain boundary velocity depends on the shear rate and grain boundary structure. It is important to note that the migration of grain boundary does not lead to the formation of structural defects. We showed that grain boundary moves in a pronounced jump-like manner as a result of a certain sequence of self-consistent displacements of grain boundary atomic planes and adjacent planes. The number of atomic planes involved in the migration process depends on the structure of the grain boundary. In the case of bcc vanadium, five planes participate in the migration of the Σ5(210)[001] grain boundary, and three planes determine the Σ5(310)[001] grain boundary motion. The Σ5(310)[001] grain boundary in fcc nickel moves as a result of rearrangements of six atomic planes. The stacking order of atomic planes participating in the grain boundary migration can change. A jump-like manner of grain boundary motion may be divided into two stages. The first stage is a long time interval of stress increase during shear loading. The grain boundary is motionless during this period and accumulates elastic strain energy. This is followed by the stage of jump-like grain boundary motion, which results in rapid stress drop. The related study was focused on understanding the atomic rearrangements responsible for the nucleation of plasticity near different crystallographic surfaces of fcc and bcc metals under nanoindentation. We showed that a wedge-shaped region, which consists of atoms with a changed symmetry of the nearest environment, is formed under the indentation of the (001) surface of the copper crystallite. Stacking faults arise in the (111) atomic planes of the contact zone under the indentation of the (011) surface. Their escape on the side free surface leads to a step formation. Indentation of the (111) surface is accompanied by nucleation of partial dislocations in the contact zone subsequent formation of nanotwins. The results of the nanoindentation of bcc iron bicrystal show that the grain boundary prevents the propagation of structural defects nucleated in the contact zone into the neighboring grain.
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Cook, Matthew. "Still Life Theory." In New Constructions in Cellular Automata. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195137170.003.0008.
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In Conway’s Game of Life [2], if one starts with a large array of randomly set cells, then after around twenty thousand generations one will see that all motion has died down, and only stationary objects of low period remain, providing a final density of about .0287. No methods are known for proving rigorously that this behavior should occur, but it is reliably observed in simulations. This brings up several interesting related questions. Why does this “freezing” occur? After everything has frozen, what is the remaining debris composed of? Is there some construction that can “eat through” the debris? If we start with an infinitely large random grid, so that all constructions appear somewhere, what will the long term behavior be? It seems clear that knowing the composition of typical debris is central to many such questions. Much effort has gone into analyzing the objects that occur in such stationary debris, as well as into determining what stationary objects can exist at all in Life [4, 8], Both of these endeavors depend on having some notion of what an “object” is in the first place. One simple notion is that of an island, a maximal set of live cells connected to each other by paths of purely live cells. But many common objects, such as the “aircraft carrier,” are not connected so strongly. They are composed of more than one island, but we think of them as a single object anyway, since their constituent islands are not separately stable. Any pattern that is stable (has period one, i.e., does not change over time) is called a still life. Since a collection of stable objects can satisfy this definition, the term strict still life is used to refer to a single indivisible stable object, and pseudo still life is used to refer to a stable pattern that is composed of distinct strict still lifes. For example, the bi-block is a pseudo still life, since it is composed of two blocks, but the aircraft carrier is a strict still life, since its islands are not stable on their own.
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Mitchell, Neil. "From Page to Screen: Bringing Carrie to Life." In Carrie, 31–42. Liverpool University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733728.003.0003.
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This chapter examines Carrie's transition from page to screen, which involved numerous changes to the style and tone of Stephen King's novel decided upon for creative and budgetary reasons by Brian De Palma and screenwriter Lawrence D. Cohen. Alterations to the final shooting script (the second draft of the adaptation) were brought about by a combination of time constraints, on set improvisation, and decisions made during post-production editing. Though the studio approved the second draft, a fairly rare occurrence in Hollywood, United Artists would waver on the project in other areas. Even given the horror genre's commercial and critical successes during the period, United Artists were, perhaps understandably, unconvinced that the adaptation of a debut novel by an experienced director still looking for a major commercial success was worth risking any more than the figure allocated. It is telling that the only real problem De Palma had with the project was in relation to those controlling the marketing of the movie. For De Palma, Carrie was a serious movie, with serious points to make about the cruelty of teenagers, the insidious effects of religious fervour, and the state of contemporary American society, regardless of it being wrapped up in supernatural trappings. United Artists, however, marketed Carrie as cheap popcorn entertainment.
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Ponseca, Carlito S. "Charge Carrier Dynamics in Organometal Halide Perovskite Probed by Time-Resolved Electrical Measurements." In Perovskite Materials - Synthesis, Characterisation, Properties, and Applications. InTech, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61631.
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Binda, Ricardo Viera, Roberta Jachura Rocha, and Luiz Eduardo Nunes Almeida. "Study of Factors Influencing the Life Predictions of Solid Rocket Motor." In Energetic Materials Research, Applications, and New Technologies, 234–45. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2903-3.ch011.
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Storage of rocket motors loaded with composite solid propellant for long periods may change the propellant properties, thus causing failure and affecting the safety during launch. In this study, an accelerated aging assay was carried out, in order to predict the useful lifetime and to evaluate variations on the propellant properties with time by means of thermal analysis (TG/DSC). The aging temperatures used were 65°C, and samples were withdrawn after 3 months. Aging was also carried out at room temperature. There was significant variation in the activation energy of the solid propellant samples thermal decomposition in the two kinetic methods used – Ozawa or model-free isoconversional method and Kissinger method – during the aging period. There was significant decrease of enthalpy of aged propellant enthalpy causing changes in ballistics parameters of the solid propellant grain affecting the rocket's performance.
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Young, Alison. "The Time of Ghosts." In Ghost Criminology, edited by Michael Fiddler, Theo Kindynis, and Travis Linnemann, 227–52. NYU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479885725.003.0010.
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The landscape of a city is a cartography of violence: “all sites will at some point have been touched by violence” (Fiddler 2018: 9). Whether carried out by agents of the state, arising in interpersonal disputes, or merely the result of accident or chance, violence threads through urban spaces, sometimes rendered visible by official markers such as plaques and statues, but more likely occluded and all but forgotten, receding into the past. For all the social opprobrium directed at violence, its occurrence is rarely marked out for remembering within the everyday spaces of the city. It may be that violent crime is simply too commonplace (cities would be dotted by markers naming urban locations as crime scenes) or that it is too awful, forcing citizens to remember that which they might wish to repress. As Nora suggests, “we speak so much of memory because there is so little of it left” (1989: 7). And although there is constant chatter in everyday life about crime and victimization, many are oblivious to the crime scenes through which they pass every day. But, sometimes, past violence can still be sensed in the present.
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Ricketts, James, and Roger Jones. "Severe Testing and Characterization of Change Points in Climate Time Series." In Recent Advances in Numerical Simulations. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98364.
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This paper applies misspecification (M-S) testing to the detection of abrupt changes in climate regimes as part of undertaking severe testing of climate shifts versus trends. Severe testing, proposed by Mayo and Spanos, provides severity criteria for evaluating statistical inference using probative criteria, requiring tests that would find any flaws present. Applying M-S testing increases the severity of hypothesis testing. We utilize a systematic approach, based on well-founded principles that combines the development of probative criteria with error statistical testing. Given the widespread acceptance of trend-like change in climate, especially temperature, tests that produce counter-examples need proper specification. Reasoning about abrupt shifts embedded within a complex times series requires detection methods sensitive to level changes, accurate in timing, and tolerant of simultaneous changes of trend, variance, autocorrelation, and red-drift, given that many of these measures may shift together. Our preference is to analyse the raw data to avoid pre-emptive assumptions and test the results for robustness. We use a simple detection method, based on the Maronna-Yohai (MY) test, then re-assess nominated shift-points using tests with varied null hypotheses guided by M-S testing. Doing so sharpens conclusions while avoiding an over-reliance on data manipulation, which carries its own assumptions.
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López Torres, Olga, Pablo Lobo, Valeria Baigún, and Gabriela F. De Roia. "How to Reduce Sedentary Behavior at All Life Domains." In Sedentary Behaviour - A Contemporary View [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97040.
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Lifestyle has changed in the last century increasingly promoting sedentary behaviors. Prolonged sitting time is related to increased all-cause mortality risk. Therefore, scientific research aimed at understanding the effects of sitting on health has increased to find effective interventions that can be carried out in life domains (study, work, transport, and free time). The interaction between physical activity and sitting time plays a key role in the development of strategies to promote physical activity practice and reduce sedentary behavior. Accepting that the modern societies incite to spend long periods seated, the aim seems to find a balance between all the areas during the 24 h of the day. Maintaining sleep time, reducing screen leisure time to 3 h/day, and breaking prolonged sedentary time for 2–3 min every 30 min-1 h of sitting, as well as reaching the physical activity recommendation may help counteract the potential negative effect of too much sitting time. Governments must provide active free time options to promote active leisure time and help reduce screen time. At workplaces, managers and companies should encourage sitting breaks and work standing options, and for the special population such as children or older adults, new strategies must be considered to reduce sitting time.
Conference papers on the topic "Life time of charge carrier"
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Han, Zixi, Zixian Jiang, Sophie Ehrt, and Mian Li. "Quantification of Low-Cycle Fatigue Life for a Gas Turbine Compressor Vane Carrier Under Varying Operating Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14384.
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Abstract The design of a gas turbine compressor vane carrier (CVC) should meet mechanical integrity requirements on, among others, low-cycle fatigue (LCF). The number of cycles to the LCF failure is the result of cyclic mechanical and thermal strain effects caused by operating conditions on the components. The conventional LCF assessment is usually based on the assumption on standard operating cycles — supplemented by the consideration of predefined extreme operations and safety factors to compensate a potential underestimate on the LCF damage caused by multiple reasons such as non-standard operating cycles. However, real operating cycles can vary significantly from those standard ones considered in the conventional methods. The conventional prediction of LCF life can be very different from real cases, due to the included safety margins. This work presents a probabilistic method to estimate the distributions of the LCF life under varying operating conditions using operational fleet data. Finite element analysis (FEA) results indicate that the first ramp-up loading in each cycle and the turning time before hot-restart cycles are two predominant contributors to the LCF damage. A surrogate model of LCF damage has been built with regard to these two features to reduce the computational cost of FEA. Miner’s rule is applied to calculate the accumulated LCF damage on the component and then obtain the LCF life. The proposed LCF assessment approach has two special points. First, a new data processing technique inspired by the cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart is proposed to identify the first ramp-up period of each cycle from noised operational data. Second, the probability mass function of the LCF life for a CVC is estimated using the sequential convolution of the single-cycle damage distribution obtained from operational data. The result from the proposed method shows that the mean value of the LCF life at a critical location of the CVC is significantly larger than the calculated result from the deterministic assessment, and the LCF lives for different gas turbines of the same class are also very different. Finally, to avoid high computational cost of sequential convolution, a quick approximation approach for the probability mass function of the LCF life is given. With the capability of dealing with varying operating conditions and noises in the operational data, the enhanced LCF assessment approach proposed in this work provides a probabilistic reference both for reliability analysis in CVC design, and for predictive maintenance in after-sales service.
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Zarubin, Andrey, Dmitry Mokeev, Lyudmila Okaevich, Anton Tyazhev, Mikhail Bimatov, Mikhail Lelekov, and Ivan Ponomarev. "Non-equilibrium Charge Carriers Life Times in Semi-Insulating GaAs Compensated with Chromium." In 2006 International Workshop and Tutorials on Electron Devices and Materials. 7th Annual. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sibedm.2006.231988.
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Perfetti, Luca, Tobias Kampfrath, Martin Wolf, and Christian Frischkorn. "Time-resolved THz spectroscopy: Ultrafast charge carrier dynamics in low-dimensional solids." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.2006.tuh13.
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Bercegol, Adrien, Daniel Ory, and Laurent Lombez. "Time-resolved imaging of lateral charge carrier transport in photovoltaic absorbers (Conference Presentation)." In Physics, Simulation, and Photonic Engineering of Photovoltaic Devices VIII, edited by Alexandre Freundlich, Masakazu Sugiyama, and Laurent Lombez. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2511716.
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Ohta, Kaoru, Sho Hiraoka, Yuto Tamura, Hiroko Yamada, and Keisuke Tominaga. "Charge carrier dynamics in benzoporphyrin thin films investigated by time-resolved THz spectroscopy." In 2015 40th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2015.7327532.
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Ponseca, Carlito S., and Villy Sundstrom. "Understanding charge carrier dynamics in solar cell materials using time resolved terahertz spectroscopy." In 2015 40th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz waves (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2015.7327580.
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Weichsel, Caroline, Sebastian Reineke, Malte C. Gather, Karl Leo, and Björn Lüssem. "Quantification of charge carrier density in organic light-emitting diodes by time-resolved electroluminescence." In SPIE Organic Photonics + Electronics, edited by Franky So and Chihaya Adachi. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.929586.
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Ponseca, Carlito S., Kaibo Zheng, Tonu Pullerits, and Villy Sundstrom. "Charge carrier dynamics of quantum dot-sensitized ZnO nanowires probed by time resolved terahertz spectroscopy." In 2011 36th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2011.6104809.
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Ohta, Kaoru, Yuichi Hiramatsu, Kohtaro Takahashi, Mitsuharu Suzuki, Hiroko Yamada, and Keisuke Tominaga. "Ultrafast Charge Carrier Dynamics in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Linked Tetrabenzoporphyrin Films Studied by Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy." In 2018 43rd International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz 2018). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irmmw-thz.2018.8510180.
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Apenko, Svetlana, Olga Kiriliuk, Elena Legchilina, and Tatiana Tsalko. "STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF RAISING THE RETIREMENT AGE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN RUSSIA AND EUROPE." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.69.
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The article presents the results of a study of the impact of pension reform in Russia on economic growth and quality of life in a digital economy, taking into account the experience of raising the retirement age in Europe. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze the impact of raising the retirement age on economic growth in the context of the development of digitalization in Russia and a comparative analysis with European countries. Results: the studies conducted allowed us to develop a system of indicators characterizing the impact of raising the retirement age on economic growth and the quality of life of the population in the context of digitalization. The authors found that raising the retirement age leads to a change in labor relations in Russia and Europe. The application of the proposed indicators can be used in the formation of a balanced state socio-economic policy in the field of institutional changes in the field of labor relations and raising the retirement age. The study was carried out under a grant from the RFBR № 19-010-00362 А.
Reports on the topic "Life time of charge carrier"
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Jokinen, Pauli, Pentti Pirinen, Juho-Pekka Kaukoranta, Antti Kangas, Pekka Alenius, Patrick Eriksson, Milla Johansson, and Sofia Wilkman. Climatological and oceanographic statistics of Finland 1991–2020. Finnish Meteorological Institute, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361485.
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This report consists of climate statistics for air pressure, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, snow depth, wind, sunshine and global radiation for the normal period covering the years 1991–2020. In addition for the first time oceanographic statistics for sea water level, sea water temperature and sea ice are included. Based on the station and gridded data the new 1991–2020 normal period is approximately 0.6 °C warmer in Finland compared to the previous 1981–2010 period. The new normal period is approximately 1.3 °C warmer when compared to the 1961–1990 period. Climate and oceanographic statistics can be used for example when anomalies for current conditions need to be calculated and put in a historical context. In addition they help in decision-making when it is needed to approximate conditions months into the future. And lastly normal periods provide a way to monitor the progression of climate change. The calculation of the normal period statistics have been carried out following the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) guidelines. Like with previous normal periods, some stricter guidelines were followed nationally, for example in the way missing observations were handled. The period 1991–2020 is both nationally and internationally the official normal period before the next one covering 2001–2030 is taken into use.
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Handa, Avtar K., Yuval Eshdat, Avichai Perl, Bruce A. Watkins, Doron Holland, and David Levy. Enhancing Quality Attributes of Potato and Tomato by Modifying and Controlling their Oxidative Stress Outcome. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586532.bard.
Full textAbstract:
General The final goal and overall objective of the current research has been to modify lipid hydroperoxidation in order to create desirable phenotypes in two important crops, potato and tomato, which normally are exposed to abiotic stress associated with such oxidation. The specific original objectives were: (i) the roles of lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipids hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in regulating endogenous levels of lipid peroxidation in plant tissues; (ii) the effect of modified lipid peroxidation on fruit ripening, tuber quality, crop productivity and abiotic stress tolerance; (iii) the effect of simultaneous reduction of LOX and increase of PHGPx activities on fruit ripening and tuber quality; and (iv) the role of lipid peroxidation on expression of specific genes. We proposed to accomplish the research goal by genetic engineering of the metabolic activities of LOX and PHGPx using regulatable and tissue specific promoters, and study of the relationships between these two consecutive enzymes in the metabolism and catabolism of phospholipids hydroperoxides. USA Significant progress was made in accomplishing all objectives of proposed research. Due to inability to regenerate tomato plants after transforming with 35S-PHGPx chimeric gene construct, the role of low catalase induced oxidative stress instead of PHGPx was evaluated on agronomical performance of tomato plant and fruit quality attributes. Effects of polyamine, that protects DNA from oxidative stress, were also evaluated. The transgenic plants under expressing lipoxygenase (LOX-sup) were crossed with catalase antisense (CAT-anti) plants or polyamine over producing plants (SAM-over) and the lines homozygous for the two transgenes were selected. Agronomical performance of these line showed that low catalase induced oxidative stress negatively affected growth and development of tomato plants and resulted in a massive change in fruit gene expression. These effects of low catalase activity induced oxidative stress, including the massive shift in gene expression, were greatly overcome by the low lipoxygenase activity. Collectively results show that oxidative stress plays significant role in plant growth including the fruit growth. These results also for the first time indicated that a crosstalk between oxidative stress and lipoxygenase regulated processes determine the outcome during plant growth and development. Israel Regarding PHGPx, most of the study has concentrated on the first and the last specific objectives, since it became evident that plant transformation with this gene is not obvious. Following inability to achieve efficient transformation of potato and tomato using a variety of promoters, model plant systems (tobacco and potato cell cultures, tobacco calli and plantlets, and Arabidopsis) were used to establish the factors and to study the obstacles which prohibited the regeneration of plants carrying the genetic machinery for overproduction of PHGPx. Our results clearly demonstrate that while genetic transformation and over-expression of PHGPx occurs in pre-developmental tissue stage (cell culture, calli clusters) or in completed plant (Arabidopsis), it is likely that over-expression of this enzyme before tissue differentiation is leading to a halt of the regeneration process. To support this assumption, experiments, in which genetic engineering of a point-mutated PHGPx gene enable transformation and over-expression in plants of PhSPY modified in its catalytic site and thus inactive enzymatically, were successfully carried out. These combined results strongly suggest, that if in fact, like in animals and as we established in vitro, the plant PHGPx exhibits PH peroxidase activity, these peroxides are vital for the organisms developmental process.