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1
Ciofalo, Michele. Nanoscale fluid dynamics in physiological processes: A review study. Southampton, England: WIT Press, 1999.
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2
French, Tom. Judicial review: A guide for people serving a life sentence, 15-25. Ottawa: Correctional Service Canada, 2002.
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3
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Administration efforts on line-by-line budget review: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, October 5, 2011. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.
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4
Serafimova, Vera. History of Russian literature of XX-XXI centuries. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1138897.
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The textbook consists of review and monographic chapters, presents a modern view of the literary process of the XX-beginning of the XXI century, examines the work of poets, prose writers, playwrights who caused an extraordinary rise in spirituality and culture of the period under consideration. The analysis of the top works of Nobel prize winners: I. Bunin, B. Pasternak, M. Sholokhov, A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Shalamov, I. Brodsky, writers-front — line poets and prose writers is given. Attention is paid to the work of writers of Russian emigration. The section "Modern prose" includes materials about philosophical and aesthetic searches in the works of such writers As V. Rasputin, L. Borodin, Yu. Polyakov, B. Ekimov, A. Bitov, V. Makanin, A. Kabakov, V. Tokareva, etc. It offers questions and tasks for independent work, topics of essays, term papers and theses, a list of bibliographic sources. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions.
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Beeghly, Marjorie, Bruce D. Perry, and Edward Tronick. Self-Regulatory Processes in Early Development. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.3.
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In this chapter, we focus on the emergence of self-regulatory processes during infancy, as framed in biopsychosocial context. We begin with a brief review of the neurobiological underpinnings of early self-regulatory processes and how self-regulatory systems develop in early childhood. Next, given that infants come into the world highly dependent on caregiver support for their survival, we argue that the emergence of self-regulation occurs primarily in a relational context, and that the capacity for self-regulation reflects both self- and parent–infant co-regulatory processes. We also provide evidence to show that variations in these early self- and parent–infant regulatory processes are linked to children’s resilient or maladaptive functioning in later life. We illustrate our arguments with findings from developmental research on self-regulation in at-risk populations and in diverse contextual–cultural settings. After a brief discussion of the implications of this literature for practice, we conclude that the Mutual Regulation Model provides a useful framework for practitioners attending to the quality of the parent–infant relationship.
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Bachman, Ronet, and Ray Paternoster. Understanding Offender Decision Making Using Surveys, Interviews, and Life Event Calendars. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.24.
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Research has increasingly utilized surveys and intensive interviews to investigate the cognitive processes inherent in offenders’ decision making. Moreover, these methods have often been included in mixed-methods approaches that include life events calendars to enhance recall of past events and thought processes, or they have been included as part of experimental designs to elucidate causal mechanisms. This chapter provides a review of research that investigates offender decision making using samples from the general population of adolescents or young adults as well as samples of adolescents at a higher risk of offending. Survey research utilizing samples of adolescent and young adult offenders, called the Pathways to Desistance study, is also reviewed, along with survey research of adult offenders in specific correctional settings. Finally, recent inductive research that relies on intensive interviews is reviewed.
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Peach, Ken. Reviewing Research, Making Proposals and Evaluating Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796077.003.0011.
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This chapter focuses on the review process, the process of writing a proposal and the evaluation of science. The usual way that science is funded these days is through a proposal to a funding agency; if it satisfies peer review and there are sufficient resources available, it is then funded. Peer review is at the heart of academic life, and is used to assess research proposals, progress, publications and institutions. Peer review processes are discussed and, in light of this discussion, the art of proposal writing. The particular features of making fellowship proposals and preparing for an institutional review are described. In addition, several of the methods used for evaluating and ranking research and research institutions are reviewed, including the Research Assessment Exercise and the Research Excellence Framework.
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Wurmser, Rachel. Development Through the Life Cycle. Edited by Isis Burgos-Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265557.003.0001.
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In this chapter the essential aspects of personality development, developmental processes from infancy through adolescence and the environmental influences on growth and development are reviewed. Also, are topics on psychosocial influence on growth and development including deprivation. Additionally, issues related to personality adaptation during adulthood and late life along with developmental processes are reviewed. Furthermore there are reviews on psychosocial influences on adulthood and late life. Topics on acquisition and loss of specific capacities like menopause, cognition and endurance during adult will also be reviewed
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Poelmans, Steven, and Elena O. Stepanova. A Neuroscience Perspective of the Work–Family–Life Interface. Edited by Tammy D. Allen and Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.31.
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This chapter offers a review of neuroscientific principles and findings that inform the understanding of the intraindividual and interindividual experience of work–life conflict and enrichment. Advances in neuroscientific research have generated a better understanding of different basic processes that underlie role conflict, such as expectations, attention, multitasking, and stress. In the tradition of positive psychology we have seen a significant shift in work–family research toward a positive approach, complementing a conflict perspective with a focus on facilitation, enrichment, and balance. In this chapter we highlight two resources that are key for understanding positive spillover effects: energy/dopaminergic levels and social support. Inspired by insights, theories, and methods in neuroscience, we formulate recommendations for future interdisciplinary research in the work–family research domain.
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Leadbeater, Bonnie, and Clea Sturgess. Relational Aggression and Victimization and Psychopathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0007.
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Reviews of the cross-sectional research support the associations between relational victimization and relational aggression and the development of internalizing and externalizing problems. We review longitudinal research examining these associations and processes that may explain how relational victimization becomes linked to the development of psychopathology, particularly in late childhood and early adolescence. Longitudinal research is reviewed that locates mediators of the association between relational victimization and psychopathology in either faulty cognitive processes or problematic peer behaviors. Little research focuses on the longitudinal associations between relational aggression and psychopathology; however, research has begun to demonstrate considerable overlap of this type of aggression with other antisocial behaviors. We propose a conceptual framework that integrates the personal and social aspects of identity development in late childhood and early adolescence. We aim to advance our understanding of why peer victimization is associated with internalizing problems, and why, indeed, this association can become life threatening.
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Nishtha, Jaswal, ed. Role of the Supreme Court with regard to the right to life and personal liberty. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House, 1990.
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Williams, Paula G., Ruben Tinajero, and Yana Suchy. Executive Functioning and Health. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.75.
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This review provides an overview of research on associations between the multi-component, cognitive construct executive functioning (EF) and health. Executive functioning is defined, and issues related to measurement are detailed. The categories of potential mechanisms by which EF may be associated with health and disease are described. Key research examining EF and health behaviors, stress processes, and chronic illness is reviewed with a focus on function (behavioral performance), as well as neuroanatomical research where relevant. Across these domains, there is evidence that EF is associated with health and illness in reciprocal, feed-forward fashion across the life span. Critical limitations of the current literature are noted, along with important future directions.
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(Editor), Michele Ciofalo, ed. Nanoscale Fluid Dynamics in Physiological Processes:A Review Study (Advances in Computational Bioengineering Vol 2). Computational Mechanics, Inc., 1999.
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14
Markus, Hugh, Anthony Pereira, and Geoffrey Cloud. Recovery and rehabilitation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737889.003.0014.
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Life is never the same after stroke and the processes that can help go into picking up the pieces and returning to a pre-stroke life and lifestyle are outlined in this recovery and rehabilitation chapter. The principles of neuronal plasticity and stroke recovery are discussed as well as the rehabilitation process. Multidisciplinary team care is the cornerstone of treatment and the individual roles of team members are outlined. The common complications that can follow stroke are individually reviewed including immobility, spasticity, communication (aphasia and dysarthria) and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), low mood (depression) and psychological sequelae, incontinence, pain syndromes, neglect, inattention, and visual loss (hemianopia). Post-stroke epilepsy is also reviewed in this chapter. The transitioning into life in a community setting including discharge planning and vocational rehabilitation is also included.
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Masuda, Takahiko, Liman Man Wai Li, and Matthew J. Russell. Judging the World Dialectically versus Non-Dialectically. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0007.
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For over three decades, cultural psychologists have advocated the importance of cultural meaning systems and their effects on basic modes of perception and cognition. This chapter reviews findings which have demonstrated that culturally dominant ways of thinking influence people’s basic perceptual and cognitive processes: East Asians are more likely to endorse holistic thinking and dialectical thinking style when they process information, such that they incorporate more contextual information into their judgments of focal objects, and North Americans are more likely to endorse non-dialectical thinking and analytical thinking styles, by focusing on foreground information. The chapter also reviews recent findings related to higher cognitive processes in judgments and decision making processes. It emphasizes two lines of research showing how cultural differences in perception and cognition affect the online decision making process, one involving various online processes in decision making and the other involving how cultures experience indecisiveness in their decisions. Finally, this chapter introduces recent findings highlighting how cultural differences in perception and cognition affect how people make judgments involved in resource allocation, how cultural consistency values affect personality judgments, and how memory judgments are affected by neural cues. To close, it discusses the importance of this line of research and its future directions.
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Plakovic, Kathy. Discontinuation of Life-Sustaining Therapies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190204709.003.0010.
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Technological advances allow healthcare providers to delay the dying process for critically and terminally ill patients. For patients lingering between life and death, decisions frequently need to be made regarding withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments such as withholding and withdrawing antibiotics, blood products, dialysis, and artificial nutrition. Biomedical ethics guide all health care. The ethical principle of autonomy offers patients or their surrogate decision-maker the right to accept or reject any treatment. The benefits and burdens of treatment often guide care and should be aligned with preferences, values, and goals of care. This chapter reviews these treatments and the decision-making process that must be a part of any discussion to discontinue treatments.
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Lapsley, Daniel, and Sam A. Hardy. Identity Formation and Moral Development in Emerging Adulthood. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190260637.003.0002.
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We argue in this chapter that moral development and identity formation are not disjunctive topics, and that morality and identity ramify in the personal formation of emerging adults in ways that have dispositional implications for how the rest of their lives go. Moral self-identity is crucial to living a life of purpose and for setting one’s life projects on a pathway that contributes to well-being, generativity, and integrity. We first review research on the role of moral purpose in personality development and the conditions that encourage it. We then review the major ways that self-identity has been conceptualized in terms of statuses, processes, and narratives, with particular emphasis on the achievement of identity maturity and its contribution to successful adaptation. We then discuss moral self-identity more directly and outline gaps in the literature and possible lines of future research.
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Westman, Mina. Old and New Trends in Crossover Research. Edited by Tammy D. Allen and Lillian T. Eby. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199337538.013.11.
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Based on an integrated view of prior research, we propose a comprehensive theoretical framework of the crossover process that extends our understanding of work and family life. First, we define the crossover process and review past research. Second, we address the crossover of positive emotions and experiences, focusing on the recent trend of positive psychology. We then review new issues in crossover research including the spillover–crossover model, supportive theory, and findings, and crossover of resources. Finally, we review and discuss the issue of the role of gender in crossover research, in an effort to clarify the background for the inconsistency in findings regarding gender and crossover. We summarize with an agenda for future research.
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Beins, Bernard C., Randolph A. Smith, and Dana S. Dunn. Writing for Psychology Majors as a Developmental Process. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195378214.003.0016.
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This chapter explores writing as a developmental process for psychology majors, and discusses important issues in teaching students to write well and bring their ideas to life. This process must take into account the level of the student, the nature of the writing, the process of revision and peer review, the effectiveness of collaborative writing projects, and the development of skill in using APA style.
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Raymer, Anastasia M., and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Principles of Aphasia Rehabilitation. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.18.
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This chapter reviews the broad literature on approaches to treatment of aphasia. Behavioral interventions for aphasia are influenced by perspectives from neuroscience that emphasize that neuroplasticity in rehabilitation is experience-dependent and potent. Several principles of neuroplasticity are reviewed, and examples are described from the aphasia treatment literature. Additional principles are considered regarding influences of error production and feedback in aphasia rehabilitation outcomes. Adjuvant treatments then are described that are meant to enhance behavioral treatment outcomes through pharmacologic and neuromodulatory interventions. Finally, life participation approaches are highlighted that encourage use of multi-modality communication for daily life activities along with training of communication partners. An interdisciplinary process is emphasized in which many professionals work together to provide individuals with aphasia the maximum benefits in language recovery, communication skills, and meaningful social engagement and quality of life.
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Kavanaugh, Antoinette, and Thomas Grisso. Evaluations for Sentencing of Juveniles in Criminal Court. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190052812.001.0001.
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In Miller v. Alabama (2012), the U.S. Supreme Court imposed special requirements for sentencing juveniles who have been transferred to criminal court for conviction and sentencing as adults. Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016) also required that all juveniles sentenced to life without parole in the past must be resentenced. For these cases, the Court required that consideration of life without parole and any alternative sentences must include a review of potentially mitigating factors associated with a youth’s developmental immaturity. This is the first book to offer guidance to forensic mental health examiners when performing evaluations to assist attorneys and judges in Miller sentencing and resentencing cases. The first three chapters review relevant legal, conceptual, and research background for examiners. The Court’s specific developmental factors are defined, as well as relevant case law and legal process for juvenile sentencing cases. Then psychological concepts and theory related to those developmental factors are reviewed, and a chapter identifies research that examiners can use to inform their assessment and interpretation process. With that conceptual background, the next four chapters offer recommendations for conducting these evaluations. Preparation for the evaluation is described, including managing the requirements and expectations of referring parties. Then the process of data collection is outlined, including interviews and psychological and developmental testing tailored for this type of evaluation. Final chapters offer guidance for interpreting the data to address the law’s relevant developmental factors, as well as an outline and advice for written reports and oral testimony in juvenile sentencing cases.
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Schiff, Brian. Out of Context. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199332182.003.0002.
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Chapter 1, “Out of Context,” in A New Narrative for Psychology, argues that one of the main consequences of the overreliance on variable-centered methods is a misinterpretation of the nature of psychological processes. Although variable-centered research seems to argue that we can understand the process outside of the person and outside of the social world as an abstract entity, this is not really possible. Psychological processes are aspects of subjective experience that have meanings specific to a person who is situated in a definite time and space. The chapter reviews the debate on the stability of personality traits over time and argues that it makes no sense to ask if personality changes or stays the same. Personality doesn’t do anything, but variables are characterized as if they have a life of their own. Outside of the context of the person, one misunderstands what personality is and means.
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Vittoria, Barsotti, Carozza Paolo G, Cartabia Marta, and Simoncini Andrea. I The Constitutional Court, 2 The Constitutional Court: Rules and Model. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190214555.003.0002.
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This chapter succinctly introduces the reader to the composition, jurisdictional scope, and methods of judicial review in Italy. Using both direct and incidental methods of judicial review, the Italian system combines certain elements of centralized systems (like the Austrian paradigm of Hans Kelsen) with elements of diffuse systems of review like that of the United States. The chapter highlights the highly collegial structure and process of the Court. Overall, the cooperative and multilevel character of Italian constitutional adjudication emerges as its most distinctive contribution to our understanding of the range of the varieties of constitutional models and experiences in the world.
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Zhukovsky, Donna S. Association Between Advance Directives and Quality of End-of-Life Care (DRAFT). Edited by Nathan A. Gray and Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0035.
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Advance care planning is a complex process whereby an individual reflects on future care options at the end of life after reflecting on his or her values and goals for care. These values, goals, and preferences are then communicated to key stakeholders in the process (i.e., proxy and surrogate decision-makers, family members, and health care providers). It is unclear how well the completion of advance directives and a written outcome of advance care planning affect desired patient outcomes. In this chapter, a critical review is provided of a mortality follow-back survey that evaluates the association of advance directives with quality of end-of-life care from the perspective of bereaved family members. Study strengths and limitations are described, as are directions for future research.
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Gaskell, Elizabeth. The Life of Charlotte Brontë. Edited by Angus Easson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199554768.001.0001.
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It is in every way worthy of what one great woman should have written of another.' Patrick Brontë Elizabeth Gaskell's The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) is a pioneering biography of one great Victorian woman novelist by another. Gaskell was a friend of Charlotte Brontë, and, having been invited to write the offical life, determined both to tell the truth and to honour her friend. She contacted those who had known Charlotte and travelled extensively in England and Belgium to gather material. She wrote from a vivid accumulation of letters, interviews, and observation, establishing the details of Charlotte's life and recreating her background. Through an often difficult and demanding process, Gaskell created a vital sense of a life hidden from the world. This edition is based on the Third Edition of 1857, revised by Gaskell. It has been collated with the manuscript, and the previous two editions, as well as with Charlotte Bront'e's letters, and thus offers fuller information about the process of composition than any previous edition.
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Cassino, Dan, Milton Lodge, and Charles S. Taber. Implicit Political Attitudes. Edited by Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.59.
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This chapter reviews recent work on implicit political attitudes, detailing how, when, and why unconscious processes impact the explicit expression of political beliefs, attitudes, and preferences. The authors begin by discussing thresholds of awareness, defining implicit attitudes and how the circumstances under which they reach conscious awareness. The ubiquity of unconscious effects in everyday life is considered, and two research paradigms for measuring implicit attitudes are discussed. The resulting dual-process model, in which influences can be either conscious or subconscious, allows us to understand how sensory input works its way through the mind to influence attitudes and behaviors in ways that are rarely evident to the individual. These influences often include factors that the individual would never consider as being important, but nevertheless hold enormous power over effortful decision-making.
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Perales, José C., Andrés Catena, Antonio Cándido, and Antonio Maldonado. Rules of Causal Judgment. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.6.
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Our environment is rich in statistical information. Frequencies and proportions—or their visual depictions—are pervasive in the media, and frequently used to support or weaken causal statements, or to bias people’s beliefs in a given direction. The topic of this chapter is how people integrate naturally available frequencies and probabilities into judgments of the strength of the link between a candidate cause and an effect. We review studies investigating various rules that have been claimed to underlie intuitive causal judgments. Given that none of these rules has been established as a clear winner, we conclude presenting a tentative framework describing the general psychological processes operating when people select, ponder, and integrate pieces of causally-relevant evidence with the goal of meeting real-life demands.
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Bornat, Joanna. Remembering in Later Life: Generating Individual and Social Change. Edited by Donald A. Ritchie. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195339550.013.0014.
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Both oral history and what has come to be known as “reminiscence work” acquired a public profile around the same time, during the 1970s and early 1980s, in Europe and North America. This article focuses on the importance of remembrance in later life. For oral history, remembering is seen as a means to an end. By contrast, reminiscence work fixes on the process, the social interactions and changes brought about by engaging in remembering. Reminiscence work continues to be discovered and applied by practitioners and researchers without much awareness of its history and origins. A case study from the United Kingdom serves as an example. Remembrance helps in generating individual and social change which comes along gradually. The search for an evidence base for interventions has costs attached. All of this has tended to take over the nature of evaluations and outcomes of reminiscence and life review.
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Whitman, Glenn. Motivating the Twenty-first-Century Student with Oral History. Edited by Donald A. Ritchie. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195339550.013.0031.
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This article focuses on the teaching of oral history in the twenty-first century. The article discusses the importance of educators when it comes to teaching oral history to students. According to this article educators can bring into the classrooms and programs of the twenty-first century a historical process once used by Thucydides to chronicle the Peloponnesian Wars, and use that process to challenge students with learning opportunities. The student-oral historian has many roles to play like preservation, and publication of the past and present for future generations, a revelation that emerges as they consider the variety of oral history projects being conducted at all levels. Classroom oral history projects generally fall into one of two categories: those that focus on individual biographical/life review interviews, and those that deal with a particular period or place following the oral history training method which allows students to understand the challenges associated with oral history as a methodology.
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Hanlon, Christopher. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842529.003.0001.
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This introduction considers the editorial and authorial partnership of Ellen Tucker Emerson and James Elliot Cabot, whose reshaping of Emerson’s late writings amounted to a reconfiguration of Emersonian transcendentalist thought. Embroiled in a process of communal thought and composition as they maneuvered through and mined the manuscript archives out of which they composed works like Letters and Social Aims, “Fortune of the Republic,” Natural History of Intellect, and many others, Cabot and Ellen Emerson produced the archive of what I consider Emerson’s late style. These works perturb and revise Emerson’s earlier considerations of individuality and self-reliant cognition, now theorizing a host of mental processes that are decidedly social.
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Schlieter, Jens. Excursus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190888848.003.0018.
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This chapter, an excursus, embarks on a more philosophical interpretation of consciousness and experience. Building on Thomas Nagel and Niklas Luhmann, it is argued that human consciousness, defined as a process of self-reproduction of never-ending new possibilities, is perplexed by the task of imagining its own nonexistence. Given that consciousness is not equipped for this task, that is to imagine death (its own nonexistence), it will react with a search for meaning, a context for the existential threat. The excursus argues that this leads to the highly accelerated activity of consciousness. It may result in a phenomenon reported by a certain number of near-death experiencers, namely, the life review. In short, then, the life review is a highly accelerated search for meaning. These deliberations are further substantiated by a comparison with “wake-up dreams,” in which a similar structure becomes visible.
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Gunnar, Megan R., and Adriana M. Herrera. The Development of Stress Reactivity. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0003.
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Stress is a normal component of life, yet individuals differ markedly in the frequency with which they experience stressful life events and their vulnerability or resilience in the face of these challenges. We approach the study of stress and development from a psychobiological perspective, emphasizing the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system. We describe the anatomy and physiology of the HPA system and its relations with other neurobiological systems that process information about stressors and regulate behavioral and physiological responses. This review also covers psychological and evolutionary perspectives on stress, as well as the human literature on stress reactivity and regulation in typically developing children, children with behavioral and emotional problems, and children exposed to significant adversity early in life.
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Shiffman, Saul. Ecological Momentary Assessment. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.1.
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Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a method for collecting data in real time and in real-world settings in order to avoid retrospective biases, collect ecologically valid data, and study behavioral processes over time. EMA is particularly suited for studying substance use because use is episodic and related to contextual factors like mood, setting, and cues. This chapter addresses the application of EMA to substance use research, describing important elements of EMA design and analysis and illustrating them with examples from substance use research. It discusses and reviews data on methodological issues such as compliance and reactivity and covers considerations in designing EMA studies of substance use. Data on the associations between EMA data on substance use and more traditional self-report data are reviewed. EMA methods reveal substance use patterns not captured by questionnaires or retrospective data and hold promise for substance use research and treatment.
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Ely, Robin, and Alexandra C. Feldberg. Organizational Remedies for Discrimination. Edited by Adrienne J. Colella and Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.28.
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Laws now exist to protect employees from blatant forms of discrimination in hiring and promotion, but workplace discrimination persists in latent forms. These “second-generation” forms of bias arise in workplace structures, practices, and patterns of interaction that inadvertently favor some groups over others. This chapter reviews research on how these biases manifest themselves in the core processes of organizations—that is, how people are hired, compensated, developed, and evaluated—all of which are aspects of organizational life that tend to privilege some groups over others. It also reviews research that points to remedies for these biases, illustrating that organizational practices can be sites for intervention and change. The chapter concludes with methodological and substantive recommendations for future research on discrimination and its remedies in organizations.
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Nelson, Judith E., and Aluko A. Hope. Management of the dying patient. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0388.
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Withdrawal or withholding of life-supporting therapies in anticipation of death has become common in intensive care units around the world. Knowledge and skill related to limitation of life support, including processes of communication, decision-making, and implementation, are essential for the delivery of high-quality intensive care. This chapter synthesizes existing relevant evidence and provides recommendations based on the best available data. Approaches to anticipated or actual conflict over the use of life support are reviewed. Discussion then focuses on key aspects of practice—preparing the patient and family, optimizing the setting, discontinuing various therapies, and controlling symptoms. The need for mutual support and collaboration by the interdisciplinary team is emphasized.
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Shaver, Phillip R., Mario Mikulincer, Baljinder Sahdra, and Jacquelyn Gross. Attachment Security as a Foundation for Kindness Toward Self and Others. Edited by Kirk Warren Brown and Mark R. Leary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.15.
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Based on attachment theory and decades of research on attachment processes and relationships, this chapter shows that attachment security, experienced in relationships with sensitive and responsive parents and partners across the life span, fosters positive attitudes toward both self and others, and also provides a foundation for desirable psychological states discussed in the Buddhist literature: mindfulness, self-compassion, and nonattachment. We review research involving children, adolescents, and adults showing that the major forms of attachment insecurity—anxiety and avoidance—interfere with healthy self-approval and self-acceptance, and also with kindness and generosity toward others. Self-acceptance and self-compassion are not “egoistic” in the negative sense; far from being psychologically and social destructive, they are foundations of openness and kindness toward others. The usual origin of attachment-related security is supportive relationships in childhood, but security can also be increased by later relationships and by laboratory and clinical interventions.
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McNeil, Bryan T. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036439.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter sheds light on mountaintop removal coal mining and the ways people have reacted to it, including reimagining profound social and personal ideas like identity, history, and landscape. From a different perspective, it looks at the social processes that help create and continue to justify a monster like mountaintop removal, and about the social resources communities assemble to combat those processes. Conflicts of this sort are often associated with globalization. The chapter reveals how people experience in their daily lives the local effects of global processes. In their opposition to mountaintop removal and other coal industry practices, citizen activists narrate a revised version of local and regional history, in order to situate themselves and their position in relation to the black rock and its industry that had fed them for generations.
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Schweitzer, Stuart O., and Z. John Lu. Drug Approval Process in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190623784.003.0013.
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The drug approval process in any country involves a balancing of conflicting social objectives: safety and access. Faster approval leads to quicker access to potentially life-saving medicine, yet could also lead to false positives or, worse, unsafe products on the market. The United States has a widely respected but stringent and rigorous review process overseen by the Food and Drug Administration. This chapter performs an in-depth analysis of the pharmaceutical regulatory approval process in the United States. Standards, guidelines, and critical milestones for basic research, animal testing, and clinical trials in the drug R&D process are explained. It highlights major drug legislation since the beginning of the twentieth century and how this legislation has helped the FDA become the gold standard in pharmaceutical regulation worldwide. The registration pathways for generics and biosimilars are also discussed.
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Rusconi, Elena, and Carlo Umiltà. Mathematics and TMS. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0033.
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This article introduces the relationship between mathematical cognition and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The mental number line is located in the parietal lobe. Studies employing TMS have explored issues related to the mental number line. This article reviews the studies centered on the magnitude code. The results show that even though the parietal activation is nearly always present in both hemispheres, it is often asymmetric, being greater in the right hemisphere when quantification of nonverbal and nonsymbolic material is required. Neuropsychological studies confirm the relation between the magnitude code and the parietal lobe. The extent to which number-related processes are number specific, and the extent to which they overlap with other aspects of spatial or magnitude representation, is currently a burgeoning area of research. Current work is aimed to disrupt numerical processes and observe concomitant changes in brain activation.
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Aloia, Lindsey S., Amanda Denes, and John P. Crowley, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Physiology of Interpersonal Communication. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190679446.001.0001.
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In the past decade, there has been an increased focus on the role of physiology in interpersonal interactions, resulting in a surge of research exploring topics related to communication in close relationships. This growing line of research has explored topics such as affectionate communication, forgiveness, communication apprehension, and social support. Contributing to the increase in physiological research on communication processes is a greater recognition of the bidirectional nature of the associations among communication and the body. Researchers studied both the physiological outcomes of communication episodes (e.g., stress responses to conflict conversations) and the effects of physiology on the communication process (e.g., the influence of hormones on postsex communication). The Oxford Handbook of the Physiology of Interpersonal Communication offers a comprehensive review of the most prolific areas of research investigating both the physiological outcomes of interpersonal communication and the effects of physiology on interpersonal interactions. This edited volume serves as a resource for both researchers and students interested in investigating the mutual influence of physiology and communication in close relationships.
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Zbikowski, Lawrence M. Questions, Answers, Questions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190653637.003.0007.
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This chapter provides a summary for the volume as a whole and discusses prospects for a cognitive grammar of music going forward. The first portion of the chapter reviews the main questions explored over the course of the book and the answers provided by the theoretical framework that has been set out. The second portion of the chapter sets out three ways a cognitive grammar of music might be furthered: first, through empirical research on processes of categorization, memory function, and analogies involving dynamic processes, all of which are connected with musical understanding; second, through an exploration of the relationship between the familiar constructs of music theory (like intervals, scales, and chords) and the sonic analogs for dynamic processes fundamental to musical grammar; and, third, through a continued investigation into the ways musical materials shape humans’ cultural interactions.
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Pratt, Michael W., and M. Kyle Matsuba. Personality and Psychological Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199934263.003.0010.
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Chapter 10 reviews the literature on personality development and adjustment during the transition to adulthood, using the McAdams and Pals model. The authors especially draw on the growing literature on the life story and positive adaptation by contemporary narrative researchers. Certain styles or qualities, such as optimistic and redemptive themes, may be important resources in helping young adults cope with difficult issues in their lives. The authors then describe some of their own research evidence on narratives of life experiences and adjustment in the Futures Study. The chapter ends with a case study of Ishmael Beah, who, during his emerging adulthood, wrote a book on his life as an African child soldier and described the difficult process of redemptive change and recovery from this traumatic experience.
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Cunningham-Hill, Susan, and Karen Elder. Civil Litigation 2017-2018. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787655.001.0001.
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Civil Litigation introduces the processes and procedures involved in making and defending civil litigation claims. Following the chronological progression of a civil litigation claim, the volume offers practical guidance on advising clients whilst ensuring that the principles of the SRA Handbook and Code of Conduct 2011 are maintained. Diagrams at the beginning of chapters make clear the way in which the litigation procedure works and help with the understanding of the nature of the process as a whole. Examples provide a realistic context for learning, while issues of cost, best practice, and professional conduct are clearly highlighted. Alternative dispute resolution is given appropriate practical emphasis, and references to the Civil Procedure Rules throughout make sure that students are ready for life in practice. This edition has been revised to reflect the most up to date law and practice in all aspects of litigation practice. It also contains a new chapter on assessment of cost proceedings. An additional chapter on the Online Resource Centre provides a practical guide to court hearings.
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Cunningham-Hill, Susan, and Karen Elder. Civil Litigation 2018-2019. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823193.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Civil Litigation introduces the processes and procedures involved in making and defending civil litigation claims. Following the chronological progression of a civil litigation claim, the volume offers practical guidance on advising clients whilst ensuring that the principles of the Solicitors’ Regulation Authority Handbook and Code of Conduct 2011 are maintained. Diagrams at the beginning of chapters make clear the way in which the litigation procedure works and help with the understanding of the nature of the process as a whole. Examples provide a realistic context for learning, while issues of cost, best practice, and professional conduct are clearly highlighted. Alternative dispute resolution is given appropriate practical emphasis, and references to the Civil Procedure Rules throughout make sure that students are ready for life in practice. This edition has been revised to reflect the most up-to-date law and practice in all aspects of litigation practice. In addition to the chapters highlighted below, there are additional chapters online on injunctions and other equitable remedies, a practical guide to court hearings, instructing counsel, and enforcement of judgments.
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De Rubeis, Silvia, Kathryn Roeder, and Bernie Devlin. Neurodevelopmental Mechanisms of Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0062.
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The development of the human brain is a complex process that begins during the first weeks of gestation and extends at least through adolescence and early adulthood. This chapter will review the perturbations of the developmental trajectories during prenatal and early postnatal life that can lead to psychiatric disorders of childhood onset. We will provide a general view of the epochs and trajectories of brain development, from embryonic neurulation to postnatal development, with an emphasis on the development of the neocortex. Within each developmental window, we will consider some salient cellular and molecular pathways, and discuss how genetic and environmental insults underlying psychiatric disorders disrupt them.
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Luis, Roniger. Shifting Frontiers of Citizenship. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693961.003.0008.
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The processes of territorial displacement during the dictatorships opened the gates for recognizing the existence of transnational connections and of a permanent diaspora, including a diaspora of knowledge that would be engrossed by new waves of migration due to economic downturns or the increased connections of these countries to the global arena. This chapter reviews such shifts in the frontiers of citizenship, moving analysis to transnational connections and permanent diasporas, including the diasporas of knowledge that increasingly changed the very meaning of being national and transnational, while connecting the countries to the global arena. It analyzes several novel initiatives aimed at the home countries in reconnecting with conationals whose life circumstances, experiences, and choices led them to remain in the countries of relocation.
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Strada, E. Alessandra. The Seventh Domain of Palliative Care. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199798551.003.0008.
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This chapter describes palliative psychology competencies in the seventh domain of palliative care, which addresses palliative care for the patient approaching end of life and the patient’s family. The medical context of dying is reviewed by discussing the interplay of psychological and medical factors related to approaching death and the dying process. The physiological and psychological changes expected in advanced illness and during the dying process are also discussed. The chapter presents a role for the palliative psychologist at different junctures during advanced illness and the dying process. Complications that may arise during the dying process, including hemorrhage and agitated delirium, are discussed and psychological interventions that can promote safety and comfort for the patient and the family are described.
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Dahlstedt, Palle. Action and Perception. Edited by Roger T. Dean and Alex McLean. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.013.4.
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While computational models of human music making are a hot research topic, the human side of computer-based music making has been largely neglected. What are our cognitive processes like when we create musical algorithms, and when we compose and perform with them? Musical human–algorithm interaction involves embodied action, perception and interaction, and some kind of internalization of the algorithms in the performer’s mind. How does the cognitive relate to the physical here? Departing from the age-old mind–body problem, this chapter tries to answer these questions and review relevant research, drawing from a number of related fields, such as musical cognition, cognition and psychology of programming, embodied performance, and neurological research, as well as from the author’s personal experience as an artist working in the field.
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Fujita, Kazuo, Noriyuki Nakamura, and Sota Watanabe. Visual Illusion in a Comparative Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0003.
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Visual illusions in nonhuman animals are not only an intriguing topic in themselves but also an important question to understand regarding how humans’ perceptual systems have developed through evolution, why they work as they do, and what mechanisms such illusory processes are based on. Furthermore, the effects of early experience on illusory perception can be understood by controlling raising environments of nonhumans. This chapter presents a brief review of the literature then looks at more recent systematic analyses mainly focused on pigeons. Although pigeons are susceptible to various illusions, they perceive some of the illusory figures distorted in the direction opposite to humans. Perceptual systems in pigeons are likely to be adaptive to the way they live in their environment. The chapter presents a view of human perceptual functions situated in the animal kingdom.
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Badger, Terry, and Chris Segrin. Female Caregivers of Male Cancer Patients (DRAFT). Edited by Youngmee Kim and Matthew J. Loscalzo. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190462253.003.0007.
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The diagnosis and treatment of cancer is a relationship, rather than an individual problem, because there is a patient and often an informal caregiver. In terms of male cancer patients and their female caregivers, this is most often studied in the context of prostate cancer patients and their female caregivers. Concepts from the stress process model are used to organize research findings on the women caring for their male partners with cancer. This review illustrates how different contexts of care, primary objective stressors, and resources can all contribute to the primary subjective stressors (e.g., quality of life, relationship problems, role demands) experienced by dyads in this context. Interventions to help caregivers as well as directions for clinical practice and future research are discussed.