Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Life history'
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1
Lorch, Patrick D. "Life history and sexual selection." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0028/NQ50024.pdf.
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Trevelyan, R. J. "Life history variation in birds." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315861.
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Ross, Caroline Ann. "Life-history strategies of primates." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1989. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349897/.
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This thesis examines variation in the life-history parameters of primates using comparative techniques. Several theories of life-history evolution are introduced in the first chapter, together with a summary of the previous work on this topic. Scaling methods are used to separate variation in life-history parameters that is correlated with body weight from that which cannot be predicted from an animal's size. These methods are described in detail in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 describes the variation found in body size and basal metabolic rate and correlations with phylogeny, diet, habitat and other aspects of ecology. Patterns of variation in reproductive parameters, particularly reproductive rates (as measured by the intrinsic rate of natural increase, r_{max}) and reproductive effort (as measured by prenatal and postnatal infant growth rates), are described and compared with patterns reported in other studies. Possible reasons for the scaling relationships found are suggested and the influences of metabolic rate, phylogeny, diet, habitat and other aspects of ecology are investigated. This is carried out for all primates in Chapters 4-6 and in Chapter 7 there is a closer look at the cercopithecine monkeys. It is suggested that r_{max} is influenced by the predictability of the environment, with more unpredictable environments being associated with a higher r_{max} that more predictable environments. However, this is only found when body weight effects are removed from the r_{max} data. Growth rates do not appear to be correlated with environmental predictability but are mainly correlated with body size and relative metabolic rate. There is some indication that the degree of parental care may also be correlated with relative growth rates. It is concluded that no single theory of life-history evolution can amount for the variation found in primate life-histories, but that some aspects of several theories may be useful in describing the patterns found.
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Maalsen, Sophia. "The Life History of Sound." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10588.
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Abstract In recent years, the emergence of cultures and practices of music-making associated with new music-making technologies has generated controversy and conflict, being both variously embraced and vilified. Just as some are determined to explore the possibilities that these technologies afford for the re-use and re-circulation of music, others have been determined to regulate such practices through aggressive assertions of ownership over sounds. Central to these controversies is a deeper question concerning the nature of musical sounds and their relationship to the people who produce and work with them. In order to explore this issue, this thesis develops a new conceptual framework for thinking about the biographies of musical sounds. Drawing on concepts from material culture studies and feminist philosophy, the thesis critiques traditional conceptions of musical sounds as the property of a possessive individual, and offers an approach that seeks to better appreciate the complex relationships between sounds and human agents. This framework is applied and further developed across a series of case studies, which take an ethnographic approach to following the eventful biographies of selected pieces of music. These ethnographies trace the ways in which legal, ethical, economic and cultural concerns about the ownership of music are navigated in the practices of people who sample, collect and re-issue music. In tracing how these practitioners work with musical sounds, the research also uncovers the ways in which musical sounds work on those practitioners. In the process, these musical sounds develop a life of their own. Through these ethnographies, the thesis traces the life histories of musical sounds and demonstrates the ways in which those life histories are ‘multibiographical’, drawing together a range of actors and distributing their personhood and agency across space and time. The thesis concludes with a discussion of how an appreciation of multibiographical sound could inform new approaches to the production and regulation of musical sounds in the digital age that are based on connection rather than control. This recognises that music making changes as new technologies influence its production and accommodates the distribution of both sound and human agency through the reuse of sound recordings that digital technologies encourage.
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Vinikoor, Conner Reid. "Life History of Volvocine Algae." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146595.
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The evolution of somatic cells is a key aspect in the evolution of single to multicellular life forms. Our model is based on an empirically tested model of the growth of unicellular Chlamydomonas algae and a suggestion by Koufopanou (1994) that the basic mechanism underlying Chlamydomonas growth and reproduction may better explain the diversity of more complex volvocine algae morphologies. Six strains of Pleodorina starrii investigated in terms of the parameters of the model, yielded data for the proportion somatic (p) at various cell number sizes.
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Phelps, Quinton Edward. "SCAPHIRHYNCHUS STURGEON EARLY-LIFE HISTORY." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/402.
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Rehabilitation of sturgeon populations requires an understanding of sturgeon autecology during all life stages, especially during early life when high mortality occurs. To begin to understand sturgeon early-life history I determined river of origin on a multi-basin scale (i.e., potential rivers of origin). I then determined habitat needs and early life demographics on a more localized scale (i.e., specific river). Trace elements differ between river reaches of the central US and may be used to determine origin of age-0 sturgeon. My trace element analyses suggested that age-0 sturgeon captured in the Middle Mississippi River, which extends from the confluence of the Missouri River downstream to the confluence of the Ohio River, drifted from as far upstream as the Gavins Point Dam on the Missouri River (> 1200 km), while other individuals originated locally in the Middle Mississippi River. On a more refined scale of habitats, I used trawling to identify habitat features used. Age-0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon catch rates were highest around artificial structures (i.e., wing dikes) and island areas while main channel habitat comprised the lowest catch rates. Within these habitats, young sturgeon frequently occupied low velocities (i.e., ~0.1), moderate depths (i.e., 2 to 5 m), and sand substrate. Although determination of river of origin and specific habitats used are imperative for restoration, sturgeon populations are likely regulated by factors within habitats that affect early-life dynamics. Mean sturgeon growth rates ranged from 1.42-1.50 mm/d over the four years but did not differ among years. Individuals hatched over a 25 to 50-d period and peak hatch dates were between 10- 20 May during all years. Hatching coincided with optimum spawning temperatures of 17-20oC and a rise in river stage. Abundance was positively related to river stage, with longer durations of high water related increasing abundance. Mortality of age-0 sturgeon increased with the number of days where water temperature exceeded 28 oC. In the end this study has set benchmarks for understanding factors affecting the early-life ecology of Scaphirhynchus sturgeon.
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Cruikshank, Julie. "Life lived like a story : cultural constructions of life history by Tagish and Tutchone women." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/41444.
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This thesis is based on collaborative research conducted
over ten years with three elders of Athapaskan/Tlingit ancestry,
in the southern Yukon Territory, Canada Mrs. Angela Sidney, Mrs.
Kitty Smith and Mrs. Annie Ned are also authors of this document
because their oral accounts of their lives are central to the
discussion. One volume examines issues of method and ethnographic
writing involved in such research and analyses the accounts
provided by these women; a second volume presents their accounts,
in their own words, in three appendices.
The thesis advanced here is that life history offers two
distinct contributions to anthropology. As a method, it
provides a model based on collaboration between participants
rather than research 'by' an anthropologist 'on' the community.
As ethnography, it shows how individuals may use the
traditional dimension of culture as a resource to talk about
their lives, and explores the extent to which it is possible f or
anthropologists to write ethnography grounded in the perceptions
and experiences of people whose lives they describe. Narrators
provide complex explanations for their experiences and decisions
in metaphoric language, raising questions about whether
anthropological categories like 'individual', 'society' and
'culture' are uniquely bounded units. The analysis focusses on how these women attach central
importance to traditional stories (particularly those with female
protagonists), to named landscape features, to accounts of
travel, and to inclusion of incidents from the lives of others in
their narrated 'life histories'. Procedures associated with both
life history analysis and the analysis of oral tradition are used
to consider the dynamics of narration. Particular attention is
paid to how these women use oral tradition both to talk about the
past and to continue to teach younger people appropriate behavior
in the present. The persistence of oral tradition as a system of
communication and information in the north when so much else has
changed suggests that expressive forms like story telling
contribute to strategies for adapting to social, economic and
cultural change.Arts, Faculty of
Anthropology, Department of
Graduate
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Blachford, Alistair M. "Five studies in life history evolution." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/33953.
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Assortative mating by fitness has the potential population-level benefit of reducing migration load during times of environmental stasis, while allowing introgression of immigrant genetic variation in the event of environmental change. Assortative mating by fitness was examined with respect to within-population spread of a recombination modifier under selective sweep and mutation-selection balance scenarios. Only the latter scenario boosted modifier frequency, given a strength of assortative mating unlikely to be present in most species.
In a second attempt to identify a new general advantage for sexual reproduction, the focus was on how inter-individual reproduction might reduce noise in inheritance and increase the power of selection. Individuals can experience good and bad "luck" at various stages of their life history, in any habitat, and it was found that combining gametes from two separate experiences of this ecological noise could indeed reduce noise in inheritance.
The puzzle of small mammal population density cycles was approached from an evolutionary, rather than a population regulation perspective. An appropriate pattern of reproductive effort would seem key to survival through repeated population crashes to low numbers. Small mammals reproduce below their apparent potential through the decline and into the low phase of a cycle, and determining whether this reproductive pattern is adaptive is an important question. A standard cycling analytical model, the Rosenzweig-MacArthur, was carefully examined for the basis of this life history work, and found wanting even after considering several modifications.
So an individual-based simulation was done. For simplicity and generality a novel mechanism was used: the "cumulative recent activity" of a population predicts several mortality causes, and has the property of delayed density dependence required to drive cycles. If animals cue from this quantity, then some controversy-causing experimental results might be explained.
Branching theory and the simulation model showed that reproductive slowdown evolves under high mortality rates and, given a premium on short term persistence such as might exist at low numbers or densities, at low mortality rates. This explains the reproductive pattern observed in cycling mammals. The known reproductive suppression by stress physiology now appears to be adaptive, rather than inadvertent.
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Koesters, Nils B. "Investigating life-history polymorphism : modelling mites." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21630.
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The thesis presents research on the life-history polymorphism in the mite Sancassania berlesei. Males of this species are andropolymorphic: there are two distinct male phenotypes. One, the fighter, develops a third thickened leg pair, with which it kills off other fighters and males which do not exhibit a third thickened leg pair, the non-fighters. A review of the life-history of S. berlesei is given, focussing on its general biology, diet, dispersal and mating behaviour. This is followed by a review of the andropolymorphism, and the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying it. The major conclusions from the experimental work presented in this thesis are that fighters primarily develop at low population densities; though the proportion of males becoming fighters at any given density may change over time. This change is likely to be due to condition-dependence. Data is presented to illuminate these matters and a model is developed linking fighter development to the costs of being a fighter (in terms of survival) and the benefits of being a fighter (in terms of fecundity). The sex ratio in S. berlesei is 1:1, and there is no evidence of density or frequency-dependent deviations from this. A delay in food supply at maturation delays the time of maximum fecundity of females for about seven days and lowers their overall egg output. Density-dependent effects reduce the overall daily fecundity of females in higher densities. Female survival is affected by density, food present and rearing conditions. Nearly all eggs laid by S. berlesei hatch regardless of the conditions. Eggs laid in very poor conditions hatched even earlier than the average time of between day three and four. At density two, animals do synchronise their frequency, when isolated together from egg stage. Poor conditions reverse female density-dependence from convex to concave with the lowest life expectancy at intermediate densities. The trade-off between survival and fecundity is the likely cause. Amalgamating the results from the previous experiments, the influence of stochastic population dynamics on male strategy was then modelled. The results indicate that the fighter morph development rule is sensitive to the probability of low population densities arising. When low densities occur, there is a selective advantage to being a fighter. With increasing probability of lower densities, becoming a fighter is more feasible. The ESS rule changes, while in a stable high density environment a density-dependent fighter rule is never selected for. This indicates an influence of stochastic population dynamics on life-history evolution. Modelling demographic stochasticity in the fighter rule shows some buffering effect of this form of stochasticity. The fighter morph determination rule is less sensitive to environmental stochasticity with a high frequency of low densities. Using an agent based model with diploid genetics, I show that under high densities a fighter male is less successful at passing on his genes than a non-fighter. At a density of one male, the fighter gains no advantage to developing the fighter phenotype (as he is not competing with other males). In this case, the advantage may arise through future increases in density (such as through immigration or maturation of offspring). The density-dependent fighter development rule is then switched within the model from density-dependent to frequency-dependent, and the model indicates, that even under the frequency-dependent rule a possible ratio of fighters to non-fighters could exist. The system does not reach this state due to condition-dependence in reality. Following on from the findings discussed above, that morph determination has a condition-dependent component, I develop an argument that relates the observed forms of morph determination (density-dependent and frequency-dependent) in three closely related species of mites via an underlying condition-dependence. It is shown that condition-dependence is likely the linking factor between frequency and density-dependence. This is shown to be possibly a rule for all species displaying polymorphism which includes physical alterations of their bodies.
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Fihla, Goodwell Lungile. "The life history of Z.S. Zotwana." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3660.
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Lucas, Ashley Rae. "Neurobiology of Seasonal Life-history Transitions." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2511.
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Many animals exhibit seasonal changes in life-history stages, and these seasonal transitions are often accompanied by dramatic switches in behavior. While the neuroendocrine mechanisms that regulate such behavioral transitions are poorly understood, arginine vasotocin (AVT) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are excellent candidates because they regulate reproductive and feeding behavior, respectively. In this study, I asked if seasonal changes in AVT and/or NPY are concomitant with spring migration away from the breeding grounds, as male and female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) are transitioning from reproductive to non-reproductive behavior during this time. To address this question, I collected male and female snakes in different migratory stages during the spring and fall. Brains were processed for AVT and NPY immunohistochemistry and the total number of immunoreactive (-ir) cells quantified for each individual. As predicted, males had significantly more AVT-ir cells in the preoptic area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, brain regions important for courtship behavior, during the spring mating season compared to the fall. Females had significantly more AVT-ir cells in the preoptic area during the spring compared to the fall and, surprisingly, did not exhibit seasonal changes in NPY. In contrast, males had significantly more NPY-ir cells in the cortex, a region important for spatial memory, and in the posterior hypothalamus during the fall compared to the spring, which likely reflects increased feeding behavior during the summer foraging period. Neither AVT- nor NPY-ir cell number varied significantly with migratory status, indicating that seasonal changes in these neuropeptides are not directly related to migration. I then asked if the observed seasonal changes in AVT and NPY in males and females are related to the transition from reproductive to non-reproductive states. Compared to courting males, non-courting males had significantly more AVT-ir cells in the supraoptic nucleus and more NPY-ir cells in the cortex. AVT- and NPY-ir cells did not differ between unmated and mated females. Collectively, my results suggest that AVT and NPY play a role in regulating seasonal transitions in male reproductive behavior, rather than regulating migration per se. Further, these data indicate that both AVT and NPY are regulating reproductive behavior differently in males versus females. These data provide the framework for future studies examining the mechanisms regulating transitions between reproductive, migratory and foraging behaviors.
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Pizziuti, Floriana <1983>. "G.M.Trevelyan:A life between Literature and History." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/2930.
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Lo scopo del presente lavoro è quello di analizzare le fonti storiche e letterarie che hanno sviluppato la sensibilità di G.M.Trevelyan per la conservazione di una natura incontaminata. Tale condizione ha permesso al paesaggio di rappresentare in maniera univoca i valori spirituali della nazione inglese.
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Black, Candace Jasmine. "The life history narrative| How early events and psychological processes relate to biodemographic measures of life history." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10102782.
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The aim of this project is to examine the relationships between two approaches to the measurement of life history strategies. The traditional method, termed here the biodemographic approach, measures developmental characteristics like birthweight, gestation length, inter-birth intervals, pubertal timing, and sexual debut. The alternative method under exploration, termed here the psychological approach, measures a suite of cognitive and behavioral traits such as altruism, sociosexual orientation, personality, mutualism, familial relationships, and religiosity. Although both approaches are supported by a large body of literature, they remain relatively segregated. This study draws inspiration from both views, integrating measures that assess developmental milestones, including birthweight, prematurity, pubertal timing, and onset of sexual behavior, as well as psychological life history measures such as the Mini-K and a personality inventory. Drawing on previous theoretical work on the fundamental dimensions of environmental risk, these measures are tested in conjunction with several scales assessing the stability of early environmental conditions, including both “event-based” measures that are defined with an external referent, and measures of internal schemata, or the predicted psychological sequelae of early events. The data are tested in a three-part sequence, beginning with the measurement models under investigation, proceeding to an exploratory analysis of the causal network, and finishing with a cross-validation of the structural model on a new sample. The findings point to exciting new directions for future researchers who seek to integrate the two perspectives.
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Han, Min Wha. "Rhetoricity of History and Narrativity of Life: A Life History Approach to the First-Generation Koreans in Japan." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1238100975.
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Tseng, Michelle. "Factors affecting life history variation in insects." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/MQ54211.pdf.
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Larsdotter, Mellström Helena. "Life history evolution in a bivoltine butterfly." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-81399.
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Evolution is not always straight-forward, as selection pressures may differ between different generations of the same species. This thesis focuses on the evolution of life history of the model species, the Green-veined White butterfly Pieris napi. In central Sweden P. napi has two generations per year. The directly developing summer generation is short-lived and time stressed, compared to the diapausing generation. In paper I polyandry, defined as female mating rate, was shown to differ between generations but was unaffected by environmental factors. In paper II both males and females of the direct developing generation were shown to eclose more immature than the diapausing generation, indicating larval time constraints. Consistent with this, diapausing males mated sooner than direct developers. Directly developing females, however, mated sooner after eclosion than diapausing females, even though they are more immature. This was shown to negatively affect fecundity, but can pay off when the season is short. Paper III shows that directly developing males have less sex pheromones at eclosion than diapausers, and the differences in sex pheromone production is consistent with developmental time constraints and the differences in mating system. In P. napi and other polyandrous butterflies, males transfer a large, nutritious ejaculate at mating. Large ejaculates confer advantages under sperm competition, but as they are costly, males should adjust ejaculate size to the risk of sperm competition. In paper IV we found that males transfer on average 20% larger spermatophores under high male competition than at low competition. The same effect could be observed if we added male sex pheromone to the air in a mating cage without male-male competition. Paper V shows that males of the two generations respond differently to an increase in male-male competition, with diapausing males transferring larger spermatophores than direct developers at high male competition risk.At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 5: Submitted manuscript.
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Bryant, Andrew D. "The life history patterns of brachyuran crabs." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316604.
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Watson, A. P. "Life history strategies in fungal breeding Drosophila." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382839.
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Tops, Sylvie. "Ecology, life history and diversity of malacosporeans." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409289.
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Theaker, Andrew John. "Life history variation in Senecio vulgaris L." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357939.
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Traynor, Ruth Elizabeth. "Life history evolution in the parasitoid Hymenoptera." Thesis, University of York, 2004. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14063/.
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Razi, Norhisham. "Insect life history responses to global change." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/99676/.
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Understanding life history variation in insects requires an assessment of how resources are allocated between reproductive and somatic traits. Associated data are not only a potential indicator of species adaptation, but also of environmental influences on fitness. So far, however, there is a dearth of data on factors affecting resource allocation, in particular in real environments. Using an integrative nutrient assay protocol, this study assessed the effects of body size and environmental conditions on resource allocation strategies in terrestrial and aquatic semelparous insects: the indian mealmoth, Plodia interpunctella under laboratory conditions, and two caddisfly species (Hydropsyche siltalai and Rhyacophila dorsalis) in the field. In Plodia interpunctella, larger females had higher potential lifetime fecundity due to their prolonged lifespan, while smaller females maintained greater initial egg loads and a shorter life-span. Assays revealed that current reproduction requires greater nutrient allocation in somatic and reproductive tissue, illustrating potentially fundamental factors underlying reproduction-longevity trade-offs. Field studies showed how trichopteran larvae have species-specific responses to physicochemical conditions located along an altitudinal gradient (20 m - 230 m asl) in the River Usk. Nutrient allocation in Rhyacophila dorsalis did not differ between upstream and downstream sites. In contrast, upstream Hydropsyche siltalai emerged with greater nutrient reserves consistent with early reproduction while those in warmer downstream environments must reallocate resources for somatic maintenance reducing available resource for reproduction. Consistent with this result, translocation of late instar H. siltalai over a thermal gradient (1.5 - 4.5 °C) showed how thermal exposure can affect adult fitness by reducing body size and increasing nutrient allocation for somatic maintenance. These results show how insects adjust nutrient balance for reproduction and survival under different circumstances. The most significant result is that global warming might reduce body size and advance reproduction in some species with consequences for fitness. This is proposed as an area ripe for further study to understand the evolutionary consequences of global change.
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Manyanga, Phelex. "Evolution of life history strategies in Lophoziaceae." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6130.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-135).
This study used data from literature and data from the field to analyse the patterns of variation in life history characters among members of the liverwort family Lophoziaceae. A combination of Principal Component and Cluster analyses was used to analyse data from literature in testing for recurrent suites of life history variation among species of the family. Data from literature were also used to examine the relationship between mode of reproduction and reproductive system (sexuality) and between diaspore (spore or gemma) frequency and sexuality. Data from the field were used to establish diaspore (spore and gemma) sizes and their production per capsule or shoot and to test for relationships between diaspore size and production per shoot/capsule and also between diaspore sizes and proportion of germination.
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Armstrong, Michael P. "Life History of the Goosefish, Lophius americanus." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617580.
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Prutkin, Jordan Matthew. "A history of quality of life measurements." [New Haven, CT : Yale University School of Medicine], 2002. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-12042002-152900/unrestricted/Prutkin2002.pdf.
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Rahman, Abdul. "Life history evolution in three-spined stickleback." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41732/.
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A main challenge in evolutionary ecology is to elaborate the main ecological factors that vary in a study system and analyse how those factors shape the phenotype of organisms in their natural environment. These ecological variables can have complex effects since most life history traits are correlated. Here I examined the effects of ecological factors on life history traits, and the relationship among life history traits of North Uist three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (hereafter stickleback). Both abiotic and biotic factors that are commonly measured in aquatic systems, and are known to vary greatly between North Uist lochs, were examined. The traits analysed were body size, age and size at maturation, proportion of fish over one year old, and the fecundity rate. My results showed that there was strong variation in water chemistry and inter-specific competition among the lochs on North Uist. Lochs on the west side of the island were characterised by higher sodium and calcium ion concentrations, higher pH and conductivity, and increased inter-specific competition. As a result, western populations had a faster absolute growth rate, larger body size, and a higher proportion of older fish, indicative of a longer life span. Although western populations had a larger body size, they tended to mature later with a smaller gonadosomatic index. They also favoured a larger number of eggs, but with a smaller egg size. Variations within population showed that larger females had greater fecundity but small egg size. Both plasticity and evolution appear to have contributed to these life history variations. Overall, variation in life history of North Uist stickleback was largely related to measures of resources availability and interspecific competition, except for egg size which was mostly associated with variation in predator density.
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Thomas, Matthew A. "Life hacking: a critical history, 2004-2014." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5658.
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This dissertation intervenes in the larger academic and popular discussion of hacking by looking at life hacking. In essence, life hacking presumes that your life is amenable to hacks the same way a computer system might be. As both a metaphor and a practice, life hacking occupies a popular but under-analyzed position in contemporary American culture. The recent broadening of the computer term “hacking” to encompass all of life’s activities suggests the degree to which people are increasingly thinking about everything in computational terms. Life hacking is important to attend to precisely because it reveals how the rhetoric of hacking and the subjectivity of the hacker have become normalized. This rhetoric and subject position carry particular valences, valences that are deeply rooted in Western culture, including especially a way of thinking about the world that David Golumbia calls “computationalism.” In a computerized world, hacking becomes the preferred “way of seeing.” But, significantly, it is a way of seeing that is in line with long traditions in U.S. culture of self-making and technofetishism. In order to show this, I trace life hacking’s metamorphoses through three critically important and interlinked realms—life hacking, digital minimalism, and prof hacking—before concluding by looking briefly at a fourth—pickup artists. This dissertation seeks to identify how these different instances of life hacking relate to each other, to trace how life hacking has changed over time, and to explain how life hacking broadly speaking is best viewed as an episode not only in the larger history of hacking but in the larger history of American culture.
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Olsen, Jason Nicoli. "Life History Alterations of the VG-MYRASTEAKT Line of Anopheles Stephensi Mosquitoes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311800.
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Fox, Gordon Allen. "Adaptation, history, and development in the evolution of a desert annual life history." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184710.
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Individuals of Eriogonum abertianum Torr. (Polygonaceae) flower in spring, or following onset of summer rains, or both. Within populations flowering time is mainly environmentally determined: there is little genetic variance for flowering time, and experimental moisture limitation significantly delays flowering. In the field a Sonoran Desert population experienced significantly more mortality during the foresummer droughts, and had a significantly greater proportion of spring-flowering plants, than a Chihuahuan Desert population. Greenhouse experiments suggest a genetic basis for differences in size and time of flowering between these populations. Fossil and biogeographic evidence support an adaptive interpretation of earlier flowering in the Sonoran Desert. A model of selection comparing spring-plus-summer flowering with spring-only flowering suggests that expected summer fecundity may not offset the risk of foresummer mortality in the Sonoran population. Rather than switching to a spring-only habit as predicted by the model, the species' range ends where summer rainfall declines abruptly. The invariance of the spring-plus-summer habit is not explained by the demographic, historical, or genetic data. Plants which live for more than a year in the wild have offspring which, in the greenhouse, live longer than the offspring of the general population. This suggests a genetic basis for the occasional observed perennation. Analysis of a quantitative genetic model suggests that when adult survivorship is low, selection will generally reduce perennation. The annual habit is thus likely to persist even in the presence of genetic variation for perennation. Optimal control models of plant carbon allocation are extended to include within-season mortality and allometric growth constraints. When parameters are varied in numerical experiments, resulting predictions for easily measurable characters (e.g., time to first flower) often vary only slightly; most differences are in fitness, suggesting that satisfactory empirical tests may be difficult to conduct. Arbitrary mortality functions can optimally lead to multiple flowering episodes, and this can depend sensitively on parameter values. Optimal trajectories with allometric constraints are divided into a period of vegetative growth and another period of mixed growth.
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Maier, Elke. "Life history of the Scleractinian Coral Seriatopora hystrix." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-149063.
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Zwoinska, Martyna K. "Age-specific trade-offs in life-history evolution." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Zooekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-329035.
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Trade-offs prevent selection from driving all fitness-enhancing traits towards values that would maximize fitness. Life-history trade-offs, such as the one between survival and reproduction are well-studied, yet trade-offs can also involve behavioural or cognitive traits. Because males and females have different routes to successful reproduction, the optimal resolution of life-history trade-offs can differ between the sexes. However, shared genome can constrain the evolution of sex-specific adaptations. In this thesis, I explore the links between sex-specific life histories, cognition and behaviour. I start by linking sex differences in life histories to sex differences in learning performance in the outcrossing nematode Caenorhabditis remanei (Paper I). I report that age-related learning differs between the sexes and that it corresponds to sexual dimorphism in life history. Then, I use experimental evolution to select for learning performance to study the patterns of genetic correlations between learning and life-history traits in both sexes (Paper II). The results demonstrate the correlated evolution of sexual dimorphism in life history indicating sex-specific fitness costs and benefits of learning. In Paper III I use the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to ask about the extent to which cognitive and demographic aging are independent. The results reveal that selection for late-life reproduction alone bears no effect on late-life learning and that joint selection on late-life learning and reproduction does not yield lifespan benefits. The selection might have affected, however, female age-specific reproductive effort. Motivated by the questions on aging I proceed to ask why a potent lifespan extending drug – rapamycin affects sexes differently (Paper IV). I take a closer look at the trade-off between growth, lifespan and reproduction and propose that the sex experiencing a stronger relationship between size and fitness pays a higher cost of lifespan extension. Finally, I focus on another sex-specific trait – dispersal (Paper V). I conduct experimental evolution to uncover a negative genetic correlation between dispersal and reproduction and show sex-specific genetic variation for dispersal. In summary, my thesis unravels the complex pattern of interdependence between life-history, behavioural and cognitive traits, where sex emerges as an important factor that can maintain genetic variation for trade-offs.
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Caradine, Emma L. "The life-history strategies of riparian spiders (Araneae)." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29774.
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This thesis addresses the life-history strategies of cursorial riparian spiders using field- and laboratory-based research. Species distributions were compared to important habitat variables with particular reference to disturbance. The nature of a "habitat templet" for riparian spiders was also examined. No 'typical' riparian spider fauna was identified. Most dominant species were opportunistic aeronauts, associated with disturbed habitats. Disturbance accounted for little variation in distributions. This is attributed to all sites being disturbed, with the actual frequency of flooding having little influence. Light penetration, the proportion of sand in the substrate, amount of exposed substrate and leaf-litter depth all significantly influenced the distribution of spiders. The influence of disturbance on the life-history traits of two congeneric and co-habiting lycosids (Paradosa argicola and P. amentata) was examined using manipulated levels of flooding. This showed that both species have evolved different strategies to cope with the consequences of flooding. P. amentata, a widespread generalist, had more plastic development periods and instar sizes across different treatments. Traits of P. agricola, a habitat specialist, were not plastic and this species has evolved a greater tolerance to flooding. Examination of the reproductive strategies of P. agricola and P. amentata revealed that both species can adjust their reproductive output. Both species produced smaller clutches later in the season. Offspring of these clutches had larger instars and shorter development periods, which is assumed to increase juvenile survival in conditions of greater environmental stress. No trade-off existed between the numbers and sizes of eggs within clutches. Maternal body size, however, was positively associated with clutch size and weight. Maternal size had no influence on egg sizes.
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Niva, Mikael. "Life History Strategies in Linnaea borealis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : University Library : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3604.
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Sivars, Becker Lena. "Food and Parasites – Life-history Decisions in Copepods." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4268.
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Curtis, Janelle Marie Renelle. "Life history, ecology and conservation of European seahorses." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85146.
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My thesis examined the implications of life history and ecology for population-level responses of the European long-snouted seahorse ( Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829) to habitat alteration, exploitation and a recommended minimum size limit for seahorse management. The research employed a mark-recapture study, underwater visual censuses (UVCs) and catch data from an unrelated experimental sampling program in the Ria Formosa Lagoon (southern Portugal). These small-bodied fish are characterized by rapid growth rate, early age at maturity, high natural mortality, short generation time, short life span and multiple spawnings per year, traits that are usually associated with resilience to exploitation. However specialized parental care, complex social interactions, small adult home ranges and benthic habit confer risk to H. guttulatus. Population-level responses to experimental reductions in non-selective fishing effort differed in magnitude and direction between H. guttulatus and its smaller congener, Hippocampus hippocampus: the abundance of H. guttulatus increased significantly while its congener decreased in abundance. Hippocampus guttulatus preferred more complex, vegetated habitats, while H. hippocampus preferred more open, sparsely vegetated habitats. Thus it seems probable that H. guttulatus fared better in the more complex habitats that developed when seining stopped, whereas H. hippocampus fared better in the less complex habitat arising from repeated seining. I used an age-structured stochastic simulation to evaluate the biological implications of a recommended generic strategy (10 cm minimum size limit) for managing the exploitation and international trade of seahorses, using H. guttulatus as a model. The smallest size limit that was robust (using the magnitude of population decline and probability of quasi-extinction as criteria) to a range of fishing rates, maximum population growth rates (rmax) and models of density-dependence
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Hendy, David. "Life on air : a history of Radio Four." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502403.
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The published work was commissioned by Oxford University Press in 2001 and published on 27 September 2007. It is 518 pages long, including 418 pages ofmain text plus 100 pages of footnotes, bibliography and indexing. Overall, the book is approximately 250,000 words in length. It provides a history ofRadio Fourprimarily focused on the period 1967 to 1997, though also containing a brief assessment ofthe wartime and post-war Home Service as well as a limited assessment ofdevelopments since 1997. Though the book is supported by the usual structures ofacademic work - original research, footnotes, systematic referencing, etc - it was also, at the publisher's request, deliberately designed to be accessible to a broader lay readership. Thus, in the interests ofmaintaining narrative focus it deliberately excluded a discussion ofthe wider reading that informed it or ofthe underlying intellectual questions I was pursuing - even the methodologies deployed in researching it. It also sought to provide only implicit conclusions in the fmal epilogue. This critical essay therefore attempts to compensate for these absences by making such 'embedded' elements more explicit. It offers an account, in tum, ofthe background literature, research questions, methodology, and fmdings. Though these are organised under four separate headings, they are, inevitably, interconnected elements in the research and writing ofa book. I therefore conclude, very briefly, by drawing out what I suggest might be the book's overall contribution to the academic field ofmedia history.
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Rickard, Ian James. "Life-history consequences of developmental conditions in humans." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512015.
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Toney, Leslie-Ann C. Robertson. "EXAMINING THE VALIDITY OF THE LIFE HISTORY CALENDAR." UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/391.
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This study examined validity of the Life History Calendar by comparing retrospective and prospective reports of adolescent substance use. Agreement was calculated using kappa and phi coefficients for dichotomous variables, and Bivariate correlations for average substance use. Effects of potential personality, psychopathology, and demographic moderators on agreement were assessed through hierarchical regression analyses and curvilinear relations determined. Results reflected moderate agreement between retrospective and prospective reports of substance use, moderated by personality and psychopathology variables, particularly Agreeableness, symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, and symptoms of substance abuse. Agreement between retrospective and prospective reports was adequate for reports of alcohol and marijuana use for at least six years after initial reports of use. Agreement for cigarette reports was adequate a year after initial reporting.
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Andreou, Dimitra. "Sphaerothecum destruens : life history traits and host range." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54976/.
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Sphaerothecum destruens is a multi-host parasite which can infect and cause mortality in a number of fish species including Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Atlantic salmon S. salar and the sunbleak Leucaspius delineatus. It has been hypothesised that S. destruens has been introduced to the UK with its invasive hosts L. delineatus and topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva. As the effects of a novel parasite to naive populations could be detrimental, this thesis aimed to better elucidate the life cycle of S. destruens, its prevalence in wild populations and the susceptibility of cyprinid species. S. destruens was able to infect multiple organs (kidney, liver, gill, gonad and intestine) with similar histopathology between L. delineatus, a cyprinid species, and the histopathology reported for salmonid species. Its spore and zoospore life stages displayed a wide temperature tolerance and zoosporulation occurred at temperatures between 4-30 C. A survey of one UK location detected S. destruens in a wild L. delineatus population. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction was developed in order to quantify S. destruens' infection levels. Reproductive L. delineatus were more susceptible to S. destruens and experienced higher S. destruens prevalence and infection levels. The presence of a second host, P. parva, had no influence on S. destruens' prevalence and infection levels. However, presence of P. parva resulted in significantly lower somatic condition in parasitized female L. delineatus. Exposure to S. destruens through immersion in water containing S. destruens spores revealed that bream Abramis brama and carp Cyprinus carpio were susceptible to S. destruens. A. brama experienced high (53 %) mortalities when exposed to S. destruens whilst C. carpio experienced low (8 %) mortalities. The susceptibility of roach Rutilus rutilus and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus could not be excluded and needs to be further investigated.
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Mbeau, ache Cyril. "Comparative demography and life history evolution of plants." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3201.
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Explaining the origin and maintenance of biodiversity is a central goal in ecology and evolutionary biology. Some of the most important, theoretical explanations for this diversity centre on the evolution of life histories. Comparative studies on life history evolution, have received significant attention in the zoological literature, but have lagged in plants. Recent developments, however, have emphasised the value of comparative analysis of data for many species to test existing theories of life history evolution, as well as to provide the basis for developing additional or alternative theories. The primary goal of this study was to explore existing theories of life history evolution using a dataset of demographic information in the form of matrix population models for a large number of plant species. By projecting average matrix population models for 207 plant species, life tables and fecundity schedules were obtained and, in turn, were used to estimate relevant life history parameters. These parameters were then used to explore the i) lability of life history traits in plants ii) their continuum of life history variation, iii) the evolution of senescence and iv) the significance of demographic entropy in population ecology. Elasticities and sensitivities of life history traits showed significant phylogenetic signal compared to other life history traits, although, all the values of phylogenetic signal observed were < 1 indicating that life history traits are generally labile. Eighty one percent of species in the datset had mortality curves that increased with age compared to one hundred percent of species that showed a reproductive value curve that decreases with age at the end of life. In particular, the parameters that measured pace and duration were inversely related suggesting in general, the presence of senescence in our data set. Finally, the tenets of the directionality theory based on demographic entropy were generally not confirmed. This study provides an important contribution to the life history evolution of iteroparous perennial plants and confirms existing theories on life history evolution.
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Mauck, Robert A. "Life history trade-offs in long-lived animals /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487946776022849.
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Davies, Richard Blaine Davies Richard Blaine. "Historical fiction makes American history come to life!" [Boise, Idaho : Boise State University, 2002. http://education.boisestate.edu/bdavies.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Boise State University, 2002.Web site. Master's project includes an explanatory text and CD-ROM entitled: Historical fiction : a web site supporting secondary U.S. history courses of study-Idaho Department of Education. Includes bibliographical references.
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Sefcek, Jon Adam. "A Life-History Model of Human Fitness Indicators." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194693.
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Recent adaptationist accounts of human mental and physical health have reinvigorated the debate over the evolution of human intelligence. In the tradition of strong inference the current study was developed to determine which hypothesis; Rushton’s (2000) differential K theory, or Miller’s (2000a) fitness indicator model (F), better accounts for general intelligence ('g') in an undergraduate university population (N = 194). Due to the lengthy administration time of the test materials a newly developed 18-item short form of the Ravens Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM-18; Sefcek, Miller, & Figueredo, 2007) was used. There was a significant positive relationship between K and F (r = .31, p < .001), however no significant relationships were found between 'g' and either K or F (for each, r = -.06, p ≥ .05). While contrary to both hypotheses, these results may be explained in relation to antagonistic pleiotropy and a potential failure to derive within species comparisons directly from between species comparisons.
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Gebbels, Maria. "Career paths in hospitality : a life history approach." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2016. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/da8d2704-9844-4269-8318-562d1072ae7c.
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High labour turnover and associated costs have been subjects of considerable debate in the hospitality industry. Central to this ongoing discussion is understanding why hospitality management graduates leave the industry. Research studies suggest some answers, such as the nature of work conditions in the industry or a lack of career planning by hospitality students. This doctoral thesis is concerned with the process of leaving the hospitality industry. It explores the interplay between self-efficacy and career inheritance, and its influence on career commitment by gaining insights into how hospitality management graduates arrived at the decision to leave the hospitality industry. In the context of the changing nature of careers, from traditional linear to flexible protean, this interdisciplinary research provides insights into the process that leads to the individual leaving the hospitality industry. Career commitment, conceptualised as a psychological contract between the individual and a chosen career, informs this process of leaving, which is further explored using the interplay between the concepts of self-efficacy and career inheritance. Drawing on life history methodology, which allows for an exploration of unique life experiences and an in-depth understanding of academic and career decisions, semi-structured interviews were conducted with hospitality management graduates no longer employed in the hospitality industry. Underpinning and informing data collection and analysis was critical realism, with its unique perspective on epistemology as constructed, and ontology as realist yet stratified. The interview data were analysed thematically, which involved coding participants’ responses into pre-assigned and emergent themes. Empirical evidence reveals that the decision to leave the hospitality industry is a result of a cumulative power of events. The concept of the leaving process is the original theoretical contribution of this thesis, which explains the interaction between the three concepts indicated above. It demonstrates that exiting the industry is a developmental journey punctuated by significant career turning points. The speed of decline in commitment, which is representative of the duration of leaving, is dependent on the interaction between career inheritance and self-efficacy. Alongside an integrative definition of career, characteristics of a career manager and the principles of the legacy of hospitality as further research findings, this doctoral thesis concludes by proposing a collaborative approach to career management. Limitations of this study are evaluated and avenues to further research are also proposed.
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Billman, Eric J. "Changes in Life History within an Individual's Lifetime." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2667.
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A central goal of life history theory is to understand the selective factors that generate the diversity of reproductive patterns observed in nature. Within lifetime changes in reproductive investment will determine an organism's fitness; however, this area of life history theory has received less attention than comparisons among population that characterize life history traits as a single population mean. Reproductive allocation can be affected by multiple cues; the integration of these cues across an organism's lifetime generates the diversity in life history strategies observed in nature. Life history studies should examine the interacting effects of multiple cues on life history strategies to generate better predictions and generalizations of age-related changes in reproductive investment. An individual's life history strategy is inherently multivariate consisting of a coordinated suite of life history traits that, when combined across the organism's lifetime, determines its fitness. Life history strategies can therefore be described as a trajectory through multivariate space defined by life history traits. Here I describe life history trajectory analysis, a multivariate analytical approach for quantifying and comparing phenotypic change in life history strategies; this methodology is adapted from an analytical framework originally described for studies of morphological evolution. Life history trajectories have attributes (magnitude, direction, and shape) that can be quantified and statistically compared among taxa to determine if life history patterns are predictable. Using the life history trajectory analysis, I demonstrate the effect of prior experience on reproductive allocation in the burying beetle Nicrophorus orbicollis. The effect of prior experience resulted in a terminal investment or accentuated response to age-based cues, or resulted in a conservative investment strategy or reproductive restraint. In the livebearing fish Gambusia affinis, females adjust the level of reproductive investment to current reproduction based on age- or environment-based cues. Age-0 females decreased the level of reproductive investment to current reproduction in late summer prior to the onset of fall and winter months. Old females, on the other hand, increased the level of reproductive investment as the summer progressed. The reproductive restraint and terminal investment patterns exhibited by age-0 and age-1 females, respectively, were consistent with the predictions from the cost of reproduction hypothesis. These studies demonstrate how the life history trajectory analysis provides an analytical tool to test predictions of life history theory. Additionally, I provide evidence that organisms use multiple cues to determine the level of reproductive investment and that the strength of the effect of each cue will depend on the age of an individual.
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Halpin, Brendan. "Life-history data and social mobility : analysing change in mobility during the work life." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386490.
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Velasque, Borges Mariana. "Personality, life-history traits and pace of life in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/10223.
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Consistent between-individual differences in behaviour (termed “animal personality”) may be driven by adaptive differences in behavioural and physiological life-history traits. The Pace of Life Syndrome (POLS) hypothesis predicts a suit of correlations between those life-history traits along a fast-slow continuum. Therefore, according to the POLS, individuals that are fast-paced would be bolder, more explorative, show high growth-rates, lower immunity and a higher metabolic rate. A mechanistic link between such traits could also explain variation in cognitive traits, where bold individuals are faster at a given task but pay less attention to external cues and therefore make decisions less accurately. Here, I tested the POLS hypothesis focusing on between and within-individual variance in boldness, metabolic rate (MR), cognitive performance (as decision-making performance) and exploration in the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus. In addition, I also investigated the potential role of anthropogenic disturbances (constant light exposure) as a driver of between and within-individual variation in boldness. Hermit crabs demonstrated consistent between-individual differences in boldness and exploration, providing evidence for the presence of animal personality. However, variation between individuals in boldness, exploration and cognitive performance were not underpinned by variation in MR. Although there were no between-individual correlations among MR and behaviour, MR did co-vary with within-individual variance in boldness. My results indicate that less predictable hermit crabs, on average, have a higher MR during startle responses compared with those that are relatively consistent in their behaviour. Boldness was positively correlated with exploration rate, indicating that more explorative were also bolder, as well as cognitive performance, as bold individuals had a better performance than shy. Finally, constant light exposure is likely to modify hermit crab personality and physiology. Hermit crabs kept under a constant light regime were less bold and had a higher metabolic rate, than when kept under standard light and dark regime, indicating possible effects light pollution in this species. These results only partially support the POLS hypothesis.
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Houchens, Gary. "A Life of Paradox: Thomas Merton's Asian Trajectory." TopSCHOLAR®, 2000. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/721.
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Anthony Padovano called Thomas Merton a "symbol of the century" inasmuch as he embodied many of the changes facing Christianity during the often tumultuous and violent, but increasingly pluralistic, middle decades of the twentieth century. Merton engaged in a "total ecumenism," in which he intensely studied other religious traditions, most notably the religions of Asia, in order to better understand his own Roman Catholic tradition. This paper will trace the trajectory of Asian ideas and experiences throughout Merton's life and analyze how these experiences transformed him from a narrow-minded monk to an ecumenical mystic. An ever-present subject emerges: the coincidence of opposites, or the paradox. This theme was Merton's own understanding of not only interreligious dialogue but also his very own identity.
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Penna, Brandy M. "Local adaptation for life-history traits in Silene latifolia." Click here to access thesis, 2006. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/spring2006/brandy%5Fm%5Fpenna/penna%5Fbrandy%5Fm%5F200601%5Fms.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2006."A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science" ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-48) and appendices.
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Ichie, Tomoaki. "Resource allocation strategies along life history of dipterocarp trees." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150870.
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