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Journal articles on the topic 'Life energy cycle assessment'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Chau, C. K., T. M. Leung, and W. Y. Ng. "A review on Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Energy Assessment and Life Cycle Carbon Emissions Assessment on buildings." Applied Energy 143 (April 2015): 395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.023.

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2

Kesic, Jelena, and Dejan Skala. "Antifreeze life cycle assessment (LCA)." Chemical Industry 59, no. 5-6 (2005): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0506132k.

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Antifreeze based on ethylene glycol is a commonly used commercial product The classification of ethylene glycol as a toxic material increased the disposal costs for used antifreeze and life cycle assessment became a necessity. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) considers the identification and quantification of raw materials and energy inputs and waste outputs during the whole life cycle of the analyzed product. The objectives of LCA are the evaluation of impacts on the environment and improvements of processes in order to reduce and/or eliminate waste. LCA is conducted through a mathematical model derived from mass and energy balances of all the processes included in the life cycle. In all energy processes the part of energy that can be transformed into some other kind of energy is called exergy. The concept of exergy considers the quality of different types of energy and the quality of different materials. It is also a connection between energy and mass transformations. The whole life cycle can be described by the value of the total loss of exergy. The physical meaning of this value is the loss of material and energy that can be used. The results of LCA are very useful for the analyzed products and processes and for the determined conditions under which the analysis was conducted. The results of this study indicate that recycling is the most satisfactory solution for the treatment of used antifreeze regarding material and energy consumption but the re-use of antifreeze should not be neglected as a solution.

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3

Baumann, Henrikke, and Tomas Rydberg. "Life cycle assessment." Journal of Cleaner Production 2, no. 1 (January 1994): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-6526(94)90020-5.

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4

INOUE, Takashi. "Life Cycle Assessment on Biomass Energy Use." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 4, no. 2 (2008): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.4.135.

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5

Uihlein, Andreas. "Life cycle assessment of ocean energy technologies." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 21, no. 10 (April 28, 2016): 1425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1120-y.

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6

Asdrubali, F., and G. Grazieschi. "Life cycle assessment of energy efficient buildings." Energy Reports 6 (December 2020): 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.144.

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7

Chau, C. K., T. M. Leung, and W. Y. Ng. "Corrigendum to “A review on Life Cycle Assessment, Life Cycle Energy Assessment and Life Cycle Carbon Emissions Assessment on buildings” [Appl. Energy 143 (2015) 395–413]." Applied Energy 158 (November 2015): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.093.

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8

Miller, Veronica B., Amy E. Landis, and Laura A. Schaefer. "A benchmark for life cycle air emissions and life cycle impact assessment of hydrokinetic energy extraction using life cycle assessment." Renewable Energy 36, no. 3 (March 2011): 1040–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2010.08.016.

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9

Kesic, Jelena, and Dejan Skala. "Antifreeze life cycle assessment, II: Mathematical modeling." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 11, no. 2 (2005): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0502085k.

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A mathematical model based on the mass and energy balances of all the processes included in antifreeze life cycle assessment (LCA) was defined in the first part of this study [1]. The part of energy that can be transformed into some other kind of energy is called exergy in all energy processes. The concept of exergy considers the quality of different types of energy and materials. It is also a connection between energy and mass transformations where the physical meaning of exergy loss is the loss of material and energy that must be used in the process. The results of the LCA calculation are very useful for analyzing the obtained products and used processes and for determining the conditions under which this analysis was conducted. The result of this study indicated that recycling is the most satisfactory solution for the treatment of used antifreeze taking into account two parameters: material and energy consumption. The reuse of antifreeze should not be neglected as a solution of this analysis.

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10

Menzies, G. F., S. Turan, and P. F. G. Banfill. "Life-cycle assessment and embodied energy: a review." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 160, no. 4 (November 2007): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.2007.160.4.135.

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11

Mukoro, Velma, Alejandro Gallego-Schmid, and Maria Sharmina. "Life cycle assessment of renewable energy in Africa." Sustainable Production and Consumption 28 (October 2021): 1314–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.08.006.

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12

UCHIYAMA, Yohji. "Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable Energy Generation Technologies." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 126, no. 4 (2006): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.126.222.

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13

A. Pradhan, D. S. Shrestha, A. McAloon, W. Yee, M. Haas, and J. A. Duffield. "Energy Life-Cycle Assessment of Soybean Biodiesel Revisited." Transactions of the ASABE 54, no. 3 (2011): 1031–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.37088.

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14

Ding, Grace K. C. "Life cycle energy assessment of Australian secondary schools." Building Research & Information 35, no. 5 (October 2007): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613210601116408.

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15

Góralczyk, Małgorzata. "Life-cycle assessment in the renewable energy sector." Applied Energy 75, no. 3-4 (July 2003): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-2619(03)00033-3.

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16

May, J. R., and D. J. Brennan. "Life Cycle Assessment of Australian Fossil Energy Options." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 81, no. 5 (September 2003): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758203770224351.

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17

Lelek, Lukasz, Joanna Kulczycka, Anna Lewandowska, and Joanna Zarebska. "Life cycle assessment of energy generation in Poland." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 21, no. 1 (November 3, 2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-015-0979-3.

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18

Udo de Haes, Helias A., and Reinout Heijungs. "Life-cycle assessment for energy analysis and management." Applied Energy 84, no. 7-8 (July 2007): 817–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.01.012.

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19

Uchiyama, Yohji. "Life cycle assessment of renewable energy generation technologies." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2, no. 1 (2006): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.20107.

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20

Tadele, Debela, Poritosh Roy, Fantahun Defersha, Manjusri Misra, and Amar K. Mohanty. "Life Cycle Assessment of renewable filler material (biochar) produced from perennial grass (Miscanthus)." AIMS Energy 7, no. 4 (2019): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2019.4.430.

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21

Cvetković, Slobodan, Tatjana Kaluđerović Radoičić, Bojana Vukadinović, and Mirjana Kijevčanin. "A life cycle energy assessment for biogas energy in Serbia." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 38, no. 20 (October 4, 2016): 3095–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2015.1135207.

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22

Zhao, Ming Nan, Xian Zheng Gong, Fei Fei Shi, and Ming Hui Fang. "Life Cycle Assessment of Ready-Mixed Concrete." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.234.

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Approximately 416.9 million m3 of concrete were used in China in buildings, roads and other constructions in 2009. This makes concrete one of the most common building materials on the market. While consuming large amounts of energy, concrete industry has also cause large burden on the environment due to the environmental emissions by the production of cement and the transport of materials. Therefore, more detailed quantitative studies are necessary to finally acknowledge its effects of energy and environment. The objective of this paper is to identify and quantify the energy consumption, and environmental emissions during all life-cycle phases of concrete in China by LCA.

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23

Manurung, James Parulian, and Mohamad Sidik Boedoyo. "Life Cycle Assessment pada Solar Photovoltaics: Review." Jurnal Penelitian Sains Teknologi 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/saintek.v13i1.560.

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One of the most important needs of everyone is electricity, from households to industries. In recent years, electricity sources are still dependent on fossil fuels where energy sources from fossils will continue to decrease for several years to come. This condition requires us to look for renewable energy to support our daily lives. One of the well-known sources of renewable energy is from the sun, which can be utilized by energy conversion devices called solar cells. Countries located on the equator such as Indonesia are blessed with abundant sunshine throughout the year. Therefore, the application of solar cells with photovoltaic (PV) technology utilizes sunlight to be converted into electricity. Although this technology is emerging very quickly, there are still drawbacks due to the current use of PV technology, its environmental impact and economic feasibility. Life cycle assessment is a method or way to analyze and evaluate the sustainability of a PV system and its environmental impact. This paper presents a literature study of 'PV systems from cradle to gate', starting with material selection (from first generation and possibly fourth generation), manufacturing process, implementation, and ending with after-life effects. of the PV module. 'The result of this study is to show insight into the application of PV systems in Indonesia, starting from the best materials, the best application methods, energy return times, and finally the possibility of recycling PV materials after their lifetime. starting with the choice of material (from the first generation and possibly the fourth generation), the manufacturing process, implementation, and ending with the life effect of the PV module

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24

Bibbiani, Carlo, Fabio Fantozzi, Caterina Gargari, Carlo Alberto Campiotti, and Patrizia De Rossi. "Life Cycle Assessment for "green" buildings." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 2 (January 2020): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2019-002-s1013.

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In recent years, the interest in "green" solutions and in particular towards the use of green roofs and walls in an urban environment, not only for the reduction of the heat flow through the roofing due to the absorption of solar radiation and to its thermal inertia, but also for the mitigation of the heat island effect linked to the evapo-transpiration processes of plants. The benefits concerning comfort, and consequently the reduction of energy and economic costs, linked to the lower energy consumption for air conditioning under these green coverings, and the improvement of the quality of living in urban areas with a wider availability of green areas, which are often usable, are undeniable aspects of a "green" design and are widely investigated and documented. Only recently, however, research has started to address the issue of green design in terms of impacts in the life cycle, calculated according to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. In this research two equivalent coverings are compared in terms of summer thermal performance in the Mediterranean area: an extensive green roof and a ‘high-permeation' tiles roof covering, compiling the environmental performance of the life cycle with the phases of production, use and end of life, based on Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) compliant to the EN15804 standard.

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25

Hu, Jiang Yuan, Feng Gao, Zhi Hong Wang, and Xian Zheng Gong. "Life Cycle Assessment of Steel Production." Materials Science Forum 787 (April 2014): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.787.102.

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Based on life cycle assessment, analysis of energy consumption and other environment load by steel production in Chinese typical iron and steel industry was carried out. The process accounted for the most environment load was found by studying the different processes in steel production route. The results indicate that the most important process is blast furnace (BF) which is the major factor of CO2 and CO emissions, and contributes most to globe warming potential (GWP) and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP).

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26

Kraus, Michal, and Petra Nováková. "Life-cycle assessment of the contemporary standardized wall systems." MATEC Web of Conferences 279 (2019): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927903010.

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Due to the current environmental situation, the reducing of greenhouse gas emission and the saving energy is the phenomenon. The building sector is still growing and more and more energy is needed. Thermal performance of building envelope has been of great importance in the context of existing global warming issues. Buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions in the member states of the European Union. According to the research project Heartland Green Sheets, the recommended criteria for assessments of sustainable buildings materials are low embodied energy, recyclable, use renewable resources, locally or regionally produced, energy efficient, low environmental impact, durable, minimize waste, positive social impact and affordable. The contribution focuses on life-cycle assessment (LCA) and sustainability assessment of commonly used wall systems. The multi-criteria analysis of the contemporary wall systems in term of sustainable development is presented in the paper. The contemporary commonly used wall systems are assessed in terms of labour, time and financial demands, energy and environmental performance.

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27

Herceg, Sina, Marie Fischer, Karl-Anders Weiß, and Liselotte Schebek. "Life cycle assessment of PV module repowering." Energy Strategy Reviews 43 (September 2022): 100928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100928.

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28

Lorenzi, G., M. Gorgoroni, C. Silva, and M. Santarelli. "Life Cycle Assessment of biogas upgrading routes." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 2012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.466.

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29

Arulnathan, Vivek, Mohammad Davoud Heidari, Maurice Doyon, Eric P. H. Li, and Nathan Pelletier. "Economic Indicators for Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment: Going beyond Life Cycle Costing." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010013.

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Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is universally accepted as the method of choice for economic assessment in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) but the singular focus on costs is ineffective in representing the multiple facets of economic sustainability. This review intends to identify other economic indicators to potentially complement the use of LCC in LCSA. Papers for the review were identified in the Web of Science Core Collection database for the years 2010–2021. The shortlisted indicators were analyzed using 18 criteria. The 21 indicators analyzed performed well with respect to the review criteria for indicator methodology and use but most are unsuitable for direct integration into the LCC/LCSA framework due to the inability to aggregate across life cycles and a lack of correspondingly granular data. The indicators were grouped into six economic impact categories—profitability, productivity, innovation, stability, customers, and autonomy—each of which represents a significant aspect of economic sustainability. On this basis, a conceptual framework is proposed that could maintain the utility of LCC while integrating additional indicators to enable more holistic economic assessments in LCSA. Considering additional economic indicators in LCSA ensures that the positive aspects of LCC are preserved while also improving economic assessment in LCSA.

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30

Sukkanta, Phatcharapron, and Krittaphas Mongkolkoldhumrongkul. "Life Cycle Assessment of Heaven Mushroom Product." E3S Web of Conferences 228 (2021): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122802003.

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Climate change affects all regions around the world, so efforts to minimize the environmental impacts of climate change have high importance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the environmental impacts on the production of heaven mushroom product at the Ban Tai Khod community in Rayong, Thailand. In this study, cradle to gate was selected as the system boundary and functional unit from the life cycle assessment method. The results found that the process of building a mushroom house has the highest greenhouse gas emissions of 1, 496.609 kgCO2eq. The mushroom cubes mixing process has the highest energy consumption throughout the production process, requiring an energy consumption of 5.595 kWh. The greenhouse gas is released amount 3, 588.362 kgCO2eq. throughout this process. Additionally, the payback period of the heaven mushroom product is 0.92 years.

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31

Rasul, M. G., and L. K. R. Arutla. "Environmental impact assessment of green roofs using life cycle assessment." Energy Reports 6 (February 2020): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.09.015.

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32

Lu, Qiang, Peng Fei Wu, Wan Xia Shen, Xue Chao Wang, Bo Zhang, and Cheng Wang. "Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Power Battery." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.403.

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Based on Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, this paper analyzes the total energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHGs), NOx, SOx and PM emissions during material production and battery production processes of nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH), lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP), lithium cobalt dioxide battery (LCO) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) battery, assuming that the batteries have same energy capacity. The results showed that environmental performance of LFP battery was better than the other three, and that of NiMH battery was the worst. The experimental results also showed the total energy consumption of LFP battery was 2.8 times of NiMH battery and GHGs emission was 3.2 times during material production, and the total energy consumption was 7.6 times of NIMH battery and GHGs emission was 6.6 times during battery production

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33

Tryboi, O. V., T. A. Zheliezna, and A. I. Bashtovyi. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF HEAT PRODUCTION FROM ENERGY CROPS." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 43, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.2.2021.6.

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The aim of the work is a life cycle assessment of heat production from energy crops by using energy yield coefficient and value of greenhouse gas emissions reduction. State of the art and prospects for growing energy crops in the EU and Ukraine are analyzed. Today, the area under energy crops in the EU and Ukraine is relatively small, but there is significant potential for the development of this sector, which requires further research and implementation of practical measures. Typically, the life cycle assessment of energy production from biomass includes a feedstock cycle, which begins with the phase of biomass collection, and a conversion subsystem. The main feature of the life cycle assessment concerning energy crops is including the phase of their growth in the feedstock cycle. Results of the study show that the energy efficiency of the life cycle of heat production from energy crops chips and pellets is quite high and meets the recommendation that the non-renewable energy yield coefficient should be at least more than 2. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions during such a life cycle is 40-90% for a 500 kW boiler plant when transporting biofuels to the consumer at a distance of up to 500 km. Feasibility study of projects on growing energy crops and heat production from them shows that under the current conditions in Ukraine, such projects are on the verge of profitability and therefore may not be attractive enough for investors. To promote the development of this sector, it is recommended to introduce a state subsidy per hectare of a plantation area.

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34

Gopal, Gahana, Manikprabhu Dhanorkar, Sharad Kale, and Yogesh B. Patil. "Life cycle assessment of anaerobic digestion systems." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 683–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-10-2018-0178.

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Purpose It is well known that sustainability is the ideal driving path of the entire world and renewable energy is the backbone of the ongoing initiatives. The current topic of argument among the sustainability research community is on the wise selection of processes that will maximize yield and minimize emissions. The purpose of this paper is to outline different parameters and processes that impact the performance of biogas production plants through an extensive literature review. These include: comparison of biogas plant efficiency based on the use of a diverse range of feedstock; comparison of environmental impacts and its reasons during biogas production based on different feedstock and the processes followed in the management of digestate; analysis of the root cause of inefficiencies in the process of biogas production; factors affecting the energy efficiency of biogas plants based on the processes followed; and the best practices and the future research directions based on the existing life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopted a systematic literature review of research articles pertaining to LCA to understand in depth the current research and gaps, and to suggest future research directions. Findings Findings include the impact of the type of feedstock used on the efficiency of the biogas plants and the level of environmental emissions. Based on the analysis of literature pertaining to LCA, diverse factors causing emissions from biogas plants are enlisted. Similarly, the root causes of inefficiencies of biogas plants were also analyzed, which will further help researchers/professionals resolve such issues. Findings also include the limitations of existing research body and factors affecting the energy efficiency of biogas plants. Research limitations/implications This review is focused on articles published from 2006 to 2019 and is limited to the performance of biogas plants using LCA methodology. Originality/value Literature review showed that a majority of articles focused mainly on the efficiency of biogas plants. The novel and the original aspect of this review paper is that the authors, alongside efficiency, have considered other critical parameters such as environmental emission, energy usage, processes followed during anaerobic digestion and the impact of co-digestion of feed as well. The authors also provide solid scientific reasoning to the emission and inefficiencies of the biogas plants, which were rarely analyzed in the past.

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35

Huang, Wei, Xin Zhang, and Zhun Qing Hu. "Selection of New Energy Vehicle Fuels and Life Cycle Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 1695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.1695.

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Life cycle energy consumption and environment emission assessment model of vehicle new energy fuels is established. And life cycle energy consumption and environmental pollutant emissions of new energy fuels are carried out. Results show that the full life cycle energy consumption of alcohol fuels is highest, and the full life cycle energy consumption of the fuel cell is lowest, and the fuel consumption is mainly concentrated in the use stage, and that is lowest in the raw material stage. And the full life cycle CO2 emission of methanol is highest, and the full life cycle CO2 emission of Hybrid is lowest. The full life cycle VOCHCNOXPM10 and SOX emissions of alcohol fuels is highest, and the fuel cell is lowest.

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36

Wu, Ruqun, Dan Yang, and Jiquan Chen. "Social Life Cycle Assessment Revisited." Sustainability 6, no. 7 (July 2, 2014): 4200–4226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su6074200.

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37

Ciacci, Luca, and Fabrizio Passarini. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Environmental and Energy Systems." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 5892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13225892.

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38

Walker, Stuart, Robert Howell, Peter Hodgson, and Allan Griffin. "Tidal energy machines: A comparative life cycle assessment study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 229, no. 2 (November 7, 2013): 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090213506184.

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39

Taylan, Osman, Durmus Kaya, Ahmed A. Bakhsh, and Ayhan Demirbas. "Bioenergy life cycle assessment and management in energy generation." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598717725871.

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40

Cichowicz, Jakub, Gerasimos Theotokatos, and Dracos Vassalos. "Dynamic energy modelling for ship life-cycle performance assessment." Ocean Engineering 110 (December 2015): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.05.041.

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41

Pehnt, Martin. "Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies." Renewable Energy 31, no. 1 (January 2006): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.03.002.

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42

Aristizábal, A. J., D. C. Sierra, and J. A. Hernández. "Life-cycle Assessment Applied to Photovoltaic Energy: A Review." IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 11, no. 05 (May 2016): 06–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1676-1105010613.

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43

Crosbie, Tracey, Nashwan Dawood, and John Dean. "Energy profiling in the life‐cycle assessment of buildings." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 21, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777831011010838.

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44

Guo, Zhi, Shuaishuai Ge, Xilong Yao, Hui Li, and Xiaoyu Li. "Life cycle sustainability assessment of pumped hydro energy storage." International Journal of Energy Research 44, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.4890.

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45

Hemeida, Mahmoud G., Ashraf Hemeida, Tomonobu Senjyu, and Dina Osheba. "Renewable Energy Resources Technologies and Life Cycle Assessment: Review." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 9417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249417.

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Moving towards RER has become imperative to achieve sustainable development goals (SDG). Renewable energy resources (RER) are characterized by uncertainty whereas, most of them are unpredictable and variable according to climatic conditions. This paper focuses on RER-based electrical power plants as a base to achieve two different goals, SDG7 (obtaining reasonably priced clean energy) and SDG13 (reducing climate change). These goals in turn would support other environmental, social, and economic SDG. This study is constructed based on two pillars which are technological developments and life cycle assessment (LCA) for wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power plants. To support the study and achieve the main point, many essential topics are presented in brief such as fossil fuels’ environmental impact, economic sustainability linkage to RER, the current contribution of RER in energy consumption worldwide and barriers and environmental effects of RER under consideration. As a result, solar and wind energy lead the RER electricity market with major contributions of 27.7% and 26.92%, respectively, biomass and geothermal are still of negligible contributions at 4.68% and 0.5%, respectively, offshore HAWT dominated other WT techniques, silicon-based PV cells dominated other solar PV technologies with 27% efficiency, combustion thermochemical energy conversion process dominated other biomass energy systems techniques, due to many concerns geothermal energy system is not preferable. Many emerging technologies need to receive more public attention, intensive research, financial support, and governmental facilities including effective policies and data availability.

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46

Fortier, Marie-Odile P., Lemir Teron, Tony G. Reames, Dynta Trishana Munardy, and Breck M. Sullivan. "Introduction to evaluating energy justice across the life cycle: A social life cycle assessment approach." Applied Energy 236 (February 2019): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.11.022.

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Zhou, Zhaozhi, Yuanjun Tang, Yong Chi, Mingjiang Ni, and Alfons Buekens. "Waste-to-energy: A review of life cycle assessment and its extension methods." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17730137.

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This article proposes a comprehensive review of evaluation tools based on life cycle thinking, as applied to waste-to-energy. Habitually, life cycle assessment is adopted to assess environmental burdens associated with waste-to-energy initiatives. Based on this framework, several extension methods have been developed to focus on specific aspects: Exergetic life cycle assessment for reducing resource depletion, life cycle costing for evaluating its economic burden, and social life cycle assessment for recording its social impacts. Additionally, the environment–energy–economy model integrates both life cycle assessment and life cycle costing methods and judges simultaneously these three features for sustainable waste-to-energy conversion. Life cycle assessment is sufficiently developed on waste-to-energy with concrete data inventory and sensitivity analysis, although the data and model uncertainty are unavoidable. Compared with life cycle assessment, only a few evaluations are conducted to waste-to-energy techniques by using extension methods and its methodology and application need to be further developed. Finally, this article succinctly summarises some recommendations for further research.

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Lee, Mina. "Life Cycle Assessment of Drilled Shafts." DFI Journal The Journal of the Deep Foundations Institute 16, no. 2 (November 22, 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/dfijnl.20211026.245.

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely used methodology for quantifying environmental impacts associated with the life cycle stages of a system. LCA utilizes inventory of energy and materials to calculate the emissions from the life cycle stages and characterize the emissions into environmental impacts. LCA is applicable to complex systems like geo-structures, but its application in geotechnical engineering has been lacking because it is not mandatory in current practice. Given that geotechnical constructions involve land transformations through earthworks and construction of large-scale concrete and/or steel structures (e.g., bridge abutments, retaining structures, and tunnels), geotechnical engineering can play a vital role in sustainable development by ensuring that the resources are consumed responsibly with minimal emissions to the environment. LCA can help designers determine the most environment-friendly option among design alternatives. It can also help in optimizing designs by varying the parameters that affect the environmental impacts or emissions of interest. In this paper, the process of performing LCA is described with drilled shaft foundations as examples. Sample calculations related to the quantification part of LCA are provided, and sample results are interpreted to demonstrate the usefulness of information obtained from LCA.

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Luo, Lin, Ester van der Voet, and Gjalt Huppes. "Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of bioethanol from sugarcane in Brazil." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, no. 6-7 (August 2009): 1613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.024.

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Yani, M., D. P. M. L. Toruan, T. Puspaningrum, M. S. Sarfat, and C. Indrawanto. "Life cycle assessment of coconut oil product." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1063, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1063/1/012017.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to analyse the life cycle of the coconut oil industry and process improvement alternatives. The life cycle analysis (LCA) method are based on the scope of the gate to gate. This study shows that the input for coconut oil production consists of copra as the main raw material and several supporting materials and energy. The outputs are coconut oil, coconut pulp pellets, and waste (liquid, solid, and gas). The total potential GHG emissions, acidification, and eutrophication per-kg-coconut-oil-products are 2.9271 kg-CO2 eq, 0.0178 kg-SO2-eq, and 0.0145 kg-PO4-3-eq. The highest GHG emissions produced from the Crude Coconut Oil Plant sub-system was 1.2045 kg-CO2eq per-kg-coconut-oil. The acidification potential produced from the Boiler Plant and Transportation sub-system with the potential value was 0.0094 kg-SO2-eq and 0.0084 kg-SO2-eq per-kg-coconut-oil, respectively. The eutrophication potential produced from the Boiler Plant and Transportation sub-system with a potential value was 0.0026 kg-PO4-3-eq and 0.0119 kg PO4-3-eq pe- kg-coconut-oil, respectively. Optimization of energy usage can be done by optimizing fuel, water, and electricity in each sub-system of coconut oil production. The NEV and NER values result in 40,998,456 MJ and 1.0971, respectively.

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