Journal articles on the topic 'Life cycle of weapons and military equipment'

Aim. Today, the development and operation of weapons and military equipment is characterized by fast-growing customer requirements, which, in turn, leads to their increased technical complexity and cost. It is obvious that maintaining the required physical and operational characteristics of high-technology weapons and military equipment by the users is not always possible due to a number of reasons, including insufficient capabilities of the service units that do not have the required personnel, assets and competences. In turn, the manufacturers involved in the delivery of the government defence order are also interested in shaping long-term relations with the customer allowing to build a platform for sound progress. One of the possible solutions for such interaction between the customer and the contractor used worldwide and in Russia is public-private partnership in the form of life cycle contracts. Despite the obvious advantages, its introduction into the practice of weapons and military equipment life cycle is hampered by a number of adverse factors (insufficiencies in the regulatory framework and technical standards, poor level of information technology deployment in LC management) that need to be overcome in terms of both scientific and practical considerations. It is perfectly clear that developing a tool that would allow mitigating a full spectrum of problems as part of this study would be an extremely challenging task. Given the above, the paper aims to examine risks as one of the aspects of this complex problem that implies the development of a new approach to the interaction of the parties involved in a life cycle contract for weapons and military equipment, taking into account the current conditions, interests, goals and objectives. It involves comprehensive analysis of uncertainty and the whole spectrum of possible risks associated with the weapons and military equipment life cycle processes. Methods. The managerial decision-making is based on the decision tree method that allows dividing the complex decision-making problem into component tasks and obtaining quantitative risk estimates, thus developing an adequate system of measures for the prevention of event risks and reduction of their negative consequences. Results. Based on the proposed methodological framework, a risk management algorithm has been developed, a matrix has been defined for assessing risks and their impact on the temporal and technical characteristics, as well as the costs of a project. Conclusion. The suggested approach is universally applicable and can be used by both the officials of military authorities in the process of scientific support of LCC implementation, and by the management of defense contractors as they develop their interaction with the military authorities responsible for the creation and operation of weapons and military equipment.

The article discusses the main approaches to the organization of budgetary and defense planning in the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of the development of weapons and military equipment. The study focuses on the feasibility and necessity of bringing budgetary and defense planning to the best world practices applied by the world's leading countries, including on arms development planning, taking into account the life-cycle costs of weapons and military equipment. The generalized and substantiated views in the scientific and practical environment in Ukraine on the ways and problematic issues of introducing foreign experience of planning arms development into domestic practice. According to the results of the research, recommendations were made for the formation of technical and economic indicators of the life cycle of weapons and military equipment, which take place in the scientific and practical environment of customers and contractors of weapons.

A methodological approach to forecasting the cost costs at the main stages of the life cycle of a sample of weapons and military equipment, as one of the most important carriers of the capabilities of military organizational-staff formations, is proposed, which is carried out when substantiating measures for developing the capabilities of troops in the course of long-term and medium-term defense planning. The methodological approach is based on the use of the concept of a typical distribution of the cost of the life cycle of a sample by stages and stages, which allows in a formalized form to link costs at each stage of the purchase price of a serial product of a sample of weapons and military equipment of a specific type and type, taking into account the choice of a specific way of obtaining weapons and military equipment. It is proposed to forecast the volume of necessary costs at the stage of operation and support, taking into account the uneven distribution of these costs during this stage of the life cycle of a separate product. For this, it is proposed to divide the entire period of the duration of the operation stage into two main parts. The first part corresponds to the operating conditions of the product with a constant failure rate of the equipment after the completion of a short running-in process, and the operating costs per unit of time on it are considered the same throughout its duration. A formalized expression is proposed for obtaining the predicted value of these costs depending on the purchase price of the product. In the second part of the period of operation and support of a product of weapons and military equipment, operating costs per unit of time change over time according to an exponential law, reflecting the fact that operating costs increase with an increase in the failure rate as it approaches the assigned service life, which corresponds to the laws, known from the general theory of reliability of technology. The specifics of forecasting the costs of operation and support of a product obtained by import and which has already been in operation and has a residual service life have been determined.

The issues of pricing for products of the state defense order are considered. The classification of methods of procurement of weapons, military and special equipment is given. The main types of contract prices and methods of forming the initial maximum contract price are determined. Particular attention is paid to approaches to pricing for products of the state defense order for the case of a single supplier (contractor, execute). The modern norms of the law are presented, which allow optimizing budget funds by choosing an option that ensures the achievement of technical results and minimizing costs throughout the life cycle of weapons, military and special equipment.

Based on the experience of checking the validity of prices for military products supplied within the frame-work of the state defence order, problematic issues of rationing of labor costs have been identified. The im-perfection of the current regulatory framework in the field of substantiating the labor intensity of work is shown. Proposals for the standardization of labor at various stages of the life cycle of weapons, military and special equipment are reasoned.

The article examines manufacturing process of a product from the life cycle point of view, identifies the key, according to the author, problematics of each life cycle stage. An alternative view of the product creation process from the stage of conception to the moment of its utilization is formulated.

The article dwells on the issues of the production process from the point of view of the life cycle. Factors are proposed, consideration of which will allow to minimize transaction costs of producing new and upgrading existing products. The author articulates the features of domestic production, the progress of which should contribute to the industry development.

Some of the Indonesian naval effort to see and protect the Indonesian territory is by using Helicopter sea patrol. In the other side, submarines are the most strategic weapons in the world that can provide a deterrence effect which has a very significant impact on the maritime powers of the countries operating them in the era of generation 4.0 war. Operational readiness is very important, there are readiness in building operational readiness for naval defense through budget fulfillment, utilization of existing resources, procurement and naval modernization by paying attention to Life Cycle Cost, and interoperability while still paying attention to paradigm shifts in naval capability. So, the combat readiness is the condition of the Indonesian Navy's defense equipment and its constituent units, resources and personnel, weapon systems and other military technology equipment in a condition that is ready to carry out military operations in an unspecified time, or function consistent with the purpose for which the defense equipment is organized or designed, the management of resources and training personnel in preparation for combat in the face of the threat of modern warfare in a state of constant combat readiness. At this time, training in Anti-Submarine Warfare conducted by Indonesian Navy’s Helicopter is still limited to carrying out flight procedures, communication procedures with the KRI and the command line, because Helicopters have sensors, weapons and command that need to be upgraded and The personnel also have underwater warfare capabilities that need to be upgraded, so there needs to be an increase in the capability of the helicopter and human resources. Technometry will be used to calculate the Heli's current readiness level. Keywords: Submarine, Anti Submarine Helicopter and operational readiness

Maintenance of armaments and military equipment, implementation of a set of measures to maintain armaments and military equipment in working order are related to the need to solve the problem of ensuring the specified indicators of their efficiency, especially samples with long service life. Given the current state of the domestic armaments and military equipment park, it is important to study the experience of NATO member states in implementing adaptive maintenance and repair strategies, including maintenance and repair strategies. The aim of the article is to analyze the current state of use of adaptive strategies for maintenance and repair of weapons and military equipment in the world's leading countries with further substantiation based on its recommendations for their practical implementation during the organization of their operation in the Air Force of Ukraine. According to the results of research, a positive impact of the application of maintenance and repair strategy, including by solving the problem of minimizing the cost of operation of weapons and military equipment. As a result, substantiated and proposed the necessary conditions for the application of the strategy of their maintenance and repair, which are in service with the Armed Forces of Ukraine in technical condition, the implementation of which as an alternative to the use of service life (resource) of relevant samples control of the limit condition or the need for maintenance and repair of the product, which are accepted as a result of continuous (periodic) control of the parameters that determine the technical condition.

Optimal cost management in terms of logistics systems and the utilization of the science of "Logistics", as it has been shaped with modern technology, lead the exported cost elements to the most important factor in decision making. One of the tools that contribute to the decision-making process is the cost of life cycle of weapon systems. This tool can be extremely useful as it contains information, such as codified materials, and spare parts according to NATO Codification System, which assists and facilitates the work of the logisticians in supporting army’s weapon systems. Furthermore, the degree of dependence of a material or a spare part (which make up a weapon system) by its OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) and the significant role of it, could consist of an extra key in changing all the life cycle support of the weapon system and the decisions related to it.

In this paper, the concept of terotechnology and the formulation of life cycle cost has been taken from the point of view of the user as against that of the manufacturer, and the stages of design, development of prototypes, manufacture and testing of the machine have not been considered. This is felt appropriate since terotechnology has to date found greater application (and will continue to do so, except for military systems and installations wherein it has possibly found the greatest application) in the case of large capital equipment and machines, for example for process plants, integrated iron and steelworks, power plants etc. The hazard curve provides the basis for the estimation of the time-dependent maintenance cost incurred over the life cycle of an equipment. Accordingly a system study of the hazard rate of power units of a thermal power plant was undertaken and has been presented. Using the modified ‘bath-tub’ curve obtained from the case study and the Weibull model, an equation of the total life cycle cost has been developed. Thus the model takes into account deterioration of components and system performance over time. The model brings out the efficacy of preventive maintenance action in the form of condition monitoring and shows that the total life cycle can be increased if appropriate preventive-maintenance actions are taken in the random failure and wear-out failure regions.

As the embedded modernization of military equipment, the equipment sustainable development faces the severe development "bottleneck", mainly include environment, energy and economy constraint etc. Therefore, this thesis attempts to introduce LCA method to the field of military equipment, establishes a systematic frame of appraisal of a three-dimension integrated structure, including equipment dimension, life cycle dimension and evaluation index dimension. Finally, this thesis puts forward some points in LCA on equipment sustainable development, including none-commensuration of decision goals, conjunction and amalgamation of data, improve the susceptibility analysis of stage etc, in order to offer some gist for the quantitative decision of equipment sustainable development.

At present, the planning of technical support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine needs to be finalized, as it does not allow to fully respond to the challenges of today. The whole system of technical support begins with planning. The amount of funds spent by the state, the number of personnel involved in the work and the time for these works, the speed of obtaining spare parts, etc. will depend on how a particular process or procedure is planned. And as a result, the quality and speed of recovery of weapons to ensure the combat readiness of troops. The issues considered in the work are quite relevant especially during the hostilities in the East of our country. The article highlights the problems of planning and procedures for repair and maintenance of weapons at the present stage. The full cycle of planning and division of responsibilities of the repair body of a military unit is considered in detail. A comparative analysis of the planning of the work of repair bodies in Soviet times, the state of affairs on this issue in the modern Armed Forces and a parallel with the planning and technical support of NATO countries. In addition, the technical support of combat operations during the anti-terrorist operation and the Joint Forces operation is analyzed, the analysis of which also shows gaps in the planning and procedures for the repair and maintenance of armaments and military equipment. The main military equipment used for combat operations is armored vehicles. Therefore, this article will consider the above-mentioned problem of planning on the basis of the armored service of the military unit. The conclusion also provides suggestions for further research on process automation through mathematical methods of data processing and implementation of decision support systems. Keywords: planning, maintenance, armored vehicles service, data processing methods, decision support system.

The subject matter of the article is mass and dimensional characteristics of batteries, their design, electrical, operational parameters and energy capabilities. The goal of the study is the possibility of using maintenance-free batteries on samples of armored weapons and military equipment. The tasks to be solved are: to analyze the existing technologies for the batteries production, their advantages and disadvantages given the peculiarities of the operation of military equipment and the main technical characteristics of the batteries; by statistical data processing to investigate the dependences of “starter” discharge modes and energy capabilities of the batteries manufactured by technologies of different generations; to investigate the possibilities of constructive implementation of power supply formation taking into account possible design changes in the engine starting system, ensuring the necessary charge stability and compensation for exceeding the cost of gel and Absorbed in Glass Mat (AGM) batteries in comparison with the cost of the type 12ST85 ones. General scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge are used. The following results were obtained: The existing technologies of battery production, their advantages and disadvantages have been analyzed taking into account the peculiarities of the operation of military equipment and the main technical characteristics of batteries. The dependences of the “starter” discharge modes and the energy capabilities of batteries made by different technologies generations have been studied. Possibilities of constructive realization of power supply formation taking into account available constructive changes in the engine electric start system, providing the necessary charge stability and compensation for excess cost of gel and AGM batteries compared to the cost of batteries type 12ST85 have been investigated. Conclusions. Using at the samples of armored vehicles and military equipment batteries made by modern technology does not require fundamental structural changes in the electrical equipment of the machine. To meet the requirements of the standards for voltage parameters in the on-board armored weapons and military equipment networks, it is necessary to install an appropriate voltage relay regulator. The issue of exceeding the cost of gel and AGM batteries compared to the cost of type 12CT-85 ones can be compensated by the absence of costs for operating materials, maintenance personnel as well as the long service life of gel or AGM batteries compared to conventional lead-acid ones.

With the development of science technology in aerospace, automobile and ship, energy and military, the product parts space type face increasingly complex and surface quality requirements more stringent. So there are higher requirements to the digital manufacturing equipment to realize high speed and high precision machining. This paper summary the related research in condition monitoring, remote control, fault diagnosis and intelligent maintenance, and based on the lack of monitoring and diagnosis technology of whole life cycle, unperfected quality control technique, the lower intelligent level in the current equipment, it establish full range monitoring and the whole life cycle of the intelligent maintenance system and present fault diagnosis, control and maintenance solutions for the whole life cycle, and point out the new development direction of the integrated monitoring and intelligent maintenance in CNC equipment.

In order to give full play to the airport for civil aviation security performance of the machinery and equipment, improve military efficiency as the goal, the whole life cycle of the product, a set of evaluation criteria and the guidelines by using mathematical methods to quantify, the establishment of a mechanicalinnovative design program evaluation preferred method and model.

Abstract The paper deals with the proposed method of creating the reserves of land military equipment in the Army of the Czech Republic. The aim is to propose the classification of spare parts categories and their consumption quantities in a calendar year. The reserves optimization criteria and the Pareto ABC analysis have been employed, besides basic methods, in the submitted paper. The proposal is based on the purpose and delivery time of spare parts. The cost indicator is related to the operation of land military equipment within its life cycle, including the supply of spare parts. Under the above mentioned conditions the method was determined to create the reserves of spare parts for land military equipment necessary to ensure the ACR operability in peacetime.

The article reveals the concept of military tourism. It is determined that military tourism is tourism on the battlefields and historical battles for all concerned, as well as for veterans and relatives of fallen soldiers, visits to existing and historical military facilities and training grounds, warships, submarines, military equipment, shooting from weapons on training grounds and shooting ranges, participation in military exercises and maneuvers, stay on training grounds as spectators – military tour, these also include tours to visit military concentration camps and prisons. Scientists have identified several classifications of subspecies of military tourism. Military tourism is military-historical, arms, military tourism, military tourism. There is also another classification of the division of military tourism into military-cognitive, military-adventure tourism, military-historical reconstructions of hostilities, illegal tours directly to the zone of military conflict. According to another approach, military tourism should be divided into three functional groups, taking into account the purpose and value orientations of tourists, as well as the emotional context of the trip: military-historical tourism, military tourism and military-event tourism. The resource base of military tourism in Ukraine is represented by objects of historical and cultural heritage of the princely era, the Cossacks, as well as the First, Second World and Civil Wars in the form of remnants of fortresses, defensive ramparts, graves, monuments and memorials to fallen soldiers and fellow villagers, places of executions or battles, military history museums, relevant exhibitions and festivals, military hotels. But not only visiting historical sites related to military events includes military tourism, but also tourists often want to try to shoot with weapons, ride tanks, armored personnel carriers, helicopters, as well as life in the military and participation in military training programs. In Ukraine, only one route has been developed and operates in the Transcarpathian region. It is established that military tourism in Ukraine is not fully mastered, but at the same time promising.

The aim of the study was to identify objectives and measures for expansion of the system of standards in Ukraine for the development of armaments and military equipment in the context of improving national defence capabilities. The following methods were used to achieve the aim set in the study: the method of direct observation, comparison, monitoring and analysis of the content of documents that provide standardisation of armaments and military equipment at the state and interstate levels. The key results of the study were: observation and comparison of the scope of regulations that ensure the standardisation of armaments and military equipment at the national level, as well as among NATO countries; comparison and distribution of powers of the competence of executive and supervisory bodies for the development and implementation of standards. Besides, the study provides a chart of the legal background for standardisation, and directly determines the sequential logical place of the stage of development of armaments and military equipment in the life cycle. Proposals are made at the end of the study on how to increase the effectiveness of legislative provision for the standardisation of armaments and military equipment.

Although the performance of the weapon system is becoming more advanced and precise with the development of science and technology, the development of such technology can significantly affect the performance of the weapon system by shortening the life cycle of the component. the purpose of this study is to explore solutions for smooth operation and maintenance through examples and establish alternatives. Among the various weapons systems, the combined weapons system, vessel, is becoming incomparably complex and diverse in structure with the help of the development of electric and electronic technologies. Among them, the combat system is the system that has the greatest impact on the functions of the ship as it is operated in conjunction with various mounting equipment, and so component shutdown control is a representative of the projects that are needed first. Therefore, in this study, we propose a case-by-case alternative by analyzing the progress of the end-of-life management work through the case of the Jangbogo-III combat system development project, which was the first project to apply the component control program and the Refresh program in Korea, and we propose a process for component discontinuation management during the total life cycle of the entire period for the incomplete information. The analysis results and processes from the examples presented in this study are expected to contribute to increasing reliability and availability as well as budget savings in the acquisition and maintenance stages of weapons systems in the future.

The article deals with the solution of a scientific and applied problem to study the possibility of using existing exponential models to determine the reliability indicators of engineering weapons. Exponential models are widely used to assess the reliability of objects, mainly consisting of radio electronic elements, which led to their mass distribution in the aviation industry, air defense facilities, etc. Experimental operation of typical samples of military road-building equipment and experimental studies of the operating time of the main blocks and assemblies of engineering weapons show that the rate of failure and restoration of these products are functions of time. This state of affairs is associated with the design features of engineering weapons, which are characterized by the complex use of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and other systems, while during use these systems can often experience significant overloads. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that today the engineering weapons that are in the units generally have a service life longer than that guaranteed by the manufacturer, which significantly affects the parameters of failure rates and recovery. The article shows the procedure for obtaining expressions for calculating the main indicators of the reliability of complex technical systems with an exponential distribution of operating time to failure and their recovery time and it is allowed to use them only for minimal periods of time (from several hours to several days, depending on the intensity of the use of machines) due to for the non-ergodic nature of the process of failures and restorations. In addition, the use of these models should be accompanied by an assessment of the adequacy of the results obtained to the real process with the adjustment of the duration of the corresponding time intervals. Thus, the construction of mathematical models of the technical state of engineering equipment will be accompanied by a search for other conceptual approaches to determining the reliability indicators of engineering equipment and methods for calculating these indicators.

The world practice of creating and modernizing specimens of armament and military equipment envisages carrying out numerous tests, checks and evaluations of the current technical conditions throughout the life cycle. The task of organizing and carrying out of tests, in particular mechanical, electrical and climatic, at the State Scientific Research Institute of Armament and Military Equipment Testing and Certification is entrusted to the scientific research laboratory that is a part of the scientific and technical complex of measurements of the Institute. Currently, the laboratory is not fully equipped with modern testing equipment. Therefore, the task of justification of the ways of development and providing the laboratory with test equipment for conducting mechanical, electrical and climatic tests of armament and military equipment specimens is urgent. The purpose of the article is to determine the perspective ways of development of the laboratory-testing facilities of the State Scientific Research Institute of Armament and Military Equipment Testing and Certification taking into account the modern development of armament and military equipment specimens. During the research general scientific methods of processing and systematization of information, in particular system analysis and synthesis of organizational and technical systems were applied. The peculiarities of the organizing and conducting mechanical, electrical and climatic tests at the enterprises of the defense-industrial complex of Ukraine were analyzed. It was established that the basis of testing, in addition to legislative acts and technological normative documents, is the availability of a modern laboratory testing base, since without the means of measurement and testing it is impossible to ascertain the stability, sustainability and durability of armament and military equipment specimens to the influence of external factors. The proposals for the purchase of the test equipment for ensuring tests in the direction of mechanical, electrical and climatic tests of State Scientific Research Institute of Armament and Military Equipment Testing and Certification are given.

The work is devoted to the problem of intensification of teaching Russian as a foreign language in the process of formation and development of the lexical competence of students. The role of educational dictionaries of various types is emphasized. The Experimental Electronic Multilingual Dictionary of Military Terms is presented. It is based on ABBYY Lingvo software for teaching Russian to foreign students of military universities. His vocabulary includes a special vocabulary describing various segments of military activity (weapons, equipment, commands, military life, etc.). For each word there are translations into European languages (boi - English batttle, combat; French combat (m); Portuguese combate) and Asian languages (Laos ; Arabic ; Pashto ). The potential of an electronic multilingual dictionary in the implementation of multicultural and professionally oriented teaching of Russian as a foreign language in a non-linguistic university is identified. The role of the electronic translated multilingual thesaurus in the formation of speech professional competence, which ensures the removal of language barriers in the study of military-technical sciences by foreigners, is determined. The universality of the dictionary is characterized. It was created taking into account those national languages whose speakers receive special education in Russian military universities, and provides opportunities for the redistribution of classroom and independent work of students. Its effectiveness has been proven as a tool for modern interactive, multilingual and multicultural education.

Almost four decades after its discovery was initially announced, the Celtic necropolis in Karaburma, a suburb of Belgrade, is still one of the most important archaeological sites for the interpretation of the historical, economic, and cultural processes taking place in the central Balkans from the 4th to the end of the 1st centuries B.C. Most of all, it represents a wide-ranging source for explaining the chronology of the oldest Celtic presence in this area, also illustrating cultural exchanges in the network in which they were included. In this necropolis, belonging to the regional military elite, there are several graves in which, in addition to standard offerings relating to the regional material culture, items originating from a wider cultural area were found. Amongst these, grave number 22, the subject of our research, is especially important. In this grave were found objects mainly made of bronze and iron, with a smaller fragment of pottery. The iron items represent the attire of the deceased and his offensive weapons, while bronze items are characteristically imported vessels and a smaller bronze ring (figs. 1, 2). The imported vessels are represented by the well-known situla and cup. According to the basic typological scheme, we can classify the situla within the large group of ovoid situlae with the leaf-shaped or the so-called heart-shaped ornament under the attachment (figs. 1, 9; 2; 3, 7). According to the typological scheme here suggested, the situla found in Karaburma belongs to the first group, namely to its variant b (Ib), which is characterized by situlae with a leaf-shaped ornament on the attachment, separately cast and then pinned down or soldered to the body of the vessel (fig. 3, 7). Also belonging to this group are situlae from Skillountia, Goce Delcev (fig. 3, 8), V?rbica (fig. 3, 9) and from Chirnogi (fig. 3, 10). Situlae from Budva (fig. 3, 11) and Belgrade (fig. 3, 12) should also be included here, probably the one from Bitola as well. According to the analysis here presented, we have attributed the situla to the work of Macedonian workshops of the 4th century, to which other situlae, initially recorded in the contexts of Celtic provenance, have finally been included, and which ended up in the graves of Celtic dignitaries as exclusive imports of particular social conditions and ideological features. The other bronze vessel, considering its size, metric relations, technical and stylistic execution, we interpret as a cup, or at least as some kind of transitional form, since it is somewhat more shallow when compared to actual cups, and significantly taller compared to phiale (figs. 1, 10; 2). The context in which it was found indicates that it must have been used as a drinking cup in a set, together with the ovoid situla. Similar phiale were a very popular form in Thrace in the 4th century (fig. 7, 2-3), but the greatest resemblance can be seen in the phiale from Peretu, from the Thraco-Getian area to the north (fig. 7, 1). Characteristics of the form and style of the cup from Karaburma enabled its classification among the later variants or transitional forms of cups, seen in the context of the bronze production of Northern Greece, i.e. Macedonia. It is important for the period of the midto late 4th century, in other words, it completely matches with the chronological background and location of the ovoid situla with the leaf-shaped ornament under the attachment. In the analysis of weapons belonging to a Celtic warrior buried in grave 22, an iron sword with preserved fragments of a scabbard made of iron sheet (fig. 1, 1-2) stands out. Comparative analysis has characterized the sword as an exceptionally late form of the group Kosd D, attributed to the phase Lt B2. However, the slightly accentuated biconical shape of the scabbard?s end also points to certain elements of the group Kosd C. In the Carpathian basin the group Kosd C represents a rather rare form, which as a cultural innovation spread westwards, thus the Karaburma necropolis in Belgrade represents their southeastern, furthest point of expansion. To this same time frame also belongs the sword belt chain set (fig. 1, 5-6). Typological and spatial analysis has shown that chain belts with single figure-ofeight links, exactly the same as the ones found in grave 22, are relatively rare in that region. Asimilar sword belt set was found in the Benacci necropolis in Bologna, also containing a sword inside a scabbard decorated with a pair of dragons of the II type according to Jose-Maria De Navarro. Alongside it was also found a spear-butt with a spike which by its workmanship, closely resembles precisely the spear-butt with a long spike and the massive conical lower part from grave 22 (fig. 1, 4). Unlike the complete sword belt chain set and the sword, the spear-butt was isolated, but perhaps we can connect the bronze ring with it (fig. 1, 3). Given its size, it was probably the grip which was strengthening the spot at which the spear-butt was inserted into it. Aspecial feature of grave 22 are two highly fragmented remains of fibulae (fig. 1, 7-8). The spring of the larger fibula stands out, with two winders on each side, and with an external arch (fig. 1, 7), which dates from the late Lt B2 phase and the transitional horizon B2/C1. It has long been accepted as fact that the Celts inhabited the area between the rivers Sava and Danube from as early as the second half and towards the end of the 4th century, while the Scordisci, as such, formed only after the defeat at Delphi. However, the process of the Celtic expansion was already happening at the beginning of the 4th century, and it spread along the main communication routes, the rivers, with strategic points first to be settled. Only after several decades of consolidation, or only upon the return from the military expedition to the south of the Balkan peninsula, was the whole area inhabited by the Celts by the end of the 4th century. This historically suggested claim always necessarily led to the question of chronological positioning and the distance between phases Lt B2 and Lt C2. Most authors dealing with this matter have held that phase Lt B2 was supposed to have finished after the Celtic invasion of the southern Balkans, i.e. some time in the 3rd century. However, this assessment does not seem entirely correct, since most objects of La T?ne cultural provenance found in the Aegean region and Asia Minor stem from the initial Lt C horizon, which means that the expedition to Delphi cannot represent an absolute chronological border between the Lt B2 and C1. The absence of indicative elements of the material culture of the Lt B horizon in the Aegean area and Anatolia indicates that they already had to be completely out of fashion by the time of the expedition. In brief - after the dissolution of Lisimachus? kingdom and the murder of Seleucus I in 281 B.C., there was a military and political power vacuum in the region of Macedonia and Thrace. The opportunity was seized by Celts from the region of the lower Danube, who set out towards ?the South?. In 279 B.C. one of the three groups, led by Bolgios (i.e. Belgius), defeated the Macedonian royal army, and Ptolemy Ceraunus himself got killed. In the summer of the same year, Brennus reached central Greece, i.e. Delphi; having suffered a defeat, the larger portion of the army was stationed in the region of Thrace, after a logical retreat. There they received an offer from Nicomedus I of Bythinia who hired 20,000 of them as mercenaries, hence their penetration into Asia Minor in 278 and 277 B.C. On the other hand, the archaeological findings from the mentioned area, connected with these events, indicate that it can and must be classified within the Lt C1 phase. An additional argument in favour of an earlier dating is also offered by a pair of two-part anklets, with eight hollow semispherical bosses with no ornaments, found in the Spanos well in the vicinity of Poseidon?s sanctuary in Isthmia. Previously, Rupert Gebhard had held that these findings should be brought into connection with the incursion of 279 B.C., dating from his horizon 5, i.e. between c. 290 and 260 B.C. However, Isabelle Raubitschek demonstrated the opposite, pointing to several details: firstly, since the remnants of the Celtic army after their defeat withdrew through the Thermopylae, it is unlikely that on the way back anyone would pass through Isthmia; secondly, similar anklets were also found in the Heraion of Perachora, and finally and most importantly, that they were found in an enclosed context, together with the kylix-krater, meaning that they must date from the third quarter of the 4th century. To her conclusions we can now add two other possible perspectives: 1. - regarding the chronology, the most important fact is that the pair of two-part anklets is evidently much older than previously thought. From the historical perspective, the information on the enclosed context, i.e. that similar findings were also found in the complexes of Greek sanctuaries, is of great importance. 2. - dating clearly shows that these anklets cannot be connected with war or looting, i.e. cannot be seen as spoil from the expedition to Delphi to be sacrificed by the victors. In fact, that context points to a small, but recognizable segment from the range of diplomatic gifts which circulated between the Greek world and the Celtic aristocrats from the region of the middle course of Danube. On the other hand, among the graves of the La T?ne cultural provenance containing findings which originated from Greek, i.e. Macedonian workshops, and which predate the time of the military expedition to the south of the Balkan peninsula, apart from the finding of a bronze cup from the end of the 4th century found in Szabolc in Hungary, only Karaburma grave 22 stands out. Both findings were included by Miklos Szab? among those which preceded the expedition to Delphi, although it is possible that they reached the Celtic world after that event. He also mentioned that it was becoming increasingly evident that this was more than just a case of military spoil or loot, which he concluded on the basis of the presence of less valuable items. This claim led M. Szab? into a trap: if the items, mostly from the 4th century, presupposed contacts of the Celtic inhabitants with the Aegean world, it would be necessary to date their settlement, i.e. the phase Lt B2, in the 4th century, and thus in the period significantly earlier than the expedition to Delphi. Furthermore, a bronze lekythos was found in a slightly younger grave 18/64 on the Hurbanovo site, in the same cultural and historical context. This is a lekythos of the Talcot type, frequently found in Greece, Thrace and Macedonia, dating back to the end of the 4th and the first half of the 3rd century. On the mentioned site it was chronologically classified in the transitional horizon Lt B2/C1, which according to Jozef Bujna was the period after the military expedition to the Balkans. The same researcher held that the grave 22 from Karaburma should also be included in that time frame. However, what if J. Bujna was wrong on this matter, given that he opted for a conservative dating of the set of vessels? Based on the above, we might actually consider placing the absolute dating of the Lt C1 phase in the 4th century - the century during which the production of such lekythoi flourished, as did their laying in Macedonian graves. Implicitly, such dating is also confirmed by the items of the La T?ne provenance, found in the region of the southern Balkans, i.e. the Aegean area. They all exhibit formal characteristics typical of the Lt C. Consequently, it can be concluded that the beginning of the Lt C horizon must be sought in the period immediately preceding the expedition to ?the South?. In connection with that, it was precisely J. Bujna who demonstrated that certain graves in the necropolises of the Lt C were found on the periphery, which he interpreted as a possible clue for recognizing the newcomers, i.e. those who returned from the Balkan expedition. Aurel Rustoiu also came to a similar conclusion, having systematically analyzed the equipment of the warrior elites, the socalled mercenaries from the Aegean world. The declining number of male graves in the period between Lt B1 and Lt C1, among other things, also led Peter Ramsl to hypothesize that numerous warriors hired as mercenaries never returned to their homes. Related to this, significant data in the analysis of the share of warrior graves in the necropolises of the Carpathian basin was provided by A. Rustoiu. He showed that the share of warrior graves, i.e. graves with weapons in Lt B2 phase, is higher than of those in the Lt C1. However, the Karaburma necropolis is an exception also in this respect, since the share of the warrior graves is significantly higher than in the other necropolises belonging to both phases. Thus in the Lt C1 it is 48%, while in the Lt B2 it is as high as 70%. On the basis of the collected data, he hypothesized that there were two types of societies in the Carpathian basin: agricultural communities with reduced military elites, and military communities which represented social aristocracy and which formed the core for military and war expeditions, and also constituted the basis for the recruitment of mercenaries. The latter transcended ethnic bounds, given that they were selected on an individual basis, which is clearly reflected in the changeability and different origin of the equipment of warriors. Findings of bronze vessels tie in with this neatly, if we interpret them as a result of contacts and a substitute for the traditional late La T?ne pottery set, consisting of a ceramic bowl (phiale), and a vessel for liquids (situla-like pot or lenticular bottle). Both situla and phiale are standard items, frequent, widespread, and the most indicative parts of solemn ritual banquets and feasts, as shown by numerous and explicit findings from the rich graves of Thracia and Anatolia. However, they were still an essential part of the Greek culture, commonly used in religious, mystical ceremonies. Although we frequently encounter them in hoards and, of course, temples, with rare exceptions mostly due to insufficient knowledge on the item?s context of finding, those situlae and phiale were, almost as a rule, part of luxury sets, indicating rich graves of those belonging to the highest social and political strata of the society. This is the reason why they were often interpreted as burial insignia, used to sanctify the burial space and to encourage eternal deification, divine vitality and the rebirth of a deceased dignitary; in other words, it is thought that they exhibited power and authority in both Thracian and Getian graves. However, the Celts could also have used these vessels at funeral feasts and banquets, just as they were used in their country of origin, since we know that in the graves of the Celtic dignitaries everything was laid that they possessed in their lifetime, especially sets of dishes, for the purpose of ensuring an unbroken cycle of rebirth. It has been further suggested that the bronze vessels were used for the ceremonies of libation, but also for trade and exchange, while the silver drinking cups and luxury sets made of precious metals were used for burial feasts and diplomatic banquets during negotiations and/or when concluding agreements, simply as keimelia or as a ritual device for expressing deeply held and widely accepted eschatological practices and new trends. However, both could have been quite practically used for bribing - both people and gods! Finally, the imported vessels from Karaburma, classified as Macedonian products from the 4th century, should now be viewed as the northernmost findings of a complete symposiastic set, but also in the context of other vessels imported from Macedonia found in the graves with the features of the La T?ne culture. It is unlikely that they represent war spoils from Greece or other parts. The idea that the situla and phiale from the grave 22 of the Karaburma necropolis inaugurated direct contact between the Celts and Macedonians seems more likely. The items could have reached the 4th century Celtic dignitaries of the Danube region as keimelia - diplomatic gifts, or could have simply arrived by a trade route from the northern parts of Macedonia. In that sense, we should also remember those modest, but for this case invaluable records found in the historical sources connected with this period. It has been thought that the Celtic presence dates back to as early as the time of the defeat and expulsion of the Ardiaei in 359/358 B.C., as recorded by Theopompus. However, there are reliable records of their embassy to Alexander the Great while he was engaged with the Tribali in 335 B.C., as reported by Arrian. Precisely those could have been the points of direct contact between the highest ranking military and political dignitaries of the Celts and the aristocrats and diplomats of the Macedonian state. From all this it can be concluded that the Karaburma necropolis is truly an exception, representing the southernmost point of Celtic militarized expansion, where the military social aristocracy was stationed. The region where the Sava and Danube meet thus became an area where technological innovations concentrated and developed, and also the space where the political, military and economic contacts filtered. All this is vividly illustrated by grave 22 in the necropolis, chosen precisely because of those features. Weapons, i.e. the sword of the Celtic dignitary who was buried there, indicate the technological tradition of the early La T?ne. In the same tradition were fashioned the fibulae which, in an unchanged form, remain in the repertoire of accessories at the beginning of the middle La T?ne period, just as, on the other hand, the sword and the shape of its scabbard indicate the beginning of re-fashioning of that same conservative tradition. The sword belt chain set and the spear-butt with its spike indicate the innovations which were yet to become the characteristic features of the middle La T?ne soldiers? equipment. Furthermore, the intertwining of traditions and innovations is also evident from the symbolic and semantic processes which were connected with the ritual of this burial. At the time when the cremation became the predominant type of burial in the Celtic world, the ritual of laying gifts in graves also changed. Instead of the complete equipment which the deceased used during life, only select items are found to represent the totality, which in our example can be seen in the deposited spear-butt. Thus the suum cuique principle was replaced by the pars pro toto principle. Based on the above, the famous warrior from the Karaburma grave 22 both in an abstract and also direct sense, confirms the intertwining of traditions and the circulation of cultural elements, and thus shows that he himself was one of the carriers of the avant-garde of the time, the forerunner of a new period in political and economic relations in the central Balkans of the third quarter of the 4th century.

In order to assure the compatibility of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the armies of the NATO member states, amendments are being made to the national legislation of Ukraine to create a mechanism for the implementation of NATO standards or their provisions in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. To ensure regulatory support of the life cycle of armament and military equipment, measures are being taken to fully transition the military-industrial complex of Ukraine to use international, European and NATO standards in production. In 2021, national standards DSTU STANAG 4370: 2021 were adopted, harmonized with NATO standards, which regulate the organization and testing samples of armament and military equipment on environmental conditions impact. Since these standards are adopted in the original language, and in Ukraine there is no practice of distributing and using English-language normative documents, there is a problem of unambiguous interpretation of the content of these standards by all interested parties: product manufacturers, testing laboratories, scientific organizations etc. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main provisions of national standards regarding the conditions and methods for testing the impact of mechanical factors in order to implement them in the system of testing samples of armament and military equipment. In the course of research general scientific methods of processing and systematization of information, in particular, system analysis and synthesis of organizational and technical systems were applied. Due to the abolition of the set of state military standards, which established the level of quality indicators, composition, sequence, general requirements for testing equipment, instruments, devices for military purposes, an urgent need arose for regulatory support for the organization and testing of armament and military equipment. It was determined that one of the main directions of solving the problem of normative support for the organization and testing of armament and military equipment is the adoption of international military standards in the capacity of national ones. The main provisions of the standards that ensure the organization and conduct of tests of military equipment for mechanic factors impact were analyzed, the structure and content of these standards were considered.

Extensive research in the field of ceramic rolling contact bearings has been conducted over the past several years. The results of this research indicate that silicon nitride may offer significant improvements in rolling fatigue life and a possible increase in operating temperature. AlliedSignal Aerospace Systems & Equipment (ASE) and the Air Force Item Management Engineering Branch at Tinker Air Force Base are conducting a development program under contract to ARPA to introduce ceramic hybrid bearings into existing F-15, F-111, and C-130 aircraft fleets in a near-term program involving retrofitting mature air-cycle machines with such bearings. The air-cycle machine (ACM) is a complex bearing application, operating at very high speeds (up to 100,000 rpm) and at high temperatures. In more severe military ACM applications, mean times between failures (MTBFs) of 2000 and 3000 hours are common. The fleet would see an immediate benefit from improved bearing life. This paper describes the analytical approach to evaluating and comparing ceramic to steel bearings, describes the laboratory test program to verify performance, and discusses the life-cycle cost improvement and the flight test program.

In this article we introduce into scientific discourse and provide diverse interpretation of the extraordinary burial of a young man of 13–15 years old, investigated during the excavation of the necropolis of the Bulan-Koby Archaeological Culture within the Choburak-I funeral and memorial complex. This site is located on the right bank of the Katun River, 3.6 km south from the Elanda Village in the Chemal District, Altai Republic. The unique nature of this object (mound no. 29a) is determined by the presence of a full-fledged “male” inventory with the deceased, including long-range weapons (bow and arrows with iron tips) and close combat (knife in a scabbard), items of equipment (belt buckles, distributors, fasteners), whip with a bone handle. In addition, a bone comb was disco-vered in the grave, which is traditionally an attribute of grave goods in female burials of the Altai population of the Xianby-Rouran period. At the same time, there was no riding horse in the burial, which was a mandatory attribute of funeral practice for full-fledged members of society. A comparative study of different categories of weapons, equipment, tools and household utensils, as well as comparison of the obtained results with radiocarbon dates, made it possible to establish the chronology of the published complex within the second half of the 4th — first half of the 5th c. AD. In the context of the funeral rite of adult population who used the Choburak-I burial ground, the grave of an adolescent from mound no. 29a belongs to the Dyalyan tradition, whose representatives were the elite of the society of cattle breeders in the Northern Altai during the Rouran period. The analysis of the obtained materials testifies to the special (“transitional”) individual status of the deceased person in the nomadic society of the Bulan-Koby Culture in the middle of the 1st mil. AD. Probably, the specificity of the deceased's life position was determined, on the one hand, by reaching a certain age and belonging to a fairly wealthy family, and by limi-tations in physical development recorded in the course of anthropological research, on the other hand.

The strategic course towards the integration of Ukraine into the European economic space provides for the introduction of appropriate quality standards in the production of domestic products, including military ones. The state leadership has declared the transition of the Ukrainian defense–industrial complex to the standards of the European Union and NATO until 2022. The introduction of these standards should ensure the compatibility of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the NATO countries armies. Since the development of high-precision armament and military equipment leads to the need to create a new generation of specialized systems for monitoring their characteristics and parameters during testing, the primary need is to improve the testing system, the normative base of which is the system of standards. As a result, first of all, the standards governing the preparation and testing of new and modernized armament and military equipment are subject to revision. In order to intensify the work on the revision of standards, as well as to ensure regulatory support of the life cycle of armament and military equipment for a full transition to the use in production of international, European and NATO standards, amendments are being made to the national legislation of Ukraine. The purpose of this process is to create a mechanism for the implementation of NATO standards or their provisions in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main provisions in NATO standards for testing the impact of climatic factors in order to implement them in the system of testing pieces of armament and military equipment. During the research general scientific methods of processing and systematization of information, in particular system analysis and synthesis of organizational and technical systems, were applied. In connection with the abolition of the state military standards of the GOST B system, which established the values quality level and the composition, sequence, general requirements for testing equipment, instruments, devices for military purposes, there was an urgent need for regulatory support for the organization and testing of armament and military equipment. It was determined that one of the main directions of solving the problem of normative support for the organization and testing of armament and military equipment is the adoption of international military standards as the state ones. The main provisions of the standards that ensure the organization and conducting of military equipment climatic tests were analysed, the structure and content of these standards were considered.

A small intelligence robot (SSR) is a special military intelligence means. It is used to obtain information about the enemy - the collection of intelligence, the search for targets and target indication, observation of the situation, etc. The use of a small intelligence robot is assumed in various natural and climatic conditions: in temperate terrain, on soils with low bearing capacity, at low temperatures, in the desert, on sandy and marshy soils, on rocky soils, in elevated temperature and dustiness of air, and also in conditions highlands In the article an overview of modern developments of remotely controlled robotic military complexes, principles of their construction and perspective directions of development in the armed forces are reviewed. The issues of robotization of existing weapons and military equipment are considered. Every sample of a SSR used in combat action must possess all combat characteristics at once in an optimal ratio between them, ensuring its maximum effectiveness. Ignoring any of the properties or enhancing one property at the expense of others will not enable the full realization of the small surveillance robot. It is reasonable to select the relevant properties at the design stage, using the possibilities of mathematical modeling. The set of tactical and technical characteristics of the SSR allowed forming this. Its characteristics determine the scope and possibilities of application. The mathematical model of the SSR motion is written in the Matlab Simulink environment. Recorded mathematical model of SSR motion, formed single test cycle and input data allowed to conduct computer simulation of motion in possible conditions of operation of small surveillance robot.The single trial cycle presented contains a set of individual sites and reproduces the testing test cycle of a real polygon. On the basis of the developed tactical and technical characteristics of the SSR, the experimental sample was made. An example of the use of SSR for the intelligence of the settlement and at keeping the node of barriers has been provided. The efficiency of performing intelligence units’ tasks and reducing the risk of human losses are shown.

Under the background of fact that the shortage situation of present global being severer and severer day by day, the army equipment development faces enormous challenge. How to walk out a low-input, high-efficient road of equipment construction seems particularly important, which has been a great strategic task of the modernization of military equipment. Based on the resource constraint, this article aims at the resource "bottlenecks" such as the unreasonable structure of energy consumption, high dependence of traditional fossil energy, large resource dependent degree on foreign countries, low resource utilization efficiency, serious environmental pollution, starts from every stage of the whole life cycle of equipment, regards idea of sustainable development as guidelines, proposes strategic actions including strengthening the resource design, adjusting the energy consumption structure, strengthening resources substitute, improving the recycling system and so on, in order to break through resource constraint and realize the strategic measures of equipment sustainable development, in the hope of having some realistic significance in equipment construction and development under the new situation.

The world practice of creating and modernizing specimens of armament and military equipment envisages carrying out numerous tests, checks and evaluations of the current technical conditions throughout the life cycle. This leads to the need for improvement of the test system, the regulatory framework of which is a system of standards. Updating the standards that regulate preparation and testing of new and modernized specimens of armament and military equipment, based on best international and domestic experience, at the moment is actual and perspective development direction of the standardization system in the sphere of defence. The purpose of the article is to analyze the ways of implementing NATO standards and determine the feasibility of their application “by the method of confirmation” in the armament and military equipment testing system. During the research general scientific methods of processing and systematization of information, in particular system analysis and synthesis of organizational and technical systems, were applied. The current state of the system of standardization of armament and military equipment in Ukraine was analyzed. It was determined that at present the military standardization system in the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces of Ukraine practically corresponds to the standardization system of NATO. It was established that one of the main tasks of military standardization is the transition to European and NATO standards. Analysis of these normative documents has revealed that the main requirements are consistent through the identity of standards, as well as through the adoption of national standards by the “method of confirmation”. A comparative analysis of NATO standards STANAG 4370 and military standards ГОСТ В revealed the presence of significant differences in the classification of military equipment, the requirements for stability, sustainability and durability to the influence of external factors. It was noted that in Ukraine there is lack of practice of dissemination and use of the normative documents in English adopted by the “method of confirmation”; there is also a shortage of qualified specialists on standardization with a sufficient language competence, as well as lack of common research vocabulary in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, harmonized with national and international terminological systems. It was established that for the development of standardization system of armament and military equipment, in particular for conducting tests, it is recommended to use NATO standards as an information base, taking into account the domestic experience of the standardization system in developing requirements for reliability and stability to the influence of external factors. It was recommended to carry out the introduction of NATO standards by method of reissue (adaptation, translation) with the assistance of Ukrainian specialists on military standardization.

Creating a promising aircraft is an important area of state policy. Making the right decision to create a promising aircraft technology contributes to the economic assessment of the development efficiency. The subject of economic assessment is the updating of resources allocated for the development of the aircraft. An important component of ensuring high reliability of evaluating the effectiveness of the development of a promising aircraft is the methodology of its implementation. The methodology of economic assessment is aimed at determining economic indicators. The authors present the procedure for using the probability of economic success indicator in the economic assessment of the effectiveness of developing a promising aircraft when determining the feasibility of adopting a draft tactical and technical task for the development of an aircraft. To improve the accuracy of the economic assessment, it is proposed to use the standard error of alternative methods for calculating the cost of performing activities at the stages of the aircraft life cycle. The authors tested the proposed method on the example of a promising auxiliary power plant of a military transport aircraft. It is advisable to evaluate the cost of developing a promising auxiliary installation of a military transport aircraft based on the complexity of the development, determined depending on its basic complexity and cost. The authors tested the proposed method on the example of a promising auxiliary power plant of a military transport aircraft. The proposed method is applicable for calculating costs for other types of equipment at all stages of its life cycle.

Lithium batteries are widely used in energy storage power systems such as hydraulic, thermal, wind and solar power stations, as well as power tools, military equipment, aerospace and other fields. The traditional fusion prediction algorithm for the cycle life of energy storage in lithium batteries combines the correlation vector machine, particle filter and autoregressive model to predict the cycle life of lithium batteries, which are subjected to many uncertainties in the prediction process and to inaccurate prediction results. In this paper, a probabilistic prediction algorithm for the cycle life of energy storage in lithium batteries is proposed. The LS-SVR prediction model was trained by a Bayesian three-layer reasoning. In the iterative prediction phase, the Monte Carlo method was used to express and manage the uncertainty and its transitivity in a multistep prediction and to predict the future trend of a lithium battery’s health status. Based on the given failure threshold, the probability distribution of the residual life was obtained by counting the number of particles passing through the threshold. The wavelet neural network was used to study the sample data of lithium batteries, and the mapping relationship between the probability distribution of the residual life of lithium batteries and the unknown values were established. According to this mapping relation and the probability distribution of the residual life of lithium batteries, the health data could be deduced and then iterated into the input of the wavelet neural network. In this way, the predicted degradation curve and the cycle life of lithium batteries could be obtained. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has good adaptability and high prediction efficiency and accuracy, with the mean error of 0.17 and only 1.38 seconds by average required for prediction.

Today, the problem of reducing the cost of resources and time during planning and conducting tests remains relevant. This problem is especially acute in qualified testing agencies, where testing prototypes at different stages of the life cycle is the main functional task. Automation of planning processes and optimization of testing processes will significantly reduce such costs and improve the overall quality of testing. The article considers the theoretical issues of forming quantitative plans for testing samples of armaments and military equipment (AME) in obtaining zonal estimates of stochastic parameters and characteristics. The need for zonal estimates arises to confirm the quality of the sample for a given stochastic characteristic in the range from the allowable probabilistic value to the maximum (minimum) possible. The authors propose an approach to obtaining zonal estimates of the parameters of the armament and military equipment test sample, which theoretically meet the requirements of a given accuracy and reliability. The approach is based on the use of a flexible test plan, which is terminated when statistical confirmation of the probabilistic value not worse than specified by the developer is obtained. Ensuring the quality of evaluation is carried out by virtue of the minimum required number of repetitions of the experiment and the balance of the number of successful to the total number of experiments. It is shown that a flexible test plan can significantly reduce the total number of experiments, which will to some extent reduce the resource and time costs of testing samples of armament and military equipment. For the practical application of the approach of obtaining zonal estimates of the AME sample quality, its formalization and algorithmics is required. It is assumed that the developed approach will be implemented in the form of a functional module as а part of the subsystem of automated planning and quality management of AME sample tests.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the late 20th – early 21st centuries’ historiographical polemics around the origin and development of the Frankish armored cavalry in the Carolingian era. The discussion broke out around the theses about the military superiority of the Frankish armored cavalry (composed of people from the upper strata of society) of the Carolingian era and, as a consequence, about the rapid spread of the military technology cultivated among the Carolingian horsemen-aristocrats, accompanied by their inherent stereotypes and behavioral patterns of Latin Europe. These issues were raised in the early 1960s by the American scholar Lynn White (1907-1987). The main factor of the military, technological and political transformations that took place in the kingdom of the Franks during the 8th century, according to White, was the process of introducing a stirrup into the equipment of the Frankish cavalry. Since then, almost every work on the history of chivalry and medieval military affairs published in the Western world begins with discussing this. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the course of a dramatic historiographic controversy surrounding Lynn White's stance on the development of armored cavalry in the Carolingian world and the history of chivalry in general. These theses found both ardent supporters (Robert Bartlett, Alex Roland, Dominic Barthelemy) and uncompromising critics (Bernard Bachrach). There has been no academic consensus on the issues of the armored cavalry’s genesis and force level in the Carolingian era. However, the polemic clarified several important issues related to the history of chivalry and chivalric military technology. First, it is its evolutionary and lasting nature, not the revolutionary and sudden changes that took place in the society and the army of the Carolingian kingdom in the 8th – 9th centuries. Secondly, it is the direct dependence of socio-economic life in medieval Europe on military technology and, more narrowly, on the development of weapons and concepts and practices of its usage. And thirdly, the influence of the concepts of military and cultural determinism on Western medieval studies of the second half of the 20th – early 21stcenturies. However, a quietus to the argument about chivalry in Carolingian world has not been given yet.

The fight against terrorism is one of the most important factors that has an impact on both international and regional security and the security of the Republic of Serbia. Due to the expansion of terrorism in the world, it is necessary to establish effective mechanisms for protection against terrorism and terrorist activities. The establishment of anti-terrorist and counter-terrorist units and their modernization are key factors in the fight against terrorism. The paper analyzes the theoretical foundations of the elite antiterrorist units of the leading countries of the world, and the counterterrorism units of the Republic of Serbia. Using the AHP method in support of choosing the most effective counterterrorism unit, the conclusion was reached about the most effective counterterrorism unit in order to model an effective counterterrorism unit in the territory of the Republic of Serbia and modernize existing anti-terrorist units. Comparative analysis was carried out on the basis of criteria such as the number of members of the unit, the number of modular units, the type and level of weapons and military equipment used by counterterrorism units, the duration of selective training for entering a special unit, the duration of the training cycle of members of the unit and the average age of members of the unit. The result of this research can be implemented in anti-terrorist units in Serbia, in order to increase the efficiency of the anti-terrorist unit in the fight against terrorism. In the end, the modeling of one type of counterterrorism unit was carried out, which with its organizational-formation structure and equipment could successfully counter terrorism on the territory of the Republic of Serbia.

Due to the processes and specialized research of the revolution in technological and scientific information of the last few decades, the development of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) has now reached the state where it may become a defining factor in the market of civil technologies. In the wake of efforts to enhance aviation safety since the first generation of multicopters, hobby and professional tools have become available that—provided that statutory requirements are flexible enough—could be used in corporate and government sectors alike.However, the use of such equipment to improve public services would require a strategic-level policy change. Due to rapid technological changes, the speed at which drones are developing is unprecedented, and such equipment is becoming dated significantly faster than, for example, the planned life-cycle of military equipment.These circumstances call for a solution that breaks away from existing procurement principles, and is able to continuously provide government organizations with equipment that meets the latest technical standards, and supports the efficient execution of the most diverse specialized tasks.This publication aims to present the complexity, technical dimensions and development trends of “drone science”, along with suggestions on how their use could be efficiently integrated into the toolbox of public service tasks.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of mine protection that concerns troops, it is a set of measures carried out by all types and branches of troops, and it is aimed at protecting personnel and military equipment from mine weapons. One of the ways to increase mine protection of troops is to enlarge the efficiency of informing the troops about the mine situation directly in the area of combat operations. Therefore, the timeliness of carrying out activities for the search, identification, fixation of explosive objects in the ground, as well as the timely collection and communication to relevant officials and departments of this information is the main goal of engineering intelligence in areas of intensive mine warfare. One of the ways to improve the effectiveness of engineering intelligence is to introduce the practice of identifying mine-explosive barriers and countering the enemy sabotage, reconnaissance forces and illegal armed groups that install them in order to establish new ways of conducting intelligence. The methods are based on the using of modern means of obtaining, processing and promptly bringing intelligence data about the mine situation. So a significant increasing of the intelligence capabilities of engineering units is possible through the using of unmanned aerial vehicles. When units are equipped with such devices, it becomes possible to move from an object-based method of conducting reconnaissance to a more efficient one — a zonal one, the essence of which lies in certain subunits of intelligence in areas of responsibility. This will allow the intelligence units to introduce continuous monitoring of the terrain with its full coverage, carrying out maneuvers, if necessary, largely by means, not forces. It will lead to increase effectiveness of the using of engineering reconnaissance units, their full coverage of the operation band, a reduction in the time management cycle of exploration and the achievement of a high degree of efficiency in providing information to the commanders on the mine situation.

AbstractCivilian populations are at risk from exposure to toxic materials as a result of accidental or deliberate exposure. In addition to industrial hazards, toxic agents designed for use in warfare now are a potential hazard in everyday life through terrorist action. Civil emergency medical responders should be able to adapt their plans for dealing with casualties from hazardous materials (HazMat) to deal with the new threat.Chemical and biological warfare (CBW) and HazMat agents can be viewed as a continuous spectrum. Each of these hazards is characterized by qualities of toxicity, latency of action, persistency, and transmissibility. The incident and medical responses to release of any agent is determined by these characteristics.Chemical and biological wardare agents usually are classified as weapons of mass destruction, but strictly, they are agents of mass injury. The relationship between mass injury and major loss of life depends very much on the protection, organization, and emergency care provided.Detection of a civil toxic agent release where signs and symptoms in casualties may be the first indicator of exposure is different from the military situation where intelligence information and tuned detection systems generally will be available.It is important that emergency medical care should be given in the context of a specific action plan. Within an organized and protected perimeter, triage and decontamination (if the agent is persistent) can proceed while emergency medical care is provided at the same time.The provision of advanced life support (TOXALS) in this zone by protected and trained medical responders now is technically feasible using specially designed ventilation equipment. Leaving life support until after decontamination may have fatal consequences. Casualties from terrorist attacks also may suffer physical as well as toxic trauma and the medical response also should be capable of dealing with mixed injuries.

Protection of the population from the negative impact of the consequences of man-made, natural and military emergencies is a priority task of all governmental authorities, including local authorities, as well as heads of economic objects, regardless of ownership forms. The solution of this issue requires an integrated approach, which involves the implementation of a number of measures for the creation of protective structures, providing the population with personal protective equipment, preparing population for emergencies, timely alert and informing about the threat or emergency, evacuation of the population and other measures. One of the main ways of protecting the population in the case of an immediate threat to life and causing damage to the population health remains timely, organized by the removal the population from the zones of possible influence of negative factors of emergency of man-made, natural or military character and placing it outside of the zones of action the damaging factors of the sources of emergency, that is, their evacuation. At the same time, this method is quite complicated, requiring careful preparation of all authorities and the serious training of all citizens in the conduct of evacuation. The practice of organizing and conducting evacuation of the population from the anti-terrorist operation (ATO) zone in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions has revealed a number of problems on this issue. The article provides an analysis and defines the problems of the organization of protection of the population at the threat and occurrence of emergencies caused by the use of weapons, including measures on population evacuation from areas of warfare to safe areas. Approaches to organizing and conducting mass evacuation in NATO member states are considered. The analysis of requirements established in Ukraine for the evacuation of the population and the experience of their practical implementation at the beginning and during the military conflict in eastern Ukraine, as well as caused by explosions in ammunition depots, was carried out. The results of the analysis identified the problems that arose during the evacuation of the population and suggested ways to solve them

Faced with conditions of life of the nation that continues to evolve into a multidimensional cover all areas of the life of the nation, then certainly required the development and deployment of the total potential and power of the nation effectively. Therefore it is the power that was developed to deal with these threats must also have the ability to multi-dimensional as well. Reality is always pushing to restructure the military concept of defense to become responsive and adaptable and tailored to the substance of the reforms in the defense. The main problem faced by Indonesia to develop a domestic defense industry is the inability of industry and education sectors to absorb the fundamental aspects of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). This inability does not allow Indonesia to experience significant breakthroughs in the application of RMA. So with reference to the condition necessary to anticipate concrete steps in developing a systematic plan to build the defense industries are able to anticipate the revolution in military affairs. Among priorities at once by selecting the appropriate stages of the development plan which includes the development of Main Equipment Weapon System, Spatial Planning Area Defense, Civil Defense Development, and Spatial Structure of the Organization. And one of its efforts is the creation of the ability of military logistics support system effective and efficient and responsive, which in this case is the development of Arsenal's arsenal of weapons and ammunition in terms of both quality and quantity so that is always ready to face any condition of any contingency that would happen. Determining policy location Arsenal first location contains more choices in environmental issues multi-objective and multicriteria decision, then the model is proposed to be the appropriate methodology to accommodate the qualitative preference and priority-setting objectives/criteria for future development is to approach the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Principle of the AHP method is to break breaking a complex situation and unstructured, into its component parts, arranging these variables in a section or an order of hierarchy, giving numerical values to subjective considerations about the relative importance of each variable and analysis various considerations is to determine which variables have the highest priority and act to influence the outcome of the situation. From the results of the solution by using the AHP method showed that the first priority location determination Arsenal 1 in the eastern region is a factor analysis of logistics operations to support operations capabilities in the integrated logistics support system that effectively and efficiently. And the locations selected for Arsenal's first priority location is in the eastern region Lantamal Ambon.

Стремительный рост сложности современных объектов морской техники и морской инфраструктуры, ужесточение требований к качеству процессов их создания и эксплуатации на всех этапах жизненного цикла обуславливают особую необходимость поиска инвариантных к специфике условий эксплуатации технических и технологических решений. Соответственно, моделей их оценки, анализа, синтеза, оптимизации, исследовательского проектирования и обоснования их свойств и характеристик, включая количественный анализ конкурентной способности, перспективности и путей их технологического развития. В развитие ранее представленных модели и методики инвариантной оценки качества и эффективности объектов морской техники и морской инфраструктуры рассмотрены конкретные примеры реализации разработанного Полимодельного квалиметрического метода системной оптимизации объектов исследовательского проектирования. Включая оценку и мониторинг технической готовности объектов критической инфраструктуры, отдельных кораблей и их соединений, систем управления оружием и техническими средствами, электроэнергетических систем, автоматизированных систем управления в защищенном исполнении, автоматизированных интеллектуальных систем поддержки принятия решений. The rapid increase in the complexity of modern marine equipment and marine infrastructure, the tightening of requirements for the quality of the processes of their creation and operation at all stages of the life cycle make it particularly necessary to find technical and technological solutions that are invariant to the specifics of the operating conditions. Accordingly, models of their evaluation, analysis, synthesis, optimization, research design and justification of their properties and characteristics, including a quantitative analysis of their competitive ability, prospects and ways of their technological development. In the development of the previously presented model and methodology for invariant assessment of the quality and efficiency of marine engineering and marine infrastructure objects, specific examples of the implementation of the developed Polymodel qualimetric method for system optimization of research design objects are considered. Including assessment and monitoring of the technical readiness of critical infrastructure facilities, individual ships and their connections, weapons and technical equipment control systems, electric power systems, automated control systems in a secure design, automated intelligent decision support systems.

Purpose. The large number of armored vehicles offered in Ukraine significantly complicates the choice of such equipment for equipping the Armed Forces of Ukraine. These cars are designed and manufactured on a variety of ag-gregate bases, often owned by manufacturers in other countries, which is not always acceptable to the military. In addi-tion, the variety of designs leads to deterioration of unification and interchangeability of motor vehicles, which can lead to significant obstacles to quality and timely maintenance of military armored vehicles, their repair and modernization in real operation in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Methodology. To solve the problem, an analysis of the features and evaluation of the effectiveness of the operation of armored vehicles, which are manufactured by factories of different countries for armed military units. Mathematical modeling methods were used to assess the efficiency of armored vehi-cles, including the specific fuel consumption per person transported and the ton of cargo transported, as well as speed criteria allows consumers of armored vehicles, which are the Armed Forces of Ukraine, to make an informed choice in favor of purchase another car with a large number of them, offered by numerous manufacturers of such products. Re-sults. It is established that Kremenchug Automobile Plant is the only car manufacturer in Ukraine that provides the full life cycle of cars from their development and manufacture to warranty and service support during operation. In addition, Kremenchug Automobile Plant has its own service and maintenance service, which reduces downtime of equipment manufactured by the plant, when performing repair or maintenance of cars in the units under the conditions of their op-eration. Operation of cars of the Kremenchug Automobile Plant, especially KrAZ «Hulk», taking into account their greater load and the number of personnel of military units that can be transported, according to specific indicators per person transported or ton of transported cargo, which is what the end user needs, it turns out more profitable from an economic point of view. Originality. For the first time, a comparative analysis of the specific fuel consumption of ar-mored vehicles manufactured by factories of different countries for armed military units, in their practical use and cal-culated the efficiency of their operation according to speed criteria. Practical value. Based on the comparative analysis of specific fuel consumption of armored vehicles manufactured by factories of different countries for armed military units, in their practical use and performed calculation of their efficiency according to speed criteria, the consumer of armored vehicles, which is the Armed Forces of Ukraine, can make an informed choice. in favor of buying a car from their large number, which is offered by many manufacturers of such products. References 17, tables 2, figures 5.

Faced with conditions of life of the nation that continues to evolve into a multidimensional cover all areas of lifeof the nation, then certainly required the development and deployment of the total potential and power of thenation effectively. Therefore it is the power that was developed to deal with these threats must also have theability to multi-dimensional as well. Reality is always pushing to restructure the military concept of defense tobecome responsive and adaptable and tailored to the substance of the reforms in the defense. The mainproblem faced by Indonesia to develop a domestic defense industry is the inability of industry and educationsectors to absorb the fundamental aspects of the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). This inability does notallow Indonesia to experience significant breakthroughs in the application of RMA. So with reference to thecondition necessary to anticipate concrete steps in developing a systematic plan to build the defense industriesare able to anticipate the revolution in military affairs. Among priorities at once by selecting the appropriatestages of the development plan which includes the development of Main Equipment Weapon System, SpatialPlanning Area Defense, Civil Defense Development, and Spatial Structure of the Organization. And one of itsefforts is the creation of the ability of military logistics support system effective and efficient and responsive,which in this case is the development of Arsenal's arsenal of weapons and ammunition in terms of both qualityand quantity so that is always ready to face any condition of any contingency that would happen. Determiningpolicy location Arsenal first location contains more choices in environmental issues multiobjectiv andmulticriteria decision, then the model is proposed to be the appropriate methodology to accommodate thequalitative preference and priority-setting objectives / criteria for future development is to approach theAnalytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Principle of the AHP method is to break breaking a complex situation andunstructured, into its component parts, arranging these variables in a section or an order of hierarchy, givingnumerical values to subjective considerations about the relative importance of each variable and analysisvarious considerations is to determine which variables have highest priority and act to influence the outcome ofthe situation. From the results of the solution by using AHP method showed that the first priority locationdetermination Arsenal 1 in the eastern region is a factor analysis of logistics operations to support operationscapabilities in integrated logistics support system that effectively and efficiently. And the locations selected forArsenal's first priority location is in the eastern region Lantamal Ambon. Keyword: Determining location - Approach of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

Availability of a set number of operationally ready pieces of weapons and military equipment is the most important for the forces. A degree of conformity of the available number of serviceable (operable) pieces of the AD WMSE incorporated in the WMSE fleet with the required number for the set planned (predicted) period is used as a collective index of the AD WMSE fleet readiness degree. Modern automated informational technologies are actively used when performing tasks related to effective management of the AD WMSE fleet operation, including planning and predicting tasks. This allows for increase of operational control and efficiency of the WMSE fleet technical state predictions. In its turn, this fact requires further improvement of methods aimed at the AD WMSE fleet technical state prediction for the set operational periods taking into account different strategies of replenishment (renewal) of the WMSE fleet, organization of the WMSE pieces operation, and limitations on financing. Main standard documents determining the AD WMSE development prospects for the near-term and long-term outlook are the State Armament Plan (SAP) which is developed for a 10-year period and a State Defence Order which specifies the SAP for a 3-year period. The article considers options of preparing initial data in order to predict the AD WME fleet state for the future period taking into account different strategies of the WME pieces retirement which have expired service life and exhausted lifespan. The options of forming predictive assessments with regard to the available pieces of the AD WME in case of different financing variants of purchases and measures related to modernization, operation and repair of the AD WME are considered.

The article reflects the views of the authors on the method for the operational calculation of the indicator of the functioning of special-purpose information and telecommunication networks of the tactical level of control according to the criterion of "network availability". Improvement of weapons and military equipment, forms and methods of combat, as well as a change in views on command and control, put forward ever more stringent requirements for the information and telecommunication system in general and for its elements in particular. The problems of development, planning of combat use and operation of information and telecommunication networks of the tactical control level are their heterogeneity, since they use heterogeneous transmission systems (radio and wire) together. The characteristic features of the planning, deployment and operation of information and telecommunication networks of the tactical control level are a high degree of uncertainty in the characteristics of their functioning and the lack of initial data in planning, which necessitates the improvement of the methodological basis for conducting operational calculations. Based on the analysis of ITU-T recommendations, scientific publications and the practice of combat use of the defense forces, it becomes clear that the operational calculation of individual criteria and indicators of the functioning of information and telecommunication systems of the tactical control level needs to be improved, since these systems have their own characteristic features. The material presented in the article makes it possible to develop new approaches to solving the problem of a reasonable calculation of the required bandwidth of the access node of the information and telecommunications network of the tactical control link. The significance and value of this study lies in the fact that in the conditions of continuous improvement of the forms and methods of warfare, high dynamism of changes in the states of information and telecommunication systems of the tactical control level, the correct choice of the apparatus for assessing the decisions made should play a decisive role in shortening the deployment planning cycle and sustainable functioning of the system management.

One of the important areas of support and development of the state's defense capabilities is to equip the armed forces with modern armament and military equipment (AME). In recent years, due to the situation in eastern Ukraine, there has been a significant increase in the pace of development and adoption of the newest models of AME. The process of harmonizing national standards with NATO standards also contributes to this. Naturally, it causes an increase in the need for timely and high-quality testing of AME samples. Accordingly, the task of improving the efficiency of all processes that accompany the testing of defense products is urgent. The article considers the problem of practical development of information system for support of tests of AME, the purpose of which is to automate information processes in the preparation and conduct of tests, which should reduce time and labor costs at all stages of testing. Based on the previously substantiated spiral model of software product development and the concept of building an information system for test support, a step-by-step plan for the implementation of the information system is proposed. The system of requirements to the prototype of the information system with limited functionality is formulated, according to which the rating estimation of need and possibility of prioritized realization of the basic functional modules of the information system is carried out. Based on the requirement of functional connectivity of the modules, the information system composition on the next turn of the life cycle spiral model is substantiated. The step-by-step approach during creation and provisioning of databases and data registers with information are considered. As the information system develops, the transition to an incremental model of software product development is not excluded. It is expected that the automation of information processes related to the planning and conducting of tests, as well as the processing of test results and preparation of reporting documentation can positively impact the overall efficiency of the organization and conducting of tests, as well as ensure the proper quality of results.

Diesel engines are widely used in marine transportation as a direct connection to the propeller and as electrical principal or auxiliary generator sets. The engine is the most critical piece of equipment on a vessel platform; therefore, the engine’s reliability is paramount in order to optimize safety, life cycle costs, and energy of the boat, and hence, vessel availability. In this paper, the improvements of a failure database used for a four-stroke high-speed marine diesel engine are discussed. This type of engine is normally used in military and civil vessels as the main engine of small patrols and yachts and as an auxiliary generator set (GENSET) for larger vessels. This database was assembled by considering “failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA),” as well as an analysis of the symptoms obtained in an engine failure simulator. The FMECA was performed following the methodology of reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), while the engine response against failures was obtained from a failure simulator based on a thermodynamic one-dimensional model created by the authors, which was adjusted and validated with experimental data. The novelty of this work is the methodology applied, which combines expert knowledge of the asset, the RCM methodology, and the failure simulation to obtain an accurate and reliable database for the prediction of failures, which serves as a key element of a diesel engine failure diagnosis system.