Journal articles: 'Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)'

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Gadioli, Monica Castoldi Borlini, Nuria Fernández Castro, Carlos Eduardo Ribeiro Wandermurem, and Ualisson Donardelli Bellon. "Life Cycle Inventory of Brazilian Natural Stones." Key Engineering Materials 848 (June 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.848.109.

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Brazil is one of the main producers and exporters of natural stones in the world. Aiming to contribute to environmental improvements, the life cycle inventory of Brazilian natural stones – LCI Stones was elaborated. This paper presents the results obtained along the LCI Stones project. The project was carried out according to the Brazilian methodology for the elaboration of inventories and to the 14040 and 14044 ISO standards. The study consists of two product systems: quarrying and processing (which is divided in two other subsystems: sawing and polishing), being the last one the main system of this study. The product considered is the polished slab. The data were collected within producing companies, comprising a representative time period for the inventory validation. All inputs and outputs of mass, water and energy as well as products and emissions, within the boundaries, were identified and quantified. The main difficulty found in the data collection was the lack of data control by the companies, mainly the water and energy consumption and polishing inputs. The results of the study showed that, among the stone production processes, gang saw cutting was the one with the most relevant impacts. On account of the rapid technological improvements during the last years, the LCI-Stones is being updated by CETEM.

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Postlethwaite, Dennis. "Open Forum on Surfactants Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2, no. 2 (September 1995): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986740.

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Bianco, Isabella, and Gian Andrea Blengini. "Production Chains of Soft-Weak Stones: Life Cycle Inventory of Techniques and Technologies." Key Engineering Materials 848 (June 2020): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.848.137.

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The dimension stone sector is more and more active in developing new solutions to improve the sustainability of its supply chain, partly as a consequence of the current EU policies on Circular Economy and Raw Materials. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a recognized scientific tool for evaluating environmental impacts of the processes. Nevertheless, in the stone sector, LCA is hindered by the scarce availability of Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) datasets for the specific processes of the stone supply chain. This paper provides LCI datasets of the most common and widespread techniques and related technologies for quarrying, cutting and finishing soft-weak stones. To this aim primary data were collected in Italian marble quarries and processing plants and in companies producing cutting tools. When necessary, industry data were complemented with secondary data from literature. High replicability and flexibility of the datasets is obtained through the provision of Unit process inventories for each technology/technique and through the set of parameters. In addition, the uncertainty of the resulting LCI datasets has been evaluated with the well-established procedure of Ecoinvent pedigree matrix. The availability of these datasets contributes to the population of Life Cycle databases and is expected to boost the measurement and enhancement of the key aspects of sustainability in the stone sector.

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Brandtner, Michal. "NEGRAFICKÁ DATA A JEJICH STRUKTURA PRO VYUŽITÍ LCA V BIM." Czech Journal of Civil Engineering 7, no. 01 (July 31, 2021): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51704/cjce.2021.vol7.iss01.pp16-26.

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The article deals with the data structure for the purpose of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of buildings using the Building Information Model (BIM). LCA is a method that can be used to demonstrate the suitability of proposed materials, structures, or buildings in terms of their whole life cycle and its environmental impact. For the LCA evaluation it is crucial to obtain life cycle inventory (LCI) input data. The aim of the article is to define a BIM data structure for LCI purposes. The new methodology is based on standardization of non-graphic information model data structure called SNIM. Advantages of the proposed methodology have been demonstrated on the case study. These results are useful for expanding the BIM model with new data necessary for further LCA calculations.

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Zhu, Lingyun, and Ming Chen. "Research on Spent LiFePO4 Electric Vehicle Battery Disposal and Its Life Cycle Inventory Collection in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 8828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238828.

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The main research direction for the disposal of spent lithium-ion batteries is focused on the recovery of precious metals. However, few studies exist on the recycling of LiFePO4 electric vehicle (EV) batteries because of their low recycling value. In addition, a detailed life cycle inventory (LCI) of waste plays a significant role in its life cycle assessment (LCA) for an environmental perspective. In this study, an end-of-life (EOL) LiFePO4 EV battery is disposed to achieve the LCI result. The approach comprises manual dismantling of the battery pack/module and crushing and pyrolysis of cells. The authors classify the dismantling results and use different disposal methods, such as recycling or incineration. Regarding the environmental emissions during pyrolysis, the authors record and evaluate the results according to the experimental data, the bill of materials (BOM), the mass conservation, and the chemical reaction equations. In addition, the electricity power demand is related to the electricity mix in China, and the waste gases and solid residue are treated by using neutralization and landfill, respectively. Finally, the authors integrate the LCI data with analysis data and a background database (Ecoinvent). After the integration of the total emission and consumption data, the authors obtained the total detailed LCI resulting from the disposal of the LiFePO4 vehicle battery. This LCI mainly includes the consumption of energy and materials, and emissions to air, water, and soil, which can provide the basis for the future LCA of LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries. Furthermore, the potential of industrial scale process research on the disposal of spent LiFePO4 batteries is discussed.

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Meng, Xian Ce, Chen Li, Zhi Hong Wang, Xian Zheng Gong, Yu Liu, and Bo Xue Sun. "A Life Cycle Inventory Case Study for Marble Mining in China." Materials Science Forum 787 (April 2014): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.787.171.

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The goal of this paper is to conduct a life cycle inventory (LCI) case study for marble mining in China. The scope focuses on the whole life of marble mining. The functional unit is “per cubic meter of marble block”. The LCI data, including the input of energy and natural resources and the output of pollutant emissions, were collected on-site. The LCI results show that if the waste quarries could be recovered after the exploration, the environmental damages from the marble decorative materials would be much less. The environmental impacts of fresh water consumptions are also discussed. Some suggestions and recommendations on how to improve the environmental performance, at the same time the marble materials can be produced to support the increasing sales, are made. In the future, the land use and the mine recovery should be discussed.

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Zhang, Yu Rong, Ming Hui Liu, and Yuan Feng Wang. "Comparative Analysis of Existing Life Cycle Inventories of Cement in China." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.721.

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Life cycle inventory (LCI) involves creating an inventory of flows from and to nature for a product system, which is a prerequisite of life cycle assessment (LCA). This paper conducts a comparative analysis of available inventories of cement produced in China and points out the reliability of these inventory results. 1 ton cement was chosen to be the functional unit, and the system boundary was defined from cradle to gate. In the process of cement production, many pollutants will be emitted, so only the four main emissions (CO2, NOX, SO2 and dust) are considered. The analysis showed that the reliability of cement inventories is affected by inaccurate or non-representative data, and all results are difficult to compare due to the varying system boundaries.

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Olea, R., J. H. Guy, H. Edge, and S. A. Edwards. "The pigmeat supply chain: pre-assessment for a Life Cycle Inventory." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029653.

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Formulating the inventory of relevant commodities to assess the life cycle of goods or services (LCI) is highly demanding on time and resources (Suh et al., 2004). Collected information is not always satisfactory to take account of all possible sources of environmental burdens (E-burdens) produced in the commodity supply chain. Several pre-assessment methods have been proposed to serve this function, although these have identified limitations; lack of previous experience and use of subjective cut off criteria are the most frequent weaknesses found (Suh, 2006). An objective pre-assessment method was developed as part of a life cycle analysis (LCA) for different pigmeat supply chain (PSC) scenarios.

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Zhai, Qiang, Linsen Zhu, and Shizhou Lu. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Buoy-Rope-Drum Wave Energy Converter." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092432.

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This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) study for a buoy-rope-drum (BRD) wave energy converter (WEC), so as to understand the environmental performance of the BRD WEC by eco-labeling its life cycle stages and processes. The BRD WEC was developed by a research group at Shandong University (Weihai). The WEC consists of three main functional modules including buoy, generator and mooring modules. The designed rated power capacity is 10 kW. The LCA modeling is based on data collected from actual design, prototype manufacturing, installation and onsite sea test. Life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis and life cycle impact analysis (LCIA) were conducted. The analyses show that the most significant environmental impact contributor is identified to be the manufacturing stage of the BRD WEC due to consumption of energy and materials. Potential improvement approaches are proposed in the discussion. The LCI and LCIA assessment results are then benchmarked with results from reported LCA studies of other WECs, tidal energy converters, as well as offshore wind and solar PV systems. This study presents the energy and carbon intensities and paybacks with 387 kJ/kWh, 89 gCO2/kWh, 26 months and 23 months respectively. The results show that the energy and carbon intensities of the BRD WEC are slightly larger than, however comparable, in comparison with the referenced WECs, tidal, offshore wind and solar PV systems. A sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying the capacity factor from 20–50%. The energy and carbon intensities could reach as much as 968 kJ/kWh and 222 gCO2/kWh respectively while the capacity factor decreasing to 20%. Limitations for this study and scope of future work are discussed in the conclusion.

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Yu, Xi, Haiqing Zhang, Hongping Shu, Weidong Zhao, Tao Yan, Yonghong Liu, and Xie Wang. "A Robust Eco-Design Approach Based on New Sensitivity Coefficients by Considering the Uncertainty of LCI." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 16, no. 03 (August 2017): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686717500123.

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It is urgent to introduce life cycle assessment (LCA) into eco-design in order to conduct eco-design in the quantitative and systematic era. In the design phase, various uncertainties in product life cycle inventory (LCI) are emerged. In practice, the real value of LCI calculated in the product end-of-life phase may be much different from the target LCI value predicted in the design phase. The aim of this research is to propose a robust design method to overcome the uncertainty issue. Regarding the scope of LCI analysis, this paper focused on the product manufacturing phase and its end-of-life phase. In this paper, the design problem of robust eco-design is modeled in a mathematical way, the novel sensitivity coefficient of LCI with uncertainty is proposed to solve the robust eco-design problem from mathematical perspective, and a guideline-based approach for robust design is proposed based on the new sensitivity coefficients. A case study is provided to illustrate the application of this research and validate our methods.

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AILENI, RALUCA MARIA, RAZVAN ION RADULESCU, LAURA CHIRIAC, and LILIOARA SURDU. "Life cycle assessment of the electroconductive textiles functionalized by advanced technologies (plasma) and metallic micro/nanoparticles deposition." Industria Textila 70, no. 03 (2019): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.070.03.1476.

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This paper presents aspects concerning the life cycle assessment of the electroconductive textile functionalized by advanced RF plasma technology based on argon and oxygen gases and deposition of the metallic micro/nanoparticles. In order to obtain the textiles with electroconductive properties, the preliminary plan consisted functionalization of the textiles by using RF plasma technology based on argon and oxygen gases and processes for micro/nanoparticles deposition such as foulard, direct printing, and thin film position. It was analyzed the life-cycle inventory (LCI) and was provided the study for life-cycle assessment (LCA) using SimaPro software and Eco-indicator 99. In order to obtain the LCI, we used to input and output technical data, from the plasma process, and the SimaPro software for generating the LCI and LCA. The input data about raw material, energy, chemical substances, have been collected by direct measurements on machinery, device log, and specifications of the equipment (technical books) and processes. The output data was obtained using SimaPro software connected to internet-specific databases. The purpose of our research has been to study the life cycle assessment of the electroconductive textiles functionalized by RF plasma technology in comparison with classical functionalization treatments.

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Karkour, Selim, Safa Rachid, Mariem Maaoui, Chia-Chun Lin, and Norihiro Itsubo. "Status of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Africa." Environments 8, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8020010.

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Life cycle assessment (LCA) has received attention as a tool to evaluate the environmental impacts of products and services. In the last 20 years, research on the topic has increased, and now more than 25,000 articles are related to LCA in scientific journals databases such as the Scopus database; however, the concept is relatively new in Africa, where the number of networks has been highlighted to be very low when compared to the other regions. This paper focuses on a review of life cycle assessments conducted in Africa over the last 20 years. It aims at highlighting the current research gap for African LCA. A total of 199 papers were found for the whole continent; this number is lower than that for both Japan and Germany (more than 400 articles each) and nearly equal to developing countries such as Thailand. Agriculture is the sector which received the most attention, representing 53 articles, followed by electricity and energy (60 articles for the two sectors). South Africa (43), Egypt (23), and Tunisia (19) were the countries where most of the research was conducted. Even if the number of articles related to LCA have increased in recent years, many steps still remain. For example, establishing a specific life cycle inventory (LCI) database for African countries or a targeted ideal life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method. Several African key sectors could also be assessed further.

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Wolff, Sebastian, Moritz Seidenfus, Karim Gordon, Sergio Álvarez, Svenja Kalt, and Markus Lienkamp. "Scalable Life-Cycle Inventory for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Production." Sustainability 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 5396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12135396.

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The transportation sector needs to significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions. European manufacturers in particular must develop new vehicles and powertrains to comply with recent regulations and avoid fines for exceeding C O 2 emissions. To answer the question regarding which powertrain concept provides the best option to lower the environmental impacts, it is necessary to evaluate all vehicle life-cycle phases. Different system boundaries and scopes of the current state of science complicate a holistic impact assessment. This paper presents a scaleable life-cycle inventory (LCI) for heavy-duty trucks and powertrains components. We combine primary and secondary data to compile a component-based inventory and apply it to internal combustion engine (ICE), hybrid and battery electric vehicles (BEV). The vehicles are configured with regard to their powertrain topology and the components are scaled according to weight models. The resulting material compositions are modeled with LCA software to obtain global warming potential and primary energy demand. Especially for BEV, decisions in product development strongly influence the vehicle’s environmental impact. Our results show that the lithium-ion battery must be considered the most critical component for electrified powertrain concepts. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of considering the vehicle production phase.

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Windrianto, Yulius, Dyah Rachmawati Lucitasari, and Intan Berlianty. "PENGUKURAN TINGKAT EKO-EFISIENSI MENGGUNAKAN METODE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) UNTUK MENCIPTAKAN PRODUKSI BATIK YANG EFISIEN DAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN (Studi Kasus di UKM Sri Kuncoro Bantul)." OPSI 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2016): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/opsi.v9i2.2324.

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Penelitian ini dilakukan di industri batik Sri Kuncoro, desa Giriloyo, Imogiri, Bantul. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan alternatif terbaik untuk memperbaiki produksi batik tulis pewarna sintetis Sri Kuncoro sehingga diperoleh produksi batik yang efisien dan ramah lingkungan.Metode yang digunakan adalah Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) dan Eco-Efficiency Ratio (EER). Metode LCA merupakan metode untuk mengidentifikasi dan menghitung penggunaan energi, penggunaan sumber daya alam, dan pembuangan pada lingkungan, serta mengevaluasi dan menerapkan kemungkinan perbaikan lingkungan. Metode LCA dilakukan melalui empat tahap yaitu goal and scope, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), dan interpretasi. Metode Eco-Efficiency Ratio (EER) merupakan metode untuk mengetahui tingkat sustainable suatu produk.Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk memperbaiki produksi batik dibutuhkan alternatif pengganti, yaitu mengganti kompor minyak tanah dengan kompor listrik pada proses pembatikan, dan mengganti kayu bakar dengan bahan bakar gas pada proses nglorod. Nilai EER pada produksi batik Sri Kuncoro sebesar 56%, dan batik alternatif pengganti sebesar 60% dengan nilai affordable dan sustainable lebih besar dari 1.

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Gatti, Jozeti Barbutti, Guilherme de Castilho Queiroz, and Eloísa Elena Corrêa Garcia. "Recycling of aluminum can in terms of Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 13, no. 3 (December 7, 2007): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/lca2006.12.370.

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Lee, Soo-Sun, Young Sil Kim, and Joong Woo Ahn. "Development of Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database for Production of Liquid CO2." Clean Technology 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7464/ksct.2015.21.1.033.

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Peng, Zhen Guo, Xian Zheng Gong, Yu Liu, Chen Li, and Xiao Liu. "Life Cycle Inventory of Gangue as Alternative Raw Materials." Materials Science Forum 814 (March 2015): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.533.

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With the development of science and technology and industry level, solid wastes are fully utilized. Among which gangue is the solid waste generated in the process of coal mining, its comprehensive utilization rate is more than 60%. Environmental pollution in the process of coal mining is one of the typical environmental problems confronted in China. In this paper, the life cycle inventory (LCI) of gangue was acquired by the method of life cycle assessment and further environmental impact assessment was achieved as well. The results showed that environmental impacts based on allocation of calorific value were greater than that of economic value, and it’s about 3.68 times the impacts assigned by economic value. Therefore allocation of economic value was better.

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Krkic, Nevena, Vera Lazic, and Danijela Suput. "Comparison of life cycle assessment for different volume polypropylene jars." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 43 (2012): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1243159k.

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When deciding what packaging is the most appropriate for a product there are many factors to be considered. One of them is the impact of the packaging on environment. In this work, life cycle inventory and life cycle assessment of two different volume packagings were compared. The data were collected on the types and amounts of materials and energy consumption in the process of packaging and distribution of hand cream packed in polypropylene jars of 200 and 350 mL. Life cycle inventory (LCI) and life cycle impact assessment (LCA) were calculated. It was found that the total mass flow was higher for the jars of 350 mL. After analyzing individual flows, it was found that in both cycles (polypropylene jars of 200 and 350 mL),the consumption of fresh water was a dominant flow. This fresh water flow is mostly (95%) consumed in the injection molding process of manufacturing jars from polypropylene granules. The LCA analysis showed no significant difference in global warming potential between different volume jars. The process that mostly affected global warming was the production of polypropylene jars from polypropylene granules by injection molding for both jar volumes. Judging by the global warming potential, there is no difference of the environmental impact between investigated jars, but considering the mass flow and water consumption, more environmental friendly were the 200 mL jars.

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Pigné, Yoann, Tomás Navarrete Gutiérrez, Thomas Gibon, Thomas Schaubroeck, Emil Popovici, Allan Hayato Shimako, Enrico Benetto, and Ligia Tiruta-Barna. "A tool to operationalize dynamic LCA, including time differentiation on the complete background database." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 25, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01696-6.

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Abstract Purpose The objective is to demonstrate an operational tool for dynamic LCA, based on the model by Tiruta-Barna et al. (J Clean Prod 116:198-206, Tiruta-Barna et al. 2016). The main innovation lies in the combination of full temporalization of the background inventory and a graph search algorithm leading to full dynamic LCI, further coupled to dynamic LCIA. The following objectives were addressed: (1) development of a database with temporal parameters for all processes of ecoinvent 3.2, (2) implementation of the model and the database in integrated software, and (3) demonstration on a case study comparing a conventional internal combustion engine car to an electric one. Methods Calculation of dynamic LCA (including temporalization of background and foreground system) implies (i) a dynamic LCI model, (ii) a temporal database including temporal characterization of ecoinvent 3.2, (iii) a graph search algorithm, and (iv) dynamic LCIA models, in this specific case for climate change. The dynamic LCI model relies on a supply chain modeling perspective, instead of an accounting one. Unit processes are operations showing a specific functioning over time. Mass and energy exchanges depend on specific supply models. Production and supply are described by temporal parameters and functions. The graph search algorithm implements the dynamic LCI model, using the temporal database, to derive the life cycle environmental interventions scaled to the functional unit and distributed over time. The interventions are further combined with the dynamic LCIA models to obtain the temporally differentiated LCA results. Results and discussion A web-based tool for dynamic LCA calculations (DyPLCA) implementing the dynamic LCI model and temporal database was developed. The tool is operational and available for testing (http://dyplca.univ-lehavre.fr/). The case study showed that temporal characterization of background LCI can change significantly the LCA results. It is fair to say that temporally differentiated LCI in the background offers little interest for activities with high downstream emissions. It can provide insightful results when applied to life cycle systems where significant environmental interventions occur upstream. Those systems concern, for example, renewable electricity generation, for which most emissions are embodied in an infrastructure upstream. It is also observed that a higher degree of infrastructure contribution leads to higher spreading of impacts over time. Finally, a potential impact of the time window choice and discounting was observed in the case study, for comparison and decision-making. Time differentiation as a whole may thus influence the conclusions of a study. Conclusions The feasibility of dynamic LCA, including full temporalization of background system, was demonstrated through the development of a web-based tool and temporal database. It was showed that considering temporal differentiation across the complete life cycle, especially in the background system, can significantly change the LCA results. This is particularly relevant for product systems showing significant environmental interventions and material exchanges over long time periods upstream to the functional unit. A number of inherent limitations were discussed and shall be considered as opportunities for further research. This requires a collegial effort, involving industrial experts from different sectors.

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Ferrari, Anna Maria, Lucrezia Volpi, Davide Settembre-Blundo, and Fernando E. García-Muiña. "Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) integrating life cycle inventory (LCI) and Enterprise resource planning (ERP) in an industry 4.0 environment." Journal of Cleaner Production 286 (March 2021): 125314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125314.

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Tan, Reginald B. H., David Wijaya, and Hsien H. Khoo. "LCI (Life cycle inventory) analysis of fuels and electricity generation in Singapore." Energy 35, no. 12 (December 2010): 4910–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.08.036.

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Zhang, Xizhuo, Longfei Zhang, Yujun Yuan, and Qiang Zhai. "Life Cycle Assessment on Wave and Tidal Energy Systems: A Review of Current Methodological Practice." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051604.

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Recent decades have witnessed wave and tidal energy technology receiving considerable attention because of their low carbon emissions during electricity production. However, indirect emissions from their entire life cycle should not be ignored. Therefore, life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely applied as a useful approach to systematically evaluate the environmental performance of wave and tidal energy technologies. This study reviews recent LCA studies on wave and tidal energy systems for stakeholders to understand current status of methodological practice and associated inherent limitations and reveal future research needs for application of LCA on wave and tidal technologies. The conformance of the selected LCAs to ISO 14040 (2006) and 14044 (2006) are critically analyzed in strict accordance with the ISO stepwise methodologies, namely, goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, as well as life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Our systematically screening of these studies indicates that few of the selected studies are of strict conformance with ISO 14040 and 14044 standards, which makes the results unreliable and thus further reduces the confidence of interested stakeholders. Further, our review indicates that current LCA practice on wave and tidal energies is lacking consideration of temporal variations, which should be addressed in future research, as it causes inaccuracy and uncertainties.

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Prado-Galiñanes, Humberto J., and Rosario Domingo. "Quantifying the Impact of Production Globalization through Application of the Life Cycle Inventory Methodology and Its Influence on Decision Making in Industry." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081271.

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Industries are nowadays not only expected to produce goods and provide services, but also to do this sustainably. What qualifies a company as sustainable implies that its activities must be defined according to the social and ecological responsibilities that are meant to protect the society and the environment in which they operate. From now on, it will be necessary to consider and measure the impact of industrial activities on the environment, and to do so, one key parameter is the carbon footprint. This paper demonstrates the utility of the LCI as a tool for immediate application in industries. Its application shall facilitate decision making in industries while choosing amongst different scenarios to industrialize a certain product with the lowest environmental impact possible. To achieve this, the carbon footprint of a given product was calculated by applying the LCI method to several scenarios that differed from each other only in the supply-chain model. As a result of this LCI calculation, the impact of the globalization of a good’s production was quantified not only financially, but also environmentally. Finally, it was concluded that the LCI/LCA methodology can be considered as a fundamental factor in the new decision-making strategy that sustainable companies must implement while deciding on the business and industrial plan for their new products and services.

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Lovarelli, Daniela, Jacopo Bacenetti, and Marco Fiala. "A new tool for life cycle inventories of agricultural machinery operations." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 47, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2016.480.

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The interest in environmental assessments about agricultural processes is fast growing and asking for new tools for accurate impact evaluations. The methodology commonly used to go through these studies is the life cycle assessment, of which the inventory phase (life cycle inventory, LCI) is an essential step. For studies focusing on agricultural productions, the completion of LCI is particularly complex: taking into account the pedo-climatic and mechanical operative variability is evidently difficult. However, the prediction of the environmental impact of mechanical operations caused by the agricultural sector is essential to quantify the impact categories for which it is responsible. A new tool, ENVIAM, was developed to complete LCI to guarantee the availability of local data that describe the mechanical and pedo-climatic conditions occurring in the Po Valley area and widely applicable as well. It calculates mechanical power requests, directly consumed inputs (<em>i.e</em>., fuel, lubricant) and material consumption of a productive system by taking into account soil texture, specific machinery operations and coupling solutions as defined by the user. A subdivision of working time and defined engine load have been considered to calculate fuel consumption; with regard to outputs, exhaust gases emissions from internal combustion engines have been assessed by evaluating the emissive stages of belonging as stated by the EU Directive. A case study was also performed to highlight the differences that occur when an analysis is fulfilled in a context with features different from the average, and resulted in significant variations for the inventory. In more details, a comparison was carried out both with Ecoinvent database and within ENVIAM. With regard to fuel consumption, by changing the soil texture, the analysis showed a range between 64%-184% for sandy and clay soils, respectively, if compared with medium texture ones. With this tool, local contexts defined either as real or as optimised coupling solutions can be investigated to assess their environmental impact.

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Litskas, Vassilis, Athanasia Mandoulaki, Ioannis N. Vogiatzakis, Nikolaos Tzortzakis, and Menelaos Stavrinides. "Sustainable Viticulture: First Determination of the Environmental Footprint of Grapes." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 8812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218812.

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We present for the first time the environmental footprint (EF) of grapes following the methodology proposed by the EU and life cycle assessment (LCA). We used data from three different production systems, conventional high- or low-input and organic from vineyards on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The life cycle inventory (LCI) data were retrieved from the recently released AGRIBALYSE database, and the EF was determined with the Open LCA software. The system boundary was from “cradle to winery door” and the functional unit was 1 ton of grapes delivered to the winery. Organic grape production had the lowest values for most of the 16 EF impact categories. Machinery, fuel, and sulfur production and use were identified as EF hotspots for organic grapes. Fertilizer production and use were identified as EF hotspots for high-input grape production. The EF impact category values for low-input grapes showed similarities with organic production. Future research needs to enrich the LCI databases with data more applicable to the methods and inputs applied in Mediterranean agriculture.

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Piekarski, Cassiano Moro, Antonio Carlos de Francisco, Leila Mendes da Luz, Tiago Henrique de Paula Alvarenga, and Juliana Vitoria Messias Bittencourt. "Environmental profile analysis of MDF panels production: study in a brazilian technological condition." CERNE 20, no. 3 (September 2014): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201420031619.

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The main goal of this study was to analyze the environmental profile of MDF panel manufacturing in the Brazilian industry in terms of energy, emissions and dependence on renewable sources. The study was conducted by using the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), specifically through the development of the first Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of MDF in a Brazilian industry. The life cycle inventory and the production processes analysis were constructed using Umberto® v.5.6 software and following the ISO 14040 series. The study covers the life cycle of MDF production from gate-to-gate perspective, involving the on-site manufacturing system. The functional unit was defined in 1 m³ of MDF. About 76% of energy required to produce MDF is thermal (52.8% of thermal energy is required for the drying process of wood fiber). CO2 is a major emission during the MDF production, where natural gas contributes to 96.7% of total CO2 fossils. It was observed a low dependence of non-renewable source (19.2%) compared with the literature.

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Siregar, Kiman, Supriyanto, Arief Ameir Rahman Setiawan, Edi Iswanto Wiloso, Sholihati, Try Miharza, and Intan Sofia. "IDN-LCI: The conceptual framework of the Indonesian life cycle inventory database to support the life cycle assessment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 542 (August 7, 2020): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/542/1/012044.

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Mohd Ghazali, Nor Fadillah, Siew Yien Wong, and Amir Hamzah Sharaai. "To Develop a Greener Recycled Paper Production by Determining Potential Environmental Impacts through Life Cycle Perspective." Applied Mechanics and Materials 747 (March 2015): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.747.269.

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A huge number of available Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies have shown that data availability for paper products is enormous regionally. In Malaysia, LCA practices are considered uncommon attributed to the lack of data availability and LCA practitioner itself. Therefore, a cradle to cradle study has been carried out to determine the potential impacts arise from the recycled paper production in Malaysia. LCA methodology used in this study including goal and scope definition, inventory analysis (LCI), impact assessment (LCIA) and interpretation is based on ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 framework. A series of input-output data collection has been carried out and the collected data was calculated by using Simapro software followed by data evaluation using Eco-indicator 99 method. The results showed that the most significant impacts generated throughout the system were fossil fuel and resources at the midpoint and endpoint level respectively. This can be attributed to a high consumption of chemicals and energy in the pulp and paper manufacturing process. As a consequence, a comprehensive practice in mill specifically on chemicals and resources include water and energy consumption, as well as the waste management and recycling system needs to be addressed explicitly to mitigate the relevant impacts.

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Cardellini, Giuseppe, Tatiana Valada, Claire Cornillier, Estelle Vial, Marian Dragoi, Venceslas Goudiaby, Volker Mues, et al. "EFO-LCI: A New Life Cycle Inventory Database of Forestry Operations in Europe." Environmental Management 61, no. 6 (March 20, 2018): 1031–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1024-7.

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Liu, Huacai, Xiuli Yin, and Chuangzhi Wu. "Comparative Evaluation of Biomass Power Generation Systems in China Using Hybrid Life Cycle Inventory Analysis." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/735431.

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There has been a rapid growth in using agricultural residues as an energy source to generate electricity in China. Biomass power generation (BPG) systems may vary significantly in technology, scale, and feedstock and consequently in their performances. A comparative evaluation of five typical BPG systems has been conducted in this study through a hybrid life cycle inventory (LCI) approach. Results show that requirements of fossil energy savings, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions, as well as emission reductions of SO2and NOx, can be best met by the BPG systems. The cofiring systems were found to behave better than the biomass-only fired system and the biomass gasification systems in terms of energy savings and GHG emission reductions. Comparing with results of conventional process-base LCI, an important aspect to note is the significant contribution of infrastructure, equipment, and maintenance of the plant, which require the input of various types of materials, fuels, services, and the consequent GHG emissions. The results demonstrate characteristics and differences of BPG systems and help identify critical opportunities for biomass power development in China.

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Briem, Ann-Kathrin, Thomas Betten, and Daniel Wehner. "Personalized Life Cycle Assessment – Reflecting Individuality within the Methodological Framework." Matériaux & Techniques 107, no. 5 (2019): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2019030.

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Growing environmental awareness in society increasingly influences individual everyday decisions, such as which product to buy or how to sustainably use it. Yet, available information to support these decisions is often limited, or difficult to understand particularly regarding sustainability. Effective ways of communicating environmental impacts of individual decisions are required to close this gap. While Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an established tool to evaluate environmental impacts of products and services and support environmental decision-making, the results are typically standardized and based on statistical or averaged data. However, for individuals, this information might be irrelevant, as it neglects personal situation, behavior, information need, or individual level of expertise. In tackling those central issues of personalization in LCA, this article focuses on two main questions: How can individual aspects be addressed in LCA and at which stages of the methodology can LCA be personalized? For this purpose, the ISO 14040/44 standards are analyzed regarding individuality, and current approaches in literature are presented. In an explorative approach, this research identifies two general approaches of personalizing LCA. A personalized Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) enables evaluating the environmental impacts of personal(ized) products and conditions. A broader personalization approach based on the flexibility of the methodological framework of LCA aims at providing understandable and relevant results for individual stakeholders. This article provides an overview, outlines key aspects of this vision, and points out further research needs to bring the concept into application.

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Espinoza-Orias, Namy, Antonis Vlassopoulos, and Gabriel Masset. "Nutrition-Oriented Reformulation of Extruded Cereals and Associated Environmental Footprint: A Case Study." Foods 9, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091260.

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The global food system faces a dual challenge for the decades ahead: to (re)formulate foods capable to feed a growing population while reducing their environmental footprint. In this analysis, nutritional composition, recipe, and sourcing data were analyzed alongside five environmental indicators: climate change (CC), freshwater consumption scarcity (FWCS), abiotic resource depletion (ARD), land use impacts on biodiversity (LUIB), and impacts on ecosphere/ecosystems quality (IEEQ) to assess improvement after three reformulation cycles (2003, 2010, 2018) in three extruded breakfast cereals. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed using life cycle inventory (LCI) composed by both primary data from the manufacturer and secondary data from usual third-party LCI datasets. Reformulation led to improved nutritional quality for all three products. In terms of environmental impact, improvements were observed for the CC, ARD, and IEEQ indicators, with average reductions of 12%, 14%, and 2% between 2003 and 2018, respectively. Conversely, the FWCS and LUIB indicators were increased by 57% and 70%, respectively. For all indicators but ARD, ingredients contributed most to the environmental impact. This study highlights the need for further focus on the selection of less demanding ingredients and improvements in agricultural practices in order to achieve environmental and nutritional improvements.

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Roy, Poritosh, Tsutomu Ijiri, Daisuke Nei, Takahiro Orikasa, Hiroshi Okadome, Nobutaka Nakamura, and Takeo Shiina. "Life cycle inventory (LCI) of different forms of rice consumed in households in Japan." Journal of Food Engineering 91, no. 1 (March 2009): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.08.005.

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Li, Chen, Su Ping Cui, Xian Zheng Gong, Xian Ce Meng, and Bo Xue Sun. "LCI Study of SCR DeNOx Technology for Cement Industry." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.252.

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LCI study is short for life cycle inventory study. In the situation of more strict regulation limit of 500 mg NOx /m3 a demonstration project to reduce NOx emissions with clinker production capacity of 2000 t/d in Beijing is supported by the 'Five-twelfth' National Science and Technology Support Program of China Science and Technology Department. A selective catalytic reduction denitration (SCR DeNOx) technology is expected to be applied in this project. LCA models the life cycle of cement manufacturing with SCR DeNOx technology applied as its SCR system. The life cycle is from the coal and raw materials transportation, through the coal and raw meal grinding, to the clinker incineration, and finally the flue gas including NOx to the SCR reactor. The functional unit is 1 ton clinker. Data for cement produced in LNB technology as bench mark is analyzed and the SCR scenarios are to show that the SCR reactor can be established because the additional environmental impact is small due to small consumptions of reducing agent and electricity. SCR technology enable the deNOx efficiency much higher with small environmental impact.

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Yen, Ta Thi. "LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY FOR PET PACKAGES IN THE INTERGRATION WITH IO TABLE OF VIET NAM." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 2C (August 29, 2018): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/2c/13037.

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Waste recycle have been strongly focusing in Vietnam. However secondary environmental effects of the recycling activities have been debatable. This study produces a life cycle inventory (LCI) data set of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packages in the country with further analysis for biggest PET users such as electronic sectors and/or food processing sectors. Loop recycling allocations are approached to calculate GHGs emission and solid waste in the life cycle of 1 ton of PET packages. Input-output (IO) tables are integrated into the study in order to identify indirect environmental burdens from the plastics sector contributed to other sectors in the Vietnamese economy. Based on the 2016 updated IO table, the PET packages occupied 37.43% of GDP of the plastics sector. In term of PET packages demanding, two biggest groups were food processing sectors and electronic sectors, accounted for 5.87% and 10.75% of total PET packages used in 2016, respectively. In term of indirect environmental burdens, these two groups were also the biggest GHGs and waste generators. Among three materials options, GHGs emission from option 1 (100% PETv) was biggest and waste from option 3 (100% PETr) was biggest. Beside the LCI results, this study aims to contribute to the existing literature on GHGs as well as PET waste balances by considering the remaining effects in PET production, distribution and recycling in Vietnam.

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Fukushima, Toshio. "Life-Cycle Evaluation of Ecobalance Performance of Ecomaterial-Type Building Materials by Multiple Eco-Indicator Method." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2339.

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Ecomaterial-type building materials are classified based upon 6 row×8 column eco-life-cycle matrix table combining 8 life-cycle stages of resources gathering, transportation, production, assembly/construction, in-service/maintenance and modernization, demolition, recycle/reuse/reproduction, and reduce/final waste with six eco-balance evaluation items of long service life, resources circulation, reduction of harmful substances, resources and environmental capacities, materials efficiency ,and health safety. Evaluation indicators other than life cycle inventory (LCI) are shown as methods of ecobalance performance. In each life stage, each ecomaterial is evaluated as radar chart by 5 step indices by six eco-balance evaluation item (multi eco-indicators）.

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AILENI, RALUCA MARIA, LAURA CHIRIAC, ADRIANA SUBTIRICA, SILVIA ALBICI, and LAURENTIU CRISTIAN DINCA. "Aspects of the hydrophobic effect sustainability obtained in plasma for cotton fabrics." Industria Textila 70, no. 03 (2019): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.070.03.1475.

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This paper presents several aspects concerning the life cycle assessment (LCA) for 100% cotton fabric treated with different types of Fluor compounds using RF plasma technology and foulard technology, in order to obtain the hydrophobic effect. To highlight the effects obtained by RF (radio frequency) plasma technology was conducted in parallel a study about hydrophobic effect obtained using a dispersion of fluorine compound (NUVA TTC) on foulard. The conclusions of the study were that if we use the plasma treatment for hydrophobic effect then this would influence the environment negatively by warming generated by gases and power consumption, when using the foulard method and chemical substances already established, the impact would consist of increasing the consumption of fossil flues, respiratory inorganics, and climate change. We analyzed the life-cycle inventory (LCI) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) using SimaPro software and Eco-indicator 99. For obtaining the LCI, we used to input and output technical data, from the plasma / foulard process, and the SimaPro software for generating the LCA based on these data. The input data about raw material, energy, chemical substances, have been collected by direct measurements on machinery, device logs and specifications of the equipment (technical books) and processes. The output data (waste energy and chemicals) were obtained using statistics, internet databases, and SimaPro software. The objective of our scientific initiative has been to study the sustainability of the RF plasma technology used for hydrophobization, and we obtained that plasma technology used for hydrophobic effect is less eco-friendly than foulard technology for a functional unit of 1 kg treated material.

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van Oers, Lauran, Jeroen B. Guinée, Reinout Heijungs, Rita Schulze, Rodrigo A. F. Alvarenga, Jo Dewulf, Johannes Drielsma, et al. "Top-down characterization of resource use in LCA: from problem definition of resource use to operational characterization factors for dissipation of elements to the environment." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 25, no. 11 (September 11, 2020): 2255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01819-4.

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Abstract Purpose The methods for assessing the impact of using abiotic resources in life cycle assessment (LCA) have always been heavily debated. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of a common understanding of the problem related to resource use. This article reports the results of an effort to reach such common understanding between different stakeholder groups and the LCA community. For this, a top-down approach was applied. Methods To guide the process, a four-level top-down framework was used to (1) demarcate the problem that needs to be assessed, (2) translate this into a modeling concept, (3) derive mathematical equations and fill these with data necessary to calculate the characterization factors, and (4) align the system boundaries and assumptions that are made in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) model and the life cycle inventory (LCI) model. Results We started from the following definition of the problem of using resources: the decrease of accessibility on a global level of primary and/or secondary elements over the very long term or short term due to the net result of compromising actions. The system model distinguishes accessible and inaccessible stocks in both the environment and the technosphere. Human actions can compromise the accessible stock through environmental dissipation, technosphere hibernation, and occupation in use or through exploration. As a basis for impact assessment, we propose two parameters: the global change in accessible stock as a net result of the compromising actions and the global amount of the accessible stock. We propose three impact categories for the use of elements: environmental dissipation, technosphere hibernation, and occupation in use, with associated characterization equations for two different time horizons. Finally, preliminary characterization factors are derived and applied in a simple illustrative case study for environmental dissipation. Conclusions Due to data constraints, at this moment, only characterization factors for “dissipation to the environment” over a very-long-term time horizon could be elaborated. The case study shows that the calculation of impact scores might be hampered by insufficient LCI data. Most presently available LCI databases are far from complete in registering the flows necessary to assess the impacts on the accessibility of elements. While applying the framework, various choices are made that could plausibly be made differently. We invite our peers to also use this top-down framework when challenging our choices and elaborate that into a consistent set of choices and assumptions when developing LCIA methods.

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D’Agosto, Márcio de Almeida, and Suzana Kahn Ribeiro. "Assessing total and renewable energy in Brazilian automotive fuels. A life cycle inventory (LCI) approach." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, no. 6-7 (August 2009): 1326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.08.008.

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Subramanian, Vairavan, and Jay S. Golden. "Patching Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data gaps through expert elicitation: case study of laundry detergents." Journal of Cleaner Production 115 (March 2016): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.098.

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FUJII, Minoru, Seiji HASHIMOTO, Keisuke NANSAI, Shinsuke MURAKAMI, Rokuta INABA,, Masahiro OSAKO, and Yuichi MORIGUCHI. "Evaluation Method of Mechanical Recycling and Case Studies Based on Life Cycle Inventory Analysis." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 4, no. 1 (2008): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.4.78.

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HITOE, Kyoichiro, Masashi HABUTO, Yukihiro NISHIMURA, Hitoo NISHIMURA, and Nobuaki HATTORI. "On the Trial Allocation in Life Cycle Inventory of Structural Domestic Lumber." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 5, no. 4 (2009): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.5.456.

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Elomaa, Heini, Pia Sinisalo, Lotta Rintala, Jari Aromaa, and Mari Lundström. "Process simulation and gate-to-gate life cycle assessment of hydrometallurgical refractory gold concentrate processing." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 25, no. 3 (December 26, 2019): 456–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01723-6.

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Abstract Purpose Currently, almost all cyanide-free gold leaching processes are still in the development stage. Proactively investigating their environmental impacts prior to commercialization is of utmost importance. In this study, a detailed refractory gold concentrate process simulation with mass and energy balance was built for state-of-the-art technology with (i) pressure oxidation followed by cyanidation and, compared to alternative cyanide-free technology, with (ii) pressure oxidation followed by halogen leaching. Subsequently, the simulated mass balance was used as life cycle inventory data in order to evaluate the environmental impacts of the predominant cyanidation process and a cyanide-free alternative. Methods The environmental indicators for each scenario are based on the mass balance produced with HSC Sim steady-state simulation. The simulated mass balances were evaluated to identify the challenges in used technologies. The HSC Sim software is compatible with the GaBi LCA software, where LCI data from HSC-Sim is directly exported to. The simulation produces a consistent life cycle inventory (LCI). In GaBi LCA software, the environmental indicators of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), terrestrial eutrophication potential (EP), and water depletion (Water) are estimated. Results and discussion The life cycle assessment revealed that the GWP for cyanidation was 10.1 t CO2-e/kg Au, whereas the halogen process indicated a slightly higher GWP of 12.6 t CO2-e/kg Au. The difference is partially explained by the fact that the footprint is calculated against produced units of Au; total recovery by the halogen leaching route for gold was only 87.3%, whereas the cyanidation route could extract as much as 98.5% of gold. The addition of a second gold recovery unit to extract gold also from the washing water in the halogen process increased gold recovery up to 98.5%, decreasing the GWP of the halogen process to 11.5 t CO2-e/kg Au. However, both evaluated halogen processing scenarios indicated a slightly higher global warming potential when compared to the dominating cyanidation technology. Conclusions The estimated environmental impacts predict that the development-stage cyanide-free process still has some challenges compared to cyanidation; as in the investigated scenarios, the environmental impacts were generally higher for halogen leaching. Further process improvements, for example in the form of decreased moisture in the feed for halide leaching, and the adaptation of in situ gold recovery practices in chloride leaching may give the cyanide-free processing options a competitive edge.

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Zheng, Hui, Meng Xing, Ting Cao, and Junxia Zhang. "Uncertainty Study and Parameter Optimization of Carbon Footprint Analysis for Fermentation Cylinder." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 27, 2019): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030661.

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With the rapid development of industry, problems for the ecological environment are increasing day by day, among which carbon pollution is particularly serious. Product carbon emission accounting is the core of sustainable green design. In this paper, the beer fermentation cylinder is taken as an example for low carbon design to get the best combination of design parameters when the carbon emission is the smallest. The life cycle assessment method is used to calculate the carbon footprint of products. In order to analyse the uncertainty and sensitivity of the method, an uncertainty analysis method using data quality characteristics as input of Monte Carlo is proposed. Sensitivity analysis is carried out by multivariate statistical regression and Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST). The system boundary of fermentation cylinder is determined and the carbon emissions of life cycle are calculated. The quality characteristics of life cycle inventory data (LCI) data are analysed and Monte Carlo simulation is carried out to quantify the uncertainty of LCI. EFAST is used to calculate the sensitivity of LCI and the results are compared with those of multivariate statistical regression to verify the feasibility of the method. Finally, response surface methodology (RSM) is used to optimize the design of parameters. It provides guidance for the establishment of product carbon emission model and low carbon design.

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ICHINOHE, Masayuki, Shiroh AIHARA, Norio TAKEYAMA, Sachiko MOTOIKE, Mitsuo SATO, Tetsuya TAKAHASHI, Kiyoshi SAITO, Koichi ICHIMURA, and Yu KUWAHARA. "Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of the Refrigerator." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 9, no. 3 (2013): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.9.242.

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Buschka, Michael, Julian Bischof, Christina Meier-Dotzler, and Werner Lang. "Developing non-residential building stock archetypes for LCI—a German case study of office and administration buildings." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, no. 9 (September 2021): 1735–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01963-5.

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Abstract Purpose To accomplish the national and international climate goals, building renovation and optimisation of their energy and resource efficiency are essential. Thus, reliable information on the building stock (BS) is necessary. Most previous building typologies are focussing on residential buildings and the operational phase. This paper shows the development of a methodology for generating non-residential building (NRB) typologies for life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) of building constructions. Hereby, archetypes of office, administration and department (OAD) buildings are developed, exemplarily for the German NRB stock. The methodology can further be utilised for quantity surveying of urban material stocks, related recycling scenarios and waste management. Furthermore, the exemplarily generated archetypes provide necessary information for the estimation of realistic refurbishment scenarios. Methods Approaches for the development of NRB archetypes, the descriptions of associated building materials and the LCI of BS were analysed and integrated into a methodology. It provides a clear path on the classification in building usage categories and determination of relevant building parameters for conducting LCI studies. Its aim is the creation of NRB typologies, presenting construction materials and building geometry in a useful way for life-cycle assessments (LCA). To demonstrate the methodology’s usability, it is applied to a case study with the sample of 161 OAD buildings, provided by the German NRB database ENOB:dataNWG. In combination with relevant literature on BS archetypes and materials, a sample OAD building typology has been created. Results and discussion Minimum data requirements for conducting simplified LCI calculation of BSs were identified by analysing existing LCA methods, like the German BNB system. Important clusters for developing NRB archetypes were determined: building usage category, building construction types and building age. These data gaps between required information for simplified LCA studies and available information in ENOB:dataNWG were identified, and solutions for closing these data gaps were proposed and tested. Since building archetypes must reflect the overall BS, uncertainties were discussed. The ENOB:dataNWG database was not completed at the time this paper was written, so comprehensive uncertainty analyses are important next steps. Conclusions This methodology development forms the groundwork for creating LCI building typologies for simplified LCA studies. It shows practically how to deal with a BS database and illustrates which typical values can be chosen for closing data gaps. The methodology was tested on an exemplary sample of OAD buildings. Based on this case study, the methodology concept was proven useful for the generation of a NRB typology.

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Kalbar, Pradip P., Ivan Muñoz, and Morten Birkved. "WW LCI v2: A second-generation life cycle inventory model for chemicals discharged to wastewater systems." Science of The Total Environment 622-623 (May 2018): 1649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.051.

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Hassan, Mohd Nasir, Muhamad Awang, Theng Lee Chong, Zulina Zakaria, Lim Bee Lay, Norjan Yusoff, and Hukil Sino. "The application of an life cycle inventory (LCI) model for solid waste disposal systems in malaysia." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 4, no. 4 (July 1999): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02979493.

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Grbeš, Anamarija, Ivo Galić, Branimir Farkaš, and Ivan Budeš. "MODELLING-FRIENDLY LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY OF UNDERGROUND MINING OF BAUXITE: A CASE STUDY FROM JAJCE MINES IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no. 3 (2021): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.3.5.

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The objective of this paper is the study of the life cycle inventory (LCI) for underground mining of small, clustered deposits of Dinaric Alps-type bauxites, mined in the mountains near Jajce, a town in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the period 2010-2020. Modelling of the life cycle inventory was done based on the company’s internal reports and project documentation for a variant of the sublevel caving method that involves drilling and blasting. Four mines, located on three exploitation fields, were found in different phases of mine life, different levels of tectonic disturbances and different types of energy: diesel, electricity, and compressed air. The main results of this study are the inventory of underground bauxite exploitation made based on long-term data, the life cycle of one bauxite deposit, and the emission factors from blasting. Underground mining in this case proved to be energy intensive: an average of 52-92 MJ/t was required (as opposed to 37 MJ/t for surface bauxite exploitation in Italy). At the same time, underground bauxite exploitation caused only 5.6-6.4% of the transformation of natural land that is above the mines and deposits. The operations relying on diesel fuel caused local emissions in the air and underground. The operation relying on electricity for DC locomotive and generation of the compressed air were without local emission into the air, although energy efficiency was probably reduced using compressed air as mechanical energy. At the state level, the impact depends on the country’s energy mix, which is still quite dependent on fossil fuels. Engineering estimates of blasting emissions indicated detonators and ammonium nitrate explosives as a potentially important source of environmental impact. The mining industry would significantly benefit from cleaner energy in electricity generation (the energy sector) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The path of air emissions in the underground system, especially lead and nitrogen compounds, needs to be further explored.

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Ma, Hui, Zhigang Zhang, Xia Zhao, and Shuang Wu. "A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Pavement: A Case Study in China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (September 9, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9391857.

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Generally, the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology can reduce the mixing and paving temperature effectively as compared with that of hot mix asphalt (HMA), which is considered more environment-friendly. In this study, the environmental impacts and resource consumptions of WMA and HMA pavements were analyzed comparatively using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. A LCA model of pavement was built; meanwhile, the relevant life cycle inventory (LCI) of WMA and HMA pavements was also collected and analyzed. The midpoint impact categories including Global Warming Potential (GWP), Chinese Abiotic Depletion Potential (CADP), and Particulate Matter Formation (PMF) were assessed for five cases. The assessment results showed that the resource consumptions of both WMA and HMA pavements in entire life were almost at the same level, while the environmental impacts of WMA pavement related to greenhouse gases and PM2.5 emissions were significantly less than that of HMA pavement, except for the case where the long-term performance of WMA pavement is much worse than that of HMA pavement. In final, it could be concluded that WMA pavement is more environment-friendly compared with HMA pavement although they have the same-level resource consumptions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)'

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