Journal articles on the topic 'Life-cycle emission'
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Huang, Wei, Xin Zhang, and Zhun Qing Hu. "Selection of New Energy Vehicle Fuels and Life Cycle Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 1695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.1695.
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Life cycle energy consumption and environment emission assessment model of vehicle new energy fuels is established. And life cycle energy consumption and environmental pollutant emissions of new energy fuels are carried out. Results show that the full life cycle energy consumption of alcohol fuels is highest, and the full life cycle energy consumption of the fuel cell is lowest, and the fuel consumption is mainly concentrated in the use stage, and that is lowest in the raw material stage. And the full life cycle CO2 emission of methanol is highest, and the full life cycle CO2 emission of Hybrid is lowest. The full life cycle VOCHCNOXPM10 and SOX emissions of alcohol fuels is highest, and the fuel cell is lowest.
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Shang, Mei, and Haochen Geng. "A study on carbon emission calculation of residential buildings based on whole life cycle evaluation." E3S Web of Conferences 261 (2021): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126104013.
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The whole life cycle carbon emission of buildings was calculated in this paper. Based on the whole life cycle evaluation theory, a carbon emission calculation model was established by using a single urban building as an example. The whole life cycle building of carbon emission calculation includes five stages: planning and design, building materials preparation, construction, operational maintenance, as well as dismantlement. It provides a reference for standardizing the calculation process of building carbon emissions by analyzed the carbon emissions and composition characteristics of each stage of the life cycle of the case house. The calculation results demonstrate that the carbon emission during the operational maintenance and building materials preparation stages in the whole life cycle of the building account for 78.05% and 20.59% respectively. These are the two stages with the greatest emission reduction potential.
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Yim, Stephen, S. Ng, M. Hossain, and James Wong. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Carbon Emissions for the Development of High-Rise Residential Building." Buildings 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8110147.
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Despite the fact that many novel initiatives have been put forward to reduce the carbon emissions of buildings, there is still a lack of comprehensive investigation in analyzing a buildings’ life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially in high-density cities. In addition, no studies have made attempt to evaluate GHG emissions by considering the whole life cycle of buildings in Hong Kong. Knowledge of localized emission at different stages is critical, as the emission varies greatly in different regions. Without a reliable emission level of buildings, it is difficult to determine which aspects can reduce the life cycle GHG emissions. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the life cycle GHG emissions of buildings by considering “cradle-to-grave” system boundary, with a case-specific high-rise residential housing block as a representative public housing development in Hong Kong. The results demonstrated that the life cycle GHG emission of the case residential building was 4980 kg CO2e/m2. The analysis showed that the majority (over 86%) of the emission resulted from the use phase of the building including renovation. The results and analysis presented in this study can help the relevant parties in designing low carbon and sustainable residential development in the future.
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Meister, Julia A., Jack Sharp, Yan Wang, and Khuong An Nguyen. "Assessing Long-Term Medical Remanufacturing Emissions with Life Cycle Analysis." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010036.
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The unsustainable take-make-dispose linear economy prevalent in healthcare contributes 4.4% to global Greenhouse Gas emissions. A popular but not yet widely-embraced solution is to remanufacture common single-use medical devices like electrophysiology catheters, significantly extending their lifetimes by enabling a circular life cycle. To support the adoption of catheter remanufacturing, we propose a comprehensive emission framework and carry out a holistic evaluation of virgin manufactured and remanufactured carbon emissions with Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). We followed ISO modelling standards and NHS reporting guidelines to ensure industry relevance. We conclude that remanufacturing may lead to a reduction of up to 60% per turn (−1.92 kg CO2eq, burden-free) and 57% per life (−1.87 kg CO2eq, burdened). Our extensive sensitivity analysis and industry-informed buy-back scheme simulation revealed long-term emission reductions of up to 48% per remanufactured catheter life (−1.73 kg CO2eq). Our comprehensive results encourage the adoption of electrophysiology catheter remanufacturing, and highlight the importance of estimating long-term emissions in addition to traditional emission metrics.
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Shoaib-ul-Hasan, Sayyed, Malvina Roci, Farazee M. A. Asif, Niloufar Salehi, and Amir Rashid. "Analyzing Temporal Variability in Inventory Data for Life Cycle Assessment: Implications in the Context of Circular Economy." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010344.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used frequently as a decision support tool for evaluating different design choices for products based on their environmental impacts. A life cycle usually comprises several phases of varying timespans. The amount of emissions generated from different life cycle phases of a product could be significantly different from one another. In conventional LCA, the emissions generated from the life cycle phases of a product are aggregated at the inventory analysis stage, which is then used as an input for life cycle impact assessment. However, when the emissions are aggregated, the temporal variability of inventory data is ignored, which may result in inaccurate environmental impact assessment. Besides, the conventional LCA does not consider the environmental impact of circular products with multiple use cycles. It poses difficulties in identifying the hotspots of emission-intensive activities with the potential to mislead conclusions and implications for both practice and policy. To address this issue and to analyze the embedded temporal variations in inventory data in a CE context, the paper proposes calculating the emission intensity for each life cycle phase. It is argued that calculating and comparing emission intensity, based on the timespan and amount of emissions for individual life cycle phases, at the inventory analysis stage of LCA offers a complementary approach to the traditional aggregate emission-based LCA approach. In a circular scenario, it helps to identify significant issues during different life cycle phases and the relevant environmental performance improvement opportunities through product, business model, and supply chain design.
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Lu, Qiang, Peng Fei Wu, Wan Xia Shen, Xue Chao Wang, Bo Zhang, and Cheng Wang. "Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Power Battery." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.403.
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Based on Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, this paper analyzes the total energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHGs), NOx, SOx and PM emissions during material production and battery production processes of nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH), lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP), lithium cobalt dioxide battery (LCO) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) battery, assuming that the batteries have same energy capacity. The results showed that environmental performance of LFP battery was better than the other three, and that of NiMH battery was the worst. The experimental results also showed the total energy consumption of LFP battery was 2.8 times of NiMH battery and GHGs emission was 3.2 times during material production, and the total energy consumption was 7.6 times of NIMH battery and GHGs emission was 6.6 times during battery production
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Agung Wibowo, Mochamad, Subrata Aditama K. A. Uda, and Zhabrinna. "Reducing carbon emission in construction base on project life cycle (PLC)." MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819506002.
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The construction sector accounts for nearly 40% of global energy annually where 1/3 of it will produce emissions of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere [1]. Carbon Emissions (CO2) are a major cause of the greenhouse effect, for example, that which is produced from the combustion process of fossil fuels. Increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere will lead to rising temperatures trapped in the atmosphere causing global warming. There is a lot of literature on carbon emission (discussions) using multiple analytical approaches, but some are reviewing the Project Life Cycle (PLC) approach. This paper will discuss carbon emission mitigation during the life cycle of a construction project (Project Life Cycle (PLC)). Reduction of carbon emissions can be done during the initiation, design and construction phase of the Project Life Cycle (PLC). This literature study will produce a strategy that can have a significant impact on reducing the amount of carbon occurring in any construction project activity.
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Nagarkatti, Arun, and Ajit Kumar Kolar. "Assessment of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Coal Fired Power Plants in India." Applied Mechanics and Materials 704 (December 2014): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.704.487.
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More than two third share of electricity come from coal fired power plants in India. Coal fired power plants are the largest source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions per unit of electricity generation among all fossil fuel based power plants. There has been climate change and global warming globally due to increasing anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere. This paper examines life cycle GHG emission such as CH4, CO2 and N2O of a National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Limited power plant using life cycle approach. The various stages involved in the assessment of life cycle GHG emissions in the present study include coal mining, transportation of coal to the power plant and coal combustion for electricity generation. The results show that direct CO2 emission from coal combustion is about 890 g CO2-e/kWh, whereas life cycle GHG emissions amount to 929.1 g CO2-e/kWh. Indirect GHG emissions add up to 4.2% of total emissions. Coal mine methane leakage into atmosphere in India is low since more than 90% of the coal mining is surface mining.
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Betten, Thomas, Shivenes Shammugam, and Roberta Graf. "Adjustment of the Life Cycle Inventory in Life Cycle Assessment for the Flexible Integration into Energy Systems Analysis." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 4437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174437.
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With an increasing share of renewable energy technologies in our energy systems, the integration of not only direct emission (from the use phase), but also the total life cycle emissions (including emissions during resource extraction, production, etc.) becomes more important in order to draw meaningful conclusions from Energy Systems Analysis (ESA). While the benefit of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into ESA is acknowledged, methodologically sound integration lacks resonance in practice, partly because the dimension of the implications is not yet fully understood. This study proposes an easy-to-implement procedure for the integration of LCA results in ESA based on existing theoretical approaches. The need for a methodologically sound integration, including the avoidance of double counting of emissions, is demonstrated on the use case of Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell photovoltaic technology. The difference in Global Warming Potential of 19% between direct and LCA based emissions shows the significance for the integration of the total emissions into energy systems analysis and the potential double counting of 75% of the life cycle emissions for the use case supports the need for avoidance of double counting.
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Norris, Gregory A. "Life Cycle Emission Distributions Within the Economy: Implications for Life Cycle Impact Assessment." Risk Analysis 22, no. 5 (October 2002): 919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1539-6924.00261.
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Park, Yoosung, Sung-Mo Yeon, and Kyu-Hyun Park. "Development of GHG Emission Factors for the Life Cycle of the Animal Manure Treatment Systems." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 42, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2020.42.12.637.
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Objectives:A whole process greenhouse gas emission factor was developed considering the direct greenhouse gas emission from the decomposition of livestock manure provided by the IPCC guidelines and the energy consumption of manure management systems.Methods:Greenhouse gas generated by animal manure management is divided into direct greenhouse gas emission by decomposition of manure and greenhouse gas effect in the entire process due to energy use by operating manure management systems. By obtaining and summing them, the whole process greenhouse gas emission factor for the livestock manure treatment system was calculated.Results and Discussion:Among the pig manure management systems, the greenhouse gas emission factors for composting, purification and liquefaction were calculated as 128 kgCO2-eq./ton, 123 kgCO2-eq./ton, 119 kgCO2-eq./ton, respectively. It was analyzed that 20.7% to 24.1% of greenhouse gas emissions generated in the process of managing manure were due to electricity use. As a result of analyzing the change in the emission factor according to the change in GHG emissions of the national electric power according to the 8th Basic Plan for Electricity Supply and Demand, a change in emission of about 6% was confirmed. Based on the results of this study and analysis of direct GHG emissions from manure management in three major Western European countries, France, Germany, and the Netherlands, based on the manure management emission factor in 2017, GHG emissions of 48.9% to 70% compared to this study in all countries.Conclusions:In the greenhouse gas emission factor for the pig manure management system, the greenhouse gas emission from energy used in the manure management system operation represents a contribution of more than 20%, so improvement of energy efficiency of the manure management system in the future can contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emission. As the GHG emissions of the pig manure management system are expected to change substantially according to the change in the power grid composition ratio according to the 8th Basic Plan for Electricity Supply and Demand, it is necessary to study the application plan in preparation for the implementation of product environmental footprint certification for livestock products in the future. As a result of comparing direct GHG emissions by manure management with major Western European countries, the difference in emissions was found to be large, suggesting the need to develop a Tier 2 emission factor suitable for the situation in Korea.
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Wang, Nan, Daniel Satola, Aoife Houlihan Wiberg, Conghong Liu, and Arild Gustavsen. "Reduction Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from High-Speed Railway Station Buildings in a Cold Climate Zone of China." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051704.
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Implementing China’s emission reduction regulations requires a design approach that integrates specific architectural and functional properties of railway stations with low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. This article analyzes life cycle GHG emissions related to materials production, replacement and operational energy use to identify design drivers and reduction strategies implemented in high-speed railway station (HSRS) buildings. A typical middle-sized HSRS building in a cold climate zone in China is studied. A detailed methodology was proposed for the development and assessment of emission reduction strategies through life cycle assessment (LCA), combined with a building information model (BIM). The results reveal that operational emissions contribute the most to total GHG emissions, constituting approximately 81% while embodied material emissions constitute 19%, with 94 kgCO2eq/m2·a and 22 kgCO2eq/m2·a respectively. Optimizing space can reduce operational GHG emissions and service life extension of insulation materials contributes to a 15% reduction in embodied GHG emissions. In all three scenarios, the reduction potentials of space, envelope, and material type optimization were 28.2%, 13.1%, and 3.5% and that measures for reduced life cycle emissions should focus on space in the early stage of building design. This study addresses the research gap by investigating the life cycle GHG emissions from HSRS buildings and reduction strategies to help influence the design decisions of similar projects and large space public buildings which are critical for emission reduction on a larger scale.
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Bok, Young Jin, Sung Ho Tae, Taeh Young Kim, and Keun Hyeok Yang. "The Development of Concrete Life Cycle Assessment System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.715.
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In the present study, a concrete life-cycle assessment system (CLAS) is developed that can easily and quantitatively assess green-house gas emissions during the production of concrete by applying life-cycle assessment techniques. The CLAS is divided into simple and detailed assessment methods; a database (DB) of a standard mix design and energy consumption amount, and basic green-house units applicable to each method, was constructed. A case assessment using the developed system showed that the green-house gas emission determined by the detailed assessment method differed from that by the simple assessment method by approximately 10%. These results show that the proposed method is suitable for estimating green-house gas emissions related to concrete.
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Ghazouani, Amira, Naceur Mhamdi, Ibrahim-El-Akram Znaidi, Cyrine Darej, Norchene Guoiaa, Maroua Hasnaoui, Rachid Bouraoui, and Hajer Mhamdi. "Life cycle analysis of raw milk production in Tunisia." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051005.
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool to calculate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of dairy production. A survey was conducted in 20 dairy farms at the governorate of Sousse. The present study aimed to evaluate environmental impact of milk production at the farm regarding GHG emission and energy consumption. In the 20 dairy farms total GHG emissions resulted in a mean of 0.63 +/- 0.2 kg CH4/kg ECM and forage can contribute with a means 0.35 Le kg CO2eq/DM. The main reductions in GHG emissions per kg of FPCM started from 2,347 kg per cow per year and then the reduction slowed down to stabilize at around 6,127 kg FPCM per cow per year.
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Khan, Lutfor Rahman, and Kong Fah Tee. "Quantification and comparison of carbon emissions for flexible underground pipelines." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 42, no. 10 (October 2015): 728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0156.
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The life cycle assessment of underground gravity and pressured pipeline networks are studied to quantitatively calculate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The life cycle of a pipeline can be classified into four phases that are fabrication, transportation, installation, and operation. Three typical flexible underground pipe materials, namely, steel, ductile iron (DI), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been considered. The most dominant phase of the life cycle is pipe manufacturing and fabrication process, resulting in large amounts of CO2 emissions. The results indicate that PVC provides the best environmental savings compared to steel and DI pipes in terms of CO2 emission and emission mitigation cost. This methodology in estimating life cycle carbon footprint and cost could be used as managerial decision support tool for management of any underground pipeline networks.
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Moghayedi, A., M. Massyn, K. Le Jeune, and K. Michell. "Evaluating the impact of building material selection on the life cycle carbon emissions of South African affordable housing." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 022021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/2/022021.
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Abstract This study evaluated the life cycle carbon emissions of the two most common affordable housing designs primarily used in South Africa. It examined the impact of conventional, alternative and green building materials on life cycle carbon emissions of five main building components: building envelope, internal walls, flooring, windows, and roof systems. The EDGE application modelling software was used to estimate the life cycle carbon emissions of the various building materials and the overall houses. The comparison between the resulting carbon emissions of the three scenarios proved that modifying the building materials from conventional to alternative and green materials is able to reduce ~55% and ~75% of carbon emission of the construction phase, respectively and overall ~10% of life cycle carbon emission of the house. The findings, however, indicated that a change in building material has a more significant impact on the carbon emission in the construction phase than the operational phase. The results, therefore, confirmed the critical role of material selection in affordable housing as the main contributor to the life cycle carbon emissions, given the absence of heating and cooling systems in these housing types. Finally, the finding led to the conclusion that a change in material used for affordable housing alters the method of construction for the proposed materials and consequently lowers the lifecycle carbon emissions produced by the construction industry and improves the sustainability of houses and the housing sector in general.
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Rogowska, Delfina. "Wytyczne do modelowania emisji GHG w cyklu życia komponentów paliw z pirolizy biomasy." Nafta-Gaz 77, no. 8 (August 2021): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.08.07.
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The goals of the European Union set out in Directive 2018/2001 for 2030, including in particular the transport target of 3.5% share of the energy produced from feedstocks listed in Annex IX to the directive, indicate the need to search for new technologies for processing these feedstocks. The latter include waste and residual materials, including those from agriculture and forestry, cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials. These are feedstocks that are difficult or impossible to process using currently operating technologies. For this reason, it is necessary to implement new technologies allowing the use of feedstocks listed in Annex IX. These technologies should allow the production of high-quality engine fuel components and at the same time meet the sustainability criteria defined in Directive 2018/2001. The conducted literature review indicated that biomass pyrolysis combined with the hydrograding process may be such a technology. The article also provides a short literature review concerning the determination of GHG emission intensity for products from solid biomass pyrolysis. The review showed that this is a promising process, however, depending on the raw materials and energy carriers used, meeting the GHG emission reduction criterion may be difficult, especially if biomass from crops is used as the raw material. This article provides guidelines for the development of a model for calculating GHG emissions in the life cycle of a biocomponent from biomass pyrolysis. The entire life cycle of the biocomponent has been divided into sub-processes. Each of them has been briefly characterized. For each of them, the system boundaries, functional unit, input and output streams are defined. The sources of GHG emissions and the product to which these emissions can be allocated were also indicated. The stages identified in this biofuel production pathway have been assigned to the GHG emission components given in the formula in Directive 2018/2001.
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Jahandideh, Farnaz, Sudharshan N. Raman, Maslina Jamil, and Zubair I. Syed. "Carbon Footprint Assessment in the Life-Cycle Design of Concrete Structures in the Tropics: A Case Study of Residential Buildings in Malaysia." Journal of Design and Built Environment 20, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jdbe.vol20no2.3.
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With the exponential growth in development of cities and increasing demand for construction, which is one of the factors in environmental degradation, the need for CO2 emissions control is essential. In order to balance carbon emissions along the life-cycle of concrete structures; in this paper, we have analysed the carbon emissions and assessed the carbon footprint of selected concrete structures in a tropical city. For this purpose, the carbon footprint has been evaluated using Life-Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) approach at different stages concrete structures’ life-cycle, which are production, construction, operation, and demolition stages, where the CO2 footprint of two residential buildings in Malaysia have been analysed as case studies. The findings indicated that the energy consumption, and the production phase in the life-cycle of a concrete structure are the main contributors of CO2 emission. In addition, detailed analysis of the carbon cycle in structures and their interaction with other components involved in the regional eco-system can lead to a significant reduction in CO2 emission, and thus to the improvement in reducing environmental deterioration and its consequences. Moreover, optimised design and customisation to the constituents of concrete, as well as improving citizens’ consumption agenda can significantly reduce the carbon emission of concrete structures.
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Hwang, Jeong, Jung, Kim, and Zhou. "Life Cycle Assessment of LNG Fueled Vessel in Domestic Services." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 10 (October 10, 2019): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7100359.
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This research was focused on a comparative analysis of using LNG as a marine fuel with a conventional marine gas oil (MGO) from an environmental point of view. A case study was performed using a 50K bulk carrier engaged in domestic services in South Korea. Considering the energy exporting market for South Korea, the fuel supply chain was designed with the two largest suppliers: Middle East (LNG-Qatar/MGO-Saudi Arabia) and U.S. The life cycle of each fuel type was categorized into three stages: Well-to-Tank (WtT), Tank-to-Wake (TtW), and Well-to-Wake (WtW). With the process modelling, the environmental impact of each stage was analyzed based on the five environmental impact categorizes: Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Photochemical Potential (POCP), Eutrophication Potential (EP) and Particulate Matter (PM). Analysis results reveal that emission levels for the LNG cases are significantly lower than the MGO cases in all potential impact categories. Particularly, Case 1 (LNG import to Korea from Qatar) is identified as the best option as producing the lowest emission levels per 1.0 × 107 MJ of fuel consumption: 977 tonnages of CO2 equivalent (for GWP), 1.76 tonnages of SO2 equivalent (for AP), 1.18 tonnages of N equivalent (for EP), 4.28 tonnages of NMVOC equivalent (for POCP) and 26 kg of PM 2.5 equivalent (for PM). On the other hand, the results also point out that the selection of the fuel supply routes could be an important factor contributing to emission levels since longer distances for freight transportation result in more emissions. It is worth noting that the life cycle assessment can offer us better understanding of holistic emission levels contributed by marine fuels from the cradle to the grave, which are highly believed to remedy the shortcomings of current marine emission indicators.
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Gopal, Gahana, Manikprabhu Dhanorkar, Sharad Kale, and Yogesh B. Patil. "Life cycle assessment of anaerobic digestion systems." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 683–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-10-2018-0178.
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Purpose It is well known that sustainability is the ideal driving path of the entire world and renewable energy is the backbone of the ongoing initiatives. The current topic of argument among the sustainability research community is on the wise selection of processes that will maximize yield and minimize emissions. The purpose of this paper is to outline different parameters and processes that impact the performance of biogas production plants through an extensive literature review. These include: comparison of biogas plant efficiency based on the use of a diverse range of feedstock; comparison of environmental impacts and its reasons during biogas production based on different feedstock and the processes followed in the management of digestate; analysis of the root cause of inefficiencies in the process of biogas production; factors affecting the energy efficiency of biogas plants based on the processes followed; and the best practices and the future research directions based on the existing life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopted a systematic literature review of research articles pertaining to LCA to understand in depth the current research and gaps, and to suggest future research directions. Findings Findings include the impact of the type of feedstock used on the efficiency of the biogas plants and the level of environmental emissions. Based on the analysis of literature pertaining to LCA, diverse factors causing emissions from biogas plants are enlisted. Similarly, the root causes of inefficiencies of biogas plants were also analyzed, which will further help researchers/professionals resolve such issues. Findings also include the limitations of existing research body and factors affecting the energy efficiency of biogas plants. Research limitations/implications This review is focused on articles published from 2006 to 2019 and is limited to the performance of biogas plants using LCA methodology. Originality/value Literature review showed that a majority of articles focused mainly on the efficiency of biogas plants. The novel and the original aspect of this review paper is that the authors, alongside efficiency, have considered other critical parameters such as environmental emission, energy usage, processes followed during anaerobic digestion and the impact of co-digestion of feed as well. The authors also provide solid scientific reasoning to the emission and inefficiencies of the biogas plants, which were rarely analyzed in the past.
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Gao, Si Wen, Xian Zheng Gong, Yu Liu, and Qi Qi Zhang. "Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission Analysis of Natural Graphite Anode Material for Lithium Batteries." Materials Science Forum 913 (February 2018): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.913.985.
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The production process of nature graphite anode material is divided into four stages, namely mining, beneficiation, purification and processing. Carbon emission and energy consumption during the whole process were quantified and analyzed in this study. The energy consumption and pollutant emissions in the production process were calculated in accordance with the method of life cycle assessment, and the carbon emission analysis was conducted by IPCC method. The life cycle energy consumption of 1 ton natural graphite anode material is 112.48GJ, and the processing stage contributes 41.71%. The results show that coke oven gas and raw coal are the main energy consumption in the whole life cycle of natural graphite anode material, which account for 32.33% and 23.41% of the total energy consumption, respectively. Furthermore, the carbon emission of 1 ton of natural graphite anode material is 5315.91kgCO2-eq, and mainly comes from raw coal and electricity which contribute 23.98% and 20.99% to the total carbon emission respectively, and CO2 is the largest carbon emission contributed 98.69% to total carbon emission. Finally, the carbon emissions are sensitive to the coke oven gas, raw coal, diesel and electricity, and insensitive to fuel oil.
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Tomlinson, Stuart, Chang J. Wang, and Colin Morgan. "Plant Refurbishment Options Based on the Life Cycle Assessment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 16-19 (October 2009): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.16-19.1091.
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This paper provides an analysis of the carbon emissions of materials used by a water company in the refurbishment of mechanical and electrical equipment at its pumping station. A tool for attaining life cycle calculations for embodied carbon, which can be applied in similar applications, is developed. Due to uncertainties in the derivation of numerical data and other related information, such as sources of raw materials, the embodied carbon emissions are calculated and analyzed using material emission factors using the Life Cycle Assessment method. This work may be used as a template for organizations requiring estimates of embodied carbon in materials and plant, for example, as a precursor to a major refurbishment project.
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Li, Boyang, Yiqun Pan, Linxue Li, and Mingshu Kong. "Life Cycle Carbon Emission Assessment of Building Refurbishment: A Case Study of Zero-Carbon Pavilion in Shanghai Yangpu Riverside." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 9989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199989.
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Life cycle building carbon assessment can promote the development of carbon emission reduction. The main difficulties in the process of assessment are the boundary selection and inventory collection, especially when carbon emission assessment is needed in the early stage of design and construction, or when the calculation relates to disposal and refurbishment. It is significant to make full and rational use of design documents, standard documents, and related software. This paper focuses on the life cycle carbon emission assessment of building refurbishment. It explores the carbon emission assessment methodologies and procedures in every phase of the building life cycle, taking a zero-carbon pavilion refurbishment project as a case study. This case study is located in the Shanghai Yangpu Riverside Park, refurbished from an existing hydrologic monitoring building. The carbon emission reduction potential of renovation and the solar photovoltaic system applied in the building are analyzed. The data was collected referring to architectural design documents and related standards. The energy consumption during the operational phase is simulated using DesignBuilder. The life-cycle carbon emission per floor area of the existing building renovation scenario is 2.39 t, and the new building scenario is 2.69 t, which are both at a low level among other cases. The refurbished existing building saves nearly one-third of the carbon dioxide emissions during the construction phase compared to new construction. The application of a photovoltaic system also saves one-third of energy consumption and carbon emissions during the operational phase.
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Li, Jun, Cheng Wang, and Bo Zhang. "Life Cycle Assessment of Typical Electric Vehicle IGBT Module." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.398.
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Based on Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of producing a typical electric vehicle (EV) IGBT module by the GaBi software has been analyzed. Carbon dioxide emission of each step, including raw material production, frontend, backend and transportation, of the whole life cycle was identified and evaluated. The results show that the CO2 emission of the frontend accounts for 51% of the total emission, and that of the backend accounts for 32.8%.
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Ozawa, Akito, and Yuki Kudoh. "Assessing Uncertainties of Life-Cycle CO2 Emissions Using Hydrogen Energy for Power Generation." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 6943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216943.
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Hydrogen and its energy carriers, such as liquid hydrogen (LH2), methylcyclohexane (MCH), and ammonia (NH3), are essential components of low-carbon energy systems. To utilize hydrogen energy, the complete environmental merits of its supply chain should be evaluated. To understand the expected environmental benefit under the uncertainty of hydrogen technology development, we conducted life-cycle inventory analysis and calculated CO2 emissions and their uncertainties attributed to the entire supply chain of hydrogen and NH3 power generation (co-firing and mono-firing) in Japan. Hydrogen was assumed to be produced from overseas renewable energy sources with LH2/MCH as the carrier, and NH3 from natural gas or renewable energy sources. The Japanese life-cycle inventory database was used to calculate emissions. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to evaluate emission uncertainty and mitigation factors using hydrogen energy. For LH2, CO2 emission uncertainty during hydrogen liquefaction can be reduced by using low-carbon fuel. For MCH, CO2 emissions were not significantly affected by power consumption of overseas processes; however, it can be reduced by implementing low-carbon fuel and waste-heat utilization during MCH dehydrogenation. Low-carbon NH3 production processes significantly affected power generation, whereas carbon capture and storage during NH3 production showed the greatest reduction in CO2 emission. In conclusion, reducing CO2 emissions during the production of hydrogen and NH3 is key to realize low-carbon hydrogen energy systems.
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Chao, Yu Chan, and Wei Liang Jheng. "Life Cycle Assessment on CO2 Reduction of Street House Reuse." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.450.
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To estimate the benefits of reuse building, this study selected 8 street-house cases from ¡§Old House, New Life reuse movement and calculated the average CO2 emissions of rebuilding and refinishing in their life cycle. The results indicated that the average CO2 emission is 103.14 kg-CO2 /m2 before renovation, and 5.73 kg-CO2 /m2 after renovation. The efficiency of CO2 emission reduction can be raised up to 60% and 70%. If the street houses extend their life span from 60 years to 90 years, the life cycle CO2 emissions can be reduced from the original 1.89 kg-CO2 /m2¡Eyr to 1.39 kg-CO2 / m2¡Eyr. It's advantageous not only to make the best of old houses, but to decrease the environmental load.
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Liu, Hongwei, Jun Li, Yafei Sun, Yanshu Wang, and Haichun Zhao. "Estimation Method of Carbon Emissions in the Embodied Phase of Low Carbon Building." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 7, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8853536.
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The carbon emission at the embodied phase is a complex combination, extending the life cycle of the building, defining the process of the embodied phase scientifically and finding out the direct and indirect carbon emission sources in the embodied phase. Building materials have the characteristics of “low carbon surface, hidden high carbon.” Emission factor calculation method is used to establish carbon emission model for building materials. Considering the effect of design optimization on the carbon emissions of the whole life cycle of the building, a low carbon level system is set up to optimize the target of low carbon design. In the construction phase, the carbon emission sources, emission boundary, and calculation model are determined according to the subdivisional engineering division method. Through a series of process decomposition, the total amount of carbon emissions at the embodied phase can be obtained, and the carbon emission quota list at the embodied phase can be compiled to provide technical support for the carbon trading mechanism of the building.
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Li, Qiangnian, Tongze Han, Changlin Niu, and Ping Liu. "Life Cycle Carbon Emission Analyzing of Rural Residential Energy Efficiency Retrofit-A Case Study of Gansu province." E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901063.
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Objective To study and analyze the life-cycle carbon emissions of existing rural residential energy retrofit projects to provide theoretical and data support for local rural green development and sustainable construction. Methods Life cycle analysis (LCA) was used to analyze and compare the life cycle carbon emissions (LCE) of a rural residential envelope energy efficiency retrofitting project in central Gansu. Results It was found that rural dwellings have a very high potential for energy efficiency retrofitting, and the contribution of retrofitted homes to CO2 emissions reduction can reach more than 30% over the whole life cycle. Secondly, during the retrofitting process, neglected in previous studies, carbon emissions account for about a quarter of the LCE. It is concluded that introducing LCA into evaluating rural residential energy retrofit projects' energy-saving and emission reduction benefits is more scientific, reasonable, and necessary.
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Nwodo, Martin N., and Chimay J. Anumba. "Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment: A Review." Energies 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 2684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112684.
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Exergy is important and relevant in many areas of study such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), sustainability, energy systems, and the built environment. With the growing interest in the study of LCA due to the awareness of global environmental impacts, studies have been conducted on exergetic life cycle assessment for resource accounting. The aim of this paper is to review existing studies on exergetic life cycle assessment to investigate the state-of-the-art and identify the benefits and opportunity for improvement. The methodology used entailed an in-depth literature review, which involved an analysis of journal articles collected through a search of databases such as Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The selected articles were reviewed and analyzed, and the findings are presented in this paper. The following key conclusions were reached: (a) exergy-based methods provide an improved measure of sustainability, (b) there is an opportunity for a more comprehensive approach to exergetic life cycle assessment that includes life cycle emission, (c) a new terminology is required to describe the combination of exergy of life cycle resource use and exergy of life cycle emissions, and (d) improved exergetic life cycle assessment has the potential to solve characterization and valuation problems in the LCA methodology.
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Martino, Bernardus, Yatnanta Padma Devia, and Indradi Wijatmiko. "Beam Construction Impact Analysis Based On Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Using Network Flow Diagram." Rekayasa Sipil 15, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2021.015.01.1.
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Global warming is a problem that impacts in many various sectors include construction. Emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of causes of global warming, can be emitted from construction projects. The alternative method that able to calculate CO2 emissions is Life Cycle Assessment approach. The purpose of this study is to predict CO2 emission from all beam types using network flow diagram of Life Cycle Assessment in real estate project of 216 m2 type house. The analysis calculated by SimaPro 9.0 software. The results of this research indicated that from four types of beams used in real estate, beam-type 25/50 and beam-type 15/30 have the largest percentage of CO2 emission in 41.9% (4,610 kg CO2-eq) and 39.9% (4,380 kg CO2-eq) of the total CO2 emission of all beam types, respectively. A conventional method of beam construction resulted CO2-eq emission that come from rebar of 31.20% (3.426 kg CO2-eq) and cement 1.09% (120 kg CO2-eq). For the ready mix method, the largest CO2-eq emission are dominated by ready mix at 20.20% (2,200 kg CO2-eq) and wooden blocks 46.90% (5,150 kg CO2-eq).
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Lei, Bin, Linjie Yu, Zhiyu Chen, Wanying Yang, Cheng Deng, and Zhuo Tang. "Carbon Emission Evaluation of Recycled Fine Aggregate Concrete Based on Life Cycle Assessment." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 14448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114448.
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This study conducts a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of carbon emissions for Recycled Fine Aggregate (RFA) concrete. There were six stages involved in the life cycle of RFA, including raw material extraction and processing, transportation to the manufacture, RFA concrete manufacturing, transportation to the building site, construction, and de-construction or demolition. The carbon uptake effect, due to the carbonation of RFA concrete, was also considered. The concept of “carbon-strength ratio” was introduced to comprehensively evaluate the carbon emission of RFA with different strengths. Sensitivity analysis was performed on the key parameters, including the water-to-cement ratio, RFA replacement ratio, and transportation distance, by employing three sensitivity coefficients. The results show that, under a certain water-to-cement ratio, the increase in RFA replacement ratio would decrease the carbon emission but increase the carbon-strength ratio. The higher the replacement ratio of RFA, the more sensitive the carbon emission of RFA concrete is to the change in transportation distance. Under a certain 28-day cubic compressive strength, the higher the RFA replacement ratio, the higher the carbon emission. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the carbon emission was the most sensitive to the water-to-cement ratio, which was followed by the RFA replacement ratio and transportation distance.
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Li, Teng, and Eryu Zhu. "Quantifying Carbon Emissions Generated by Monorail Transits: A Life Cycle Assessment Approach." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (March 24, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3872069.
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The use of rail transits results in the generation of a large amount of carbon emissions. Throughout the life cycle of a rail transit system, huge amounts of carbon are emitted, which contributes to the threat posed by carbon emission on the city ecosystem. Despite the many methods previously proposed to quantify carbon emissions from rail transit systems, a method that can be applied to measure carbon emissions of monorail systems is yet to be developed. We have used the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to propose a method that can be used to quantify carbon emissions from monorail transits. The life cycle of a monorail transit system was divided into four stages (production, construction, use, and end-of-life). A monorail transit line segment in Chongqing, China, was selected for a case study. The results show that the “use” stage of the monorail transit line system significantly increases (93.2%) carbon emissions, while the “end-of-life” stage does not contribute significantly to the total carbon emitted. The processes of generation of steal, concrete, and cement are the three leading processes that contribute to the emission of carbon dioxide. The percentages of carbon emitted during these processes are 32%, 29.6%, and 13.3%, respectively. Prestressed concrete activity accounts for the largest proportion (91.1%) of the total carbon emissions. The results presented herein can potentially help in realizing sustainable development and developing green transportation.
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Zuhria, S. A. "Global warming impact study on carrageenan flour product using life cycle assessment (LCA) approach." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1063, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1063/1/012013.
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Abstract The increasing demand for carrageenan flour products in various industries was directly proportional to the potential environmental impact generated. The environmental impact was global warming (GW) caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The industry was one of the producers of GHG emissions from materials, energy, and waste produced. Hence, it hoped that it could improve the eco-friendlier production system. This study aimed to analyze GHG emissions generated in the life cycle of carrageenan flour products and give an alternative strategy for environmental improvement. This research was assessed using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach with a cradle to gate scope. The research used were primary and secondary data. This research was carried out by determining the goal and scope, collecting input and output as inventory data for each process unit, analyzing the impact of GHG emitting sources, and interpreting the results to formulate a recommendation for improvement. The result of the LCA study showed that Global warming caused GHG emission in the carrageenan flour production process with a value of 47.54 kg-CO2eq/kg of carrageenan flour, with the most significant emission source the use of coal as boiler fuel. Recommendations for improvement that can be made to reduce GHG emissions are replacing coal with compressed natural gas (CNG) with an emission reduction value of 47.73 kg-CO2eq/kg of carrageenan flour with an improvement percentage of 44.29%.
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Liu, Shuyi, Hong Liu, Yudong Meng, Qizheng Li, and Laili Wang. "Review of Carbon Emission and Carbon Neutrality in the Life Cycle of Silk Products." Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 151, no. 2 (June 8, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ftee-2022-0001.
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Abstract Silk is a distinctive and significant category of natural structural protein fiber. With a remarkable structure and versatility, silk has emerged as a topic of scientific study perennially because of its chemical, physical and biological properties. Meanwhile, in order to have an omnifaceted understanding of silk, the environmental performance of silk production is also worthy of attention. With the concern of global warming, efforts are increasingly focused on understanding and addressing carbon emission in the life cycle of silk products. However, the majority of current studies give priority to the carbon emission of either just one or a few stages of silk products’ life cycle, or to a specific type of silk product. On the basis of a review of literature on the life cycle assessment of silk products, this study presents a full-scale review of the quantification of the carbon emission and carbon neutrality of cocoon acquisition, industrial production of silk products, distribution, consumption, and recycling. The analysis revealed that the carbon sequestration by photosynthesis at the stage of cocoon acquisition could not be ignored. It is of importance to establish complete and unified system boundaries when quantifying carbon emissions in the industrial production of silk products. Reasonable models of washing times and washing modes are needed to assess carbon emissions in the domestic laundry of silk products. At the end of life phase of silk products, the positive impact on carbon emission in the phase of silk recycling is noteworthy. This study will help interested scholars, manufacturers and consumers to gain an in-depth understanding of the carbon emissions and carbon neutrality of silk products, and it is also of great value for exploring new production processes for reducing carbon emissions of silk products.
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Bian, Bin, Zhihuan Du, Kui Zhou, Tao Huang, and Fengbo Lv. "Optimal Planning Method of Integrated Energy System Considering Carbon Cost from the Perspective of the Whole Life Cycle." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 897, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/897/1/012021.
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Abstract China commits its goal of peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. The integrated energy system (IES) is one of the critical approaches to achieving the commitments. While the prevailing evaluation method for calculating the carbon emissions of IES neglected parts of factors influence, the result could not reflect the carbon emissions comprehensively. Considering the insufficiency above, in this paper, the evaluation method of carbon emission based on the whole life cycle of IES is proposed. First, based on the IES energy hub model, a typical park’s carbon emission model has been established. Then, the carbon emission coefficients of energy and equipment in production, transportation and operation are analysed, respectively. Hence, a low-carbon operation optimisation model of the IES is proposed. Later, with the lowest annual carbon emission of the integrated energy system as the optimisation target, the IES’s optimal carbon emission allocation and operation plan are proposed, based on the balance between energy supply and demand in the process of energy and equipment use and operation. As a result, the carbon emission of the IES of the park reduces effectively.
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Liu, Jun, Lin Wang Li, Yan Lei Sun, and Wei Qi. "Research on Carbon Calculation of Rural Roofing Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 641-642 (September 2014): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.961.
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Based on the present situation of village building adopting the internationally recognized life-cycle theory, the life-cycle calculation model of carbon emission of rural roofing materials was put forward , the calculation boundary of carbon emissions was divided and the calculation parameters and calculation formula was determined. The result shows that: under reasonable assumptions, applying life cycle theory to carbon calculation of rural roofing materials is feasible. The rural roofing materials industry by improving production process to reduce energy consumption and selecting raw material in localization as far as possible can significantly reduce carbon emissions.
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Sánchez, Antonio Ruiz, Ventura Castillo Ramos, Manuel Sánchez Polo, María Victoria López Ramón, and José Rivera Utrilla. "Life Cycle Assessment of Cement Production with Marble Waste Sludges." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 10968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010968.
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The construction industry has a considerable environmental impact in societies, which must be controlled to achieve adequate sustainability levels. In particular, cement production contributes 5–8% of CO2 emissions worldwide, mainly from the utilization of clinker. This study applied Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to investigate the environmental impact of cement production and explore environmental improvements obtained by adding marble waste sludges in the manufacture of Portland cement. It was considered that 6–35% of the limestone required for its production could be supplied by marble waste sludge (mainly calcite), meeting the EN 197-1:2011 norm. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission data were obtained from the Ecovent database using commercial LCA software. All life cycle impact assessment indicators were lower for the proposed “eco-cement” than for conventional cement, attributable to changes in the utilization of limestone and clinker. The most favorable results were achieved when marble waste sludge completely replaced limestone and was added to clinker at 35%. In comparison to conventional Portland cement production, this process reduced GHG emissions by 34%, the use of turbine waters by 60%, and the emission of particles into the atmosphere by 50%. Application of LCA methodology allowed evaluation of the environmental impact and improvements obtained with the production of a type of functional eco-cement. This approach is indispensable for evaluating the environmental benefits of using marble waste sludges in the production of cement.
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Chang, Yu Sheng, and Kuei Peng Lee. "Life Cycle Carbon Dioxide Emission Assessment of Housing in Taiwan." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 1071–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.1071.
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In the building industry, decreasing the CO2 emission not only is an important environmental issue but also an international responsibility in the future. This research analyzed building life cycle CO2 emission and used a building life cycle CO2 emission index (LCCO2). LCCO2 allows us to compare the impacts of different building designs to the environment and finds out the most efficient CO2 reduction strategy. A low floor house life cycle simulation showed that most CO2 emission in the life cycle comes from the daily use stage. Therefore, energy preservation in the daily life is the most important strategy to reduce CO2 emission in a building. Compared with the RC house, the light weight steel house uses more eco-friendly building materials and heat preservation materials. Therefore, the LCCO2 of the light weight steel house is reduced 31.34%. The research also showed that proper increase in the life span of the building also decreases CO2 emission. The light weight steel house is more eco-friendly than the RC house in the buildings life cycle.
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Guo, Ping, Jianlun Xu, Chuanhao Zhao, and Baoliang Zhang. "Study of hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles based on the whole life cycle evaluation method." Trends in Renewable Energy 8, no. 1 (2022): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17737/tre.2022.8.1.00135.
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In order to better achieve the goal of low carbon emissions from vehicles, a whole life cycle assessment of hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine vehicles has been conducted in recent years. Based on the study of hydrogen use around the world, we studied the emission and economic performance of hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine vehicles from the beginning of hydrogen production to the end of use (Well-to-Wheel, WTW) based on the whole life cycle evaluation method. The results show that the overall environmental impact of hydrogen production by steam reforming of natural gas is the smallest, and that the rational use of "abandoned electricity" for hydrogen production from electrolytic water in the western part of China significantly reduces the overall environmental impact and the cost of hydrogen production. In the use phase, the emissions are less, which not only can meet the National 6 emission standard, but also can reach higher emission standard after adding exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). From the whole life cycle point of view, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine has a very good development prospect.
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Park, Eunyoung, and Jungho Choi. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Analysis by LNG Fuel Tank Size through Life Cycle." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 35, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.26748/ksoe.2021.071.
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As greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport are increasing, the International Maritime Organization is continuously working to strengthen emission regulations. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel is less advantageous as a point of CO2 reduction due to the methane leakage that occurs during the bunkering and operation of marine engines. In this study, greenhouse gas emissions from an LNG-fueled ship were analyzed from the perspective of the life cycle. The amount ofmethane emission during the bunkering and operation procedures with various boil-off gas (BOG) treatment methods and gas engine specifications was analyzed by dynamic simulation. The results were also compared with those of other liquid fuel engines. As a result, small LNG-fueled ships without a BOG treatment facility emitted 32% more greenhouse gas than ships utilizing marine gas oil or heavy fuel oil. To achieve a greenhouse gas reduction via a BOG treatment method, a gas combustion unit or re-liquefaction system must be mounted, which results in a greenhouse gas reduction effect of about 25% and 30%. As a result of comparing the amount of greenhouse gas generated according to the BOG treatment method used with each tank size from the perspective of the operating cycle with the amounts from using existing marine fuels, the BOG treatment method showed superior effects of greenhouse gas reduction.
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Zhu, Chunguang. "Carbon emission peaking and emission trading in the building sector." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 17 (November 10, 2022): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v17i.2513.
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China has established the goal of a carbon emission peak and neutrality schedule. With the life cycle carbon footprint of building in China taking half of the country’s total emission, thus reducing emissions in the building sector is critical to achieving the goal. This paper examines the relevant literature and data, summarizes the focal point and challenging aspects in the process of carbon emission peaking in the building sector and discusses the role of emission trading in this process.
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Luo, Xing Ling, An Quan Zou, and Chun Guang Quan. "A Study on the Carbon Emissions Calculation Model of Iron and Steel Products Based on EIO-LCA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2970.
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Carbon emission has become a global focus. The construction of carbon emissions calculation model is helpful for its control. Currently, there is still no uniform method about accounting on the carbon emissions of steel products. The common calculation models are not totally suitable for China. To make up for the shortcomings of them, this paper defines the life cycle system of the iron and steel products based on EIO-LCA, measures the quantity of the direct, indirect carbon emissions and carbon emission deduction in various stages of this life cycle, identifies the hotspot and department which contributes most in carbon emission, and takes Hunan Valin Xiangtan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd (abbreviated Xiang Gang) as an example to validate it. It shows that 2103.87kg of carbon in total would be emitted when one tonne of steel is produced by Xiang Gang. Among the total, the quantity of direct, indirect and deductible carbon emission are 2033.5kg, 216.75kg and 146.38kg respectively, namely carbon emissions of producing per ton of steel is 2.1 tons. Direct carbon emissions from all stages of the life cycle of steel products mainly exist in the stage of steel production and transportation. And ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry are the largest emissions industries of the total indirect emissions. Converting by-product gas, heat, and pressure into electrical energy use can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 146kg, which is the equivalent of reducing carbon dioxide emissions per ton of steel 0.15 tons. Therefore, in order to make the carbon dioxide emissions reach the advanced domestic level of 1.7 tons per ton steel, the iron and steel enterprises can meet emissions reduction targets by strengthening control of carbon emission and improving the efficiency of the utilization of secondary energy from small and large scale.
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Lin, Lin. "Carbon emission assessment of the life cycle of a small town sewage treatment plant." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 04034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911804034.
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The rise of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration has caused global warming to become a consensus in human society. Carbon emissions from sewage treatment plants are one of the main sources of emissions. Among them, carbon emissions from small town sewage treatment plants cannot be ignored. Based on the life cycle (LCA) evaluation theory, the assessment scope of life cycle carbon emissions of small town sewage treatment plants is defined, and a corresponding evaluation system is constructed. According to the system, the carbon emissions of a small town sewage treatment plant in Jilin are evaluated. Based on the assessment results, the ways to reduce carbon emissions from small town sewage treatment plantswere discussed to provide a reference for their emission reduction.
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Luu, Quyen Le, Binh Van Doan, Ninh Quang Nguyen, and Nam Hoai Nguyen. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of an Integrated Solar PV and Wind Power System in Vietnam." Journal of Asian Energy Studies 4 (2020): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/jaes.040005.
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In Vietnam, energy generation accounts for more than half of the national greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. This sector has tremendous potential for emission reduction through the exploitation of renewable energy resources. This study examines the environmental impact of grid-connected solar and wind power in Vietnam, with a focus on GHG emissions. A life cycle assessment was conducted for these purposes. A case study of an integrated 50 kWp solar photovoltaics (PV) and 6 kW wind power model in the Central Highland of Vietnam was selected to illustrate the environmental impact of solar and wind power in Vietnam. The environmental inflows and outflows were quantified from raw material extraction for manufacturing components of the model, such as the panels, turbines, inverters and subsidiary components, to the end of life of the model. OpenLCA software was used for the calculation, with background data from publications and free LCA databases. The results obtained indicate that the life cycle GHG emissions are 20 gCO2e/kWh of solar PV, 3.7 gCO2e/kWh of wind power, and the total emission of the model during its 25-year lifetime is 38.28 tCO2e. If solar and wind power replace grid power, the lifetime emission reduction of the integrated solar and wind power model would be 1.8 thousand tCO2e.
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Shi, Fei Fei, Zhi Hong Wang, Ming Hui Fang, Bo Xue Sun, Ming Nan Zhao, and Su Ping Cui. "Analysis on the CO2 Emission of Calcium Carbide Sludge as Secondary Raw Material in Cement Clinker Production." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.516.
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With the development of economy, China has become one of the largest cement producers in the world. However, cement industry is a main contributor of global carbon emissions. Substituting calcium carbide sludge for limestone is an effective method for CO2 emission reduction in cement industry and has developed rapidly in recent years in China. The purpose of this study is to determine the life cycle CO2 emission of cement clinker produced with calcium carbide sludge as secondary raw material. The results show that compared with general cement clinker, the life cycle CO2 emission intensity of cement clinker produced with calcium carbide sludge will be decreased by 39.1% when substitution rate is 80%. And the CO2 emission results from the procedure of cement clinker production accounts for 85.7% of the total emission, in this stage, the CO2 emission declined by 42.2%.
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Ghinea, Cristina, and Ana Leahu. "Life cycle assessment of fermented milk: yogurt production." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2020-0010.
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AbstractYogurt is a fermented milk product, resulted through milk acidification by lactic acid bacteria, highly appreciated worldwide. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied for modelling of environmental impacts associated with yogurt production. The system boundaries include the following activities: milk processing, transport, solid waste and wastewater treatments. Functional unit set for this study is 1 kg of produced yogurt. The input and output data were collected from various sources like reports, databases, legislation. All these data were used further in the impact assessment stage performed with GaBi software which includes LCA methods like CML2001 - Jan. 2016, ReCiPe 1.08, UBP 2013, EDIP 2003 and others. Results showed that the global warming potential (GWP) determined for yogurt was 2.92 kg CO2 eq. per kg of yogurt, while acidification potential (AP) was approximately 0.014 kg SO2 eq. per kg of yogurt. It was observed that the main contributor to all impact categories is consumption of electricity during the yogurt production, mainly in the pasteurization, evaporation and cooling stages. 61.4% of the emissions resulted from transportation of raw materials contributes to GWP, while 38.3% to photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP). Emissions from wastewater treatment are contributing especially to the eutrophication potential (EP), while emission from solid waste landfilling are contributing mainly to POCP.
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Buonomo, B., O. Manca, S. Nardini, R. E. Plomitallo, and S. Vigna. "Life Cycle Assessment for a solar cooling plant." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1106, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1106/1/012006.
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Abstract This work aims to evaluate the environmental loads of a hypothetical solar cooling plant making a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis. In this study, an LCA of a solar cooling plant for a cold room installed in a fruit and vegetable company is performed. The plant is equipped with an absorption chiller of 150 kW and an auxiliary boiler of 50 kW. The hot water storage tank is 5000 l as the cold water one. The solar thermal field is 250 m2 using evacuated tube collectors. The functional unit of the study is the entire plant. The entire life cycle is evaluated assuming that the lifetime is equal to 20 years. The Ecoinvent v3.8 database is used to collect data and SimaPro v.9 software is used to perform the analysis. IPCC 2013 and ReCiPe 2016 are chosen as impact assessment methods and their results are evaluated. The results show that the total CO2 equivalent emissions that are given by the Global Warming Potential evaluation using IPCC 2013 method increase when solar fraction decrease. Therefore, reducing gas consumption and, also, improving plant solar fraction is the most important way to reduce the total emission. However, the solar plant emissions are related to the installation, maintenance and use phases.
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Jiao, Shuang Jian, Long Fei Li, and Yan Wei Li. "Analysis on Influence Factors for the Whole Life-Cycle Carbon Emissions of Highway and Carbon Accounting." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.826.
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The CO2 emissions of highway transportation industry are huge. There are many factors which are affecting highway carbon emission. To reduce vehicle emissions, and improve the design, construction, operation and management of highway, which was the main purpose of the study. The whole life cycle of highway was divided into construction stage and operation stage. Factors which affected carbon emissions of different highway stages were discussed, and they were artificial carbon emissions, energy consumption of machinery and equipment, building materials, pavement types, low carbon management, types and carbon emission coefficients, running speed, radius of curvature of horizontal curve, road roughness, gradient of longitudinal curve, traffic volumes, plant carbon sink. Put forward the highway carbon emissions accounting methods, and established the carbon accounting models. The research will be helpful to reduce carbon emissions of highway transportation industry.
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Sadhukhan, Jhuma. "Net-Zero Action Recommendations for Scope 3 Emission Mitigation Using Life Cycle Assessment." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 5522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155522.
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Greenhouse gas emissions anywhere across the value chain cause the global temperature to rise. A responsible net-zero strategy is reducing and removing direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions. The current net-zero actions aim to offset rather than reduce or remove life cycle greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Unless the demands/consumptions are reduced, net-zero actions will merely be a burden-shifting practice. Scope 3 emissions are considered in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of goods and services and account for direct and indirect emissions with imported goods and services. Scope 3 emission tariff seems an effective way to shift consumption patterns to carbon-neutral options. This article explores tools and systems for ‘just transition’ using three buckets of scientific questions: (1) Technical: which GHG to remove, when, where, and by what mechanism; (2) Social-Policy: how to share GHG obligations between stakeholders to deliver the UN SDGs; (3) Data: how to create robust, trusted, and transparent data for reporting, accounting, and actions. Building on the analyses, this study recommends thirteen scientific evidence-based net-zero actions.
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Shi, Xiaoshuang, Cong Zhang, Yongchen Liang, Jinqian Luo, Xiaoqi Wang, Ying Feng, Yanlin Li, Qingyuan Wang, and Abd El-Fatah Abomohra. "Life Cycle Assessment and Impact Correlation Analysis of Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete." Materials 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 7375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237375.
Full textAbstract:
Geopolymer concrete (GPC) has drawn widespread attention as a universally accepted ideal green material to improve environmental conditions in recent years. The present study systematically quantifies and compares the environmental impact of fly ash GPC and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete under different strength grades by conducting life cycle assessment (LCA). The alkali activator solution to fly ash ratio (S/F), sodium hydroxide concentration (CNaOH), and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio (SS/SH) were further used as three key parameters to consider their sensitivity to strength and CO2 emissions. The correlation and influence rules were analyzed by Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Gray Relational Analysis (GRA). The results indicated that the CO2 emission of GPC can be reduced by 62.73%, and the correlation between CO2 emission and compressive strength is not significant for GPC. The degree of influence of the three factors on the compressive strength is CNaOH (66.5%) > SS/SH (20.7%) > S/F (9%) and on CO2 emissions is S/F (87.2%) > SS/SH (10.3%) > CNaOH (2.4%). Fly ash GPC effectively controls the environmental deterioration without compromising its compressive strength; in fact, it even in favor.