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1
Li, Qiangnian, Tongze Han, Changlin Niu, and Ping Liu. "Life Cycle Carbon Emission Analyzing of Rural Residential Energy Efficiency Retrofit-A Case Study of Gansu province." E3S Web of Conferences 329 (2021): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132901063.
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Objective To study and analyze the life-cycle carbon emissions of existing rural residential energy retrofit projects to provide theoretical and data support for local rural green development and sustainable construction. Methods Life cycle analysis (LCA) was used to analyze and compare the life cycle carbon emissions (LCE) of a rural residential envelope energy efficiency retrofitting project in central Gansu. Results It was found that rural dwellings have a very high potential for energy efficiency retrofitting, and the contribution of retrofitted homes to CO2 emissions reduction can reach more than 30% over the whole life cycle. Secondly, during the retrofitting process, neglected in previous studies, carbon emissions account for about a quarter of the LCE. It is concluded that introducing LCA into evaluating rural residential energy retrofit projects' energy-saving and emission reduction benefits is more scientific, reasonable, and necessary.
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Kumar, Ashok, Pardeep Singh, Nishant Raj Kapoor, Chandan Swaroop Meena, Kshitij Jain, Kishor S. Kulkarni, and Raffaello Cozzolino. "Ecological Footprint of Residential Buildings in Composite Climate of India—A Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 11949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111949.
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Buildings are accountable for waste generation, utilization of natural resources, and ecological contamination. The construction sector is one of the biggest consumers of resources available naturally and is responsible for significant CO2 emissions on the planet. The effects of the buildings on the environment are commonly determined using Life Cycle Assessments (LCA). The investigation and comparison of the Life Cycle Ecological Footprint (LCEF) and Life Cycle Energy (LCE) of five residential buildings situated in the composite climatic zone of India is presented in this study. The utilization of resources (building materials) along with developing a mobile application and a generic model to choose low emission material is the uniqueness of this study. The utilization of eco-friendly building materials and how these are more efficient than conventional building materials are also discussed. In this investigation, the two approaches, (a) Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA) and (b) Life Cycle Ecological Footprint (LCEF), are discussed to evaluate the impacts of building materials on the environment. The energy embedded due to the materials used in a building is calculated to demonstrate the prevalence of innovative construction techniques over traditional materials. The generic model developed to assess the LCEA of residential buildings in the composite climate of India and the other results show that the utilization of low-energy building materials brings about a significant decrease in the LCEF and the LCE of the buildings. The results are suitable for a similar typology of buildings elsewhere in different climatic zone as well. The MATLAB model presented will help researchers globally to follow-up or replicate the study in their country. The developed user-friendly mobile application will enhance the awareness related to energy, environment, ecology, and sustainable development in the general public. This study can help in understanding and thus reducing the ecological burden of building materials, eventually leading towards sustainable development.
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Thaipradit, Pipat, Nantamol Limphitakphong, Premrudee Kanchanapiya, Thanapol Tantisattayakul, and Orathai Chavalparit. "The Influence of Building Envelop Materials on its Life Cycle Performance: A Case Study of Educational Building in Thailand." Key Engineering Materials 780 (September 2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.780.74.
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The analysis of life cycle energy (LCE) and life cycle carbon (LCC) of building were performed in this study in order to identify the solutions for reducing energy-related carbon emission throughout building life time. The influence factors associated with building envelop materials (wall, insulation, window, window-to-wall ratio) were evaluated. The result showed that operation phase contributed a vast majority (>90%) of LCE and LCC. Only 4% emissions saving could be achieved if autoclaved aerated concrete block, cellulose insulation and triple glazing were implemented with WWR of 0.17. The finding suggested that reducing carbon emission should not only be prioritized through use of high energy efficient materials/technologies but should also integrate energy saving measures since energy demand in tropical country is quite high for cooling building. In addition, increasing a possibility and feasibility for supplying renewable energy should be further investigated importunately.
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Santamaria, Belen Moreno, Fernando del Ama Gonzalo, Matthew Griffin, Benito Lauret Aguirregabiria, and Juan A. Hernandez Ramos. "Life Cycle Assessment of Dynamic Water Flow Glazing Envelopes: A Case Study with Real Test Facilities." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082195.
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High initial costs hinder innovative technologies for building envelopes. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) should consider energy savings to show relevant economic benefits and potential to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Life Cycle Energy (LCE) should focus on investment, operation, maintenance, dismantling, disposal, and/or recycling for the building. This study compares the LCC and LCE analysis of Water Flow Glazing (WFG) envelopes with traditional double and triple glazing facades. The assessment considers initial, operational, and disposal costs and energy consumption as well as different energy systems for heating and cooling. Real prototypes have been built in two different locations to record real-world data of yearly operational energy. WFG systems consistently showed a higher initial investment than traditional glazing. The final Life Cycle Cost analysis demonstrates that WFG systems are better over the operation phase only when it is compared with a traditional double-glazing. However, a Life Cycle Energy assessment over 50 years concluded that energy savings between 36% and 66% and CO2 emissions reduction between 30% and 70% could be achieved.
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Moazzen, Nazanin, Mustafa Erkan Karaguler, and Touraj Ashrafian. "Assessment of the Life Cycle Energy Efficiency of a Primary School Building in Turkey." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.335.
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Energy efficiency has become a crucial part of human life, which has an adverse impact on the social and economic development of any country. In Turkey, it is a critical issue especially in the construction sector due to increase in the dependency on the fuel demands. The energy consumption, which is used during the life cycle of a building, is a huge amount affected by the energy demand for material and building construction, HVAC and lighting systems, maintenance, equipment, and demolition. In general, the Life Cycle Energy (LCE) needs of the building can be summarised as the operational and embodied energy together with the energy use for demolition and recycling processes.Besides, schools alone are responsible for about 15% of the total energy consumption of the commercial building sector. To reduce the energy use and CO2 emission, the operational and embodied energy of the buildings must be minimised. Overall, it seems that choosing proper architectural measures for the envelope and using low emitting material can be a logical step for reducing operational and embodied energy consumptions.This paper is concentrated on the operating and embodied energy consumptions resulting from the application of different architectural measures through the building envelope. It proposes an educational building with low CO2 emission and proper energy performance in Turkey. To illustrate the method of the approach, this contribution illustrates a case study, which was performed on a representative schoold building in Istanbul, Turkey. Energy used for HVAC and lighting in the operating phase and the energy used for the manufacture of the materials are the most significant parts of embodied energy in the LCE analyses. This case study building’s primary energy consumption was calculated with the help of dynamic simulation tools, EnergyPlus and DesignBuilder. Then, different architectural energy efficiency measures were applied to the envelope of the case study building. Then, the influence of proposed actions on LCE consumption and Life Cycle CO2 (LCCO2) emissions were assessed according to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method.
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Shoaib-ul-Hasan, Sayyed, Malvina Roci, Farazee M. A. Asif, Niloufar Salehi, and Amir Rashid. "Analyzing Temporal Variability in Inventory Data for Life Cycle Assessment: Implications in the Context of Circular Economy." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010344.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used frequently as a decision support tool for evaluating different design choices for products based on their environmental impacts. A life cycle usually comprises several phases of varying timespans. The amount of emissions generated from different life cycle phases of a product could be significantly different from one another. In conventional LCA, the emissions generated from the life cycle phases of a product are aggregated at the inventory analysis stage, which is then used as an input for life cycle impact assessment. However, when the emissions are aggregated, the temporal variability of inventory data is ignored, which may result in inaccurate environmental impact assessment. Besides, the conventional LCA does not consider the environmental impact of circular products with multiple use cycles. It poses difficulties in identifying the hotspots of emission-intensive activities with the potential to mislead conclusions and implications for both practice and policy. To address this issue and to analyze the embedded temporal variations in inventory data in a CE context, the paper proposes calculating the emission intensity for each life cycle phase. It is argued that calculating and comparing emission intensity, based on the timespan and amount of emissions for individual life cycle phases, at the inventory analysis stage of LCA offers a complementary approach to the traditional aggregate emission-based LCA approach. In a circular scenario, it helps to identify significant issues during different life cycle phases and the relevant environmental performance improvement opportunities through product, business model, and supply chain design.
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Grenz, Julian, Moritz Ostermann, Karoline Käsewieter, Felipe Cerdas, Thorsten Marten, Christoph Herrmann, and Thomas Tröster. "Integrating Prospective LCA in the Development of Automotive Components." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 10041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310041.
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The development of automotive components with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is needed to reduce overall vehicle emissions. Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) supports this by providing holistic information and improvement potentials regarding eco-efficient products. Key factors influencing LCAs of automotive components, such as material production, will change in the future. First approaches for integrating future scenarios for these key factors into LCE already exist, but they only consider a limited number of parameters and scenarios. This work aims to develop a method that can be practically applied in the industry for integrating prospective LCAs (pLCA) into the LCE of automotive components, considering relevant parameters and consistent scenarios. Therefore, pLCA methods are further developed to investigate the influence of future scenarios on the GHG emissions of automotive components. The practical application is demonstrated for a vehicle component with different design options. This paper shows that different development paths of the foreground and background system can shift the ecological optimum of design alternatives. Therefore, future pathways of relevant parameters must be considered comprehensively to reduce GHG emissions of future vehicles. This work contributes to the methodological and practical integration of pLCA into automotive development processes and provides quantitative results.
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Tighnavard Balasbaneh, Ali, Abdul Kadir Bin Marsono, and Emad Kasra Kermanshahi. "Balancing of life cycle carbon and cost appraisal on alternative wall and roof design verification for residential building." Construction Innovation 18, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 274–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-03-2017-0024.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe life cycle cost (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluation for single story building house in Malaysia. Two objective functions, namely, LCA and LCC, were evaluated for each design and a total of 20 alternatives were analyzed. Two wall schemes that have been adopted from two different recent studies toward mitigation of climate change require clarification in both life cycle objectives. Design/methodology/approach For this strategic life cycle assessment, Simapro 8.3 tool has been chosen over a 50-year life span. LCC analysis was also used to determine not only the most energy-efficient strategy, but also the most economically feasible one. A present value (PV)-based economic analysis takes LCC into account. Findings The results will appear in present value and LC carbon footprint saving, both individually and in combination with each other. Result of life cycle management shows that timber wall−wooden post and beam covered by steel stud (W5) and wood truss with concrete roof tiles (R1) released less carbon emission to atmosphere and have lower life cycle cost over their life span. W5R1 releases 35 per cent less CO2 emission than the second best choice and costs 25 per cent less. Originality/value The indicator assessed was global warming, and as the focus was on GHG emissions, the focus of this study was mainly in the context of Malaysian construction, although the principles apply universally. The result would support the adoption of sustainable building for building sector.
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Islam, Hamidul, Muhammed Bhuiyan, Quddus Tushar, Satheeskumar Navaratnam, and Guomin Zhang. "Effect of Star Rating Improvement of Residential Buildings on Life Cycle Environmental Impacts and Costs." Buildings 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101605.
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A diagnostic framework is proposed to assess the influence of star rating improvement for residential buildings on life cycle environmental impacts and life cycle costs (LCEI and LCC) using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing methods, respectively, on all life cycle phases (i.e., construction, operation, maintenance, and disposal). A reference house was modified on the basis of six alternative designs to deliver a particular star rating in order to demonstrate the analysis framework. Two LCIA methods (i.e., material flows/add masses and eco-indicator 99 Australian substances) were used to estimate ten LCEI indicators under two categories: seven from problem-oriented (i.e., raw material, air emission, water emission, eco-toxicity, acidification/eutrophication potential, ozone depletion, and climate change) and three from damage-oriented (i.e., resource depletion, ecosystem quality, and effect on human health) categories. The three damage-oriented indicators were combined to evaluate environmental and economic wellbeing on a single eco-point basis. All these combinations of impact indicators can offer three lines of analytical options along with star rating: problem-oriented, damage-oriented, and a variety of problem and damage-oriented LCEIs with LCCs. Hence, the optimum house selection is-based not only on cost or star rating, but also on LCEIs.
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Betten, Thomas, Shivenes Shammugam, and Roberta Graf. "Adjustment of the Life Cycle Inventory in Life Cycle Assessment for the Flexible Integration into Energy Systems Analysis." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 4437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174437.
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With an increasing share of renewable energy technologies in our energy systems, the integration of not only direct emission (from the use phase), but also the total life cycle emissions (including emissions during resource extraction, production, etc.) becomes more important in order to draw meaningful conclusions from Energy Systems Analysis (ESA). While the benefit of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into ESA is acknowledged, methodologically sound integration lacks resonance in practice, partly because the dimension of the implications is not yet fully understood. This study proposes an easy-to-implement procedure for the integration of LCA results in ESA based on existing theoretical approaches. The need for a methodologically sound integration, including the avoidance of double counting of emissions, is demonstrated on the use case of Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell photovoltaic technology. The difference in Global Warming Potential of 19% between direct and LCA based emissions shows the significance for the integration of the total emissions into energy systems analysis and the potential double counting of 75% of the life cycle emissions for the use case supports the need for avoidance of double counting.
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Meister, Julia A., Jack Sharp, Yan Wang, and Khuong An Nguyen. "Assessing Long-Term Medical Remanufacturing Emissions with Life Cycle Analysis." Processes 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010036.
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The unsustainable take-make-dispose linear economy prevalent in healthcare contributes 4.4% to global Greenhouse Gas emissions. A popular but not yet widely-embraced solution is to remanufacture common single-use medical devices like electrophysiology catheters, significantly extending their lifetimes by enabling a circular life cycle. To support the adoption of catheter remanufacturing, we propose a comprehensive emission framework and carry out a holistic evaluation of virgin manufactured and remanufactured carbon emissions with Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). We followed ISO modelling standards and NHS reporting guidelines to ensure industry relevance. We conclude that remanufacturing may lead to a reduction of up to 60% per turn (−1.92 kg CO2eq, burden-free) and 57% per life (−1.87 kg CO2eq, burdened). Our extensive sensitivity analysis and industry-informed buy-back scheme simulation revealed long-term emission reductions of up to 48% per remanufactured catheter life (−1.73 kg CO2eq). Our comprehensive results encourage the adoption of electrophysiology catheter remanufacturing, and highlight the importance of estimating long-term emissions in addition to traditional emission metrics.
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Lu, Qiang, Peng Fei Wu, Wan Xia Shen, Xue Chao Wang, Bo Zhang, and Cheng Wang. "Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicle Power Battery." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.403.
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Based on Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, this paper analyzes the total energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHGs), NOx, SOx and PM emissions during material production and battery production processes of nickel-metal hydride battery (NiMH), lithium iron phosphate battery (LFP), lithium cobalt dioxide battery (LCO) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) battery, assuming that the batteries have same energy capacity. The results showed that environmental performance of LFP battery was better than the other three, and that of NiMH battery was the worst. The experimental results also showed the total energy consumption of LFP battery was 2.8 times of NiMH battery and GHGs emission was 3.2 times during material production, and the total energy consumption was 7.6 times of NIMH battery and GHGs emission was 6.6 times during battery production
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Fong, Ming-Lun Alan. "Sustainable Ventilation Strategies for a Medium-Sized Space with Regional Effect." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094651.
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The analysis of ventilation strategies is fundamentally affected by regional climate conditions and local cost databases, in terms of energy consumption, CO2 emission and cost-effective analysis. A systematic approach is covered in this paper to estimate a local economic and environmental impact on a medium-sized space located in two regions during supply-and-installation and operation phases. Three ventilation strategies, including mixing ventilation (MV), displacement ventilation (DV) and stratum ventilation (SV) were applied to medium-sized air-conditioned space with this approach. The trend of the results for three ventilation systems in the life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is SV < DV < MV. The result of CO2 emission and regional LCC shows that SV is the lowest one in both regional studies. In comparison with the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) during 20 Service years, the case analysis demonstrates that the percentage differences in LCC analysis of MV, DV & SV in Guangdong are less than 20.5%, 19.4% and 18.82% respectively. Their CO2 emission of MV, DV and SV in Guangdong are more than HKSAR in 10.69%, 11.22% and 12.05%, respectively. The present study could provide information about regional effects in the LCA and LCC analysis of three ventilation strategies emissions, and thereby help set up models for decision-making on high efficiency and cost-effective ventilation strategy plans.
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Carrigan, Sara, Patrick Daly, and Alberta Congeduti. "A multi-life cycle assessment of external wall insulation strategies in an Irish domestic retrofit." Journal of Building Survey, Appraisal & Valuation 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2024): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.69554/eglu5674.
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European Union (EU) policy and initiatives are driving both building renovation and the uptake of low-embodied carbon and circular design in the construction sector. The European Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) recast (2021) introduces global warming potential (GWP) methodology, and the future state will likely be embodied carbon targets for which life cycle assessment (LCA) of buildings will be required. External wall insulation (EWI) will have an important role to play in meeting targets. In this context, this paper compares the carbon emission payoff of three alternative EWI strategies that address conventional, low-carbon and circular solutions to EWI respectively, in the retrofit of an existing dwelling. The circular strategy is based on design for disassembly (DfD). Whereas standard LCA is based on a single building life cycle, the literature reviewed shows that the environmental impact assessment of DfD requires a multi-life cycle approach. In the absence of standardised methods for assessment, four multi-cycle LCA methods are selected and applied holistically in a case study investigation. Three allocation methods, 100:0, linear degressive (LD) and enhanced linear degressive (CELD), provide a range of emissions from ‘conservative’ to ‘best case’ over three building life cycles and the fourth method, the Van Gulck method, assesses the benefits of circularity through the concept of ‘multi-cycling’ based on one building life cycle. As each method of assessment will deliver different results, carbon emission payoff is not a fixed value. Findings show that with multiple use, the circular strategy pays off due to avoided production emissions and benefits from end-of-life (EoL) processes that DfD facilitates, that the upfront carbon cost of the circular strategy is minor relative to the carbon emission savings that reuse brings, and that the margin of improvement relative to the alternative strategies increases with each subsequent reuse.
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Quang, Pham Ky, Duc Tuan Dong, and Pham Thi Thanh Hai. "Evaluating environmental impacts of an oil tanker using life cycle assessment method." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 235, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 705–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090221989195.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is considered a holistic approach in evaluating the environmental impacts of a product in its life cycle. Recently, LCA method has been applied in the shipping and shipbuilding sectors. In order to provide a comprehensive LCA research in the field of naval architecture, this study uses LCA method to assess the environmental performance of a Panamax oil tanker in its whole life cycle. The ship’s life cycle including transportation activities is divided into five phases: raw material extraction & production, shipbuilding, operation, maintenance, and ship’s end of life. CML 2001 is chosen as the life cycle impact assessment methodology. GaBi software is used to obtain the life cycle emission inventory and environmental impacts. The results show the contributions of each life cycle phase to the total life cycle. Detailed emissions and environmental impacts of the ship are also analyzed. Due to huge amount of fuel consumed in ship operation, this phase dominates the emissions and environmental impact, compared with other phases. This study gives to the LCA practitioners a cradle-to-grave LCA example that could be useful for future researches in the field of shipping and shipbuilding sectors.
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Gopal, Gahana, Manikprabhu Dhanorkar, Sharad Kale, and Yogesh B. Patil. "Life cycle assessment of anaerobic digestion systems." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 683–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-10-2018-0178.
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Purpose It is well known that sustainability is the ideal driving path of the entire world and renewable energy is the backbone of the ongoing initiatives. The current topic of argument among the sustainability research community is on the wise selection of processes that will maximize yield and minimize emissions. The purpose of this paper is to outline different parameters and processes that impact the performance of biogas production plants through an extensive literature review. These include: comparison of biogas plant efficiency based on the use of a diverse range of feedstock; comparison of environmental impacts and its reasons during biogas production based on different feedstock and the processes followed in the management of digestate; analysis of the root cause of inefficiencies in the process of biogas production; factors affecting the energy efficiency of biogas plants based on the processes followed; and the best practices and the future research directions based on the existing life cycle assessment (LCA) studies. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopted a systematic literature review of research articles pertaining to LCA to understand in depth the current research and gaps, and to suggest future research directions. Findings Findings include the impact of the type of feedstock used on the efficiency of the biogas plants and the level of environmental emissions. Based on the analysis of literature pertaining to LCA, diverse factors causing emissions from biogas plants are enlisted. Similarly, the root causes of inefficiencies of biogas plants were also analyzed, which will further help researchers/professionals resolve such issues. Findings also include the limitations of existing research body and factors affecting the energy efficiency of biogas plants. Research limitations/implications This review is focused on articles published from 2006 to 2019 and is limited to the performance of biogas plants using LCA methodology. Originality/value Literature review showed that a majority of articles focused mainly on the efficiency of biogas plants. The novel and the original aspect of this review paper is that the authors, alongside efficiency, have considered other critical parameters such as environmental emission, energy usage, processes followed during anaerobic digestion and the impact of co-digestion of feed as well. The authors also provide solid scientific reasoning to the emission and inefficiencies of the biogas plants, which were rarely analyzed in the past.
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Xu, Ruofei, Yang Yin, Yumo Miao, Wangyiling Yang, Jiazhuo Sun, and Haoqi Li. "Carbon emission calculation method of steel-concrete composite girder Bridge based on LCA: A case study of Yanchong Expressway (Hebei Section)." E3S Web of Conferences 561 (2024): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456102015.
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This paper introduces the carbon emission calculation of reinforced concrete bridge based on life cycle assessment (LCA) method, taking the bridge on Yanchong Expressway in Hebei Province as an example. The emission factor method was used to calculate carbon emissions at the material production, construction, operation and maintenance, and demolition and disposal stages. Through detailed analysis, this study not only describes the carbon emissions of Bridges at various stages in the whole life cycle, but also provides a reference for reducing environmental impact and supporting the environmental protection and sustainable development of future infrastructure construction. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of LCA in developing effective emission reduction strategies, especially in the area of infrastructure construction, to help achieve lower carbon construction targets.
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Wang, Jingjing, Chuan Sha, Sivmey Ly, Hao Wang, Yu Sun, and Meng Guo. "Life Cycle Carbon Emissions and an Uncertainty Analysis of Recycled Asphalt Mixtures." Sustainability 15, no. 23 (November 28, 2023): 16368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152316368.
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The efficient recycling of road materials is an effective way to reduce carbon emissions. Approximately 400 million tons of waste asphalt pavement materials is generated annually in China, but the utilization rate is less than 50%. In this paper, a whole life cycle CO2 emission calculation model for recycled asphalt mixtures is established, and an uncertainty analysis is carried out on the basis of this model. The steps in the recycled asphalt mixture stage with the greatest impact on emissions are identified. The life cycle of asphalt mixtures is divided into raw material production, mixture preparation, material transportation and construction phases based on the carbon emission trends in the four phases. First, recycled asphalt mixtures are considered, and the carbon emissions along a two-way four-lane highway are analyzed based on the relevant carbon emission factor and other known data. The carbon dioxide emissions of each stage are also compared to identify the key links among stages. Then, the carbon emissions of hot-recycled asphalt mixtures are compared with those of ordinary asphalt mixtures and cold-recycled asphalt mixtures in each stage. Finally, an analytical uncertainty study of recycled asphalt mixtures is conducted using uncertainty modeling in different scenarios. Based on the quantitative results of the carbon emission calculations through life cycle assessment (LCA), future measures for reducing carbon emissions from recycled asphalt mixtures are proposed.
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Ma, Yongxi, Shuao Yu, Juanli Wang, and Wei Yu. "LCA/LCC analysis of starting-lighting-ignition lead-acid battery in China." PeerJ 6 (July 26, 2018): e5238. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5238.
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Background China has the largest lead–acid battery (LAB) industry and market around the world, and this situation causes unavoidable emissions of Pb and other pollutants. Methods On the basis of a field survey on a starting–lighting–ignition (SLI) LAB plant in Zhejiang Province, this study applies life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methods to assess the environmental impacts and environment-related costs derived from the LAB industry during the life phases, including material preparation, battery assembly, transportation, and regeneration of the plant. Results Material preparation and regeneration phases contribute 3.4 and 42.2 g to Pb emission, respectively, and result in 3.29 × 108 CHY of environmental cost for each function unit (1 KVA h LAB capacity). The material preparation phase is the largest mass contributor to global warming potential (GWP, 97%), photo-chemical oxidation potential (POCP, 88.9%), and eutrophication potential (EP, 82.5%) and produces 2.68 × 108 CHY of environmental cost. Discussion Decision makers in the Chinese LAB industry should replace the pyrogenic process in smelting with the use of clean energy, increase the lead recovery rate while producing the same capacity of LABs, and develop new technologies to reduce heavy metal emission, especially in the regeneration phase.
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Nwodo, Martin N., and Chimay J. Anumba. "Exergetic Life Cycle Assessment: A Review." Energies 13, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 2684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112684.
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Exergy is important and relevant in many areas of study such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), sustainability, energy systems, and the built environment. With the growing interest in the study of LCA due to the awareness of global environmental impacts, studies have been conducted on exergetic life cycle assessment for resource accounting. The aim of this paper is to review existing studies on exergetic life cycle assessment to investigate the state-of-the-art and identify the benefits and opportunity for improvement. The methodology used entailed an in-depth literature review, which involved an analysis of journal articles collected through a search of databases such as Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The selected articles were reviewed and analyzed, and the findings are presented in this paper. The following key conclusions were reached: (a) exergy-based methods provide an improved measure of sustainability, (b) there is an opportunity for a more comprehensive approach to exergetic life cycle assessment that includes life cycle emission, (c) a new terminology is required to describe the combination of exergy of life cycle resource use and exergy of life cycle emissions, and (d) improved exergetic life cycle assessment has the potential to solve characterization and valuation problems in the LCA methodology.
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Ghazouani, Amira, Naceur Mhamdi, Ibrahim-El-Akram Znaidi, Cyrine Darej, Norchene Guoiaa, Maroua Hasnaoui, Rachid Bouraoui, and Hajer Mhamdi. "Life cycle analysis of raw milk production in Tunisia." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 10 (2018): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051005.
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool to calculate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of dairy production. A survey was conducted in 20 dairy farms at the governorate of Sousse. The present study aimed to evaluate environmental impact of milk production at the farm regarding GHG emission and energy consumption. In the 20 dairy farms total GHG emissions resulted in a mean of 0.63 +/- 0.2 kg CH4/kg ECM and forage can contribute with a means 0.35 Le kg CO2eq/DM. The main reductions in GHG emissions per kg of FPCM started from 2,347 kg per cow per year and then the reduction slowed down to stabilize at around 6,127 kg FPCM per cow per year.
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Gu, Shan, Li Yang, Xiaoye Liang, and Jingsong Zhou. "Life Cycle Assessment and Process Optimization of Precipitated Nanosilica—A Case Study in China." Energies 17, no. 22 (November 10, 2024): 5621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17225621.
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To mitigate environmental emissions in the industrial nanosilica sector and promote its sustainable development, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method is employed to evaluate the environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of industrial precipitated nanosilica. This LCA spans from the acquisition and transportation of raw materials to the production of nanosilica. By identifying the critical contributing factors, effective optimization strategies have been proposed to enhance the environmental performance of the nanosilica life cycle. The effects of electricity, alkalis, acids, and steam on the life cycle emission factors of nanosilica were examined. The results indicate that substituting traditional coal power and steam with cleaner alternatives like wind energy, hydroelectric power, and solar power (both photovoltaic and thermal), as well as biogas steam, can lead to a significant reduction in the life cycle emission factors of nanosilica, ranging from 50% to 90%. Notably, the types of acids and alkalis used only significantly reduce certain environmental factors. These findings provide valuable theoretical insights and practical guidance for the industrial nanosilica sector, particularly in the areas of energy conservation, emission reduction, and the transition towards a lower-carbon economy.
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Wang, Nan, Daniel Satola, Aoife Houlihan Wiberg, Conghong Liu, and Arild Gustavsen. "Reduction Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from High-Speed Railway Station Buildings in a Cold Climate Zone of China." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 25, 2020): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051704.
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Implementing China’s emission reduction regulations requires a design approach that integrates specific architectural and functional properties of railway stations with low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. This article analyzes life cycle GHG emissions related to materials production, replacement and operational energy use to identify design drivers and reduction strategies implemented in high-speed railway station (HSRS) buildings. A typical middle-sized HSRS building in a cold climate zone in China is studied. A detailed methodology was proposed for the development and assessment of emission reduction strategies through life cycle assessment (LCA), combined with a building information model (BIM). The results reveal that operational emissions contribute the most to total GHG emissions, constituting approximately 81% while embodied material emissions constitute 19%, with 94 kgCO2eq/m2·a and 22 kgCO2eq/m2·a respectively. Optimizing space can reduce operational GHG emissions and service life extension of insulation materials contributes to a 15% reduction in embodied GHG emissions. In all three scenarios, the reduction potentials of space, envelope, and material type optimization were 28.2%, 13.1%, and 3.5% and that measures for reduced life cycle emissions should focus on space in the early stage of building design. This study addresses the research gap by investigating the life cycle GHG emissions from HSRS buildings and reduction strategies to help influence the design decisions of similar projects and large space public buildings which are critical for emission reduction on a larger scale.
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Li, Jun, Cheng Wang, and Bo Zhang. "Life Cycle Assessment of Typical Electric Vehicle IGBT Module." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.398.
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Based on Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission of producing a typical electric vehicle (EV) IGBT module by the GaBi software has been analyzed. Carbon dioxide emission of each step, including raw material production, frontend, backend and transportation, of the whole life cycle was identified and evaluated. The results show that the CO2 emission of the frontend accounts for 51% of the total emission, and that of the backend accounts for 32.8%.
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Sánchez, Antonio Ruiz, Ventura Castillo Ramos, Manuel Sánchez Polo, María Victoria López Ramón, and José Rivera Utrilla. "Life Cycle Assessment of Cement Production with Marble Waste Sludges." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 10968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010968.
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The construction industry has a considerable environmental impact in societies, which must be controlled to achieve adequate sustainability levels. In particular, cement production contributes 5–8% of CO2 emissions worldwide, mainly from the utilization of clinker. This study applied Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to investigate the environmental impact of cement production and explore environmental improvements obtained by adding marble waste sludges in the manufacture of Portland cement. It was considered that 6–35% of the limestone required for its production could be supplied by marble waste sludge (mainly calcite), meeting the EN 197-1:2011 norm. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission data were obtained from the Ecovent database using commercial LCA software. All life cycle impact assessment indicators were lower for the proposed “eco-cement” than for conventional cement, attributable to changes in the utilization of limestone and clinker. The most favorable results were achieved when marble waste sludge completely replaced limestone and was added to clinker at 35%. In comparison to conventional Portland cement production, this process reduced GHG emissions by 34%, the use of turbine waters by 60%, and the emission of particles into the atmosphere by 50%. Application of LCA methodology allowed evaluation of the environmental impact and improvements obtained with the production of a type of functional eco-cement. This approach is indispensable for evaluating the environmental benefits of using marble waste sludges in the production of cement.
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Meier, Horst, and Xiang Qian Shi. "CO2 Emission Assessment: A Perspective on Low-Carbon Manufacturing." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1781.
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Climate change and global warming issues have thrown new challenges for the economic development. Carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) are on the global agenda with regard to the climate change. This trend has led to renewed strategies in many sectors. The paper shifts the perspective of life-cycle assessment (LCA) in terms of the CO2emission from the conventional entire product life cycle emphasis to the manufacturing processes. Based on hybrid analysis an approach to the emission calculation in manufacturing phase is developed. This approach helps the industry companies identify the emission reduction potentials in manufacturing, by focusing on the resource and energy flows and the emission intensities in manufacturing processes, therefore contributes to the LCA.
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Martino, Bernardus, Yatnanta Padma Devia, and Indradi Wijatmiko. "Beam Construction Impact Analysis Based On Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Using Network Flow Diagram." Rekayasa Sipil 15, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2021.015.01.1.
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Global warming is a problem that impacts in many various sectors include construction. Emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), one of causes of global warming, can be emitted from construction projects. The alternative method that able to calculate CO2 emissions is Life Cycle Assessment approach. The purpose of this study is to predict CO2 emission from all beam types using network flow diagram of Life Cycle Assessment in real estate project of 216 m2 type house. The analysis calculated by SimaPro 9.0 software. The results of this research indicated that from four types of beams used in real estate, beam-type 25/50 and beam-type 15/30 have the largest percentage of CO2 emission in 41.9% (4,610 kg CO2-eq) and 39.9% (4,380 kg CO2-eq) of the total CO2 emission of all beam types, respectively. A conventional method of beam construction resulted CO2-eq emission that come from rebar of 31.20% (3.426 kg CO2-eq) and cement 1.09% (120 kg CO2-eq). For the ready mix method, the largest CO2-eq emission are dominated by ready mix at 20.20% (2,200 kg CO2-eq) and wooden blocks 46.90% (5,150 kg CO2-eq).
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Ma, Yingqiang, Xuefeng Liu, Jianlin Liu, Chengyin Du, Mei Liang, Wei Li, Lianbao Cao, et al. "Carbon Emission Accounting and Reduction Evaluation in Sponge City Residential Areas." Water 16, no. 17 (September 7, 2024): 2535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16172535.
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This paper aims to establish a more standardized and regulated carbon emission accounting model for sponge cities by unifying the accounting content for carbon emissions and clarifying the relationships between carbon reduction benefits, carbon reduction effects, and carbon sequestration, in order to evaluate the carbon reduction outcomes and mechanisms of sponge city construction. Based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) carbon emission accounting model using the carbon emission factor method, a newly constructed residential area in Tianshui City, Gansu Province, was selected as a case study, and the carbon emission reduction effect of sponge city construction was then investigated. Results indicated that the 30-year full life cycle carbon emissions for sponge city construction in the newly constructed residential area amounted to 828.98 tons, compared to 744.28 tons of CO2 reduction in traditional construction, representing a 47.31% reduction in carbon emissions. Over a 30-year life cycle, this equated to a total carbon emission reduction effect of 1460.31 tons. Additionally, under various rainfall scenarios in a typical year, the carbon emission reduction effect of sponge city construction exceeded the carbon emissions, achieving carbon neutrality within 22 to 30 years of operation. This demonstrates that the carbon emission reduction effect of sponge city communities is significant. The findings of this study provide data and a theoretical basis for the low-carbon construction of sponge cities in China.
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Zuhria, S. A. "Global warming impact study on carrageenan flour product using life cycle assessment (LCA) approach." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1063, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1063/1/012013.
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Abstract The increasing demand for carrageenan flour products in various industries was directly proportional to the potential environmental impact generated. The environmental impact was global warming (GW) caused by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The industry was one of the producers of GHG emissions from materials, energy, and waste produced. Hence, it hoped that it could improve the eco-friendlier production system. This study aimed to analyze GHG emissions generated in the life cycle of carrageenan flour products and give an alternative strategy for environmental improvement. This research was assessed using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach with a cradle to gate scope. The research used were primary and secondary data. This research was carried out by determining the goal and scope, collecting input and output as inventory data for each process unit, analyzing the impact of GHG emitting sources, and interpreting the results to formulate a recommendation for improvement. The result of the LCA study showed that Global warming caused GHG emission in the carrageenan flour production process with a value of 47.54 kg-CO2eq/kg of carrageenan flour, with the most significant emission source the use of coal as boiler fuel. Recommendations for improvement that can be made to reduce GHG emissions are replacing coal with compressed natural gas (CNG) with an emission reduction value of 47.73 kg-CO2eq/kg of carrageenan flour with an improvement percentage of 44.29%.
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Liu, Jingkuang, Zhengjie Huang, and Xuetong Wang. "Economic and Environmental Assessment of Carbon Emissions from Demolition Waste Based on LCA and LCC." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 6683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166683.
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In China, urban renewal and renovation projects generate a large amount of demolition waste every year, the disposal of which has certain impacts on the environment. Therefore, more effective policies should be implemented for the management of demolition waste. This study combines life cycle assessment (LCA) with life cycle costing (LCC) to analyze the environmental and economic drivers of three different waste disposal scenarios in Guangzhou, China, in the context of carbon trading: S1 (landfilling), S2 (recycled aggregate), and S3 (recycled powder). In this study, the carbon emissions of demolition waste were obtained by LCA, and the carbon emission cost was calculated based on the carbon price in the carbon trading market of Guangdong Province. The LCA results showed that waste recycling can greatly reduce carbon emissions. The results showed that compared to S1, S2 reduced 6.790 × 108 kg CO2 eq. Additionally, S3 reduced 4.172 × 108 kg CO2 eq. compared to S2. The LCC results show that waste recycling can greatly reduce the total costs of the demolition sector, while the production of recycled powder can generate 57.35% of the revenue from recycled aggregate to the recycling plant. This study combines LCA and LCC, and considers environmental factors to assess the economic results using carbon emissions cost, thereby forging a new exploration method in the field of life cycle theory. The findings of this study could provide a basis for the formulation of a new demolition waste management policy. In the case of the gradual implementation of carbon trading, it could also provide new ideas for current demolition waste treatment from economic and environmental perspectives.
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Zheng, Luorui, Yingzhen Li, Cheng Qian, and Yanjun Du. "Carbon Emission Evaluation of Roadway Construction at Contaminated Sites Based on Life Cycle Assessment Method." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (August 21, 2023): 12642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612642.
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Greenhouse gas emissions induced by climate change have garnered global attention. Minimizing climate change can be achieved through the reduction of carbon emissions in transportation infrastructure construction and in the production of construction materials. This study aims to calculate carbon emissions in three hypothetical construction scenarios based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method when a roadway passes across polluted soil at contaminated sites. Three methods are employed to remediate contaminated soil: off-site cement kiln co-processing, on-site ex-situ thermal desorption, and on-site ex-situ solidification/stabilization. Carbon emissions are calculated using the LCA method for each scenario. The baseline carbon emission is estimated for the scenario in which contaminated soil is remediated using the off-site cement kiln co-processing method, and the roadway subgrade is constructed using transported clean soil. In the other two scenarios, contaminated soils are remediated using the on-site ex-situ thermal desorption and solidification/stabilization methods, respectively, and then they are reused as roadway subgrade materials. The LCA analyses demonstrate that the total carbon emission reductions range from 1168.48 to 2379.62 tons per basic unit, corresponding to decreased of 19.31% to 39.33%, respectively, compared to baseline. The reuse of solid waste to replace sand and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as raw materials in roadway construction reduces carbon emissions by 498.98 tons. Finally, a comparison of carbon emissions between the three scenarios indicates that reducing carbon emissions in the remediation of contaminated soil and reusing solid waste as construction materials are two important methods for achieving overall carbon emission reductions in roadway construction projects.
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Vaibav, Genitha I., and John Diamond Raj. "Carbon Footprint of Milk Processing: A Life Cycle based Approach." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, no. 04 (2023): 1616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i04.026.
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This study was undertaken with the aim to assess and enumerate direct and indirect CO2 emissions from Student Training Dairy Plant, WSDT, using an LCA approach. One litre of milk was chosen to be the functional unit and the operations from milk reception to packaging were considered to be the system boundary for the research. The activity level for Life Cycle Inventory was collected by consulting the personnel at the plant and the data registries available at the plant and the emission factors for the various sources were taken from various international registries such as IPCC and NDRC. The results showed that the indirect emissions contributed the most to the overall carbon emissions, i.e., 19.675 KgCO2 e. The LCIA showed the Global Warming Potential of Indirect emissions to be higher than direct emissions.
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Koh, D., S. Tokbolat, and S. A. Blaauw. "Life cycle assessment of pavement construction: A case study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1363, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1363/1/012065.
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Abstract Road construction is often associated with carbon emissions from direct and indirect sources, primarily due to construction and maintenance activities. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) benchmarks to evaluate flexible composite pavement, fully flexible pavement and pavement rehabilitation options under various ground conditions. The objective of this study is to investigate the environmental impact associated with different pavement designs over a 60-year analysis period, comprising a 40-year basic design period with maintenance extended up to 60 years. This research paper encompasses a literature review on pavement LCA and conducts and LCA on various pavement design and construction options, following the ISO 14040 framework and PAS 2080 methodology. The LCA in this study specifically focuses on material production, transportation, construction, maintenance, and end-of-life phases. Using global warming potential as an environmental indicator, the study calculates and compares a range of potential impacts for each component. In terms of carbon emissions, the rehabilitation option was found to be most favourable when compared to other full-depth reconstruction options, while the flexible composite pavement option exhibited the highest carbon emission value compared to other pavement build-ups assessed. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify ‘hotspots’ in the study, which increase the confidence level of the results.
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Luo, Xing Ling, An Quan Zou, and Chun Guang Quan. "A Study on the Carbon Emissions Calculation Model of Iron and Steel Products Based on EIO-LCA." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2970–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2970.
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Carbon emission has become a global focus. The construction of carbon emissions calculation model is helpful for its control. Currently, there is still no uniform method about accounting on the carbon emissions of steel products. The common calculation models are not totally suitable for China. To make up for the shortcomings of them, this paper defines the life cycle system of the iron and steel products based on EIO-LCA, measures the quantity of the direct, indirect carbon emissions and carbon emission deduction in various stages of this life cycle, identifies the hotspot and department which contributes most in carbon emission, and takes Hunan Valin Xiangtan Iron and Steel Co., Ltd (abbreviated Xiang Gang) as an example to validate it. It shows that 2103.87kg of carbon in total would be emitted when one tonne of steel is produced by Xiang Gang. Among the total, the quantity of direct, indirect and deductible carbon emission are 2033.5kg, 216.75kg and 146.38kg respectively, namely carbon emissions of producing per ton of steel is 2.1 tons. Direct carbon emissions from all stages of the life cycle of steel products mainly exist in the stage of steel production and transportation. And ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry are the largest emissions industries of the total indirect emissions. Converting by-product gas, heat, and pressure into electrical energy use can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 146kg, which is the equivalent of reducing carbon dioxide emissions per ton of steel 0.15 tons. Therefore, in order to make the carbon dioxide emissions reach the advanced domestic level of 1.7 tons per ton steel, the iron and steel enterprises can meet emissions reduction targets by strengthening control of carbon emission and improving the efficiency of the utilization of secondary energy from small and large scale.
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Ghinea, Cristina, and Ana Leahu. "Life cycle assessment of fermented milk: yogurt production." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2020-0010.
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AbstractYogurt is a fermented milk product, resulted through milk acidification by lactic acid bacteria, highly appreciated worldwide. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied for modelling of environmental impacts associated with yogurt production. The system boundaries include the following activities: milk processing, transport, solid waste and wastewater treatments. Functional unit set for this study is 1 kg of produced yogurt. The input and output data were collected from various sources like reports, databases, legislation. All these data were used further in the impact assessment stage performed with GaBi software which includes LCA methods like CML2001 - Jan. 2016, ReCiPe 1.08, UBP 2013, EDIP 2003 and others. Results showed that the global warming potential (GWP) determined for yogurt was 2.92 kg CO2 eq. per kg of yogurt, while acidification potential (AP) was approximately 0.014 kg SO2 eq. per kg of yogurt. It was observed that the main contributor to all impact categories is consumption of electricity during the yogurt production, mainly in the pasteurization, evaporation and cooling stages. 61.4% of the emissions resulted from transportation of raw materials contributes to GWP, while 38.3% to photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP). Emissions from wastewater treatment are contributing especially to the eutrophication potential (EP), while emission from solid waste landfilling are contributing mainly to POCP.
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Buonomo, B., O. Manca, S. Nardini, R. E. Plomitallo, and S. Vigna. "Life Cycle Assessment for a solar cooling plant." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1106, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1106/1/012006.
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Abstract This work aims to evaluate the environmental loads of a hypothetical solar cooling plant making a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis. In this study, an LCA of a solar cooling plant for a cold room installed in a fruit and vegetable company is performed. The plant is equipped with an absorption chiller of 150 kW and an auxiliary boiler of 50 kW. The hot water storage tank is 5000 l as the cold water one. The solar thermal field is 250 m2 using evacuated tube collectors. The functional unit of the study is the entire plant. The entire life cycle is evaluated assuming that the lifetime is equal to 20 years. The Ecoinvent v3.8 database is used to collect data and SimaPro v.9 software is used to perform the analysis. IPCC 2013 and ReCiPe 2016 are chosen as impact assessment methods and their results are evaluated. The results show that the total CO2 equivalent emissions that are given by the Global Warming Potential evaluation using IPCC 2013 method increase when solar fraction decrease. Therefore, reducing gas consumption and, also, improving plant solar fraction is the most important way to reduce the total emission. However, the solar plant emissions are related to the installation, maintenance and use phases.
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Luu, Quyen Le, Binh Van Doan, Ninh Quang Nguyen, and Nam Hoai Nguyen. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of an Integrated Solar PV and Wind Power System in Vietnam." Journal of Asian Energy Studies 4 (2020): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/jaes.040005.
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In Vietnam, energy generation accounts for more than half of the national greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. This sector has tremendous potential for emission reduction through the exploitation of renewable energy resources. This study examines the environmental impact of grid-connected solar and wind power in Vietnam, with a focus on GHG emissions. A life cycle assessment was conducted for these purposes. A case study of an integrated 50 kWp solar photovoltaics (PV) and 6 kW wind power model in the Central Highland of Vietnam was selected to illustrate the environmental impact of solar and wind power in Vietnam. The environmental inflows and outflows were quantified from raw material extraction for manufacturing components of the model, such as the panels, turbines, inverters and subsidiary components, to the end of life of the model. OpenLCA software was used for the calculation, with background data from publications and free LCA databases. The results obtained indicate that the life cycle GHG emissions are 20 gCO2e/kWh of solar PV, 3.7 gCO2e/kWh of wind power, and the total emission of the model during its 25-year lifetime is 38.28 tCO2e. If solar and wind power replace grid power, the lifetime emission reduction of the integrated solar and wind power model would be 1.8 thousand tCO2e.
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Lunag, M. N., R. E. Tandoc, R. K. S. Camat, R. C. Capito, L. M. F. Castañeda, E. P. P. Cobarrubias, J. J. N. Dela Cruz, J. N. M. Focasan, K. I. Q. Perez, and J. T. H. M. Rung. "Life cycle analysis of a solar photovoltaic system in a Philippine university." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1419, no. 1 (December 1, 2024): 012044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1419/1/012044.
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Abstract Renewable energy sources have been growing in popularity because of the Republic Act 9513, also known as the Renewable Energy Act 2008. With these, various universities in the Philippines have already installed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, details such as carbon emissions reduction and the efficiency of PV systems in Philippine universities still need to be included as baseline data for policy formulation and sustainability. This study aims to evaluate the solar PVs installed at Saint Louis University as part of its climate change advocacy. The environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach was conducted through the OpenLCA software with the Ecoinvent database. Results showed that the PV panels installed in the university are economically and environmentally beneficial, wherein the installed panels’ break-even point and cost-benefit ratio are 7 years and 4.5, respectively. Through the cradle-to-grave analysis from manufacturing, transportation, installation, operation, and recycling, the solar PV system yielded an annual emission savings of 278,369 kg of CO2 equivalent. Moreover, the GHG emission payback period was only 2.22 years, with a 93% GHG reduction from utilizing solar PV systems instead of coal-fired power plants. With the summarized results of LCA, this paper hopes to contribute to the solar energy data on Energy Payback Time (EPBT) and GHG emission rates.
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Zhai, Yukun, Yunan Li, Su Tang, Yixuan Liu, and Yazhuo Liu. "Lightweight Strategies for Wooden-Structure Buildings Based on Embodied Carbon Emission Calculations for Carbon Reduction." Buildings 14, no. 11 (October 30, 2024): 3460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113460.
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To achieve carbon reduction in architecture, this study establishes a carbon emission calculation model for wooden structures based on life cycle assessment (LCA) theory, using the emission factor method. Carbon emission factors involved in the entire life cycle of wooden buildings are identified and calculated for two modern wooden structures at Beijing Forestry University. The results are quantified and compared to analyze the causes of high carbon emissions, and lightweight design strategies for wooden structures are proposed through case studies. The two case buildings consumed 0.36 m3 and 0.29 m3 of wood material per square meter of building area, with carbon emissions of 311.23 kgCO2e/m2 and 292.03 kgCO2e/m2, respectively. During the building life cycle, waste disposal, material production, and material transportation accounted for the highest carbon emissions, accounting for 40%, 25%, and 20%, respectively. This study shows that factors such as the building shape coefficient, structural design, component design, material type, and decoration influence material usage in wooden structures, thereby affecting carbon emissions. Key strategies for reducing embodied carbon include optimizing building shape and structural design, using lightweight materials, and minimizing decoration.
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Kalinina, Aksin’ya V., and Marina V. Petrochenko. "An integrated approach to the assessment of construction life cycles using software packages at the design stage." Stroitel'stvo: nauka i obrazovanie [Construction: Science and Education] 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 88–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/2305-5502.2022.1.7.
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Introduction. The article focuses on the relevance of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, used to quantify the environmental impact of a construction project at the design stage. LCA must be addressed in the process of designing buildings that will apply for green building certificates. The use of LCA software is an essential factor for obtaining LCA scores required for the majority of green building certificates. Materials and methods. The authors take advantage of various software packages, that make calculations and assess carbon emissions at each project stage. One of the software packages used by the authors is One Click LCA (2015). Results. The results of carbon emission calculations, made using One Click LCA (2015), are presented graphically in the form of carbon emission charts broken down by the life cycle stages (LCS); structural elements presented as comparative charts depending on different characteristics. The software allows assigning categories to buildings depending on their carbon emissions and impact parameters such as the Global warming potential (GWP), the Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), the Acidification Potential (AP), the Eutrophication Potential (EP), depletion of non-renewable energy sources, etc. Conclusions. Software packages, used to assess life cycles of buildings, accelerate the calculation of carbon emissions, which can, in turn, streamline the selection of optimal engineering solutions for construction projects and minimize environmental impacts of buildings. It’s been found that accurate LCA calculations require comprehensive information about construction projects, including data on construction materials, energy and water consumption, as well as construction site operations. In the context of Russia, calculations are more problematic, since most manufacturers do not have construction materials databases, that contain information on carbon emissions. If manufacturers invest in the issuance of environmental product declarations (EPD), calculations of carbon emissions will be trustworthy.
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Kim, Byung Ju, Kyoung Hoon Cha, Tak Hur, Beom Sik Kim, Sun Il Gwon, Ji Na Choi, and Young Kook Kwon. "Life Cycle Assessment of an GHG emission reduction technology." Korean Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 17, no. 2 (December 2016): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.62765/kjlca.2016.17.2.3.
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In this study, the environmental improvement effectiveness of CCU(Carbon capture & utilization) technology is analyzed, based on LCA(Life cycle assessment) methodology. Target CCU technology is synthesis process which uses carbon dioxide as raw material and produces useful materials such as DMC(Dimethyl carbonate), methanol and etc. As a result of LCA performed, 25 g CO2 eq. of greenhouse gases is reduced during life cycle for treating 1 kg of carbon dioxide. Therefore, target CCU technology produces an effect on greenhouse gas reduction. And electricity consumption of synthesis process is the main issue of GWP results. The improvement of energy type of synthesis process is effective for GWP. 746 g CO2 eq. of greenhouse gases is reduced by changing energy type of synthesis process. As a result, life cycle GWP reduction is obtained. The scenario analysis about carbon dioxide transportation distance is performed. In case of the distance of carbon dioxide transportation is farther than 97.13 km, the amount of greenhouse gas emission during life cycle is larger than avoid and target CCU technology is ineffective for greenhouse gas reduction. Consequentially, target CCU technology is effective for greenhouse gas reduction. And the region for installing the process should consider the distance of carbon dioxide transportation.
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Amoruso, Fabrizio M., and Thorsten Schuetze. "Carbon Life Cycle Assessment and Costing of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems for Deep Low-Carbon Renovation." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (June 12, 2023): 9460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129460.
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Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems can achieve high yields through high percentages of building envelope surface coverage associated with material savings by substituting conventional building envelope components and avoiding land-use change to install open-land PV installations. This article discusses the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the life cycle costing (LCC) of BIPV systems in timber-hybrid building extensions and envelope renovation systems of three exemplary buildings in the Republic of Korea: apartment, mixed-use commercial/industrial, and low-rise multi-unit residential. The BIPV system’s electricity production was quantified with simulation tools. Minimum and average carbon LCAs were calculated using a global product inventory database for 50 years. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission savings by substituting conventional energy supplies were calculated based on the associated primary energy demands. LCC calculations were based on international datasets for BIPV LCC for 25 and 50 years. As a result, the BIPV system-associated GHG emissions can be decreased by up to 30% with a payback time of 12 (apartment) to 41 (mixed-use building) years for buildings with full PV coverage. The positive cumulative net present value (NPV) for both LCC scenarios encourages economic investments in building renovations with BIPV systems.
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He, Xiaoyi, Xunmin Ou, Shiyan Chang, Xu Zhang, Qian Zhang, and Xiliang Zhang. "Analysis of Life-Cycle Energy Use and GHG Emissions of the Biomass-to-Ethanol Pathway of the Coskata Process under Chinese Conditions." Low Carbon Economy 03, no. 03 (2012): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/lce.2012.323014.
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Lin, Lin. "Carbon emission assessment of the life cycle of a small town sewage treatment plant." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 04034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911804034.
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The rise of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration has caused global warming to become a consensus in human society. Carbon emissions from sewage treatment plants are one of the main sources of emissions. Among them, carbon emissions from small town sewage treatment plants cannot be ignored. Based on the life cycle (LCA) evaluation theory, the assessment scope of life cycle carbon emissions of small town sewage treatment plants is defined, and a corresponding evaluation system is constructed. According to the system, the carbon emissions of a small town sewage treatment plant in Jilin are evaluated. Based on the assessment results, the ways to reduce carbon emissions from small town sewage treatment plantswere discussed to provide a reference for their emission reduction.
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Liu, Yongtao, Chunmei Zhang, Zhuo Hao, Xu Cai, Chuanpan Liu, Jianzhang Zhang, Shu Wang, and Yisong Chen. "Study on the Life Cycle Assessment of Automotive Power Batteries Considering Multi-Cycle Utilization." Energies 16, no. 19 (September 28, 2023): 6859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16196859.
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This article utilizes the research method of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to scrutinize Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries and Ternary Lithium (NCM) batteries. It develops life cycle models representing the material, energy, and emission flows for power batteries, exploring the environmental impact and energy efficiency throughout the life cycles of these batteries. The life cycle assessment results of different power battery recycling process scenarios are compared and analyzed. This study focuses on retired LFP batteries to assess the environmental and energy efficiency during the cascade utilization stage, based on a 50% Single-Cell Conversion Rate (CCR). The findings of the research reveal that, in terms of resource depletion and environmental emission potential, LFP batteries exhibit lower impacts compared to NCM batteries. The use of hydrometallurgy in recovering LFP power batteries leads to minimal life cycle resource consumption and environmental emission potential. During the cascade utilization stage of LFP batteries, significant benefits are noted, including a 76% reduction in mineral resource depletion (ADP e) and an 83% reduction in fossil energy depletion (ADP f), alongside notable reductions in various environmental impact factors. Simultaneously, considering the sensitivity of life cycle assessment indicators and their benefit percentages to different CCRs, it is observed that ODP exhibits the highest sensitivity to CCR changes, while evaluation indicators such as HTP, AP, and GWP show relatively lower sensitivity. This study can provide an effective reference for the establishment of an energy saving and emission reduction evaluation system of power batteries.
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Kim, Kyeong-Tae, and Ik Kim. "The Significance of Scope 3 GHG Emissions in Construction Projects in Korea: Using EIA and LCA." Climate 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9020033.
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In Korea, a greenhouse gas (GHG) environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been conducting since 2012, which sets the evaluation procedures and methods for GHG items during the EIA. However, the current EIA on GHG emissions can support wrong decision-making because the evaluation does not consider Scope 3 GHG emissions. Accordingly, this study proposed the life cycle EIA (LCEIA) method to identify changes in GHG emissions that need to be managed by considering Scope 3 GHG emissions in construction projects. The LCEIA method incorporates life cycle CO2 (LCCO2) including Scope 1, Scope, and Scope 3 GHG emissions using the concept of life cycle assessment (LCA) into the scoping step of the EIA process. The case study was conducted using existing EIA on GHG emission and LCEIA methodology for a development project in Gwangyang City. Scenario 1 is defined as an approach that calculates GHG emissions using the existing EIA method, and scenario 2 is also defined as a process using the LCEIA method. Results reveal that Scenario 2, including Scope 3 GHG emissions, had 46.4−51.2% more GHG emissions than Scenario 1. Sensitivity analysis for electricity and liquefied natural gas (LNG) density was also performed. Although the change in the carbon emission factor of electricity had a slightly sensitive effect on the research results, the LNG density was found to be less sensitive. This study believes the importance of switching to an EIA reflecting life cycle carbon dioxide (LCCO2) to calculate the exact amount of GHG emissions for construction work.
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Lei, Bin, Linjie Yu, Zhiyu Chen, Wanying Yang, Cheng Deng, and Zhuo Tang. "Carbon Emission Evaluation of Recycled Fine Aggregate Concrete Based on Life Cycle Assessment." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 14448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114448.
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This study conducts a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of carbon emissions for Recycled Fine Aggregate (RFA) concrete. There were six stages involved in the life cycle of RFA, including raw material extraction and processing, transportation to the manufacture, RFA concrete manufacturing, transportation to the building site, construction, and de-construction or demolition. The carbon uptake effect, due to the carbonation of RFA concrete, was also considered. The concept of “carbon-strength ratio” was introduced to comprehensively evaluate the carbon emission of RFA with different strengths. Sensitivity analysis was performed on the key parameters, including the water-to-cement ratio, RFA replacement ratio, and transportation distance, by employing three sensitivity coefficients. The results show that, under a certain water-to-cement ratio, the increase in RFA replacement ratio would decrease the carbon emission but increase the carbon-strength ratio. The higher the replacement ratio of RFA, the more sensitive the carbon emission of RFA concrete is to the change in transportation distance. Under a certain 28-day cubic compressive strength, the higher the RFA replacement ratio, the higher the carbon emission. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the carbon emission was the most sensitive to the water-to-cement ratio, which was followed by the RFA replacement ratio and transportation distance.
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Yang, Yong, Xiaogang Yue, Yongle Luo, Li Jin, and Buyu Jia. "Building Information Modeling–Life Cycle Assessment: A Novel Technology for Rapid Calculation and Analysis System for Life Cycle Carbon Emissions of Bridges." Sustainability 16, no. 23 (December 2, 2024): 10574. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310574.
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With the rapid development of bridge construction, environmental concerns have become increasingly prominent. Low-carbon, green, and sustainable bridge engineering has emerged as an inevitable trend. A comprehensive carbon emission calculation system is key to achieving low-carbon bridges. This study proposes a rapid calculation and analysis system for bridge carbon emissions (Building Information Modeling–Life Cycle Assessment, BIM-LCA). This system, using the bridge information model as a carrier, calculates and manages data on material consumption, machinery, transportation, and energy throughout the bridge’s life cycle. It then calculates the carbon emissions for each stage. This system simplifies the complex and cumbersome data collection and analysis processes found in traditional methods while also making the carbon emissions across the full bridge life cycle more accessible and visible. Being applicable to all types of bridges, this system can provide insights and a basis for decision-making in the early design stages and during construction and operation to support carbon reduction. Ultimately, it promotes low-carbon, environmentally friendly, and sustainable bridge engineering development.
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Zhao, Zhonghui, Changqi Liu, Hao Xie, Yang Li, Chong Zhu, and Meijing Liu. "Carbon Accounting and Carbon Emission Reduction Potential Analysis of Sponge Cities Based on Life Cycle Assessment." Water 15, no. 20 (October 12, 2023): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15203565.
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In recent years, China has been vigorously carrying out the construction and development of a sponge city. To prove that the material and energy consumption involved in the implementation of a sponge city is much less than that of the integrated urban drainage system (IUDS) in addition to saved energy and reduced carbon in the sponge city, it was important to calculate the corresponding carbon source and sink and analyze its key influence factors. The emission factor method was used to calculate carbon emissions. In view of this, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines and life cycle assessment (LCA), this research established a systematic accounting method for carbon emissions from the IUDS and the sponge city, which focused on improving the calculation method of the carbon sink stage. A case study was conducted in Beijing, China, and the carbon emission reduction effect of the construction of the sponge city was discussed. The results showed that the carbon emission reduction potential (CRP) of sponge facilities in this project for 50 years was 612.45 tons of CO2 equivalent after the renovation. Compared with IUDS, sponge city construction had a positive effect on carbon emission reduction and reduced carbon emissions by 87.08% on average. For the IUDS and the sponge city, the stormwater pipe network had the largest contribution of carbon emission, and its material, transportation, pipeline laying, and maintenance of stormwater pipe networks had important influences. Morris global analysis method was used to analyze the sensitivity of LCA results and obtained that the influence degree of sensitivity factors on carbon emissions in the life cycle was in the order of annual rainfall > carbon sequestration rate of green space > high-density polyethylene (HDPE) > transport distance > fertilization and insecticide. This study can provide a positive contribution to the construction of a sponge city and planning the low-carbon development of the city in the future in China.
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Kawamoto, Ryuji, Hideo Mochizuki, Yoshihisa Moriguchi, Takahiro Nakano, Masayuki Motohashi, Yuji Sakai, and Atsushi Inaba. "Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 11, 2019): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092690.
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In order to reduce vehicle emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) on a global scale, the scope of consideration should be expanded to include the manufacturing, fuel extraction, refinement, power generation, and end-of-life phases of a vehicle, in addition to the actual operational phase. In this paper, the CO2 emissions of conventional gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICV) were compared with mainstream alternative powertrain technologies, namely battery electric vehicles (BEV), using life-cycle assessment (LCA). In most of the current studies, CO2 emissions were calculated assuming that the region where the vehicles were used, the lifetime driving distance in that region and the CO2 emission from the battery production were fixed. However, in this paper, the life cycle CO2 emissions in each region were calculated taking into consideration the vehicle’s lifetime driving distance in each region and the deviations in CO2 emissions for battery production. For this paper, the US, European Union (EU), Japan, China, and Australia were selected as the reference regions for vehicle operation. The calculated results showed that CO2 emission from the assembly of BEV was larger than that of ICV due to the added CO2 emissions from battery production. However, in regions where renewable energy sources and low CO2 emitting forms of electric power generation are widely used, as vehicle lifetime driving distance increase, the total operating CO2 emissions of BEV become less than that of ICV. But for BEV, the CO2 emissions for replacing the battery with a new one should be added when the lifetime driving distance is over 160,000 km. Moreover, it was shown that the life cycle CO2 emission of ICV was apt to be smaller than that of BEV when the CO2 emissions for battery production were very large.