Dissertations / Theses: 'Life cycle assessment and industrial ecology'

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Bichraoui-Draper, Najet. "Computational sustainability assessment : agent-based models and agricultural industrial ecology." Thesis, Troyes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TROY0005/document.

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Cette thèse porte sur le développement d'une approche de modélisation destinée à quantifier la durabilité de systèmes industriels à partir de biomasse (considérés comme des systèmes complexes), et à fournir un outil d’aide à la décision qui permette, en modifiant certaines de leurs caractéristiques, de diminuer leurs impacts environnementaux.Elle s’appuie sur deux études de cas régionales : la première permet de tester l’hypothèse théorique pour évaluer les facteurs qui contribuent à l’adoption par les agriculteurs du « panic érigé » (switchgrass) dans l’Etat du Michigan (USA), et les effets associés en termes d’impacts environnementaux, en utilisant un modèle multi-agents couplé à l’analyse du cycle de vie ; la seconde combine modélisation multi-agents et système d'information géographique par le biais d’une analyse de flux de matières et d’énergie pour révéler les opportunités symbiotiques d’un écosystème agro-industriel en Champagne-Ardenne (France).On montre que ces deux modèles fonctionnels ont une valeur ajoutée significative pour l’analyse de systèmes sociotechniques durables et la simulation de scénarios futurs
This research is about developing a modeling framework in order to quantify the sustainability of industrial systems for biomass energy (conceived of as complex systems), and to provide decisionmakers with an aiding-tool for reducing their environmental impacts by modifying some of their features.It draws upon two regional case-studies. In the first one, an hybrid agent-based/life cycle assessment approach is used to test the theoretical background, understand the main decision-making factors influencing farmers’ adoption of switchgrass ethanol in Michigan (USA) and assess how such patterns affect environmental impacts. In the second case-study, agent-based modeling and geographical information system are used together via material and energy flow analysis to reveal the potential for industrial symbiosis in the bio-economy cluster of Champagne-Ardenne (France). We show that both models have a significant added value for the analysis of sustainable complex systems and the simulation of future scenarios

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Ditsele, Ofentse. "Application of life cycle assessment to estimate environmental impacts of surface coal mining." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2010. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Ditsele_09007dcc807d4fd7.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2010.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed July 15, 2010) Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-152).

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Feiz, Roozbeh. "Industrial Ecology and Development of Production Systems : Analysis of the CO2 Footprint of Cement." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-105942.

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This research is an attempt to create a comprehensive assessment framework for identifying and assessing potential improvement options of cement production systems. From an environmental systems analysis perspective, this study provides both an empirical account and a methodological approach for quantifying the CO2 footprint of a cement production system. An attributional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is performed to analyze the CO2 footprint of several products of a cement production system in Germany which consists of three dierent plants. Based on the results of the LCA study, six key performance indicators are dened as the basis for a simplied LCA model. This model is used to quantify the CO2 footprint of dierent versions of the cement production system. In order to identify potential improvement options, a framework for Multi-Criteria Assessment (MCA) is developed. The search and classication guideline of this framework is based on the concepts of Cleaner Production, Industrial Ecology, and Industrial Symbiosis. It allows systematic identication and classication of potential improvement options. In addition, it can be used for feasibility and applicability evaluation of dierent options. This MCA is applied both on a generic level, reecting the future landscape of the industry, and on a production organization level re ecting the most applicable possibilities for change. Based on this assessment a few appropriate futureoriented scenarios for the studied cement production system are constructed. The simplied LCA model is used to quantify the CO2 footprint of the production system for each scenario. By integrating Life Cycle Assessment and Multi-Criteria Assessment approaches, this study provides a comprehensive assessment method for identifying suitable industrial developments and quantifying the CO2 footprint improvements that might be achieved by their implementation. The results of this study emphasis, although by utilizing alternative fuels and more ecient production facility, it is possible to improve the CO2 footprint of clinker, radical improvements can be achieved on the portfolio level. Compared to Portland cement, very high reduction of CO2 footprint can be achieved if clinker is replaced with low carbon alternatives, such as Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) which are the by-products of other industrial production. Benchmarking a cement production system by its portfolio product is therefore a more reasonable approach, compared to focusing on the performance of its clinker production. This study showed that Industrial Symbiosis, that is, over the fence initiatives for material and energy exchanges and collaboration with nontraditional partners, are relevant to cement industry. However, the contingent nature of these strategies should always be noted, because the mere exercise of such activities may not lead to a more resource ecient production system. Therefore, in search for potential improvements, it is important to keep the search horizon as wide as possible, however, assess the potential improvements in each particular case. The comprehensive framework developed and applied in this research is an attempt in this direction.

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Ukidwe, Nandan Uday. "Thermodynamic input-output analysis of economic and ecological systems for sustainable engineering." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1117555725.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxiii, 306 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 297-306). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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Caldwell, Amanda. "Assessment of Transportation Emissions for Ferrous Scrap Exports from the United States: Activity-Based Maritime Emissions Model and Theoretical Inland Transportation Model." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103296/.

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Industrial ecology is a field of study that encourages the use of closed-loop material cycles to achieve sustainability. Loop closing requires the movement of materials over space, and has long been practiced in the iron and steel industry. Iron and steel (ferrous) scrap generated in the U.S. is increasingly exported to countries in Asia, lengthening the transportation distance associated with closing the loop on the iron and steel life cycle. In order to understand the environmental cost of transporting this commodity, an activity-based maritime transportation model and a theoretical in-land transportation model are used to estimate emissions generated. Results indicate that 10.4 mmt of total emissions were generated, and emissions increased by 136 percent from 2004 to 2009. Increases in the amount of emissions generated are due to increases in the amount of scrap exported and distance it is transported.

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Papageorgiou, Asterios. "Emerging technologies for climate-neutral urban areas : An Industrial Ecology perspective." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Resurser, energi och infrastruktur, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292648.

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The ever-increasing concentration of human activity in urban areas induces environmental problems beyond their boundaries on scales ranging from local to regional to global, such as resource depletion, land degradation, air and water pollution and climate change. Human-induced climate change is widely acknowledged as one of the greatest sustainability challenges of the present century and it is inextricably linked to urbanization. As a response to climate change, urban areas around the world have committed to reach climate neutrality within the next decades. In this context, the deployment of new technologies can have a key role in achieving carbon neutrality in urban areas. As new technologies emerge, it is essential to assess their environmental performance considering the broader systems context in order to ensure that they can indeed contribute to achieving climate neutrality without compromising environmental sustainability. This thesis aims is to provide insight on the environmental performance of emerging technologies that can be deployed in urban areas in order to contribute to achieving climate neutrality. The two technologies in focus are grid-connected solar microgrids and biochar-based systems for treatment of biomass waste and remediation of contaminated soil. The methods applied to conduct the environmental assessments and fulfil the aim of the thesis are: case studies, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material and Energy Flow Analysis and Substance Flow Analysis. Moreover, as part of the research efforts, a spreadsheet model based on LCA data was developed. The assessment of the solar microgrid highlighted the importance of using explicit spatial and temporal boundaries when analyzing the environmental performance of energy systems, as it can increase the accuracy of the results. It also revealed that the choice of modeling approach can influence the results of the assessment, which motivates the application of different methodological approaches. Within this context, the assessment showed that in a short-term perspective the integration of a grid-connected urban solar microgrid into the Swedish electricity grid would not contribute to climate change mitigation, as solar electricity from the microgrid would displace grid electricity with lower carbon intensity. The assessment also indicated that operational and structural changes in the microgrid could reduce its climate change impact, albeit not to the extent to generate GHG emission abatements. The assessment of the biochar-based systems showed that these systems have many environmental benefits compared to incineration of waste and landfilling of contaminated soil. They have great potential to contribute to achieving climate neutrality, as they can provide net negative GHG emissions, owing mainly to carbon sequestration in the biochar. Between the two biochar-based systems, a system for on-site remediation can provide additional environmental benefits, as it can lead to more efficient use of resources. However, these systems also entail environmental trade-offs due to increased consumption of auxiliary electricity, while the extent of ecological and human health risks associated with the reuse of biochar-remediated soils is for the moment unknown.
Den ständigt ökande koncentrationen av mänsklig aktivitet i urbana områden orsakar miljöproblem utanför deras gränser på skalor som sträcker sig från lokal till regional till global, såsom utarmning av resurser, markförstöring, luft- och vattenföroreningar och klimatförändring. Mänskligt driven klimatförändring är allmänt erkänd som en av de största hållbarhetsutmaningarna under nuvarande seklet och den är nära kopplad till urbanisering. Som ett svar på klimatförändringen har urbana områden runt om i världen åtagit sig att nå klimatneutralitet inom de närmaste decennierna. I detta sammanhang kommer införandet av ny teknik ha en nyckelroll för att uppnå klimatneutralitet i stadsområden. När ny teknik dyker upp är det viktigt att bedöma dess miljöprestanda med hänsyn till den bredare systemkontexten för att säkerställa att tekniken verkligen kan bidra till att uppnå klimatneutralitet utan att kompromissa med miljömässig hållbarhet. Denna avhandling syftar till att ge insikt om miljöprestanda för framväxande teknik som kan användas i urbana områden för att bidra till att uppnå klimatneutralitet. De två teknikerna i fokus är nätanslutna solmikronät och biokolbaserade system för behandling av biomassavfall och sanering av förorenad mark. Metoderna för att genomföra miljöbedömningarna och uppfylla avhandlingens syfte är: fallstudier, livscykelanalys (LCA), material- och energiflödesanalys och substansflödesanalys. Som en del av forskningsinsatserna utvecklades dessutom en kalkylmodell baserad på LCA-data. Analysen av solmikronätet visade att det är viktigt att använda explicita rums- och tidsgränser vid analys av energisystemens miljöprestanda, eftersom det kan öka resultatens noggrannhet. Analysen visade också att valet av modelleringsmetod kan påverka resultatet, vilket motiverar en användning av flera olika metoder. Inom detta sammanhang visade bedömningen att i ett kortsiktigt perspektiv skulle integrationen av ett nätanslutet urbant solmikronät i det svenska elnätet inte bidra till att begränsa klimatförändringen, eftersom solenergi från mikronätet skulle ersätta el med lägre klimatpåverkan. Bedömningen indikerade också att operativa och strukturella förändringar i mikronätet kunde minska mikronätets klimatförändrings påverkan, om än inte i sådan utsträckning att det skulle ge växthusgasutsläppsbesparingar. Bedömningen av de biokolbaserade systemen visade att dessa system har många miljöfördelar jämfört med förbränning av avfall och deponering av förorenad mark. De har stor potential att bidra till att uppnå klimatneutralitet, eftersom de kan ge nettonegativa utsläpp av växthusgaser, främst på grund av kolbindning i biokol. Vi jämförelse av de två biokolbaserade systemen så kan ett system för sanering på plats ge ytterligare miljöfördelar, eftersom det kan leda till en mer effektiv resursanvändning. Dessa system medför emellertid också miljöavvägningar på grund av ökad förbrukning av elektricitet, medan omfattningen av ekologiska och människors hälsorisker förknippade med återanvändning av biokolbehandlad jord ännu är okända.

QC 20210419

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Assefa, Getachew. "On sustainability assessment of technical systems : experience from systems analysis with the ORWARE and EcoEffect tools /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Division of Industrial Ecology, Deparment of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-550.

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Billstein, Tova. "On Conducting a Life Cycle Assessment of Network Traffic : A Qualitative Analysis of Current Challenges and Possible Solutions." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297498.

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There is a growing demand for climate reporting of digital solutions and Internet services. However, the impacts of data transmission have historically been the least studied part of the ICT sector and in the few studies that exist, the magnitude of Internet energy intensity varies by a scale as large as 20,000. This indicates that the assessment of network traffic is a complex task, and there is currently no consensus of how to correctly assess it. In an attempt to guide process development within the area, this report sought to identify and address potential challenges with assessing the environmental impact of network traffic during its life cycle. This was completed through a combination of a literature review and semi-structured interviews with experts in the field. Several areas in the form of knowledge gaps, unsolved methodological issues, and areas in need of further development were identified and addressed. Eight key challenges were identified and relate to the areas of system boundaries, data collection methods, energy intensity metrics, transparency and data availability, age of data, allocation procedures, assumptions on inventory level, and impact categories. In an attempt to address said challenges, several suggestions on how to proceed were presented, as well as areas in need of further investigation. It was furthermore found that the sector should strive to agree upon a number of parameters of significance to enable future harmonized studies of the environmental impact of network traffic during its life cycle.
Efterfrågan på klimatrapportering av digitala lösningar och Internettjänster ökar allt mer. Samtidigt är effekterna av datatrafik historiskt sett den minst studerade delen av IKT-sektorn, och i de få studier som finns varierar storleken på Internets energiintensitet med en skala på 20 000. Detta indikerar att bedömningen av nätverkstrafik är en komplex uppgift, och i nuläget saknas en konsensus kring hur det bäst kan mätas. I ett försök att vägleda processutveckling inom området försökte rapporten identifiera och analysera potentiella utmaningar som kan uppstå när man bedömer miljöpåverkan av nätverkstrafik under dess livscykel. Med en kombination av en litteraturstudie och halvstrukturerade kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med experter inom forskningsområdet identifierades och behandlades ett flertal områden i form av kunskapsluckor, olösta metodologiska frågor och områden i behov av vidareutveckling. Resultatet visade att åtta utmaningar av hög relevans existerar inom områdena systemgränser, datainsamlingsmetoder, energiintensitetsmätvärden, transparens och datatillgänglighet, snabb teknikutveckling, allokering, antaganden och miljöpåverkningskategorier. I ett försök att ta itu med de nämnda utmaningarna presenterades ett flertal förslag till lösningar samt områden som behöver undersökas ytterligare i framtiden. Det konstaterades dessutom att sektorn behöver sträva efter att enas om ett antal parametrar av betydelse för att möjliggöra framtida harmoniserade studier av nätverkstrafikens miljöpåverkan under dess livscykel.

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Torres, De Miranda Pinto Julian. "Sustainable resource management in european steel supply chains." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne‎ (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAD002/document.

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La présente thèse entend examiner les interactions présentes et futures entre l'industrie sidérurgique européenne et son environnement, avec pour objectifs principaux, l’amélioration de la prise de décision et l'élaboration de politiques industrielles en matière de durabilité et de circularité. La thèse contribue à l’émergence de propositions contribuant à façonner l'avenir de l'acier dans l’Union Européenne. L'industrie sidérurgique européenne est utilisée ici comme un cas d’école, visant à explorer les avantages potentiels pour l’économie circulaire et l’écologie industrielle, d’une intégration d’un outil (Analyse du Cycle de Vie – ACV) dans une méthodologie (Dynamique des Systèmes – SD). Un modèle modulaire pour l’industrie sidérurgique européenne a été construit et, pour 4 des 5 articles développés dans la thèse, 21 simulations ont été effectuées. 12 simulations ont permis d’identifier les contraintes potentielles et les avantages des stratégies de fin de vie; 5 d’évaluer les avantages et les inconvénients des différentes stratégies d’intégration de la chaîne d’approvisionnement (SCI) dans la filière européenne de l’acier; et 4 de traiter des interactions entre les dynamiques biophysiques et économiques sur le marché de l'acier. Le dernier article s’appuie sur une nouvelle méthodologie – les Cercles de Durabilité et le Métabolisme Urbain Durable – pour évaluer les défis et les contributions de l'acier dans le cadre de l’éco-fonctionnalité en milieu urbain. Les résultats ont montré que l’intégration de l’ACV dans les stratégies de développement durable permettait de reproduire assez fidèlement les résultats et les scénarios d’études scientifiques antérieures, tout en suggérant des apports méthodologiques relativement novateurs. Cette recherche opérationnelle est susceptible d'intéresser les managers et des chefs d’entreprises qui s’attachent aux questions d’efficience et de résilience de l’outil industriel, ainsi que les décideurs politiques qui souhaitent cerner les enjeux d’une pénurie de matières premières ou d’une politique de recyclage de l’acier à l’échelle européenne. D'après les résultats de chaque article, il a été observé que (a) le recyclage et la réutilisation pourraient générer des résultats intéressants à moyen et à long terme en matière de circularité, en abandonnant notamment les combustibles fossiles et en développant un tout nouveau marché autour des services de fin de vie; (b) différentes approches en matière de chaine logistique intégrée semblent être prometteuses d'un point de vue environnemental et stratégique; (c) six variables biophysiques clés peuvent avoir une incidence notoire sur les cours au comptant, les cours à terme, les marges d'EBITDA, l'utilisation des capacités de production, la distribution des dividendes et les coûts de fabrication de l'acier; et (d) la dynamique servicielle dans le cadre de l’éco-fonctionnalité peut apporter des avantages significatifs aux villes durables, tout en modifiant considérablement la structure de l’offre sur le marché de l’acier
The present thesis delved into the current and future interactions within the European Steel Industry and of it with the environment it is a part of, with the main objective of supporting decision- and policy-making efforts oriented towards sustainability and circularity, helping to shape the future of steel in the European Community. The thesis used the European Steel Industry as a case study to explore the potential benefits of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into System Dynamics (SD) under the scopes of Circular Economy and Industrial Ecology. A model representative of the European Steel Industry was built modularly in Stella Architect, following ILCD and ISO guidelines and standards for LCA. Throughout 4 of the 5 articles developed for the present thesis, 21 simulation runs were performed on the aforementioned model: 12 on identifying potential constraints and benefits of End-of-Life policies; 5 assessing the advantages and disadvantages of different Supply Chain Integration (SCI) strategies along European steel supply chains; and 4 addressing the interactions between biophysical and economic dynamics in the steel market. An additional article was developed using the methodologies of Circles of Sustainability and Sustainable Urban Metabolism to appraise the challenges and contributions of steel as part of servitization initiatives in urban environments. Overall results indicated that integrating LCA into SD was not only feasible and capable of reproducing results, trends and behaviors from previous scientific studies, but also of contributing to both methodologies in different levels. This approach has potential to interest policy-makers who seek more granularity within the European Steel Industry as well as decision-makers searching for a broader understanding of their operation’s dynamics beyond the gates, notably regarding raw material scarcity, resource self-sufficiency, and resource ownership retention. From the results of each article it was observed that, (a) pushing for recycling and reuse could generate interesting medium- to long-term results for circularity, transitioning away from fossil fuels and developing a whole new market around end-of-life services; (b) different SCI approaches can be environmentally and strategically promising; (c) six key biophysical variables can distinctively affect spot prices, future prices, EBITDA margins, capacity utilization, dividend payouts, and costs of steelmaking; and (d) servitization can provide significant benefits to sustainable cities, while also being able to substantially alter the supply-side dynamics of steelmaking, highlighting how important it is for steelmakers to pay close attention to the service-providing initiatives that may concern their clients and products

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Bruel, Aurélien. "Proposition d'indicateurs des externalités environnementales basés sur l'ACV et les services écosystémiques." Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0035/document.

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Dans notre société actuelle, il s’avère difficile de déployer l’Écologie industrielle. Ceci peut s’expliquer par le fait que l’information à destination des décideurs est principalement issue des sciences naturelles et de l’ingénieur. Ainsi l’information apportée dans les processus de décision est focalisée sur l’étude physique des flux de matière et d’énergie. Elle semble peu pertinente pour interpeller les décideurs industriel et public. Pour cela, ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre quels indicateurs utiliser pour mieux intégrer les impacts environnementaux dans les processus de décision industriel et public. Il s’intéresse en particulier à la prise en compte des externalités environnementales dans les processus de décision. Il cherche ainsi à mieux comprendre quelles sont les interactions entre le cycle de vie d’un produit et les services écosystémiques au niveau local au moyen de la méthodologie d’analyse du cycle de vie. Cette proposition est mise à l’épreuve en la développant sur un cas d’étude illustratif modélisant deux services écosystémiques liés au phénomène d’eutrophisation. Ensuite, des indicateurs des systèmes industriels sur les services écosystémiques sont testés dans un processus de validation expérimentale dans deux contextes de prise de décisions différents
In today's society, it is difficult to spread the Industrial ecology. This can be explained by the fact that information for decision makers is mainly outcome from the natural and engineering sciences. Thus, information provided in the decision process is focused on the physical study of material and energy flows. It seems irrelevant to challenge the industrial and public decision makers. For this, this thesis aims to understand which indicators to use to better integrate environmental impacts in the process of industrial and public decision. It is particularly interested in the integration of environmental externalities in the decision process. It seeks to understand what are the interactions between the life cycle of a product and ecosystem services of a territory by using the methodology of Life cycle assessment. This proposal was put to the test by developing an illustrative case study by modeling two ecosystem services related to eutrophication. Then indicators of industrial systems on ecosystem services are tested in an experimental validation process in two different contexts of decision making

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Losi, Lorenzo. "Impact assessment of an innovative process for levulinic acid production from biomass." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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A large part of energy carriers and chemicals of our society come from fossil fuels; due to their critical exploitation and environmental concerns, alternative solutions should be promoted. The goal of this work is to understand the environmental impacts of different supply chains of levulinic acid production. To enable this comparison, a cradle-to-gate LCA was conducted on different kinds of biomasses, under an innovative thermochemical process called Biofine. The study concerns biomass not only of agri-food origin (corn stover, barley straw, wheat straw), but also deriving from the waste collection supply chain (organic fraction of municipal solid waste). Results show that biochemicals production from waste-derived biomass represent the lowest environmental impact solution, compared to the supply chain with biomass of agri-food origin. For agri-food biomasses, the impacts deriving from the agricultural phase are orders of magnitude more significant than those of the industrial phase, while the transport phase is the least impacting in absolute terms. For waste-derived biomasses, transport is the most impacting phase of the entire supply chain.

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Hartmann, Joachim Kilian. "Life-cycle-assessment of industrial scale biogas plants." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2006/hartmann.

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Jung, Johannes [Verfasser]. "Comparative life cycle assessment of industrial multi-product processes / Johannes Jung." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1059523116/34.

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Navarro, Rosa Jennifer. "Framework for sustainability assessment of industrial processes with multi-scale technology at design level: microcapsules production process." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8572.

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In a world with limited resources and serious environmental, social and economical impacts, a more sustainable life style is everyday more important. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to develop a methodological procedure for eco-efficiency and sustainability assessment of industrial processes with multi-scale technology at design level. The methodology developed follows the ISO 14040 series for environmental LCA standard. To integrate the three pillars of sustainability the analytical hierarchical process was used. The results are represented in a triple bottom line framework. The methodology was applied to the case study "production of perfume-containing microcapsules" and different scenarios were assessed and compared. Several sustainability indicators were chosen to analyze the impacts. The results showed that this methodology can be used as a decision making tool for sustainability reporting. It can be applied to any process choosing in each case the corresponding set of inventory data and sustainability impact indicators.
En un mundo con recursos limitados y graves impactos ambientales, sociales y económicos, un estilo de vida más sostenible es cada día más importante. Debido a esto, el objetivo general de este trabajo es desarrollar un procedimiento metodológico para evaluar eco-eficiencia y sostenibilidad de procesos industriales con tecnología multi-escala a nivel de diseño. La metodología desarrollada sigue la serie ISO 14040 para el medio ambiente. Se utilizó el proceso analítico jerárquico para integrar los tres pilares de sostenibilidad. Los resultados se presentan en un balance triple. La metodología se aplicó al caso de estudio "producción de micro-cápsulas que contienen perfume" y se analizaron y compararon diferentes escenarios. Se seleccionaron diversos indicadores de sostenibilidad para analizar los impactos. Los resultados demostraron que esta metodología puede ser utilizada como herramienta de toma de decisiones y que puede aplicarse a cualquier proceso seleccionando, en cada caso, los datos del inventario y los indicadores.

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Sun, Mingbo Mechanical &amp Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Integrated environmental assessment of industrial products." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20587.

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been successfully used as an environmental assessment tool for the development of ecologically sustainable products. The application of LCA in the early design stage has been constrained by the requirement of large amounts of data and time for carrying out the assessment. In addition, the complexity of LCA causes further difficulties for product developers. In order to integrate the environmental assessment into the process of product development, this research proposes an integrated decision model for sustainable product development and a simplified LCA approach for the application in the early stage of product design. The main advantage of the proposed model is that it incorporates the environmental aspects of product development into the existing product development framework. It enables designers to strike a balance between the product???s environmental performance and other traditional design objectives. The simplified LCA approach is based on the concept and application of Environmental Impact Drivers. Material-based environmental impacts and Energy-based environmental impacts are used to predict the total environmental impact of a product. Two sets of impact drivers were developed accordingly. The Material-based Impact Drivers were identified by classifying materials into 16 groups according to the nature of the materials and their environmental performance. Energy-based Impact Drivers were developed for various energy sources in major industrial regions. Product LCA cases were used to verify the proposed methods. The results computed by the application of the impact drivers were compared with the results of full LCA studies. It is concluded that with the proposed approach, the product???s environmental performance can be assessed in a very short time and with very basic data input requirements and acceptable accuracy.

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Cespi, Daniele <1987&gt. "Assessment and optimization of chemical industrial processes from a life cycle perspective." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6855/.

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During the PhD program in chemistry, curriculum in environmental chemistry, at the University of Bologna the sustainability of industry was investigated through the application of the LCA methodology. The efforts were focused on the chemical sector in order to investigate reactions dealing with the Green Chemistry and Green Engineering principles, evaluating their sustainability in comparison with traditional pathways by a life cycle perspective. The environmental benefits associated with a reduction in the synthesis steps and the use of renewable feedstock were assessed through a holistic approach selecting two case studies with high relevance from an industrial point of view: the synthesis of acrylonitrile and the production of acrolein. The current approach wants to represent a standardized application of LCA methodology to the chemical sector, which could be extended to several case studies, and also an improvement of the current databases, since the lack of data to fill the inventories of the chemical productions represent a huge limitation, difficult to overcome and that can affects negatively the results of the studies. Results emerged from the analyses confirms that the sustainability in the chemical sector should be evaluated from a cradle-to-gate approach, considering all the stages and flows involved in each pathways in order to avoid shifting the environmental burdens from a steps to another. Moreover, if possible, LCA should be supported by other tools able to investigate the other two dimensions of sustainability represented by the social and economic issues.

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Alsaadi, Naif. "An Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Optimization Approach for Automotive De-manufacturing Systems." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1484238682202343.

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Guidosh, Jacob Andrew. "The use of Life Cycle Assessment through an Objective Framework Constructed by Simulation." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1252941644.

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Kucukvar, Murat. "Sustainability Assessment of U.S. Construction Sectors and Emerging Pavement Designs: An Ecologically Based Life Cycle Assessment." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1302892567.

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20

Amaya, Rivas Jorge Luis. "Assessment of the environmental benefits provided by closed-loop strategies for industrial products." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENI074/document.

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Les produits avec des phases d'usage multiple sont de plus en plus pris en considération a du fait des pressionséconomiques et environnementales. Ces produits aux cycles de vie complexes, utilisent des process tels que leremanufacturing. Ces process doivent être modélisés et évaluée par des équipes de conception. Cette thèse montrecomment représenter, modéliser et évaluer des produits en cycle de vie à boucle fermées. L'étude montre commentétablir des évaluations environnementales pour ces produits et les comparer aux évaluations environnementales decycles de vie classiques.Les modèles ont été développés sur des travaux antérieurs, tels que la méthodologie de Gehin et al. basée sur leconcept du brique du cycle de vie produit. La première approche proposée sert pour évaluer les bénéficesenvironnementaux des opérations et des activités autour du cycle de vie de produit en boucle fermée(remanufacturing scénario de fin de vie et systèmes de produit-service comme stratégie de vente des services).L'introduction de systèmes produit-service vise à réduire les impacts environnementaux de produits parl'intensification de l'utilisation. Ainsi, la thèse propose un modèle pour évaluer les éléments de systèmes produitsserviceet leur cycle de vie du point de vue environnemental. La thèse se concentre sur l'élaboration d'un modèle quiintègre le cycle de vie d’un produit-service système et ses paramètres, en tenant en compte des éléments physiques,ainsi que de l'infrastructures, la conception des unités de services, les acteurs dans la logistique et leurs interactions.Les modèles permettent d’identifier et de distinguer les différentes phases du cycle de vie du produit et de réajuster ladécision des concepteurs dans le processus de conception du produit. De plus, le modèle cherche l'intégration desparamètres du process de remanufacturing et des systèmes produit-service dans l'ensemble du cycle de vie duproduit. Les modèles visent à aider la conception de produits et de processus, ainsi que les acteurs de la chaîneapprovisionnement et les personnes chargées de la prise de décision sur la conception du produit et deschangements dans le système.Les résultats peuvent être utilisés, afin d'évaluer la performance environnementale des différents scénarios de fin devie des produits, fournissant un outil pour les concepteurs qui permet de quantifier les avantages environnementauxliés à l'utilisation des produits en cycle de vie en boucle fermée
Products with multiple use phases have to be considered regarding new economic and environmental pressures.Therefore, the related complex life cycles of (re)manufactured products have to be modeled and assessed by designteams for a better understanding of their performance. This thesis presents methodologies to represent, model andassess closed-loop product lifecycle (focused on remanufacturing strategies). The study shows how to establishenvironmental assessments for remanufactured products life cycles and how to compare them to environmentalassessments for classical life cycles.The present study shows how to establish the models and how to compare the environmental assessments ofremanufactured products life cycles vs. classical life cycle scenarios. The objective is to provide easy to use methodsand tools for designers to allow them quantifying the environmental benefits related to the use of a closed loopstrategy. In this project, a life cycle assessment, life cycle bricks, and a parametric model of the products are used toevaluate and compare the environmental benefits provided by the remanufacturing. The methodologies and modelshave been developed based on previous works, such as the the life cycle bricks concept developed by Gehin et al.[2007].On the other hand, the thesis proposes a model to assess the product-service systems elements and their respectivelife cycle from an environmental point of view. Here, the thesis focuses on the development of a model whichintegrates the product lifecycle within those parameters by a product-service system strategy, taking into accountphysical elements, as well as the infrastructures network, unit services design, supply chain actors and theirinteractions.Finally, a model has been developed to assess from an environmental point of view the data of the operations andactivities around product life cycle of the products with final non classic disposition scenarios (remanufacturing asend-of-life scenario and multiple uses by the disposition of the service offers system as a business strategy). Themethodologies and models proposed allow identifying and distinguishing impacts between the different product lifecycle stages and readjust the designers’ decision at the product design stage. The results can be further used insimulation, to evaluate the environmental performance of different product life cycle end-of-life scenarios

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Rice, Gareth. "The application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to industrial process selection (with the BOC Group), and, The application of life cycle thinking to industrial process improvement (with Borax Consolidated)." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594156.

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This EngD portfolio considers two important applications of Life Cycle Thinking to industrial processes. These are the use of Life Cycle Assessment in process selection, and the application of Life Cycle Thinking to process improvement. The portfolio can be broken down into two distinct parts: that associated with the most recent two years spent with The BOC Group and that related to the initial two years with Borax Consolidated. The work at The BOC Group shows how the environmental management tool of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be used at the process selection stage (specifically in industrial applications). This is demonstrated by applying LCA to the production of liquid carbon dioxide (and its downstream use), and through a comparative LCA of the oxygen-based Vitox technology with alternative mechanical aeration techniques in the activated sludge process for waste water treatment. The work further includes a comparative assessment of alternative production methods for the generation of liquid oxygen. The work carried out at Borax Consolidated focuses on fluidisation as a novel method of dehydrating boric acid, and shows how life cycle thinking can be applied during process improvement and selection. It includes a comparative assessment of the impact associated with fluidisation and current technology

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Guidry, Caroline. "Modified comparative life cycle assessment of end-of-life options for post-consumer products in urban regions." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24795.

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Lindahl, Mattias, Niclas Svensson, Bo Svensson, and Erik Sundin. "Industrial cleaning with Qlean Water : a case study of printed circuit boards." Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-88920.

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Many manufacturing companies are looking for ways to substitute environmentally problematic cleaning methods for surface treatments with more environmentally friendly ones. In this paper, one potential solution is described. The Qlean method, based on cleaning with highly pure water (in this paper defined as Qlean Water), is a novel cleaning method. This method, now utilized at one plant at a leading major international electronic company, has substituted previous chemical-based methods for cleaning printed circuit boards prior to lacquering. This paper presents, based on that company's primary data, a comparative study using environmental analysis and economic life cycle cost review between cleaning with Qlean Water and conventional cleaning. The focus is on the environmental and economic performance of the two alternatives. The conclusion is that Qlean Water offers both a significant economic and environmental cost reduction and a better product. This is the case even though all identified economic benefits derived from using Qlean Water, e.g. that the quality and technical lifetime have been extended for the printed circuit boards with the Qlean Water cleaning method, are not considered in the economic analysis.

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Башлак, Ірина Анатоліївна, Ирина Анатольевна Башлак, Iryna Anatoliivna Bashlak, and Y. O. Nasemtseva. "Estimation of environmental capacity for industrial impact based on life cycle assessment (lca) and process chain analysis." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13313.

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A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) enables organisations to analyse the entire life cycle of their products or services with regard to their environmental impacts and to display these anaylses in a transparent way. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13313

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Lopes, Miguel Ângelo de Freitas. "Industrial symbiosis potential of the Sines oil refinery – environmental and economic evaluation." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11189.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente – Perfil Gestão e Sistemas Ambientais
Industrial symbiosis is an application of industrial ecology that consists of a collaborative approach between different industries and firms aimed at improving their environmental and economic performance involving the exchange of waste/byproducts as substitutes for raw materials. This collaboration is conditioned by the geographic proximity between industries and may face some information, economic, regulatory or motivational barriers. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a methodology to find and evaluate new potential exchanges in light of industrial symbiosis and to apply it to Sines oil refinery case study. The methodology was divided into four phases. The first phase is where, through the analysis of similar case studies, the potential new exchanges are uncovered.The second was made based on a literature review on the main barriers to industrial symbiosis development. This phase was developed to swiftly filter potential synergies that would face barriers to its development. The other two phases were only applied to the potential synergies that successfully passed the “filter”. Those phases consisted of an environmental evaluation through a LCA and a financial analysis. The application of the methodology showed two new potential synergetic possibilities for the Sines oil refinery. The results of the evaluation of those potential synergies were very promising both environmentally and financially. This research thus demonstrates the potential and benefits associated with the development of industrial symbiosis networks if the barriers to this development can be successfully surpassed.

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Landu, Landu. "Environmental life cycle assessment of water use in South Africa the Rosslyn industrial area as a case study /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04242006-153804.

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27

Nicholas, Michael John. "The application of environmental life cycle approaches to industrial pollution control and policy-making : a case study of the glass industry." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365194.

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Martin, Michael. "Industrial Symbiosis in the Biofuel Industry : Quantification of the Environmental Performance and Identification of Synergies." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-90233.

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The production of biofuels has increased in recent years, to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. However, current production practices are heavily criticized on their environmental sustainability. Life cycle assessments have therefore been used in policies and academic studies to assess the systems; with divergent results. In the coming years however, biofuel production practices must improve to meet strict environmental sustainability policies. The aims of the research presented in this thesis, are to explore and analyze concepts from industrial symbiosis (IS) to improve the efficiency and environmental performance of biofuel production and identify possible material and energy exchanges between biofuel producers and external industries. An exploration of potential material and energy exchanges resulted in a diverse set of possible exchanges. Many exchanges were identified between biofuel producers to make use of each other’s by-products. There is also large potential for exchanges with external industries, e.g. with the food, energy and chemical producing industries. As such, the biofuel industry and external industries have possibilities for potential collaboration and environmental performance improvements, though implementation of the exchanges may be influenced by many conditions. In order to analyze if concepts from IS can provide benefits to firms of an IS network, an approach was created which outlines how quantifications of IS networks can be produced using life cycle assessment literature for guidelines and methodological considerations. The approach offers methods for quantifying the environmental performance for firms of the IS network and an approach to distribute impacts and credits for the exchanges between firm, to test the assumed benefits for the firms of the IS network. Life cycle assessment, and the approach from this thesis, have been used to quantify the environmental performance of IS networks by building scenarios based on an example from an IS network of biofuel producers in Sweden. From the analyses, it has been found that exchanges of material and energy may offer environmental performance improvements for the IS network and for firms of the network. However, the results are dependent upon the methodological considerations of the assessments, including the reference system, functional unit and allocation methods, in addition to important processes such as the agricultural inputs for the system and energy systems employed. By using industrial symbiosis concepts, biofuel producers have possibilities to improve the environmental performance. This is done by making use of by-products and waste and diversifying their products, promoting a transition toward biorefinery systems and a bio-based economy for regional environmental sustainability.
Produktionen av biobränslen har ökat de senaste åren, vilket är ett steg mot klimateffektivare lösningar i transportsektorn, men biodrivmedlen har ifrågasatts med hänvisning till tveksamheter kring deras miljö- och energiprestanda. Lifecykelanalyser har därför använts inom akademiska studier och för policy för att utvärdera systemen, dock utan samstämmiga resultat. Under de kommande åren måste därför praxis för produktion av biobränslen förbättras för att kunna möta de strikta kraven i hållbarhetskriterier för biobränslen. Syftet med forskningen som presenteras i den här doktorsavhandlingen är att utforska och analysera koncept från området Industriell symbios (IS) och därigenom identifiera förbättringar för ökad effektivitet och miljöprestanda för biobränsleproduktion. Vidare är syftet att identifiera möjliga material- och energiutbyten mellan biobränsleproducenter och externa industrier. Potentiella material- och energiutbyten undersöktes, vilket resulterade förslag på flera olika typer av potentiella utbyten. Undersökningen visar på en potential för att använda biprodukter i en biobränsleprocess som råvara till en annan biobränsleframställning. Vidare identifierades en stor potential för utbyten med externa industrier, som till exempel matproducenter samt industrier för energi och kemikalier. Det är tydligt att det finns möjligheter för biobränsleproducenter och externa industrier att samarbeta och därmed ge möjlighet till förbättringar i miljöprestandan, dock kan en implementering av dessa utbyten påverkas av många olika förutsättningar. Avhandlingen presenterar även ett tillvägagångssätt för att visa hur kvantifiering av miljöprestanda inom ett nätverk för IS kan genomföras genom att använda riktlinjer och metodavvägningar från litteratur för livscykelanalys. Detta tillvägagångssätt kan användas för att analysera om koncept från IS kan leda till fördelar för företagen i ett IS-nätverk. Tillvägsgångssättet ger möjlighet att kvantifiera miljöprestandan för företagen i IS-nätverket och ger dessutom vägledning för hur miljöpåverkan från utbytena kan distribueras mellan de olika företagen. Metoden utvecklades för att bland annat undersöka de förmodade fördelarna från IS för varje enskild aktör. Livscykelanalys i kombination med tillvägagångssättet ovan har använts för att kvantifiera miljöprestandan för IS-nätverk genom att konstruera scenarier. Scenarierna har baserats på ett exempel från ett IS-nätverk av biobränsleprocenter i Sverige. Analyserna visar att utbyten av material- och energi kan ge förbättringar i miljöprestanda. Resultaten är dock beroende av vilka metodavvägningar som gjorts, till exempel val av referenssystem, funktionell enhet och allokeringsmetoder. Vidare spelar viktiga processer som inputs från jordbruk och val av energisystem stor roll för resultatet. Metodavvägningar för utväderingen influerar även miljöpåverkan samt hur den fördelas mellan företagen i IS-nätverket. Dessutom kan den lokala miljöpåverkan öka medan den globala påverkan minskar. Sammanfattningsvis kan biobränsleproducenter, genom att använda koncept från industriell symbios, ges möjlighet att förbättra sin miljöprestanda. Detta kan ske genom att använda biprodukter och avfall samt genom att diversifiera sina produkter som ett första steg mot en övergång mot bioraffinaderier och en mer biobaserad ekonomi för regional hållbarhet.

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Lan, Tian. "MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR PLATFORM-BASED PRODUCT CONFIGURATION CONSIDERING TOTAL LIFE-CYCLE SUSTAINABILITY." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/56.

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Many companies are using platform-based product designs to fulfill the requirements of customers while maintaining low cost. However, research that integrates sustainability into platform-based product design is still limited. Considering sustainability during platform-based design process is a challenge because the total life-cycle from pre-manufacturing, manufacturing and use to post-use stages as well as economic, environmental and societal performance in these stages must be considered. In this research, an approach for quantifying sustainability is introduced and a mathematical model is developed for identifying a more sustainable platform. Data from life-cycle assessment is used to quantify environmental factors; criteria from the Product Sustainability Index (ProdSI) are used to quantify societal factors. The Analytic Hierarchical Process method is used to assess relative importance of societal factors and the weighted sum method is used in the objective function for overall multi-objective optimization. A bicycle platform configuration will be used as a case study to demonstrate the application of the model. The relationship between commonality of the platform and sustainability performance is analyzed.

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Cluzel, François. "Eco-design implementation for complex industrial system : From scenario-based LCA to the definition of an eco-innovative R&D projects portfolio." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00760580.

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Face to the growing awareness of environmental concerns issued from human activities, eco-design aims at offering a satisfying answer in the products and services development field. However when the considered products become complex industrial systems, there is a lack of adapted methodologies and tools. These systems are among others characterised by a large number of components and subsystems, an extremely long and uncertain life cycle, or complex interactions with their geographical and industrial environment. This change of scale actually brings different constraints, as well in the evaluation of environmental impacts generated all along the system life cycle (data management and quality, detail level according to available resources...) as in the identification of adapted answers (management of multidisciplinary aspects and available resources, players training, inclusion in an upstream R&D context...). So this dissertation aims at developing a methodology to implement ecodesign of complex industrial systems. A general methodology is first proposed, based on a DMAIC process (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control). This methodology allows defining in a structured way the framework (objectives, resources, perimeter, phasing...) and rigorously supporting the ecodesign approach applied on the system. A first step of environmental evaluation based on Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is thus performed at a high systemic level. Given the complexity of the system life cycle as well as the exploitation variability that may exist from one site to another, a scenario-based approach is proposed to quickly consider the space of possible environmental impacts. Scenarios of exploitation are defined thanks to the SRI (Stanford Research Institute) matrix and they include numerous elements that are rarely considered in LCA, like preventive and corrective maintenance, subsystems upgrading or lifetime modulation according to the economic context. At the conclusion of this LCA the main impacting elements of the system life cycle are known and they permit to initiate the second step of the eco-design approach centred on environmental improvement. A multidisciplinary working group perform a creativity session centred on the eco-design strategy wheel (or Brezet wheel), a resource-efficient eco-innovation tool that requires only a basic environmental knowledge. Ideas generated during creativity are then analysed through three successive filters allowing: (1) to pre-select and to refine the best projects; (2) to build a R&D projects portfolio thanks to a multi-criteria approach assessing not only their environmental performance, but also their technical, economic and customers' value creation performance; (3) to control the portfolio balance according to the company strategy and the projects diversity (short/middle/long term aspect, systemic level...). All this work was applied and validated at Alstom Grid on electrical conversion substations used in the primary aluminium industry. The methodology deployment has allowed initiating a robust eco-design approach recognized by the company and finally generating a portfolio composed of 9 eco-innovative R&D projects that will be started in the coming months.

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Cluzel, François. "Mise en oeuvre de l'éco-conception pour des systèmes industriels complexes : de l'ACV par scénarios à la définition d'un portefeuille de projets de R&D éco-innovants." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECAP0037/document.

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Face à l’émergence des problématiques environnementales issues des activités humaines, l’écoconception s’attache à offrir une réponse satisfaisante dans le domaine de la conception de produits et services. Cependant, lorsque les produits considérés deviennent des systèmes industriels complexes, caractérisés entre autres par un grand nombre de composants et sous-systèmes, un cycle de vie extrêmement long et incertain, ou des interactions complexes avec leur environnement géographique et industriel, un manque évident de méthodologies et d’outils se fait ressentir. Ce changement d’échelle apporte en effet des contraintes différentes aussi bien dans l’évaluation des impacts environnementaux générés au cours du cycle de vie du système (gestion et qualité des données, niveau de détail de l’étude par rapport aux ressources disponibles…) que dans l’identification de réponses adaptées (gestion de la multidisciplinarité et des ressources disponibles, formation des acteurs, inclusion dans un contexte de R&D très amont…). Cette thèse vise donc à développer une méthodologie de mise en œuvre d’une démarche d’éco-conception de systèmes industriels complexes. Une méthodologie générale est tout d’abord proposée, basée sur un processus DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control). Cette méthodologie permet de définir de manière formalisée le cadre de la démarche (objectifs, ressources, périmètre, phasage…) et d’accompagner rigoureusement l’approche d’écoconception sur le système considéré. Une première étape d’évaluation environnementale basée sur l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) à haut niveau systémique est ainsi réalisée. Etant donnée la complexité du cycle de vie considéré et la variabilité d’exploitation d’un système industriel d’un site à l’autre, une approche par scénario est proposée afin d’appréhender rapidement l’étendue possible des impacts environnementaux. Les scénarios d’exploitation sont définis à l’aide de la matrice SRI (Stranford Research Institute) et intègrent de nombreux éléments rarement abordés en ACV, comme la maintenance préventive et corrective, la mise à niveau des sous-systèmes ou encore la modulation de la durée de vie du système en fonction du contexte économique. A l’issue de cette ACV les principaux postes impactants du cycle de vie du système sont connus et permettent d’entreprendre la seconde partie de la démarche d’éco-conception centrée sur l’amélioration environnementale. Un groupe de travail multidisciplinaire est réuni lors d’une séance de créativité centrée autour de la roue de la stratégie d’éco-conception (ou roue de Brezet), un outil d’éco-innovation peu consommateur de ressources et ne nécessitant qu’une faible expertise environnementale. Les idées générées en créativité sont alors traitées par trois filtres successifs, qui permettent : (1) de présélectionner les meilleurs projets et de les approfondir ; (2) de constituer un portefeuille de projets de R&D par une approche multicritère évaluant leur performance environnementale, mais également technique, économique et de création de valeurs pour les clients ; (3) de contrôler l’équilibre du portefeuille constitué en fonction de la stratégie de l’entreprise et de la diversité des projets considérés (aspects court/moyen/long terme, niveau systémique considéré…). L’ensemble des travaux a été appliqué et validé chez Alstom Grid sur des sous-stations de conversion électrique utilisées dans l’industrie de l’aluminium primaire. Le déploiement de la méthodologie a permis d’initier une démarche solide d’écoconception reconnue par l’entreprise et de générer au final un portefeuille de 9 projets de R&D écoinnovants qui seront mis en œuvre dans les prochains mois
Face to the growing awareness of environmental concerns issued from human activities, eco-design aims at offering a satisfying answer in the products and services development field. However when the considered products become complex industrial systems, there is a lack of adapted methodologies and tools. These systems are among others characterised by a large number of components and subsystems, an extremely long and uncertain life cycle, or complex interactions with their geographical and industrial environment. This change of scale actually brings different constraints, as well in the evaluation of environmental impacts generated all along the system life cycle (data management and quality, detail level according to available resources…) as in the identification of adapted answers (management of multidisciplinary aspects and available resources, players training, inclusion in an upstream R&D context…). So this dissertation aims at developing a methodology to implement ecodesign of complex industrial systems. A general methodology is first proposed, based on a DMAIC process (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control). This methodology allows defining in a structured way the framework (objectives, resources, perimeter, phasing…) and rigorously supporting the ecodesign approach applied on the system. A first step of environmental evaluation based on Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is thus performed at a high systemic level. Given the complexity of the system life cycle as well as the exploitation variability that may exist from one site to another, a scenario-based approach is proposed to quickly consider the space of possible environmental impacts. Scenarios of exploitation are defined thanks to the SRI (Stanford Research Institute) matrix and they include numerous elements that are rarely considered in LCA, like preventive and corrective maintenance, subsystems upgrading or lifetime modulation according to the economic context. At the conclusion of this LCA the main impacting elements of the system life cycle are known and they permit to initiate the second step of the eco-design approach centred on environmental improvement. A multidisciplinary working group perform a creativity session centred on the eco-design strategy wheel (or Brezet wheel), a resource-efficient eco-innovation tool that requires only a basic environmental knowledge. Ideas generated during creativity are then analysed through three successive filters allowing: (1) to pre-select and to refine the best projects; (2) to build a R&D projects portfolio thanks to a multi-criteria approach assessing not only their environmental performance, but also their technical, economic and customers’ value creation performance; (3) to control the portfolio balance according to the company strategy and the projects diversity (short/middle/long term aspect, systemic level…). All this work was applied and validated at Alstom Grid on electrical conversion substations used in the primary aluminium industry. The methodology deployment has allowed initiating a robust eco-design approach recognized by the company and finally generating a portfolio composed of 9 eco-innovative R&D projects that will be started in the coming months

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Reap, John J. "Plants in the garden an approach to modeling the impact of industrial activities in ecosystems /." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-201301/unrestricted/reap%5Fjohn%5Fj%5F200405%5Fmast.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004.
Matthew J. Realff, Committee Member ; Farrokh Mistree, Committee Member ; Berdinus A. Bras, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-195).

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Brondani, Michel. "AVALIAÇÃO DO CICLO DE VIDA (ACV) DA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOETANOL HIDRATADO EM PEQUENA ESCALA: ABRANGÊNCIA AGRÍCOLA E INDUSTRIAL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7983.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) produces little of the ethanol consumed because of edaphoclimatic conditions that preclude the extensive agricultural production and the consequent construction and operation of large distilleries. However, small-scale distilleries may supply, in part, this ethanol for consumption through production with sugarcane. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Energy Efficiency Analysis were performed to evaluate small-scale ethanol production considering the individual step and the overall analysis. The main results of the LCA were given in terms of environmental impacts and damage according to Eco-Indicator 99 assessment method, and demonstrated that nitrogen- and phosphorus- rich fertilizers along with herbicide and limestone were responsible for major environmental damage during the agricultural step, while the use of equipments and electricity had major impacts in industrial step. The agricultural step showed high energy efficiency (9.98-19.03 - energy in/energy out ratio) while the industrial stage showed energy efficiency of 0.86-0.87 and 0.20-0.21 with and without bagasse energy credits, respectively. In the overall analysis, the industrial step showed higher impacts and damages. Small-scale ethanol production chain presented energy efficiency (2.59-2.92) with bagasse energy credits. Otherwise the process could be energetically inefficient (0.61-0.69). Construction of the small-scale distillery and acquisition/sizing of equipment based on the availability of raw material supply are actions to avoid energy losses and environmental damage. The LCA was also used to evaluate, environmentally, the production of two types of distillation columns (tray type and mixed type) for continuous production of hydrous ethanol to indicate the model less impact on the environment. The results showed that the production of mixed distillation column generates lower contributions of impact to the environment, therefore their choice for installation in small-scale is indicated in terms of mitigating environmental impacts.
O estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) produz pouco do etanol consumido por causa de condições edafoclimáticas que impedem a produção agrícola extensiva e a consequente construção e operação de grandes usinas. No entanto, pequenas destilarias podem fornecer, em parte, este etanol para consumo através da produção a partir de cana-de-açúcar. A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e a Análise de Eficiência Energética foram realizadas para avaliar a produção de etanol em pequena escala, considerando cada etapa individual e a análise global. Os principais resultados da ACV foram dados em termos de impactos e danos ambientais de acordo com o método de avaliação de impacto Eco-Indicador 99, e demonstrou que o uso de fertilizantes ricos em nitrogênio e fósforo juntamente com o uso de herbicida e calcário foram responsáveis por maior parte dos impactos ambientais na etapa agrícola enquanto o uso de equipamentos e eletricidade tiveram grandes impactos na etapa industrial. A etapa agrícola apresentou alta eficiência energética (9,98-19,03 - razão energia saída/energia entrada), enquanto a fase industrial mostrou eficiência energética de 0,86-0,87 e 0,20-0,21 com e sem créditos de energia do bagaço, respectivamente. Na análise global, a etapa industrial mostrou maiores impactos e danos. A cadeia produtiva de etanol em pequena escala apresentou eficiência energética (2,59-2,92) com créditos de energia do bagaço. Caso contrário, o processo pode ser energeticamente ineficiente (0,61-0,69). A construção da microdestilaria e aquisição/dimensionamento dos equipamentos com base na disponibilidade de matéria-prima de alimentação são ações para evitar perdas de energia e danos ambientais. A ACV também foi usada para avaliar, ambientalmente, a produção de dois tipos de colunas de destilação (tipo pratos ou bandejas e tipo mista) para produção contínua de etanol hidratado visando indicar o modelo de menor impacto sobre o meio ambiente. Os resultados mostraram que a produção de coluna destilação mista gera menores contribuições de impacto ao meio ambiente, por isso, a sua escolha para instalação em uma microdestilaria é indicado em termos de mitigação de impactos ambientais.

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Lundin, Lucas, and Simon Karlsson. "Barriers and opportunities for implementation of a return system for industrial packaging : A case study at Valmet AB." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-68153.

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Sustainability has become a more and more important aspect within companies worldwide. Environmental aspects within companies are often connected to higher profits and increased corporate image. One field of importance, to create a more effective supply chain within companies, regards to the logistic process. An area within logistics is reverse logistics, which regards to the activities related to taking back goods, information or material from the consumer or customer to receive value from it or to dispose it. By reusing goods or material, reverse logistics together with handling solutions could form a return system. Implementation of a return system could moreover be related to circular economy, which means effective use of resources within a closed loop supply chain. By combining logistics, handling, return system and circular economy, a more effective supply chain could be achieved. The study aims to create a theoretical framework on how barriers can hinder implementation of a return system and to identify potential solutions. This is done by investigating two research questions, namely how industrial packaging is handled today and further to investigate the barriers and opportunities for a return system. The questions and the aim will be answered through a case study of the company Valmet AB where internal documentation has been examined and interviews has been conducted. In addition to this, theory has been reviewed and a life-cycle assessment has been performed to examine possible benefits of a return system. The study shows that there exist barriers and opportunities, where some of them are mentioned in the existing theory while others are scarcely investigated. In the relevance to previous research, new barriers that need further investigation have been identified, in relation to the studied industry. These are lack of internal communication, lack of time and location barriers. Moreover, the study shows that there exists environmental incentive for implementation of a return system. However, it is hard to guarantee economic profit, since there are unknown costs due to storage, personnel and refurbishing. Future research should further examine the new barriers in the context of combined theoretical dimensions.
Hållbarhet har blivit en allt viktigare aspekt för företag i hela världen. Att arbeta med miljöaspekter inom företag är ofta kopplat till högre vinster och ett bättre rykte. En viktig del, för att skapa en effektiv försörjningskedja inom företag, är den logistiska processen. Ett område inom logistik är omvänd logistik. Omvänd logistik avser aktiviteter med att ta tillbaka varor, information eller material från konsumenten eller kunden för att skapa mervärde. Genom att återanvända varor eller material kan omvänd logistik tillsammans med lösningar inom hantering bilda ett retursystem. Implementationen av ett retursystem kan relateras till cirkulär ekonomi, vilket är en teori som innebär effektivt resursutnyttjande inom ett cirkulärt kretslopp för företag. Genom att kombinera logistik, hanteringslösningar, retursystem och cirkulär ekonomi kan en effektiv försörjningskedja uppnås. Studien syftar till att skapa ett teoretiskt ramverk om vilka barriärer som kan hindra implementeringen av ett retursystem och att identifiera potentiella lösningar. Detta görs genom att undersöka två forskningsfrågor, nämligen hur industriell paketering hanteras idag och vidare att undersöka barriärer och möjligheter för ett retursystem. Frågorna och syftet besvaras genom en fallstudie på företaget Valmet AB där intern dokumentation har granskats och intervjuer har genomförts. Utöver detta har teori granskats och en livscykelanalys har utförts för att undersöka möjliga fördelar med ett retursystem. Studien visar att det finns både barriärer och möjligheter. Några av dem nämns i den befintliga teorin medan andra nämns fåordigt. Jämfört med tidigare forskning har några nya barriärer identifierats som behöver undersökas ytterligare, i relation till den undersökta industrin. Dessa är brist på intern kommunikation, brist på tid och platsbarriärer. Vidare visar studien att det finns starka miljöincitament för implementeringen av ett retursystem. Det är dock svårt att garantera ekonomisk vinst, eftersom det finns okända kostnader sett till lagring, personal och reparation. Framtida forskning bör fortsatt undersöka de nya barriärerna genom att kombinera olika teorier.

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Urban, Robert Anthony. "Toward Sustainability through Techno-Ecological Synergy: Including Ecosystems in Engineering Design and Analysis." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354589871.

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Busset, Guillaume. "Approche d'évaluation de la durabilité des systemes guidée par la pensée cycle de vie : application à l'agroindustrie oléicole." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0050/document.

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À l'heure où toute décision stratégique doit être conforme aux principes de la durabilité, l'évaluation des conséquences environnementales, économiques et sociales d'un choix d'ingénierie s'avère nécessaire. Parmi les outils d'évaluation des systèmes et de leurs conséquences, l'analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) dérivée de la pensée cycle de vie s'est imposée comme la méthode la plus adaptée à un tel niveau de décision. Historiquement focalisée sur les impacts environnementaux, l'ACV a naturellement étendue son champ d'évaluation aux aspects économiques, sociaux et d'ingénierie pour devenir une analyse de la durabilité (AdCV) des systèmes. L'AdCV est ainsi en train d'émerger et nécessite des propositions d'améliorations méthodologiques et des applications concrètes pour devenir robuste et applicable. Cette étude présente l'évaluation de la durabilité d'un système dans le contexte de l'agro-industrie oléicole. À cet effet, elle propose une approche intégrée d’évaluation de la durabilité basée sur l’AdCV couplée à la modélisation des processus et des procédés et, l'analyse multicritère pour l'aide à la décision. Une première partie traite des concepts de durabilité, d'ingénierie et d'agro-industrie oléicole à travers une analyse de la littérature scientifique. Dans la deuxième partie, l'approche d'évaluation de la durabilité proposée est décrite, formalisée et implémentée dans la solution logicielle « EcOlive » à l'aide d'outils empruntés à la modélisation des systèmes. Enfin, la troisième partie présente les résultats de l’application de l’approche à l’agro-industrie oléicole en s’appuyant sur un ensemble de données terrain récoltées dans le cadre du projet européen OiLCA
Nowadays, any strategic decision must be in accordance with the sustainability principles. Therefore, companies need to evaluate the consequences of their activities and products onto environment, economy and society. Life cycle assessment (LCA) from Life cycle thinking (LCT) is one of the major environmental impact evaluation methods for product, process or service and the trends is to integrate economic and social aspects to become a life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). However, LCSA is still in its infancy and needs methodological proposals to be applicable. This study presents sustainability assessment in the olive oil agro-industrial context. In doing so, a systemic approach based on the coupling between LCSA, enterprise modeling, chemical process modeling and multicriteria analysis is proposed. The approach is then validated by the development of the software solution “ Ecolive ” for sustainability assessment of olive oil production. This application relies on field data collected under the European OiLCA project

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Ashok, Archana. "Textile paper as a circular material." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214687.

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Increasing resource efficiency by utilising secondary raw material is one of the key characteristics of a circular economy. Textile dust fibre, a waste generated from textile mechanical recycling has the prospect to be utilised as secondary raw material for producing novel material: textile paper suitable for packaging and other applications. A comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of carrier bags made from one ton of virgin paper, recycled paper and novel textile paper (~22584paper bags with grammage of 100 g/m2 and same dimensions for all 3 types of bags) showed that textile paper bag is more environmentally friendly in terms of carbon footprint. The largest environmental contributors were energy consumed in the pulping and paper making processes, followed by the use of adhesives and printing ink in the conversion process of paper to papercarrier bags. A comparative Techno-economic Assessment (TEA) was carried out for the operating cost of producing the three selected carrier bag types. The analysis conveyed that textile paper bags are more economically attractive, mainly due to the partial substitution of paper fibre with low-cost textile dust fibre. Furthermore, a simple tool was developed with an attempt to assess and compare materials suitability for the circular economy considering life cycle thinking and business perspectives. Assessment of textile paper using the Circular material assessment tool indicated that there is still scope for improvement on the following circularity characteristics of circular material: scarcity of raw material, local supply of resources, clean and non-toxic resources. Textile paper material scored high in the following circularity characteristics: secondary raw material, industrial symbiosis, recycling, resource efficiency in manufacturing and use. In the final step, the textile paper bag was eco-designed through the combined and iterative LCA and TEA approach with the aim to achieve improved scores as a circular material. In order to understand the overall sustainability advantages and trade-offs, further research is recommended on different textile dust fibre grades as well as textile paper performance based on mechanical properties. It is also recommended to investigate textile paper in other applications like one time fashion clothes, reusable paper bags as textile hangers etc.

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Song, Xingqiang. "A Pressure-oriented Approach to Water Management." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-94861.

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Without a comprehensive understanding of anthropogenic pressures on the water environment, it is difficult to develop effective and efficient strategies to support water management in a proactive way. A broader systems perspective and expanded information systems are therefore essential to aid in systematically exploring interlinks between socioeconomic activities and impaired waters at an appropriate scale. This thesis examined the root causes of human-induced water problems, taking the socioeconomic sector into account and using systems thinking and life cycle thinking as the two main methods. The European DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State of the Environment-Impacts-Responses) framework was also used as a basis for discussing two kinds of approaches to water management, namely state/impacts-oriented and pressure-oriented. The results indicate that current water management approaches are mainly state/impacts-oriented. The state/impacts-oriented approach is mainly based on observed pollutants in environmental monitoring and/or on biodiversity changes in ecological monitoring. Employing this approach, the main concern is hydrophysical and biogeochemical changes in the water environment and the end result is reactive responses to combat water problems. As a response, a pressure-oriented approach, derived from a DPR (Drivers-Pressures-Responses) model, was developed to aid in alleviating/avoiding human-induced pressures on the water environment. From a principal perspective, this approach could lead to proactive water-centric policy and decision making and the derivation of pressure-oriented information systems. The underlying principle of the DPR approach is that many root causes of human-induced water problems are closely related to anthroposphere metabolism. An industrial ecology (IE) perspective, based on the principle of mass/material balance, was also introduced to trace water flows in the human-oriented water system and to account for emissions/wastes discharged into the natural water system. This IE-based perspective should be used as part of the basis for developing pressure-oriented monitoring and assessing impacts of human-induced pressures on recipient waters. While demonstrating the use of the pressure-oriented approach, two conceptual frameworks were developed, for water quantity and water quality analysis, respectively. These two frameworks could help motivate decision makers to consider water problems in a broader socioeconomic and environment context. Thus they should be the first step in making a broader systems analysis in any given river basin, regarding setting systems boundary and identifying data availability. In this context, a combined hydrological and administrative boundary is suggested to monitor anthropogenic processes and organise socioeconomic activity statistics.
QC 20120515

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Babi, Almenar Javier. "Characterisation, biophysical modelling and monetary valuation of urban nature-based solutions as a support tool for urban planning and landscape design." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/288810.

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The recognition of nature in the resolution of societal challenges has been growing in relevance. This recognition has been associated with the development of new concepts from science and policy such as natural capital, ecosystem services, green infrastructure, and more recently Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). NBS intends to address societal challenges in an effective and adaptive form providing economic, social, and environmental benefits. The overall aim of this PhD thesis is to develop an environmental and economic assessment of NBS for highly urbanised territories based on rationales and models underpinning ecosystem services, urban/landscape ecology, and life cycle thinking approaches. This combined evaluation approach would help to better understand if NBS are cost-effective or not. The aim is developed according to four specific objectives. The first objective corresponds to the characterisation of NBS in relation to urban contexts and the problematics that they can help to address or mitigate. To achieve this objective a critical review on the study of the relationship between NBS, ecosystem services (ES) and urban challenges (UC) was developed. As a main output, a graph of plausible cause-effect relationships between NBS, ES and UC is obtained. The graph represents a first step to support sustainable urban planning, moving from problems (i.e. urban challenges) to actions (i.e. NBS) to resolutions (i.e. ES). The second objective corresponds to the definition of an adequate set of biophysical and monetary assessment methods and indicators to evaluate the value of NBS in urbanised contexts. To achieve this objective, a review of existing methods on ecosystem services valuation, life cycle cost analysis and life-cycle assessment are developed. The review takes into account specific constraints such as easiness to use and availability of data. At the end, potential methods and indicators were selected, which will be later integrated in the combined assessment framework. The third objective corresponds to the design of a combined assessment framework integrating methods from life cycle assessment, landscape/urban ecology and ecosystem services that quantifies the environmental and economic value of NBS informing about the cost-effectiveness of its entire life cycle. To achieve this objective, a conceptual framework is developed. From it, a system dynamics model of ecosystem (dis)services is developed and coupled with a life cycle assessment method. The combined evaluation is tested with a relevant NBS type (i.e. urban forest) in a case study in the metropolitan area of Madrid. The fourth objective is the development of a decision support (DSS) tool that integrates the assessment framework as part of iterative design processes in urban planning and landscape design. The DSS intends to enhance the interrelation between science, policy and planning/design. To achieve this objective a user-friendly web-based prototype DSS on NBS, called NBenefit$®, is developed. The prototype DSS provides the user a simple form of quantifying the provision of multiple ES and costs over the entire life cycle (implementation, operational life, and end-of-life) of NBS. This thesis contributed to the characterisation of NBS and its environmental and economic assessment to inform urban planning and landscape design processes, allowing decisions that are more informed.
Il riconoscimento della natura nella risoluzione delle sfide sociali è diventato sempre più importante. Questo riconoscimento è stato associato allo sviluppo di nuovi concetti provenienti dalla scienza e dalla politica, come il capitale naturale, i servizi ecosistemici, le infrastrutture verdi e, più recentemente, le soluzioni basate sulla natura (NBS). NBS intende affrontare le sfide della società in una forma efficace e adattabile fornendo benefici economici, sociali e ambientali. Lo scopo di ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di sviluppare una valutazione ambientale ed economica delle NBS per territori altamente urbanizzati basata su logiche e modelli che hanno alla base i servizi ecosistemici, l'ecologia urbana e paesaggistica e degli approcci di approcio life cycle. Questo quadro di valutazione combinato aiuterebbe a capire meglio se le NBS sono costo effetive e se contribuiscono a uno sviluppo resiliente e sostenibile. Questo scopo di ricerca è sviluppato secondo quattro obiettivi specifici. Il primo obiettivo corrisponde alla caratterizzazione delle NBS in relazione ai contesti urbani e alle problematiche che possono aiutare ad affrontare o mitigare. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stata sviluppata una revisione critica dell letteratura sullo studio della relazione tra NBS, servizi ecosistemici (ES) e sfide urbane (UC). Come risultato principale, si ottiene un grafico delle relazioni causa-effetto plausibili tra NBS, ES ed UC. Il grafico rappresenta un primo passo per supportare la pianificazione urbana sostenibile, passando dai problemi (es. UC) alle azioni (es. NBS) alle risoluzioni (es. ES). Il secondo obiettivo corrisponde alla definizione di un set di metodi e indicatori di valutazione biofisica e monetaria adeguate per valutare il valore della NBS in contesti urbanizzati. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, viene sviluppata una revisione dei metodi esistenti sulla valutazione dei servizi ecosistemici, l'analisi dei costi del ciclo di vita e la valutazione del ciclo di vita. La revisione tiene conto di vincoli specifici come la facilità d'uso e la disponibilità dei dati. Alla fine, sono stati selezionati potenziali metodi e indicatori, che saranno successivamente integrati nel quadro di valutazione combinato. Il terzo obiettivo corrisponde alla progettazione del quadro di valutazione combinato, integrando metodi di valutazione del ciclo di vita, ecologia paesaggistica / urbana e servizi ecosistemici che quantifica il valore ambientale ed economico della NBS informando sull'efficacia in termini di costi del suo intero ciclo di vita. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, prima viene sviluppato un quadro concettuale. Da esso, viene sviluppato un modello di dinamica di sistemi per calcolare i servizi (e disservici) ecosistemici, il quale è interrelazionato con un metodo di valutazione life cycle. Questa valutazione combinata viene testata con un tipo di NBS pertinente (foresta urbana) in un caso di studio nell'area metropolitana di Madrid. Il quarto obiettivo è lo sviluppo di uno strumento di supporto decisionale (DSS) che integri il quadro di valutazione come parte dei processi di progettazione iterativa nella pianificazione urbana e nella progettazione del paesaggio. Il DSS intende migliorare l'interrelazione tra scienza, politica e pianificazione / progettazione. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stato sviluppato Nbenefit$® un prototipo di DSS online per la valutazzione NBS di facile uso. Il prototipo DSS fornisce all'utente una forma semplice per quantificare multipli ES e costi (internalizatti o no) durante l'intero ciclo di vita (implementazione, vita operativa e fine vita) del NBS. In conclusione, questa tesi ha contribuito alla caratterizzazione di NBS e alla sua valutazione ambientale ed economica per informare i processi di pianificazione urbana e progettazione del paesaggio, consentendo decisioni più informate.

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Galdiano, Guilherme de Paula. "Inventário do ciclo de vida do papel offset produzido no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-13122006-163035/.

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A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é uma ferramenta da gestão ambiental que identifica os aspectos ambientais e avalia os impactos ambientais associados aos produtos, durante todo o seu ciclo de vida, em outras palavras, do berço ao túmulo. O ciclo de vida inicia-se quando todos os recursos requeridos (sejam eles materiais ou energéticos) para a manufatura de determinado produto são extraídos da natureza e finaliza-se após o cumprimento da função pelo produto, retornando ao meio ambiente. Devido à quantidade de dados que necessita ser coletada, um estudo de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida somente torna-se viável caso exista a disponibilidade de um banco de dados nacional constituído por inventários do ciclo de vida dos principais insumos empregados pela sociedade - matérias primas, energia, etc. Estes inventários possuem caráter de regionalidade e representatividade, podendo tornar novos estudos mais completos, confiáveis e fáceis de serem concluídos. A ACV vem assumindo uma importância a nível global, o Brasil vem se aprimorando na capacitação e uso desta técnica. O GP2 - Grupo de Prevenção da Poluição do Departamento de Engenharia Química da Escola Politécnica da USP, tem como seu principal objetivo a contribuição para o aprimoramento de recursos humanos necessários e consolidação do uso da ACV no Brasil. Desse modo, as atividades do GP2 têm se concentrado na construção de um banco de dados que deve ser adequado, obrigatoriamente, às condições regionais. O presente estudo está inserido nessa linha de pesquisa e tem como propósito a elaboração do Inventário do Ciclo de Vida (ICV) para o papel offset produzido no Brasil. O papel offset pertence a categoria de papéis de imprimir e, atualmente, representa o tipo de papel mais produzido no país. O resultado deste estudo consiste em um inventário consolidado dos aspectos ambientais considerados significativos para a produção da madeira, a extração da celulose, a fabricação do papel offset e outros subsistemas associados, sob as condições tecnológicas típicas dominantes no Brasil. A qualidade do estudo está intrinsecamente ligada à cadeia produtiva do papel offset, que se baseou primordialmente em dados primários. Os resultados do estudo mostraram-se coerentes com um estudo parcial realizado no Chile. Uma análise mais apurada para os resultados encontrados no estudo, com base em pesquisas internacionais, não se fez necessária, considerando as diferenças tecnológicas e de matérias-primas empregadas no ciclo de vida do papel de outros países.
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool for the environmental management which identifies its aspects and evaluates its environmental impacts related to the products during its whole life cycle. In other words, a cycle that goes from cradle to grave. The life cycle begins when all the required resources (material or energetic) to manufacture a certain product are extracted from the nature and it ends after accomplishing its function, returning to the environment. Due to the amount of data to be collected, a study of the life cycle assessment is only viable in case there is a national data base available formed by inventories of the main input used by the society, such as raw material, energy, and so on. These inventories have a regional and representative character, allowing new studies to be fuller, more reliable and easier to be concluded. The LCA has taken on a world wise importance. Brazil has been improving its competence and usage of such technique. The GP2 - Preventing Pollution Group from the Chemical Engineering Department of Escola Politécnica at USP - has as its primal objective the contribution to an improvement of necessary Human Resources and the consolidation of the LCA usage. In this manner, GP2 activities have to be focused on a data base construction, which should be compulsorily adequate to the regional conditions. The present study is inserted in such line of research and has as its purpose the elaboration on a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) for the offset paper made in Brazil. The offset paper belongs to the printing paper category and, lately, represents the most used type of paper in this country. The result of such study consists in a solid inventory of the environmental aspects considered meaningful for wood production, cellulose extraction, offset paper manufacture and other related subsystems under typical predominant technological conditions in Brazil. The quality of this study is significantly related to the production chain of the offset paper, which was based mainly on primary data. The results of this study showed to be coherent to the ones achieved in a Chilean study, even though they were partial results. A more refined analysis on the pursued results in the study, based on international researches, isn't necessary, considering the technological differences and raw material used in the paper life cycle in other countries.

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Bhairappanavar, Shruti. "POTENTIAL USE OF DREDGED MATERIAL - CEMENT BRICKS IN THE DESIGN OF SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED GREEN WALL." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1532967974666973.

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Eriksson, Joakim. "Miljöpåverkan av bioplast från skogsindustriellt avloppsvatten : En jämförande livscykelanalys av polypropen (PP) och polyhydroxyalkanoater (PHA) från Gruvöns massa- och pappersbruk." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-79924.

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I den här studien har en beräkningsmodell byggts för hur PHA skulle kunna produceras av substrat i avloppsvatten från Gruvöns bruk. Därefter har en jämförande livscykelanalys utförts där PP-sugrör inom Europa ersätts med PHA-sugrör från bruket. Målet med studien är att utvärdera och jämföra miljöpåverkan för en engångsprodukt av PHA med en engångsprodukt av PP. Syftet är att undersöka ett alternativt material till PP på grund av att fossila resurser är ändliga samt att alternativa material kommer krävas i och med europeiska kommissionens förbud mot engångsplast som träder i kraft 2022. Arbetet utförs också för att bidra med mer forskningsunderlag gällande PHA från restströmmar. Livscykelanalysen utfördes med ISO-standard: 14040 och 14044 som riktlinje för utförande. 1 ton sugrör valdes som funktionell enhet och hela produktens livscykel undersöktes med undantag för användningsfasen. PHA-produktion på bruket beräknades teoretiskt där mass- och energiflöden från modellen sedan användes för miljöbedömning. SimaPro valdes som programvara för LCA-beräkning, miljödata hämtades från databasen Ecoinvent 3 och ELCD där 10 av 18 miljöfaktorer inom metoden ReCiPe midpoint (h) undersöktes kompletterat med kumulativt energibehov (CED). Resultaten i studien visar en minskning av miljöpåverkan med 99 % om sugrör av PP skulle ersättas med sugrör av PHA från Gruvöns bruk. Samtidigt beräknades CED öka med cirka 50 %. Analyser av resultatet visar att giftighet för ekosystem i sjöar och hav vid materialframställning för PP är de största faktorerna för PP-sugrörets påverkan, motsvarande cirka 85 % av den totala miljöpåverkan. Inkludering av fler produktionsvariationer indikerar också att det finns potential att ytterligare sänka miljöpåverkan från PHA-sugrör samt att få en lägre energianvändning än för PP-sugrör genom att ändra metod för extraktion samt temperatur i fermenteringsprocessen. Resultaten är osäkra på grund av LCA-verktygets osäkerheter, brist på miljödata samt brist på studier. Resultaten kan dock användas för att se trender och potential. Ett exempel är att ingen större skillnad ses mellan engångsprodukter av PP och PHA när enbart klimatpåverkan och energi för produktion undersöks men när hela livscykeln undersöks med fler miljöfaktorer så verkar PP ha klart högre miljöpåverkan än PHA. Slutsatsen som dras är att engångsprodukter av PHA från varma restströmmar har potential att ersätta engångsprodukter av PP på ett för miljön hållbart sätt. Det kan vara en möjlig lösning till att fortsätta producera engångsprodukter som berörs av plastförbudet samt att lätta på en del av problematiken kring utarmning av fossila resurser. Mer studier gällande möjliga användningsområden samt en småskalig pilotanläggning på Gruvöns bruk rekommenderas som vidare steg för att utforska potentialen av PHA från restströmmar.
In this study, a calculation model has been built on how PHA could be produced from forest industrial wastewater at Gruvöns pulp- and paper mill. Subsequently, a comparative life-cycle analysis has been carried out where production of PP-drinking straws in Europe is replaced with PHA-straws from the mill. The objective of the study is to assess and compare the environmental impact of a disposable PHA product with a disposable PP product. The purpose of the study is to examine an alternative material for PP due to the finite nature of fossil resources and the fact that alternative materials will be required when the plastic ban from the European Commission on disposable products comes into force 2022. An additional purpose is to provide more research data on PHA from residual streams. The lifecycle analysis was performed with ISO standard: 14040 and 14044 as a guideline and 1 ton of straw was selected as the functional unit. The entire life cycle was examined with an exception of the usage phase. PHA production at the mill was theoretically calculated and mass and energy flows from the model was then used in the environmental assessment. SimaPro was selected as the software for LCA calculation, environmental data was retrieved from the Ecoinvent 3 database and ELCD database. 10 out of 18 environmental factors within the ReCiPe midpoint (h) method were investigated complemented with cumulative energy demand (CED). The results of the study show a 99 % reduction in environmental impact if drinking straws of PP would be replaced with straws from PHA from Gruvön's mill. At the same time, CED was estimated to increase by about 50 %. Analyses of the results show that the toxicity of material production to marine and freshwater ecosystems is the most influential factor in the impact of PP straws, representing around 85 % of the total environmental impact. Expansion of the calculation model showed that there is potential to further reduce the environmental impact of PHA straws as well as the energy requirements to a level that is lower than that of PP straws by changing method of extraction and fermentation. The results are uncertain due to the uncertainties of the LCA tool, lack of environmental data and lack of studies. However, the results can be used to see trends and potential. One example is that no major difference is seen between disposable PP and PHA products when only climate impact and energy for production are examined, but when the entire life cycle is examined with more environmental factors, PP appears to have a significantly higher environmental impact than PHA. The conclusion drawn in the study is that disposable PHA products from hot residual streams have potential to replace disposable PP products in an environmentally sustainable manner. This may be a possible solution to continue producing disposable products that are affected by the plastic ban and to alleviate some of the problems surrounding depletion of fossil resources. Further studies on possible uses and a small-scale pilot plant at Gruvön's mill are recommended as further steps to explore the potential of PHA from residual streams.

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Wallhed, Niklas. "The EU Taxonomy on Sustainable Finance : A Major Stride Forward or a Nightmare in Practice?" Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298309.

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To limit the effects of climate change and keep the global mean temperature increase of below 1.5 °C in the year 2100, the financial markets need to shift investments into low-carbon business and technologies. By integrating sustainability assessments into traditional investment analysis, sustainable investing is in this case a concept that can be used to enable this transition. The EU Taxonomy on sustainable finance is a tool and future mandatory regulation that aims to highlight sustainable investing and to help different companies, investors and project promoters make investment decisions that align with the transition to a low-carbon society. This study aims to describe how the EU taxonomy can be related to sustainable investments, and to examine how companies in different sectors are evaluated using the EU Taxonomy by using companies included in a sustainability fund as a case study. Furthermore, the study aims to examine whether the EU Taxonomy is in line with the Industrial Ecology concepts of Life cycle thinking and weak/strong sustainability. The results of the literature study of the EU Taxonomy together with the case study suggests that the implementation of the EU Taxonomy into EU regulation will lead to a greater integration of sustainable investing within the EU. Furthermore, the EU Taxonomy does in theory integrate Life cycle thinking as well as possess a strong view on sustainability. However, this does not translate into practice as the practical implementation of the EU Taxonomy as it stands right now does not implement these concepts. The results of the case study showed that there are issues associated with accessing company specific information, as the analyzed companies did not disclose how their operations relate to the EU Taxonomy. Moreover, the case study indicated that some sectors have an easier time being considered environmentally sustainable by the EU Taxonomy. The EU Taxonomy is a step in the right direction towards increased integration of environmental sustainability into investments, however, the tool and regulation as it stands right now leaves much to be desired.
För att hålla den globala medeltemperaturen under en ökning på 1.5 °C till år 2100, måste den finansiella marknaden investera i företag och teknologier som bidrar till en minskning av växthusgasutsläpp globalt. Hållbara investeringar är ett koncept som tar hänsyn till b.la utsläpp av växthusgaser i investeringsbeslut, vilket kan möjliggöra denna övergång till hållbarare samhälle. EU:s Taxonomi om hållbara investeringar är ett ramverk och framtida reglemente som ämnar att möjliggöra och hjälpa företag, investerare och projektansvariga att investera mer miljömässig hållbart. Denna studie syftar till att förklara hur EU Taxonomin kan relateras till hållbara investeringar, samt att examinera hur företag i olika sektorer kan utvärderas med hjälp av EU Taxonomin genom att genomföra en casestudie på företag inkludera i en hållbarhetsfond. Vidare ämnar denna studie examinera om EU Taxonomin är i linje med industriell ekologi med koncepten livscykeltänkande (en: Life Cycle Thinking) samt stark och svag hållbarhet. Resultatet indikerar att implementeringen av EU Taxonomin kommer att leda till en ökad integrering av hållbara investering inom EU. Vidare indikerar resultatet att EU Taxonomin har som mål att ta hänsyn till livscykeltänkande och vara i linje med stark hållbarhet, men att denna målsättning inte är inkluderat i det praktiska verktyget som EU Taxonomin använder. Resultatet av casestudien visar att det finns problem kopplade till att bedöma hur väl företag tar hänsyn till kriterierna inkluderade i EU Taxonomin, då företag inte delger den information som behövs för att göra denna bedömning. Vidare så indikerade casestudien att vissa sektorer kommer ha det lättare när det kommer till att vara i linje med EU Taxonomins kriterier. Avslutningsvis så är EU Taxonomin ett steg i rätt riktning när det kommer till att integrera miljöaspekter i investeringar, men det praktiska verktyget och ramverk som det ser ut just nu skulle kunna vara mer utvecklat och mer strikt i praktiken.

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Hultkrantz, Martina. "An overview on the environmental impacts of synthetic leather made of hemp fiber with preliminary lifecycle assessment." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233980.

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This report covers a preliminary life cycle assessment (LCA) on imitation leather made from hemp fiber (hemp leather) and a comparison to bovine leather, to examine whether hemp leather is an environmentally sustainable alternative. The bovine leather industry is responsible for heavy chemical use and emissions, detrimental effects to the environment as well as to human health. The United Nations (UN) and other organizations call for immediate action against the animal product industry sector to greatly reduce emissions and protect the environment. Hemp is a versatile plant that can be used for many things, including paper, composites, textiles, food and medicine, and is probably a suitable material for imitation leather. The hemp plant requires little inputs, grows fast and without pesticides, has positive effects on the environment and can be cultivated on every inhabited continent. The preliminary LCA was based on a patent describing the manufacturing process of hemp leather completed with data from literature and a few assumptions made. LCA-results for bovine leather were collected from literature and the two leather fabrics were then compared. The comparison showed that hemp leather is superior to bovine leather in all compared categories except for water consumption and hazardous waste. Bovine leather had 99% more energy use, 78% higher acidification potential (AP), 99,9% higher eutrophication potential (EP) and 83% higher global warming potential (GWP) than hemp leather. The large water consumption in the manufacturing phase of hemp leather is possible to be explained by over dimensioning of inputs. The report concludes that hemp leather would be the environmentally and ethically admirable choice between the two leathers and that more research on more modern methods of manufacturing it should be performed.
Denna rapport omfattar en preliminär livscykelanalys (LCA) på syntetiskt läder gjort av hampfiber (hampläder) och en jämförelse med nötskinn, för att undersöka om hampläder är ett miljövänligt alternativ. Nötskinnsindustrin är ansvarig för stor kemikalieanvändning och tunga utsläpp, skadlig inverkan på miljö samt människors hälsa. Förenta nationerna och andra organisationer fordrar till omedelbar handling mot djurindustrisektorn för att drastiskt minska utsläpp och skydda miljön. Hampa är en mångsidig växt som kan användas inom många olika applikationer, såsom till papper, kompositer, textiler, mat och medicin, och är förmodligen ett passande material till imitationsläder. Hampan behöver liten mängd tillförd energi, växer fort och utan bekämpningsmedel, har positiva effekter på miljön och kan odlas på alla bebodda kontinenter. Den preliminära LCA:n är baserad på ett patent beskrivande hampläders produktionsprocess, kompletterat med data från litteratur samt några antaganden. LCA-resultat från nötskinnsproduktion samlades från litteratur och resultaten från de två lädertyperna jämfördes sedan. Jämförelsen visade att hampläder är överlägset nötskinn i alla jämförda kategorier utom vattenkonsumtion och farligt avfall. Nötskinn har 99% högre energianvändning, 78% högre försurningspotential (AP), 99,9% högre övergödningspotential (EP) och 83% högre potential till global uppvärmning (GWP) än hampläder, enligt resultaten. Hampläders produktionsprocess stora vattenkonsumtion kan troligtvis förklaras av en överdimensionering av indata. Denna rapport drar slutsatsen att hampläder skulle vara det mest miljövänliga och etiskt försvarbara valet mellan de två lädertyperna och att modernare produktionsmetoder för hampläder bör studeras.

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Lundqvist, Alexander, and Henrik Eklund. "Förpackning med förbättrad miljö- och säljaspekt : Ett projekt i samarbete med Primus Sverige AB." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4393.

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This work of examination describes an environmentally oriented product development aimed to develop new packaging with improved environmental and sale aspects of the products from Primus Sweden AB. The report covers the design process from the first collection of facts to the final results with a description of all methods involved in the work. The focus has been on a clear environmental awareness and the report contains a deepening of the concept life cycle assessment (LCA) for product development. In the process, the consumers’ opinions of the brand Primus and environmental profiling formed the basis for the packaging to communicate the right values such as quality, technology, environmental awareness and adventurer’s first choice.

The deepening of the life cycle analysis shows that composting and other alternative treatment of the biological cycle is not possible to implement in a satisfactory way in the design process.

The work results in two final concepts. The first concept consists of a protective packaging made from natural fibres, which are vacuum - thermoformed to produce attractive and unique shapes. The raw material is waste from other industries which otherwise would be of no use. The packaging can be composted but also recycled among cardboard. The second concept is both packaging and commercial product in the form of a seat pad. An outer packaging is thus replaced with a seat pad with the same life span as a Primus stove. The material is recommended to be polyamide 6.6, which can be fully recycled and has qualities that meet all customer requirements. The material can be recycled among other plastics, but a take-back system is recommended to fully recover the properties of materials.

The two concepts follows the Cradle to Cradle philosophy in which polyamide 6.6 is part of the technical life cycle, and the natural fibre is part of the biological life cycle. A clear common layout have been developed to distinguish Primus and their products on the market.

Denna rapport redogör för en miljövänligt inriktad produktutveckling som syftat till att ta fram ny förpackning med förbättrade miljö- och säljaspekter åt Primus Sverige AB:s produkter. Rapporten behandlar designprocessen från den första insamlingen av fakta till slutgiltiga resultat med en beskrivning av alla metoder som involverats i arbetet. Fokus har legat på en tydlig miljömedvetenhet och rapporten innehåller en fördjupning av begreppet livscykelanalys (LCA) för produktutveckling. Under arbetet har konsumenters åsikter om varumärket Primus och miljövänlig profilering legat till grund för att med förpackningarna kommunicera rätt värdeord som kvalitet, teknik, miljömedvetenhet och äventyrarens självklara val.

Fördjupningen i livscykelanalysen visar att kompostering och andra alternativa avfallshanteringar från det biologiska kretsloppet inte går att implementera på tillfredställande sätt i designprocessen.

Arbetet resulterar i två slutkoncept. Ett koncept innebär en skyddande förpackning som tillverkas av naturfiber med vakuum - termoformning för att få fram attraktiva och unika former. Råvaran är avfall från annan industri som annars inte används till något. Förpackningen kan komposteras men även återvinnas i pappåtervinningen. Det andra konceptet är både förpackning och nyttoprodukt i form av ett sittunderlag. En yttre förpackning ersätts således med ett sittunderlag med samma livslängd som ett Primuskök. Materialet rekommenderas vara polyamid 6.6, vilken har möjlighet att återvinnas till 100 % och vars kvaliteter uppfyller alla kundkrav. Materialet kan återvinnas bland annan plast men ett återtagningssystem rekommenderas för att till fullo utnyttja materialets egenskaper.

De två koncepten följer filosofin Cradle to Cradle med polyamid 6.6 som näringsämne i ett tekniskt kretslopp och naturfiber som näringsvärde i ett biologiskt kretslopp. En tydlig gemensam layout för koncepten har tagits fram för att utmärka Primus och deras produkter på marknaden.

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Garcia, Rita Pinheiro. "Dynamic Fleet-Based Life-Cycle Assessment: Addressing Environmental Consequences of the Introduction of Electric Vehicles in Portugal." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/30192.

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Tese de doutoramento em Sistemas Sustentáveis de Energia, apresentada ao Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra
Electric vehicles (EVs) have been promoted as an alternative to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, fossil fuel dependence, and urban pollution caused by the transportation sector; however, a large scale adoption of EVs faces significant challenges. A number of studies have assessed the effects of EVs in the electricity system and the environmental impacts of different scenarios of evolution of the transportation sector. However, few studies integrating both electricity and fleet displacement effects have been performed. A dynamic fleet-based life-cycle perspective is thus necessary to understand the consequences and determine the extent to which the introduction of EVs in the fleet can actually reduce rather than simply shift environmental impacts of personal transport. This thesis presents a dynamic fleet-based life-cycle framework to assess the effects on environmental impacts of the introduction of EVs in a fleet. The framework combines fleet analysis and dynamic life-cycle modelling of vehicles to investigate the displacement of conventional vehicles over time, and consequential life-cycle assessment of electricity to assess the changes induced in the electricity system due to EV charging. The analysis focused on the case of introducing battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in the Portuguese light-duty fleet and focused on GHG emissions. A comprehensive life-cycle assessment of electricity generation and supply in Portugal was also performed to identify the main drivers of impacts, how impacts change over time, and how charging time influences BEV GHG emissions. Reducing fleet-wide GHG emissions by displacing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) by BEVs in Portugal depends mostly on the GHG intensity of the Portuguese electricity system, on the degree of reduction in fuel consumption of new ICEVs, and on the level of penetration of BEVs. In order to achieve significant reductions compared to an increasingly more efficient ICEV fleet, a high BEV market share and electricity GHG intensity similar or lower to the current mix (485 g CO2 eq kWh-1) need to be realized. The response of the electricity system to BEV demand, regarding the changes in electricity generation by the various sources and corresponding GHG emissions, may thus determine the benefits of BEVs over conventional technologies. Electricity GHG emissions in Portugal vary significantly between years and throughout the year. As a result of the temporal variability in electricity generation and, in particular, in the marginal supply, the time of charging can have a major influence on the GHG benefits of ii BEVs. What has been considered, in general, the most favorable charging time from the economic and operation of the electricity system perspective (off-peak hours), may not be so from an environmental standpoint. In Portugal, simply encouraging charging during the night may increase emissions from the electricity system as a result of the fossil-based marginal electricity supply (mostly coal). Therefore, charging control strategies should ensure that surplus renewable energy use by BEVs is maximized so that environmental impacts can be reduced. However, interactions with other strategies to enable renewable energy sources, such as electricity storage, may be important and should be accounted for. When the electricity system includes significant storage of energy, for instance through pumped hydro storage (PHS), the effects of introducing BEVs go beyond the straightforward displacement of ICEVs and increase in electricity demand, to include significant indirect effects from the dynamics of storage. Such indirect effects may decrease or even offset the GHG benefits of ICEV displacement. However, the net effects on GHG emissions are very dependent on the technologies displaced both by PHS and by BEVs, so that detailed analysis is needed for any specific energy system, allowing for future technological improvements. The dynamic fleet-based life-cycle framework developed in this thesis provides a comprehensive environmental assessment of the adoption of a new technology, because it enables explicit assessment of changes in technologies and background systems over time in a fleet perspective, as well as indirect effects related to the existing system. In particular, this framework can be used to assess the effects on environmental impacts of other electricity-using products in a fleet perspective, and of measures that improve the energy efficiency of end-use applications or that shift the use of electricity. The change-oriented approach pursued can also aid in understanding the consequences of policies and strategies that enable and promote the use of electricity over other fuels.
Os veículos elétricos (EVs) têm sido apontados como alternativa para reduzir as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa (GEE), a dependência de combustíveis fósseis e a poluição em meio urbano causadas pelo sector dos transportes, mas a sua adoção enfrenta importantes desafios. Vários estudos avaliaram os efeitos dos EVs no sistema elétrico e os impactes ambientais de diferentes cenários de evolução do setor dos transportes, mas poucos analisaram em conjunto os efeitos ambientais sobre o sistema elétrico e aqueles relativos à substituição de veículos de combustão interna (VCIs). Deste modo, para perceber as consequências e determinar se a introdução de EVs na frota reduz efetivamente os impactes ambientais associados ao transporte individual ou se apenas os transferem para outras partes do sistema é necessário adotar uma perspetiva dinâmica de ciclo de vida (CV). Esta tese apresenta uma abordagem dinâmica de CV com base em modelos de frota para avaliar os efeitos ambientais da introdução de EVs numa frota. A abordagem combina análise de frotas e modelação dinâmica de CV de veículos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição de VCIs por EVs ao longo do tempo, e avaliação consequencial de CV de sistemas elétricos para avaliar as alterações induzidas no sistema elétrico devido ao carregamento dos EVs. A análise incidiu sobre a introdução de EVs a baterias (BEVs) no parque automóvel ligeiro português e focou-se na avaliação das emissões de GEE. Foi ainda realizada uma avaliação abrangente de CV da geração de eletricidade em Portugal com o objetivo de identificar os fatores que mais contribuem para os impactes, de que forma variam os impactes ao longo do tempo e qual a influência do horário de carregamento nas emissões de GEE dos BEVs. A redução total das emissões de GEE da frota automóvel em resultado da substituição de VCIs por BEVs em Portugal depende da intensidade de GEE do sistema elétrico português, do grau de redução no consumo de combustível dos novos VCIs e no nível de penetração de BEVs. De modo a alcançar reduções significativas em comparação com uma frota de VCIs cada vez mais eficientes, é necessário que a quota de mercado dos BEVs seja alta e que a intensidade de GEE do sistema elétrico seja inferior ou semelhante à atual (485 g CO2 eq kWh-1). A resposta do sistema elétrico à procura dos BEVs, relativamente à variação na geração de eletricidade pelas várias fontes e correspondente variação nas emissões de GEE, determina os benefícios dos BEVs relativamente aos VCIs. iv As emissões de GEE da eletricidade em Portugal variam significativamente de ano para ano e ao longo do ano. Devido à variabilidade temporal na geração de eletricidade e, em particular, na geração marginal, o horário de carregamento tem uma grande influência nas emissões de GEE causadas pelos BEVs. Aquele que tem sido considerado, em geral, o período mais favorável para o seu carregamento do ponto de vista da operação do sistema elétrico (horas de vazio), pode não o ser do ponto de vista da redução dos impactes ambientais. Em Portugal, incentivar o carregamento durante a noite pode resultar num aumento das emissões do sistema elétrico, uma vez que a tecnologia marginal é na maioria do tempo carvão. Deste modo, as estratégias de controlo dos carregamentos devem ser implementadas de forma a garantir a maximização da utilização da energia renovável em excesso para reduzir os impactes ambientais. No entanto, é preciso ter em conta a interação entre os BEVs e outras estratégias de utilização de energia renovável intermitente, como é o caso dos sistemas de armazenamento de eletricidade. Quando o sistema elétrico permite o armazenamento de quantidades significativas de eletricidade, por exemplo através de barragens hidroelétricas com sistemas de bombagem, os efeitos da introdução de BEVs vão além da simples substituição de VCIs e aumento da procura por eletricidade, para incluir efeitos indiretos significativos associados à dinâmica de armazenamento. Tais efeitos podem diminuir ou mesmo anular os benefícios em termos de emissões de GEE associados à substituição de VCIs. No entanto, o efeito líquido sobre as emissões de GEE depende muito das tecnologias substituídas tanto pelos BEVs como pelos sistemas de armazenamento, pelo que é necessário efetuar uma análise detalhada para cada sistema energético, tendo em conta melhorias tecnológicas futuras. A abordagem desenvolvida nesta tese permite avaliar de forma integrada os impactes ambientais causados pela adoção de uma nova tecnologia, uma vez que possibilita avaliar explicitamente alterações no sistema ao longo do tempo bem como efeitos indiretos. Em particular, a abordagem desenvolvida pode ser usada para avaliar os efeitos ambientais de outros produtos que consomem eletricidade numa perspetiva de frota, bem como de medidas para melhorar a eficiência energética. A abordagem consequencial implementada permite ainda ajudar a compreender as consequências de políticas e estratégias que promovam a utilização de eletricidade em substituição de outros combustíveis.
FCT - SFRH/BD/51299/2010

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(11888357), Robert Kijak. "Integration of life cycle assessment with environmental, social and economic impact analysis methodologies for the selection of `sustainable' waste management options." Thesis, 2004. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Integration_of_life_cycle_assessment_with_environmental_social_and_economic_impact_analysis_methodologies_for_the_selection_of_sustainable_waste_management_options/21722426.

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This thesis describes a framework for a decision support tool which can assist the assessment of options/scenarios for the integrated management of municipal solid waste (MSW) within a local government area (LGA). The framework is applicable to MSW as a whole or to a MSW component. To demonstrate its application, the framework was applied in this thesis to the residential organic waste component including sewage sludge.

The work was initially focused on local government (i.e. municipal councils) in the state of Queensland (Australia). However, it is broadly applicable to LGAs anywhere in the developed countries. The goal was to achieve waste management practices which address needs of sustainable society (or briefly: 'sustainable' waste management) by balancing global and regional environmental impacts; social impacts at the local community level; and economic impacts. The framework integrates Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with other environmental, social and economic tools. For this research, social and economic impacts were assumed to be similar across developed countries of the world. LCA was 'streamlined' to address the researcher's concerns about LCA complexity impeding a practical and operational application of LCA to the evaluation of integrated waste management practices.

For this process, 'spatial resolution' was introduced into the LCA process to account for impacts occurring at the local and regional levels - considerations usually neglected by conventional LCA. This was done by considering social impacts on the local community and by use of a regional scaling procedure for LCA data for emissions to the environment which may have impacts at the regional level.

The integration followed the structured approach of the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model suggested by OECD (1993). This PSR model was modified/extended to encompass non-environmental issues and to guide the process of applying multiple tools. For this process, a clear relationship between 'pressure', 'state' and 'response' at the community, regional and global levels was required.

The framework primarily focussed on decision analysis and interpretation processes. Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) was used to assist with the integration of qualitative and quantitative information. MAUT provides a well-structured approach to information assessment and facilitates objective, transparent decisions. The commercially available decision analysis software package Criterion DecisionPlus 3.0 developed by InfoHarvest Inc (1999) - based on MAUT - was also utilised as the platform for the framework developed in this research.

Finally, this thesis describes a case study involving the evaluation of a number of options for integrated organic waste management for a rural LGA in Southeast Queensland. Although refining and testing of the framework was the primary objective of its application to the case study, the case study also provided valuable and interesting results. The results are of use in the development of alternative strategies for managing residential organic wastes. This is specifically important because the integrated management of all organic wastes (including food wastes) has been neglected over many years and most municipal councils are now having to make difficult decisions about alternatives to landfill disposal.

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Sun, Mingbo. "Integrated environmental assessment of industrial products /." 2004. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN20050520.141057/index.html.

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Hartmann, Joachim Kilian [Verfasser]. "Life-cycle-assessment of industrial scale biogas plants / vorgelegt von Joachim Kilian Hartmann." 2006. http://d-nb.info/982240473/34.

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Otto, Hendrik Johannes Hertzog. "Risk management approach for the life cycle of a lined tailings dam." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4812.

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M. Ing.
Managing the risks to life and limb and to the environment due to potential accidents and structural failures during the lifecycle phases of a TD is a complex, intricate and dynamic process, because of the sheer number of hazards that are involved. Fault and event trees enable one to systematically identify these hazards within the context of their intricate relationships. An internationally accepted qualitative scale enables one to assign probabilities in terms of engineering judgement to the sub-causes in the fault trees and the probabilities of the top faults to be calculated. Mine and industry accident statistics enable one to assign relevant frequencies to the subtended event trees and to determine the resulting probabilities of fatal injury or environmental damage. An internationally accepted relationship between lifetime probability of failure causing death and the potential number of fatalities enables one to determine whether the resulting probability of fatal injury is acceptable. If such resulting probability of fatal injury is not acceptable, the biggest contributing subcauses in the underlying fault tree can be identified and mitigating measures considered on an optimal cost benefit basis. The fault trees for the different life cycle phases of the TD also enable one to take cognisance of the dynamic changes in the frequencies of the sub-causes in the various phases and how the risk management focus may change over the life of a TD although the overall threat may not necessarily vary very much. During investigation of the causative modes for personal injury due to mine accidents/hazards at or on the TD it was found that the probabilities associated with fatal injury during the life cycle phases considered were acceptable. The sensitivity of the factors was however investigated further to provide confidence, and event and consequence trees were developed for TD road accidents which were identified as having the highest probabilities of occurrence. The most efficient risk management intervention measure evaluated was found to be increasing compliance with the mine’s road traffic safety regulations. Investigation of the causative modes for personal injury due to structural failure of the TD determined that the probabilities associated with fatal injury were acceptable and no risk mitigation measures were thus required. The causative modes for environmental damage due to mine accidents/hazards were examined next and the probabilities associated with environmental damage were found to be unacceptably high for the life cycle phases considered. Risk management intervention 57 measures were thus required to lower the associated risks to acceptable levels based on relevant and realistic environmental protection guidelines. No mitigation measures were developed as part of the study. Causative modes for environmental damage due to structural failure of the TD were investigated last. The probabilities associated with environmental damage during the life cycle phases considered were also found to be unacceptably high. Risk mitigation measures were thus required but none were developed as part of the study. Fault and event tree methodology as employed in this study can thus be used as valuable supporting instruments for investigating the causative failure modes of a complex system, the identification of potential risk mitigation measures, and for evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed risk management measures.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Life cycle assessment and industrial ecology'

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