Journal articles on the topic 'Lien L1'
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1
Seban, R. D., A. Berenbaum, A. Botticella, C. Le Péchoux, S. Grimaldi, L. Mabille, L. Dercle, D. Planchard, B. Besse, and L. Mezquita. "Lien entre l’activité métabolique en TEP–FDG et l’expression de PD-L1 chez les patients avec cancer bronchique avant immunothérapie anti-PD1/PD-L1." Médecine Nucléaire 43, no. 2 (March 2019): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mednuc.2019.01.054.
2
TOURE, Kadidiatou, and Zakaria NOUNTA. "LA MÉTHODOLOGIE DE CONCEPTION DE LA FICHE DE TRANSFERT DE COMPETENCES L1-L2." Kurukan Fuga 2, no. 8 (December 1, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.62197/dwbh2919.
Abstract:
Plusieurs pays africains francophones subsahariens ont opté pour un bi-plurilinguisme scolaire langues nationales/français avec comme objectif principal de développer chez les élèves du primaire un bilinguisme fonctionnel. Le Mali ayant une longue tradition dans le domaine de l’enseignement bilingue langues nationales – français ne fait pas exception à la règle. Mais l’épine dorsale de l’enseignement bilingue demeure le transfert des apprentissages entre la langue première L1 et la langue seconde L2. La maîtrise par les enseignants des techniques visant à créer le rapport des deux langues où les connaissances apprises dans la première langue sont réinvesties comme tremplin pour acquérir facilement et rapidement la seconde langue a toujours été une préoccupation majeure. Fort de ce constat, la nécessité d’élaborer des fiches pédagogiques de transfert de compétences linguistiques L1 - L2 s’impose inéluctablement à l’éducation nationale. L’objectif de notre étude est de montrer la démarche qui à consister à produire une quarantaine de fiches de transferts dans le cadre d’un projet de l’Initiative ELAN en partenariat avec la Direction Nationale de l’Enseignement Fondamentale du Mali. La démarche méthodologique consiste à mettre face à face les différentes parties identiques pour permettre aux élèves de recourir à l’observation, à la comparaison et à l’analyse en vue de faire ressortir les ressemblances et les divergences dans les deux langues. L’Equipe qui a piloté le projet au niveau national s’est focalisée sur le niveau III du curriculum bilingue national de l’enseignement fondamental, autrement dit les classes de 5ème et 6ème année du primaire. Pour tenir compte de la progression dans les apprentissages, tous les contenus identifiés ont été rattachés à leur Unité d’Apprentissage dans le curriculum bilingue national. Ce qui permet aux enseignants de comprendre plus facilement le lien entre la fiche transfert et la fiche de séquence du curriculum
3
TOURE, Kadidiatou, and Zakaria NOUNTA. "LA MÉTHODOLOGIE DE CONCEPTION DE LA FICHE DE TRANSFERT DE COMPETENCES L1-L2." Kurukan Fuga 2, no. 8 (December 31, 2023): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.62197/zhxy9663.
Abstract:
Plusieurs pays africains francophones subsahariens ont opté pour un bi-plurilinguisme scolaire langues nationales/français avec comme objectif principal de développer chez les élèves du primaire un bilinguisme fonctionnel. Le Mali ayant une longue tradition dans le domaine de l’enseignement bilingue langues nationales – français ne fait pas exception à la règle. Mais l’épine dorsale de l’enseignement bilingue demeure le transfert des apprentissages entre la langue première L1 et la langue seconde L2. La maîtrise par les enseignants des techniques visant à créer le rapport des deux langues où les connaissances apprises dans la première langue sont réinvesties comme tremplin pour acquérir facilement et rapidement la seconde langue a toujours été une préoccupation majeure. Fort de ce constat, la nécessité d’élaborer des fiches pédagogiques de transfert de compétences linguistiques L1 - L2 s’impose inéluctablement à l’éducation nationale. L’objectif de notre étude est de montrer la démarche qui à consister à produire une quarantaine de fiches de transferts dans le cadre d’un projet de l’Initiative ELAN en partenariat avec la Direction Nationale de l’Enseignement Fondamentale du Mali. La démarche méthodologique consiste à mettre face à face les différentes parties identiques pour permettre aux élèves de recourir à l’observation, à la comparaison et à l’analyse en vue de faire ressortir les ressemblances et les divergences dans les deux langues. L’Equipe qui a piloté le projet au niveau national s’est focalisée sur le niveau III du curriculum bilingue national de l’enseignement fondamental, autrement dit les classes de 5ème et 6ème année du primaire. Pour tenir compte de la progression dans les apprentissages, tous les contenus identifiés ont été rattachés à leur Unité d’Apprentissage dans le curriculum bilingue national. Ce qui permet aux enseignants de comprendre plus facilement le lien entre la fiche transfert et la fiche de séquence du curriculum
4
Cœuré, Benoît. "Inflation et pouvoir de marché des entreprises : leçons des crises récentes." Revue d'économie financière N° 153, no. 1 (May 2, 2024): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecofi.153.0249.
Abstract:
Économistes et banquiers centraux se sont interrogés sur la responsabilité des entreprises dans l'envolée de l'inflation en 2022-2023. En augmentant leurs prix de vente, les entreprises auraient contribué à la propagation, voire à l'amplification du choc de coût. Sur une longue période, des évolutions structurelles ont pu renforcer le rôle des entreprises (par opposition à celui des salariés) dans la dynamique de l'inflation, mais, à court terme, le lien entre pouvoir de marché des entreprises et transmission des chocs de coût est ambigu. Des entreprises plus puissantes facturent, certes, des prix plus élevés, mais elles ont aussi une plus grande capacité à absorber des chocs temporaires. Au total, une « boucle prix-profits » s'est bien matérialisée en 2002-2023, mais elle semble avoir été un phénomène temporaire, moins marqué en France qu'ailleurs en Europe. En 2024 et au-delà, alors que les prix de l'énergie se normalisent, que les salaires accélèrent et que l'inflation revient progressivement vers 2 %, il conviendra de suivre avec attention la normalisation des taux de marge des entreprises et d'éviter des rigidités à la baisse qui entretiendraient l'inflation. La politique de la concurrence peut jouer un rôle utile en identifiant les rentes sectorielles et en sanctionnant les comportements susceptibles d'amplifier la hausse des prix. Classification JEL : E31, E64, L1.
5
Mohan, Surapaneni Krishna, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Janardhana Papayya Balakrishna, Gayathri Rengasamy, and S. Rajeshkumar. "Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Artabotrys suaveolens Leaves in 3T3-L1 Cell Line." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.14.1.59.
6
Krome, Susanne. "Durvalumab als Zweitlinientherapie effektiv." Onkologische Welt 08, no. 05 (September 2017): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1639649.
Abstract:
Im Mai 2017 ließ die amerikanische Arzneimittelbehörde FDA den PD-L1-Checkpoint-Inhibitor Durvalumab mit dem Status “Breakthrough-Therapy Designation” in einem beschleunigten Verfahren für fortgeschrittene Blasenkarzinome zu. Der monoklonale PD-L1-Inhibitor war bei progredienten Patienten mit einem Urothelkarzinom im Stadium IV wirksam. In der Phase I/II-Studie betrug das 1-Jahres-Überleben 55 % und übertraf damit historische Kontrollen. Der Therapieerfolg war mit der PD-L1-Expression assoziiert.
7
HARRINGTON, MICHAEL. "Between the input and the acquisition lies the shadow." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7, no. 1 (April 2004): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672890400121x.
Abstract:
Acquisition by Processing Theory (APT) is a unified account of language processing and learning that encompasses both L1 and L2 acquisition. Bold in aim and broad in scope, the proposal offers parsimony and comprehensiveness, both highly desirable in a theory of language acquisition. However, the sweep of the proposal is accompanied by an economy of description that makes it difficult to evaluate the validity of key learning claims, or even how literally they are to be interpreted. Two in particular deserve comment; the first concerns the learning mechanisms responsible for adding new L2 grammatical information, and the second the theoretical and empirical status of the activation concept used in the model.
8
CUNNINGS, IAN. "Interference in Native and Non-Native Sentence Processing." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 4 (January 16, 2017): 712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916001243.
Abstract:
The primary aim of my target article was to demonstrate how careful consideration of the working memory operations that underlie successful language comprehension is crucial to our understanding of the similarities and differences between native (L1) and non-native (L2) sentence processing. My central claims were that highly proficient L2 speakers construct similarly specified syntactic parses as L1 speakers, and that differences between L1 and L2 processing can be characterised in terms of L2 speakers being more prone to interference during memory retrieval operations. In explaining L1/L2 differences in this way, I argued a primary source of differences between L1 and L2 processing lies in how different populations of speakers weight cues that guide memory retrieval.
9
Anolli, Luigi, Michela Balconi, and Rita Ciceri. "LINGUISTIC STYLES IN DECEPTIVE COMMUNICATION: DUBITATIVE AMBIGUITY AND ELLIPTIC ELUDING IN PACKAGED LIES." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 31, no. 7 (January 1, 2003): 687–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.7.687.
Abstract:
This paper was aimed at addressing the topic of communicative styles of deception. University students were asked to describe a picture with varying truth/lie conditions. In accordance with their perception or being deliberately against it, the participant could: tell the truth (T); lie to an acquiescent recipient (L1); or lie to a suspicious recipient (L2). The goal was to investigate whether or not different linguistic styles could be correlated to the cognitive complexity of the task as regards the truth bias or lie bias of the recipient. Specifically, two sets of linguistic aspects – micro and macro structural – were analyzed. In the former, indices were considered as words (arguments number, repetitions and interruptions, fluency and fluency disorder indices), predicates (number, nominal/predicative construction, and personal/impersonal structure), pronouns and adverbial forms. In the latter, the structural variations of the standard phrase, utterances' complexity, spatial organization of utterances, and speech organization were analyzed. Results showed that participants used speech to shield from reality and chose different strategies; in the L1 condition, participants resorted to ambiguity and prolixity (“cuttlefish effect”); on the contrary, in the L2 condition they used concise assertiveness and elliptic eluding strategies (“chameleon effect”).
10
Li, Chenke. "The Four Roles of L1 in CLIL and Translanguaging: Negotiator, Mediator, Encourager, Facilitator." Elsya : Journal of English Language Studies 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2023): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/elsya.v5i1.7726.
Abstract:
The current landscape of English language teaching are moving from the monolingual assumption to the understanding that L1 is part of one person’s whole linguistic repertoire. However, this shift is still largely occurring in research while the practice of English teaching still largely considers L1 to be an unwanted interference. The potential role of L1 in making the input comprehensible should receive further consideration. This essay will discuss how language teachers should seek to leverage students’ L1-encoded prior knowledge rather than viewing it as an impediment within the context of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and translanguaging because they both explicitly affirm the goal of multilingual competence and involve the use of L1 in teaching practices. The difference lies in terms of the attitudes; the use of L1 is not contemplated as a priori in CLIL yet encouraged in translanguaging. This essay highlights the need for balanced and flexible L1 use in their respective contexts and pedagogies in respect to its roles: (1) L1 can negotiate meaning for L2 learning objects, (2) L1 can address the negative transfer of false cognates, (3) L1 can encourage the engagement of multilingual resources, and (4) L1 can facilitate classroom engagement.
11
Lien, Scott C., Dalam Ly, S. Y. Cindy Yang, Ben X. Wang, Michael St Paul, Ramy Gadalla, Babak Noamani, et al. "Abstract A047: Tumor specific γδ T cells expand and respond to PD-1 blockade." Cancer Immunology Research 11, no. 12_Supplement (December 1, 2023): A047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm23-a047.
Abstract:
Abstract With the breakthrough of checkpoint blockade, immunotherapies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 have had remarkable success in the clinic and are now widely used to treat a variety of malignancies. While the majority of research on T cell exhaustion and PD-1 blockade has been focused on conventional αβ T cells, the contribution of innate-like T cells such as γδ T cells to PD-1 blockade is not clear. γδ T cells are generally not restricted to conventional MHC-peptide molecules and can recognize a diverse range of ligands including phosphoantigens presented on butyrophilins and MHC class I-like family members MR1, and CD1 isoforms. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the γδ T cell responses in tumor biopsies and peripheral blood from six MCC patients treated with pembrolizumab. Furthermore, bulk and single cell γδ TCR sequencing was used to measure diversity and clonal expansion in the blood upon PD-1 blockade. TCRs were cloned and expressed in Jurkat cells to screen for reactivity against tumor cells lines. Finally, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to knockout known γδ T cell ligands to identify potential tumor antigen recognized by γδ T cells. We identified a MCC patient who experienced a complete response to pembrolizumab treatment and had a ten-fold expansion of γδ T cells in their tumor biopsies. Tumor-infiltrating γδ T cells expressed high levels of inhibitory receptors PD-1 and TIGIT. Furthermore, γδ T cells characterized in peripheral blood were predominantly Vδ1 cells and had increased Ki-67 expression upon pembrolizumab treatment. From TCR sequencing of peripheral blood, we observed the emergence of a dominant γδ T cell clonotype that was also found in the tumor. Upon TCR gene transfer into Jurkat 76 cells, we identified a γδ TCR that was able to recognize multiple Merkel cancer cell lines. CRISPR knockout of B2M in tumor cells still retained γδ TCR reactivity, suggesting that γδ TCR recognition is independent of B2M expression. Together, these results show innate-like T cells such as γδ T cells also have the capacity to respond to checkpoint blockade. As mutations in antigen presentation can be a resistance mechanism to PD-1 blockade, our study provides the rationale to utilize γδ T cells for treating cancer variants that have escaped the immune system and warrants further investigation of the interplay between γδ T cells and checkpoint blockade. Citation Format: Scott C. Lien, Dalam Ly, S.Y. Cindy Yang, Ben X. Wang, Michael St. Paul, Ramy Gadalla, Babak Noamani, Sarah Boross-Harmer, Trevor J. Pugh, Anna Spreafico, Naoto Hirano, Albiruni R.A. Razak, Pamela S. Ohashi. Tumor specific γδ T cells expand and respond to PD-1 blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2023 Oct 1-4; Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2023;11(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A047.
12
CUNNINGS, IAN. "Parsing and Working Memory in Bilingual Sentence Processing." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 4 (June 20, 2016): 659–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000675.
Abstract:
A growing body of research has investigated bilingual sentence processing. How to account for differences in native (L1) and non-native (L2) processing is controversial. Some explain L1/L2 differences in terms of different parsing mechanisms, and the hypothesis that L2 learners adopt ‘shallow’ parsing has received considerable attention. Others assume L1/L2 processing is similar, and explain L1/L2 differences in terms of capacity-based limitations being exceeded during L2 processing. More generally, the role that working memory plays in language acquisition and processing has garnered increasing interest. Based on research investigating L2 sentence processing, I claim that a primary source of L1/L2 differences lies in the ability to retrieve information constructed during sentence processing from memory. In contrast to describing L1/L2 differences in terms of shallow parsing or capacity limitations, I argue that L2 speakers are more susceptible to retrieval interference when successful comprehension requires access to information from memory.
13
Logli, Augusto. "The positive part of a Fourier transform." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series A. Pure Mathematics and Statistics 38, no. 2 (April 1985): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446788700022990.
Abstract:
AbstractWe consider the function u whose Fourier transform is the positive part of the Fourier transform of a function f on Rn. If n ≤ 2 and f satisfies simple regularity conditions (in particular if f is in the Schwartz space Y(Rn), then u lies in L1(Rn). If n ≥ 3, then simple counterexamples exist; for example, if f(x) = |x|2 exp(-|x|2), then u does not lie in L1(Rn).
14
Zhu, Rusong, Guofu Yin, Gengsheng Tang, Hai Wang, and Shuangxi Zhang. "Temperature trajectory control of cryogenic wind tunnel with robust L1 adaptive control." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 13 (October 9, 2017): 3675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217728569.
Abstract:
Temperature control in a cryogenic wind tunnel is the key to realizing finely controlled Reynolds number close to true flight. This study deploys the L1 adaptive control methodology to ensure the total temperature profile of the cryogenic wind tunnel tracks a specified reference trajectory. After introducing a non-linear model of a cryogenic wind tunnel and a linear temperature model, a linear–quadratic–Gaussian (LQG) controller is implemented as the baseline controller. The L1 adaptive controller with piecewise constant adaptive law is used as an augmentation to the baseline controller to cancel the matched and unmatched uncertainties within the actuator’s bandwidth. By introducing two modifications to the standard L1 adaptive controller, which are the transportation delay modelling in the state predictor and the non-linear state dependent filter, the L1 adaptive controller improves the performance of the baseline controller in the presence of uncertainties in temperature control, guaranteeing proper stability and delay margin. The simulation results and analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control architecture. The main contribution of this paper lies in the first applications of L1 adaptive control to the wind tunnel control problem and the non-linear state dependent filter in L1 adaptive control structure.
15
Pinto, Maria da Graça. "O olhar psicolinguístico para a LE, também L1, decorrente de uma abordagem plural à língua(gem) e ao pensamento." Orientes do Português 5 (2023): 15–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/27073130/ori5a2.
Abstract:
To take a psycholinguistic approach to learning a foreign language (FL) implies an exploration of the various explicit and implicit relationships between language and thought when more than one language is in contrast. Let us imagine, therefore, two situations: a native language (L1) projecting itself in a mirror as a foreign language (FL), and the FL being learned, itself being an L1, offering a reflection on this surface that allows for a promising comparison with the L1 transformed into an FL. If the effect of distance emerges in this scenario as a decisive factor, it is also expected to give the L1 both the strength to resist external manipulations and erosions aiming at its amputation and the ability to accept the added value coming from other FLs in order to broaden its specific worldview. In this confrontation lies a whole psycholinguistic procedure that, when properly activated, prevents excessive castrating zeal and no less harmful negligence.
16
Lipka, Orly. "Syntactic awareness skills in English among children who speak Slavic or Chinese languages as a first language and English as a second language." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 2 (January 12, 2019): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918812186.
Abstract:
Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The purpose of this study was to examine syntactic awareness skills in English, among two groups of children: native Chinese speakers and native Slavic (L1) speakers. Both groups were second language English (L2) speakers. Their syntactic awareness skills were compared to a matched sample of L1 English speakers. Design/methodology/approach: Eighty-six third grade students participated in the study, matched between language groups on the basis of age and gender, as well as academic achievements and word reading levels. Data and analysis: L1 English and L1 Slavic groups performed significantly better on the syntactic awareness task than did the L1 Chinese group. A close examination of specific syntactic constructions revealed that the L1 Chinese group did not perform as well as the other groups on past tense constructions, which do not exist in Chinese but do exist in Slavic languages. However, there were no between-group differences on superlative and comparative constructions, which exist in all three languages. Findings/conclusions: The results contribute to our knowledge about cross-linguistic influences between English, Slavic, and Chinese, showing that L1 Slavic facilitates the learnability of L2 English, while L1 Chinese impedes the learnability of L2 English. Originality: The originality of the study lies in the comparison of children from three different L1 groups, matched with respect to reading level. The examination of languages that are typologically different in their syntax is unique. Significance/implications: The results highlight the importance of taking the specific language backgrounds of L2 learners into consideration. Limitations: The current study did not include an assessment of L1 language proficiency among participants.
17
MALT, BARBARA C., and AMY L. LEBKUECHER. "Representation and Process in Bilingual Lexical Interaction." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 5 (May 31, 2016): 867–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728916000584.
Abstract:
Bilinguals show word use patterns in each of their languages that differ from those of monolinguals. One interpretation is that, for bilinguals, the word meanings of one language are influenced by those of the other. Another is that the cross-language influence lies in on-line processes – word retrieval probabilities or word form activation levels. To discriminate between interpretations, we asked Mandarin–English bilinguals to name household objects in their L1 and L2 via forced choice instead of free production. The options given were the monolingual-preferred choices, eliminating memory retrieval demands and keeping those words at a high level of activation. For comparison, monolinguals of each language performed the same task in their native language. Differences from monolinguals in word choice were substantially reduced, especially in L1, but bilingual patterns still showed some cross-language influence in both L1 and L2. This outcome implicates cross-language influences on both bilingual processing and meaning representations.
18
Guo, Yan, Yilin Guo, Zichao Guo, Boping Liu, and Jianguo Xu. "Effect of Fragment 1 on the Binding of Epigallocatechin Gallate to the PD-L1 Dimer Explored by Molecular Dynamics." Molecules 28, no. 23 (November 30, 2023): 7881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28237881.
Abstract:
Blocking the interaction between programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) by directly targeting the PD-L1 dimer has emerged as a hot topic in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural product, has been demonstrated binding to the PD-L1 dimer in our previous study, but has a weaker binding capacity, moreover, EGCG is located at the end of the binding pocket of the PD-L1 dimer. The inhibitor fragment 1 (FRA) lies at the other end. So, we proposed that the introduction of FRA might be able to improve the binding ability. To illuminate this issue, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed in the present study. Binding free energy calculations show that the binding affinity is significantly increased by 17 kcal/mol upon the introduction of FRA. It may be due to the energy contributions of emerging key residues ATyr56, AMet115, BTyr123, AIle54 and the enhanced contributions of initial key residues ATyr123 and BVal68. Binding mode and non-bonded interaction results indicate that FRA_EGCG (EGCG in combination with FRA) binds to the C-, F- and G-sheet of the PD-L1 dimer. Importantly, the introduction of FRA mainly strengthened the nonpolar interactions. The free energy landscape and secondary structure results further show that FRA_EGCG can interact with the PD-L1 dimer more stably. These data demonstrated here provide the theoretical basis for screening two or more natural products with additive inhibitory effect on this pathway and therefore exerting more effective anticancer immunity.
19
VON STUTTERHEIM, CHRISTIANE, MONIQUE LAMBERT, and JOHANNES GERWIEN. "Limitations on the role of frequency in L2 acquisition." Language and Cognition 13, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 291–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2021.5.
Abstract:
abstractIn the context of theories of statistical learning, frequency of encounter is viewed as a major driving force in L2 acquisition. The present paper challenges this position with respect to core components at the level of language competence which relate to language-specific patterns in cognitive construal. Empirical evidence from very advanced L2 speakers (L1 French, L2 English and L2 German) shows that forms and constructions which are highly frequent in the target languages in the expression of motion events are not used in a target-like form by L2 speakers. The study shows how the basis for language use which is not target-like lies at the level of event construal: conceptual frames, which are language-specific and are deeply anchored in the course of L1 acquisition, drive allocation of attention and the extraction of forms in L2 acquisition. Findings in the domain of spatial cognition show that motion event frames based on the L1 take precedence over frequency of occurrence of forms in the target language as a factor in L2 use.
20
Mansur, Dil Islam, Subindra Karki, Dilip Kumar Mehta, Pragya Shrestha, and Sunima Maskey. "A morphometric analysis of pedicles of lumbar vertebrae by using computed tomography scan." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v9i1.33547.
Abstract:
Background: The vertebral column is the central pillar of the body which has cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal parts. Out of these, the lumbar part is made up of five lumbar vertebrae which lies between the thoracic part above and the sacral part below.
Objective: The study aimed to measure pedicle dimensions of lumbar vertebrae by using computed tomography scan.
Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted on 115 images of computed tomography scan collected from the Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Dhulikhel Hospital between May and October 2019 after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee. All the scans available in the department were taken for the study. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Data analysis was done in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 (SPSS 16.0).
Results: The pedicle chord length and breadth progressively decrease from L1 to L5 vertebral levels and pedicle thickness gradually increases from L1 to L5 vertebrae on both sides in both genders. The pedicle chord lengths were found significantly different whereas breadth and thickness were insignificantly different between males and females at all lumbar vertebral levels except at L1 for breadth.
Conclusions: The pedicle chord length and breadth gradually decreases whereas thickness increases from L1 to L5 vertebral levels amongst Nepalese population.
21
Yang, Yufeng, and Fabian Santiago. "L’influence translinguistique dans la perception des consonnes occlusives en français L3 par des apprenants sinophones : une étude exploratoire." SHS Web of Conferences 191 (2024): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202419109002.
Abstract:
Cet article se concentre sur les influences translinguistiques dans la perception des consonnes occlusives en français L3 par des apprenants sinophones ayant le chinois-mandarin comme L1 et l’anglais comme L2. Pour déterminer les sources d’influences translinguistiques chez les bilingues et les trilingues, nous avons réalisé les tests de discrimination (AX) en perception dans les trois langues avec 37 participants en 6 groupes. Les stimuli consistaient en 36 paires minimales monosyllabiques dans chaque langue. Nos résultats montrent que le pourcentage d’erreurs pour le groupe trilingue est approximativement le même que pour le groupe bilingue du test de perception en français, cependant, pour le temps de réaction, les apprenants plurilingues ont des temps de réaction plus longs que les autres groupes. De plus, nos résultats montrent que les taux de réussite et les temps de réponse ne varient pas en fonction du lieu d’articulation des consonnes.Dans notre étude, l’influence translinguistique sur le français L3 peut provenir soit de la L1, soit de la L2, mais il est peu probable qu’il s’agisse d’une combinaison d’influence translinguistique combinée L1+L2. Plus intéressant encore, il semblerait que la présence de deux langues étrangères déclenche également des efforts cognitifs plus complexes pour la discrimination des consonnes en L1. Ces résultats se conforment aux prédictions des modèles r-SLM, PAM-L2 & LPM.
22
Ho, Mai, and Benjamin Bonavida. "Cross-Talks between Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein and Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expressions in Cancer: Role in Immune Evasion and Therapeutic Implications." Cells 13, no. 10 (May 17, 2024): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells13100864.
Abstract:
Innovations in cancer immunotherapy have resulted in the development of several novel immunotherapeutic strategies that can disrupt immunosuppression. One key advancement lies in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have shown significant clinical efficacy and increased survival rates in patients with various therapy-resistant cancers. This immune intervention consists of monoclonal antibodies directed against inhibitory receptors (e.g., PD-1) on cytotoxic CD8 T cells or against corresponding ligands (e.g., PD-L1/PD-L2) overexpressed on cancer cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, not all cancer cells respond—there are still poor clinical responses, immune-related adverse effects, adaptive resistance, and vulnerability to ICIs in a subset of patients with cancer. This challenge showcases the heterogeneity of cancer, emphasizing the existence of additional immunoregulatory mechanisms in many patients. Therefore, it is essential to investigate PD-L1’s interaction with other oncogenic genes and pathways to further advance targeted therapies and address resistance mechanisms. Accordingly, our aim was to investigate the mechanisms governing PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, given its correlation with immune evasion, to uncover novel mechanisms for decreasing PD-L1 expression and restoring anti-tumor immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the upregulation of Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) in many cancers contributes to the suppression of key hyperactive pathways observed in malignant cells, alongside its broadening involvement in immune responses and the modulation of the TME. We, therefore, hypothesized that the role of PD-L1 in cancer immune surveillance may be inversely correlated with the low expression level of the tumor suppressor Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) expression in cancer cells. This hypothesis was investigated and we found several signaling cross-talk pathways between the regulations of both RKIP and PD-L1 expressions. These pathways and regulatory factors include the MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways, GSK3β, cytokines IFN-γ and IL-1β, Sox2, and transcription factors YY1 and NFκB. The pathways that upregulated PD-L1 were inhibitory for RKIP expression and vice versa. Bioinformatic analyses in various human cancers demonstrated the inverse relationship between PD-L1 and RKIP expressions and their prognostic roles. Therefore, we suspect that the direct upregulation of RKIP and/or the use of targeted RKIP inducers in combination with ICIs could result in a more targeted anti-tumor immune response—addressing the therapeutic challenges related to PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy alone.
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Whang, James. "Perception of Illegal Contrasts: Japanese Adaptations of Korean Coda Obstruents." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 36, no. 1 (August 24, 2010): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v36i1.3932.
Abstract:
In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:A series of studies by Dupoux and colleagues (Dupoux et al. (1999), Peperkamp & Dupoux (2003), Vendelin & Peperkamp (2004), Peperkamp (2005)) have proposed that loanword adaptation, which refers to the transformation words go through when they are borrowed from a source language (L2) to a borrowing language (L1), happens entirely during perception. They claim that when an L1 speaker is given an acoustic signal that contains segments that are illegal in his native language, his native phonotactics distort how this signal is perceived, automatically mapping it to the closest well-formed sound, and that this process, called perceptual assimilation, often makes it extremely difficult to perceive nonnative sounds accurately. This paper provides evidence partially contrary to their claims, from adaptations of Korean final coda obstruents into Japanese, showing that Japanese speakers are able to perceive some phonotactically illegal contrasts.
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Retchford, Kelleher, Catherine Bettington, and St John Newman. "Spontaneous regression of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with high PD-L1 expression: A case report and literature review." Journal of Case Reports and Images in Oncology 9, no. 1 (May 19, 2023): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5348/100120z10kr2023cr.
Abstract:
Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are responsible for a significant proportion of this burden. Spontaneous remission of cancer is a known phenomenon, albeit a rare event. The exact etiological mechanism(s) are not appreciated, although are largely predicated on the complex interactions between the malignant cells, tumor microenvironment and the immune system. Case Report: We present the case of an incidentally found, biopsy proven lung SCC with high PD-L1 expression that underwent spontaneous regression (SR) prior to definitive therapy. The patient underwent computed tomography (CT)-guided biopsy of the lesion and coronary artery bypass grafting in the time preceding the tumor regression. The observed regression has been sustained during ongoing follow-up. Conclusion: There are complex interactions between malignant cells, the tumor microenvironment, and the immune system, with evasion of immune destruction being a well-recognized and studied hallmark of cancer. There are multiple factors that may contribute to immune recognition of cancer and its subsequent regression and cases such as this highlight that there is much yet to elucidate. Further identification of these cases and their molecular characteristics will add to our understanding of the process. In the unknown lies the promise of improving cancer outcomes.
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Kaufman, Bar, Nofar Erlichman, Tsipi Meshel, Adit Ben-Baruch, Moshe Elkabets, and Angel Porgador. "Effect of aberrant N-glycosylation of PD-L1 on the potency of anti-PD-1 treatments." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2024): e14599-e14599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.e14599.
Abstract:
e14599 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the PD1/PDL1 axis have revolutionized the way we treat cancer patient. Yet, response rate to these treatments remains low. Post translational modifications of PD-L1 in the form of N-glycosylation play a crucial role in both receptor-ligand interaction and in the potency of PD1/PDL1 ICIs. Understanding the effect of each N-glycosylation site is crucial for patient stratification for treatment groups and may help to increase response rate to anti-PD1/PDL1 ICIs. We recently developed the Immune-Checkpoint Artificial Reporter (IcAR) technology to assess specific ICI potency for target tumors including clinical samples. Using IcAR expressing recombinant human PD1 receptor we can analyze clinical response of patients to PD1-PDL1 blocking drugs and analyze the glycan-modified PDL1 expressing cancer cells. Methods: We have created two cell lines (MDA-MB231 and MCF7) overexpressing PD-L1 in its wildtype form, single mutated glycosylation sites (N35A, N192A, N200A, N219A) and all sites mutated together (Nx4). Using IcAR-PD1 we measured the functional binding of the different mutated cell lines, cell derived xenografts (CDX) and fixed cell samples to evaluate baseline binding. Later we have incubated IcAR-PD1 and mutated cell liens together with multiple clinically used PD1/PDL1 ICIs to evaluate the inhibition of interaction of each ICI. Results: While staining and functional interaction of PDL1 and single mutants is similar, removing all four N-glycosylation sites (Nx4) decreased both the staining of PDL1 and functional binding. Interestingly, blocking capacity of different ICIs was impaired by N35A PDL1 mutation, and was absolute through all concentration (2.5 to 40 ug/mL) when employed on the Nx4 cell lines. While anti-PDL1 ICIs were managed to block PD-1/PD-L1 interaction trough all cell lines and mutants, the inhibitory capacity of anti-PD1 ICIs was impaired by glycosylation, especially on N35. Conclusions: Aberrant glycosylation of PD-L1 impair the potency of anti-PD-1 treatment in cancer cell lines. These results might explain why patients with negative PD-L1 staining (Nx4), might respond to ICIs, and suggest an explanation of mechanism in which patients with high PD-L1 staining (i.e. N35), might not respond to anti-PD-1 treatments. Our results shed a light on the mechanism of ICI resistance and response – using this knowledge patient will be stratify better into treatment groups, getting oncology a step closer to precision immunology.
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Sankin, Alexander, Deepa Narasimhulu, Peter John, Benjamin Gartrell, Mark Schoenberg, and Xingxing Zang. "The expanding repertoire of targets for immune checkpoint inhibition in bladder cancer: What lies beneath the tip of the iceberg, PD-L1." Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations 36, no. 10 (October 2018): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.04.007.
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Lachachi, Djamel Eddine. "Äquivalenz, Vergleichbarkeit und Übersetzbarkeit." Traduction et Langues 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2009): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v8i1.443.
Abstract:
Cet article traite des questions relatives à la comparabilité, l'équivalence et la traduisibilité. En fait, la comparabilité est bien comprise dans un cadre de linguistique contrastive. De plus, la notion de comparabilité ou d'équivalence doit être précisée, "c'est-à-dire établir les conditions dans lesquelles des éléments de deux langues L1 et L2 peuvent être considérés comme comparables. Pour le problème de l'équivalence de la traduction, apparemment, il est très difficile, si à Dans ce sens, le problème de la traduction a donné lieu à de vives discussions qui tentent de répondre à la question de savoir comment les catégories d'une langue L1 peuvent être comparées ou traduites avec celles d'une autre langue L2 dans une unité particulière. Cette étude a montré que la traduction d'une langue à une autre se fait par une partie de la traduction de la parole et non par la traduction d'un mot. Le processus de traduction se fait étape par étape, c'est-à-dire que l'on peut d'abord trouver la chose la plus simple. Une progression doit se dérouler en quatre étapes pour trouver l'équivalent réel dans l'autre langue : les quatre étapes pourraient avoir lieu ensemble dans l'acte de traduction. Le contexte comprend le texte, la situation, et la connaissance supposée du destinataire ; dans ce cas, on parle d'équivalence pragmatique. L'équivalence de traduction doit être considérée comme un terme relatif. Ces méthodes de traduction restent donc à approfondir, ce que nous essayons de faire dans le cadre d'un projet, dans un service de recherche à Oran, sur « Linguistique et Traduction ». Cette fois, nous n'avons fait qu'esquisser ces nouvelles méthodes de traduction scientifique.
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Cheng, Fengdong, Yuan Ren, Jie Chen, Zi Wang, Tao Li, Kieron Dunleavy, Jianqing Lin, et al. "C-Myc Driven Tolerogenic Tumor Microenvironment (TME) in Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) Is Overcome By Bromodomain Inhibition." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-116865.
Abstract:
Abstract Remarkable clinical efficacy and durable responses to antibodies that block the programmed death-1 (PD-1)-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway have been observed in patients with multiple cancers, including classical Hodgkin lymphomas (cHL). However, the responses in the majority of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients, including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), treated with anti- PD1/PDL1 antibodies have been modest to date. It has been postulated that the immune suppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) may play a role in limiting the efficacy of checkpoint blockade strategies. As such, identification of critical molecules in TME required for driving response and resistance is key to improve lymphoma immunotherapy. We have therefore generated in vivo and ex-vivo MCL lymphoma-stroma co-culture models and capitalize this model with primary human MCL cells as well. First, we found that co-injection of murine Fc-muMCL1 cells with stromal cells significantly promote lymphoma growthas compared to Fc-muMCL1 cells injected alone. This aggressive growth was associated with less tumor infiltrating cytotoxic T-cells in the TME. Second, to identify the tolerogenic mechanism(s) that drive immunosuppression in TME, we co-cultured MCL cells with stroma cells ex-vivo and found an increased translation and transcription of PD-L1 via upregulation of c-Myc. Furthermore, co-culture of patient primary lymphoma cells with stromal cell dramatically increases PD-L1 expression in both stromal cells and lymphoma cells. Tumor infiltrating T cells also induce PD-L1 expression in stromal cells. Of note, just by knocking down c-Myc in stromal cell we were able to block co-culture-induced PD-L1 expression, highlighting a critical role for c-Myc in driving this tolerogenic process in the TME. In lieu of the above findings, next we treated murine MCL in vitro with a bromodomain inhibitor (JQ1) and observed a significant decrease in c-Myc/PD-L1 expression which was associated with increased immunogenicity of malignant B-cells leading to a better T-cell activation. More importantly, treatment of MCL-bearing mice with a combination of a bromodomain inhibitor with anti-PD1 antibody resulted in enhanced inhibition of MCL growth, increased effector memory T cells and improved function of tumor infiltrating T cells in vivo. No such effects were observed in MCL-bearing mice treated with either agent alone. Taken together, we have identified the c-Myc/PD-L1 axis in stromal cells that by creating a tolerogenic/immunosuppressive TME imposes a significant barrier to the efficacy of checkpoint blockade therapy in lymphomas. This barrier seems not to be unsurmountable since the addition of a bromodomain inhibitor augmented the efficacy of checkpoint blockade by inducing a more immunogenic TME in MCL. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Rangel, Kelly M., Seth D. Reighard, David E. Ochayon, Durga Krishnamurthy, Wen-Hai Shao, and Stephen N. Waggoner. "Cell therapy targeting follicular T cells as an innovative approach for treating autoimmune disease." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 236.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.236.9.
Abstract:
Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a debilitating and incurable autoimmune disease characterized by the uncontrolled production of autoantibodies and inflammatory damage to multiple organ systems. Dysregulated follicular helper T cell (TFH) responses are a cardinal feature and putative driver of disease in both mice and humans, where these cells contribute to unrestrained inflammation and autoantibody production by B cells. There is currently no safe and effective way to selectively eliminate TFH as a means to therapeutically alleviate diseases caused by these cells. Although cell surface biomarkers that are unique (lineage-specific targets) to TFH remain undefined, these cells express markedly more programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) than other immune cells. We recently engineered a novel programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)-based chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that when expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells, facilitated discriminate targeting of PD-1high follicular T cells while sparing other PD-1-expressing lymphocytes. The inherent specificity of this approach lies in the lower affinity interactions between PD-L1 and PD-1 compared to that likely achieved with a PD-1-specific single-chain variable fragment-based CAR. Here, we develop a mouse T cell version of the PD-L1 CAR platform to show that selective depletion of PD-1high T cells is safe and effective at undermining harmful autoreactive T and B cell responses in mouse models of SLE-like disease. We believe this affinity-based CAR approach for PD-1high target cell elimination represents a novel clinical tool for treatment of TFH-driven diseases like SLE.
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Xie, Yushu Joy, Michael Dougan, Noor Jailkhani, Jessica Ingram, Tao Fang, Laura Kummer, Noor Momin, et al. "Nanobody-based CAR T cells that target the tumor microenvironment inhibit the growth of solid tumors in immunocompetent mice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 16 (April 1, 2019): 7624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817147116.
Abstract:
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has been successful in clinical trials against hematological cancers, but has experienced challenges in the treatment of solid tumors. One of the main difficulties lies in a paucity of tumor-specific targets that can serve as CAR recognition domains. We therefore focused on developing VHH-based, single-domain antibody (nanobody) CAR T cells that target aspects of the tumor microenvironment conserved across multiple cancer types. Many solid tumors evade immune recognition through expression of checkpoint molecules, such as PD-L1, that down-regulate the immune response. We therefore targeted CAR T cells to the tumor microenvironment via the checkpoint inhibitor PD-L1 and observed a reduction in tumor growth, resulting in improved survival. CAR T cells that target the tumor stroma and vasculature through the EIIIB+ fibronectin splice variant, which is expressed by multiple tumor types and on neovasculature, are likewise effective in delaying tumor growth. VHH-based CAR T cells can thus function as antitumor agents for multiple targets in syngeneic, immunocompetent animal models. Our results demonstrate the flexibility of VHH-based CAR T cells and the potential of CAR T cells to target the tumor microenvironment and treat solid tumors.
31
Domar, Yngve. "Convolution theorems of Titchmarsh type on discrete Rn." Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society 32, no. 3 (October 1989): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0013091500004697.
Abstract:
SummaryThis paper contains results related to Titchmarsh's convolution theorem and valid for , the additive group of Rn with the discrete topology. The method of proof consists in transferring the problem to Rn with the usual topology by a procedure which has been used earlier, for instance in Helson [3].In Section 1, the classical support theorems are generalized to . In [1], Titchmarsh's convolution theorem [6] on R was generalized to convolutions of functions belonging to certain weighted Lp-spaces on R. Section 2 contains a corresponding generalization to weighted l2(Rd).It should be observed that convolutions of elements f and g in l1() can be interpreted as convolutions of bounded discrete measures on Rn. Hence, in that case the support theorem (Theorem 4.33 of Hörmander [5]) is directly applicable to give the results of our Theorems 1 and 3. So the novelty in our theorems lies in the fact that they apply for instance to the case when it is only assumed f, g ∈l2(), together with support conditions. It is not known whether it suffices to assume f∈l1(), g∈lp(), when p > 2.
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Kang, Yu, Erwei Liu, Kaichi Zou, Xiuyun Wang, and Huaqing Zhang. "Sparse Clustering Algorithm Based on Multi-Domain Dimensionality Reduction Autoencoder." Mathematics 12, no. 10 (May 14, 2024): 1526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12101526.
Abstract:
The key to high-dimensional clustering lies in discovering the intrinsic structures and patterns in data to provide valuable information. However, high-dimensional clustering faces enormous challenges such as dimensionality disaster, increased data sparsity, and reduced reliability of the clustering results. In order to address these issues, we propose a sparse clustering algorithm based on a multi-domain dimensionality reduction model. This method achieves high-dimensional clustering by integrating the sparse reconstruction process and sparse L1 regularization into a deep autoencoder model. A sparse reconstruction module is designed based on the L1 sparse reconstruction of features under different domains to reconstruct the data. The proposed method mainly contributes in two aspects. Firstly, the spatial and frequency domains are combined by taking into account the spatial distribution and frequency characteristics of the data to provide multiple perspectives and choices for data analysis and processing. Then, a neural network-based clustering model with sparsity is conducted by projecting data points onto multi-domains and implementing adaptive regularization penalty terms to the weight matrix. The experimental results demonstrate superior performance of the proposed method in handling clustering problems on high-dimensional datasets.
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Basu, Kaustuv, and Luc Mongeau. "Hyaluronic acid hydrogel to modulate tumor cell clustering and programmed death ligand 1 signaling in cancer stem cells." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2024): e14584-e14584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.e14584.
Abstract:
e14584 Background: The root of malignancy lies in the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the stromal cells. Thus, current therapeutic targets manipulate abnormal tumor microenvironments (TME), which nourish cancer stem cells (CSC) and induce tumor cell clustering (TCC). Notably, despite the first line of clinical therapy with surgery and chemotherapy, uncontrolled self-renewal of CSCs, conversion of non-CSCs to CSCs, and TCC trigger cancer recurrence. The transmembrane glycoprotein CD44 is thought to be a potential master regulator in cancer recurrence as it interacts with hyaluronic acid (HA) in TME, expresses aberrantly on CSCs, induces TCC by homophilic interactions like Plakoglobin despite less understanding on their crosstalk, and promotes expression of pro-tumorigenic factor programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Notably, CD44 is expressed in multiple isoforms, and splice isoform switching of CD44 dictates the properties of CSC, which still needs to be clarified. Hence, we aimed to characterize CSCs based on CD44 isoform expression, investigate the crosstalk between CD44 and Plakoglobin, and then design a novel injectable HA hydrogel that can disguise TME and suppress PD-L1 to combat cancer recurrence. Methods: To characterize CSCs, we prepared different scaffolds of HA of varied molecular weights and other ECM proteins, cultured cancer cells (MDA-MB-231, HeLa), and determined the expression of CD44 isoforms. We sorted CD44+/CD24- expressing CSC by flow cytometry. We implemented immunoprecipitation to detect the interaction between CD44 and Plakoglobin. We created a novel HA hydrogel composed of low and very high molecular weight HA, thiolated gelatin, and other components crosslinked with PEGDA. Using a torsional rheometer, we measured matrix stiffness. We assessed the cell proliferation efficiency of CSC by a colony-forming assay. Results: The study disclosed that CD44 isoforms expressed differently based on ECM properties. Matrix stiffness dictated CD44 isoform expression. We observed that CD44 interacted with Plakoglobin. CD44 ablation upregulated Plakoglobin significantly. Tumor suppressor p53 played a significant role in CD44-Plakoglobin crosstalk. We observed that the injectable hydrogel modulated CD44-Plakoglobin signaling and inhibited TCC, likely promoting anoikis. The hydrogel affected CD44 splicing and modified the activity of the CD44 intracellular domain, which interacts with PD-L1 and thus suppressed PD-L1 expression significantly in CSC. Conclusions: Currently, antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 signaling have been clinically approved for various cancers. However, this regimen of treatment is expensive. We report a novel injectable hydrogel that can disguise TME, modulate CSCs and PD-L1, and may advance an alternative cost-effective avenue for cancer immunotherapy.
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Shao, Jun, Jiechao Ma, Shu Zhang, Jingwei Li, Hesen Dai, Shufan Liang, Yizhou Yu, Weimin Li, and Chengdi Wang. "Radiogenomic System for Non-Invasive Identification of Multiple Actionable Mutations and PD-L1 Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on CT Images." Cancers 14, no. 19 (October 2, 2022): 4823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194823.
Abstract:
Purpose: Personalized treatments such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy have revolutionized the predominantly therapeutic paradigm for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, these treatment decisions require the determination of targetable genomic and molecular alterations through invasive genetic or immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests. Numerous previous studies have demonstrated that artificial intelligence can accurately predict the single-gene status of tumors based on radiologic imaging, but few studies have achieved the simultaneous evaluation of multiple genes to reflect more realistic clinical scenarios. Methods: We proposed a multi-label multi-task deep learning (MMDL) system for non-invasively predicting actionable NSCLC mutations and PD-L1 expression utilizing routinely acquired computed tomography (CT) images. This radiogenomic system integrated transformer-based deep learning features and radiomic features of CT volumes from 1096 NSCLC patients based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) and IHC tests. Results: For each task cohort, we randomly split the corresponding dataset into training (80%), validation (10%), and testing (10%) subsets. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) of the MMDL system achieved 0.862 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.758–0.969) for discrimination of a panel of 8 mutated genes, including EGFR, ALK, ERBB2, BRAF, MET, ROS1, RET and KRAS, 0.856 (95% CI, 0.663–0.948) for identification of a 10-molecular status panel (previous 8 genes plus TP53 and PD-L1); and 0.868 (95% CI, 0.641–0.972) for classifying EGFR / PD-L1 subtype, respectively. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first deep learning system to simultaneously analyze 10 molecular expressions, which might be utilized as an assistive tool in conjunction with or in lieu of ancillary testing to support precision treatment options.
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Baumjohann, Dirk, and Peter Brossart. "T follicular helper cells: linking cancer immunotherapy and immune-related adverse events." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, no. 6 (June 2021): e002588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-002588.
Abstract:
Cancer immunotherapy utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of numerous cancer types. As the underlying mechanism of these treatments lies in the interference with inhibitory signals that usually impair potent antitumor immunity, for example, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1):programmed death-ligand 1/2 (PD-L1/2) pathway, it is not surprising that this could also promote exaggerated adaptive immune responses to unrelated antigen specificities. One of the side effects of ICI-based cancer immunotherapy that is increasingly observed in the clinic is immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including various types of autoimmunity. However, the precise etiology is incompletely understood. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide essential help to B cells for potent antibody responses and their tumor tissue presence is often correlated with a better outcome in several solid tumor entities. Importantly, these CD4+ T cells express very high amounts of PD-1 and other co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors. Here, we address the hypothesis that targeting CTLA-4 or PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 critically impacts the function of Tfh cells in patients that receive these ICIs, thereby providing a link between ICI treatment and the development of secondary autoimmunity.
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Laviosa, Sara. "Translation as Adaptation for Language Pedagogy." Linguaculture 2014, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lincu-2015-0014.
Abstract:
Abstract This paper explores, within an ecological perspective on language learning (cf. van Lier 2004), the valuable role that translation as adaptation can play in mediating and making sense of cross-cultural experiences in the multilingual language classroom. The aim is to develop a multilingual pedagogy that includes translation as adaptation as an integral part of the language curriculum in order to foster translingual and transcultural competence, this being the goal of foreign language education in the 21st century (cf. MLA 2007:2). The first part of the paper introduces the theoretical framework that conceptualises translation as being closely related to adaptation. It then analyses salient scenes from Gianni Amelio’s bilingual drama La stella che non c'è/The Missing Star/L'Étoile Imaginaire (2006) filmed in Italy and China and screened in competition as part of the 2006 Venice Film Festival. Moving on from research to pedagogic practice, the final part of the paper outlines a teaching unit that is based on the film and is aimed at undergraduate L1 Chinese learners of Italian and L1 Italian learners of Chinese. The objective of the pedagogic unit is to raise awareness of the transformative power enshrined in linguistic and cultural exchanges mediated by audio-visual translation as an eminent example of adaptation.
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Li, Huiying, Linhua Zhao, Bo Zhang, Yuyu Jiang, Xu Wang, Yun Guo, Hongxing Liu, Shao Li, and Xiaolin Tong. "A Network Pharmacology Approach to Determine Active Compounds and Action Mechanisms of Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian Decoction for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/495840.
Abstract:
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal formulae can be valuable therapeutic strategies and drug discovery resources. However, the active ingredients and action mechanisms of most TCM formulae remain unclear. Therefore, the identification of potent ingredients and their actions is a major challenge in TCM research. In this study, we used a network pharmacology approach we previously developed to help determine the potential antidiabetic ingredients from the traditional Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian decoction (GGQLD) formula. We predicted the target profiles of all available GGQLD ingredients to infer the active ingredients by clustering the target profile of ingredients with FDA-approved antidiabetic drugs. We also applied network target analysis to evaluate the links between herbal ingredients and pharmacological actions to help explain the action mechanisms of GGQLD. According to the predicted results, we confirmed that a novel antidiabetic ingredient fromPuerariae Lobatae radix(Ge-Gen), 4-Hydroxymephenytoin, increased the insulin secretion in RIN-5F cells and improved insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The network pharmacology strategy used here provided a powerful means for identifying bioactive ingredients and mechanisms of action for TCM herbal formulae, including Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian decoction.
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Nagy, Tünde. "On Translanguaging and Its Role in Foreign Language Teaching." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2018-0012.
Abstract:
AbstractThe idea that in foreign language classes the use of L1 can be beneficial for students is gaining ground in foreign language teaching methodology. Translanguaging is a relatively newly coined term that is often used to refer both to the process of switching between two languages and the methodology that lies behind it. After presenting the main characteristics of translanguaging and the possibility of implementing it as a pedagogical method in English language classrooms, the paper presents a translanguaging activity and also shows how the students evaluated their participation in this practice. The paper concludes that in order to employ translanguaging practices in the classroom, it is necessary to adopt a new mindset to teaching that allows for multiple language use in class and also encourages language learners to embrace their entire linguistic potential.
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Br Marpaung, Magdalena. "English Reading Habit of Students With Different L1 Reading Habit, L2 Reading Proficiency, and Reading Attitude." e-Journal of Linguistics 14, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2020.v14.i02.p02.
Abstract:
Second language reading is affected by reading habit of first language, the reading proficiency, the strategies of reading, and reading attitude (Sundari, 2013). The questions lies in this study are (1) how does English reading habit of students with different L1 reading habit, L2 reading proficiency, and reading attitude? (2) And what is the factor mostly affected the English reading habit? This is a qualitative-quantitative research, this is a qualitative research for its purpose to describe the English habit, and this study is also a quantitative research for its purpose to find the most factors affected the English reading habit by applying the formula of correlation to see the highest coefficient correlation. The instruments of this study are two questionnaires of (1) reading attitude by M.N. Gomleksiz (2004) and (2) L2 reading habit by Ro Eunseok and Alice (2014) which are administered to 23 students. The result of this study are: (1) English reading habits of the subjects found out various and different due to the combination of the three factors collaborated, from 23 students there are 11 of them are in low English reading habit, 8 of them are in moderate English reading habit, and 4 of them are in high English reading habit. (2) Though, L1 reading habit is mostly low but L2 reading proficiency is the factor mostly affected English reading habit since its coefficient correlation is the highest 0,76.
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Assoumatine, Tokouré, and Helen Stoeckli-Evans. "Silver(I) nitrate two-dimensional coordination polymers of two new pyrazinethiophane ligands: 5,7-dihydro-1H,3H-dithieno[3,4-b:3′,4′-e]pyrazine and 3,4,8,10,11,13-hexahydro-1H,6H-bis([1,4]dithiocino)[6,7-b:6′,7′-e]pyrazine." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 76, no. 4 (March 13, 2020): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205698902000362x.
Abstract:
The two new pyrazineophanes, 5,7-dihydro-1H,3H-dithieno[3,4-b:3′,4′-e]pyrazine, C8H8N2S2, L1, and 3,4,8,10,11,13-hexahydro-1H,6H-bis([1,4]dithiocino)[6,7-b:6′,7′-e]pyrazine, C12H16N2S4, L2, both crystallize with half a molecule in the asymmetric unit; the whole molecules are generated by inversion symmetry. The molecule of L1, which is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.008 Å), consists of two sulfur atoms linked by a rigid tetra-2,3,5,6-methylenepyrazine unit, forming planar five-membered rings. The molecule of L2 is step-shaped and consists of two S–CH2–CH2–S chains linked by the central rigid tetra-2,3,5,6-methylenepyrazine unit, forming eight-membered rings that have twist-boat-chair configurations. In the crystals of both compounds, there are no significant intermolecular interactions present. The reaction of L1 with silver nitrate leads to the formation of a two-dimensional coordination polymer, poly[(μ-5,7-dihydro-1H,3H-dithieno[3,4-b;3′,4′-e]pyrazine-κ2 S:S′)(μ-nitrato-κ2 O:O′)silver(I)], [Ag(NO3)(C8H8N2S2)] n , (I), with the nitrato anion bridging two equivalent silver atoms. The central pyrazine ring is situated about an inversion center and the silver atom lies on a twofold rotation axis that bisects the nitrato anion. The silver atom has a fourfold AgO2S2 coordination sphere with a distorted shape. The reaction of L2 with silver nitrate also leads to the formation of a two-dimensional coordination polymer, poly[[μ33,4,8,10,11,13-hexahydro-1H,6H-bis([1,4]dithiocino)[6,7-b;6′,7′-e]pyrazine-κ3 S:S′:S′′](nitrato-κO)silver(I)], [Ag(NO3)(C12H16N2S4)] n , (II), with the nitrate anion coordinating in a monodentate manner to the silver atom. The silver atom has a fourfold AgOS3 coordination sphere with a distorted shape. In the crystals of both complexes, the networks are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming supramolecular frameworks. There are additional C—H...S contacts present in the supramolecular framework of II.
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Jwa, Soomin. "Korean EFL students’ argumentative writing in L1 and L2: A comparative move analysis study." English Teaching: Practice & Critique 19, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/etpc-01-2019-0010.
Abstract:
Purpose This comparative study aims to investigate the rhetorical organization of Korean and English argumentative texts. In previous studies, the rhetorical organization of such texts has been categorized as either direct or indirect depending on the placement of the thesis statement (Chien, 2011). The present study attempts to document more specific rhetorical patterns using Swales (1990) concept of moves and steps. Design/methodology/approach Ten Korean EFL students with similar L1 and L2 literacy backgrounds were selected, and, adopting a within-subject design, the students wrote two argumentative essays, one in Korean and one in English, in response to two different topics. The students’ essays were analyzed at both the macro and micro levels. The focus of the macro-level analysis was on the placement of the thesis statement and of topic sentences in each of the body paragraphs. Once the macro-level analysis was done, the essays were analyzed at the micro level using Swales (1990) move analysis. Findings The findings suggest that both texts were organized in a similar way at the macro level, constituting a typical paper structure (i.e. introduction, body and conclusion). However, a difference appears at the micro level: the students used a variety of steps to create a move when writing in Korean, whereas little variation was found in the English texts. An analysis of the data suggests the possibility that the standardized moves and steps in the English texts may be due not to culture-specific rhetoric, but to a lack of practice with rhetorical thinking in English. Originality/value In previous studies, the rhetorical organization of texts has been categorized as either direct or indirect depending on the placement of the thesis statement. The present study uses the framework of move analysis to describe more specific organizational patterns of Korean and English writing to determine the extent to which Korean and English writing is similar in the genre of argumentative writing. Another significance of the study lies in the choice of Korean writing as a reference point for comparison with English writing. It has been widely noted that there is a dearth of research of Korean students’ writing in contrastive rhetoric. To the best of the author’s knowledge, most of the contrastive rhetoric studies were conducted with Chinese or Japanese student writers.
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Steinbring, Eric. "Limits to Seeing High-Redshift Galaxies Due to Planck-Scale-Induced Blurring." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, S319 (August 2015): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921315009850.
Abstract:
If spacetime is “foamy” travel along a lightpath must be subject to continual, random distance fluctuations ± δ l proportional to Planck length lP ~ 10−35 m (Lieu & Hillman 2003). Although each “kick” by itself is tiny, these may accumulate. Accounting for redshifted (bluer) emitted photons, over a cosmological distance L = (1+z)LC for co-moving distance LC, the resultant phase perturbations Δ φ = 2π δ l/λ at observed wavelength λ could grow independently of telescope diameter D to a maximum of Δφmax=(1+z)Δφ0 (Steinbring 2007) where Δφ0=2π a0 (lPα/λ)L1 - α follows Ng et al. (2003). Here a0 ~ 1 and α specifies the quantum-gravity model: 1/2 implies a random walk and 2/3 is consistent with the holographic principle; a vanishingly small ΔφP=Δφmax/[(1 + z) a0 (L/lP)1 - α]=2π lP/λ is approached when α=1.
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Gabriele, Alison, Gita Martohardjono, and William McClure. "Why swimming is just as difficult as dying for Japanese learners of English." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 29 (January 1, 2003): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.29.2003.170.
Abstract:
While both Japanese and English have a grammatic al form denoting the progressive, the two forms (te-iru & be+ing) interact differently with the inherent semantics of the verb to which they attach (Kindaichi, 1950; McClure, 1995; Shirai, 2000). Japanese change of state verbs are incompatible with a progressive interpretation, allowing only a resultative interpretation of V+ te-iru, while a progressive interpretation is preferred for activity predicates. English be+ing denotes a progressive interpretation regardless of the lexical semantics of the verb. The question that arises is how we can account for the fact that change of state verbs like dying can denote a progressive interpretation in English, but not in Japanese. While researchers such as Kageyama (1996) and Ogihara (1998, 1999) propose that the difference lies in the lexical semantics of the verbs themselves, others such as McClure (1995) have argued that the difference lies in the semantics of the grammatical forms, be+ing and te-iru. We present results from an experimental study of Japanese learners’ interpretation of the English progressive which provide support for McClure’s proposal. Results indicate that independent of verb type, learners had significantly more difficulty with the past progressive. We argue that knowledge of L2 semantics-syntax correspondences proceeds not on the basis of L1 lexical semantic knowledge, but on the basis of grammatical forms.
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Gatil, Tranie Balderrama. "Translanguaging in Multilingual English Language Teaching in the Philippines: A Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.1.6.
Abstract:
The debate on language preference in English language teaching in a multilingual setting has stirred the traditional monolingual “English Only Policy” in the Philippines. As a result, the Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) was institutionalized in 2009. The question still lies as to the multilingual teaching practices employed in the Philippine schools. This study was conducted in order to review the translanguaging strategies of teachers in teaching English in the Philippines. It utilized the qualitative approach using systematic literature review. 14 papers were initially examined using 4 inclusion and exclusion criteria. 7 papers have qualified and selected as samples. The findings of the literature review showed that: 1.) Both natural and official translanguaging are employed in ELT and 2.) Translanguaging bridges the linguistic gap of learner’s L1, L2 and the target language, which in common in a linguistically diverse country such the Philippines. Future researches may look at building a theoretical framework of translanguaging as a language teaching pedagogy in mainstream education.
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Yang, Chunsheng. "Acquiring the pitch patterns of L2 Mandarin Chinese." Chinese as a Second Language Research 2, no. 2 (October 25, 2013): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2013-0031.
Abstract:
AbstractThis study examines the acquisition of utterance-level pitch patterns in Mandarin Chinese by American second language (L2) learners. It is an exploratory study with the goal of identifying the utterance-level prosody in L2 Mandarin Chinese. The focus of this study is not on the pitch patterns of individual learners but those of subject groups. The analysis shows that the pitch patterns between two syntactic structures for the same tone sequence vary with the tone sequence and the subject group. The biggest difference between first language (L1) and L2 Mandarin Chinese lies in the frequency of target undershoot in L2 speech. The infrequent tone target undershoot in L2 speech, especially among the intermediate learners, was attributed to the incomplete acquisition of L2 prosody. It was argued that the infrequent tone target undershoot may render L2 speech more staccato or robot-like, which contributes to the perception of a foreign accent in L2 Mandarin Chinese.
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Thörle, Britta. "« Et le chien aussi i’ regarde »." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 11, no. 2 (November 25, 2020): 298–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.19006.tho.
Abstract:
Résumé Cette étude propose une analyse de la particule additive aussi en français L2 d’apprenants avancés ayant l’allemand comme L1. En nous basant sur un corpus de récits oraux, élicités à l’aide d’une histoire en images, nous étudierons l’expression des liens additifs aux niveaux du répertoire lexical, de la syntaxe et de la structure informationnelle. Il sera montré que les apprenants manifestent non seulement une forte tendance à se servir de la particule aussi afin d’exprimer les relations additives, mais qu’ils sont en outre très enclins à marquer par des procédés syntaxiques les caractéristiques de la structure informationnelle lorsque l’élément auquel aussi est associé, son domaine d’application (DdA), représente un topique contrastif (« contrastive topic »). Ces caractéristiques de la production en L2 sont interprétées comme le résultat des efforts fournis par les apprenants pour construire une narration cohérente en surface, grâce à des moyens explicites qui présentent un avantage procédural d’un point de vue cognitif.
47
Junge, Marius, and Nicholas LaRacuente. "Multivariate trace inequalities, p-fidelity, and universal recovery beyond tracial settings." Journal of Mathematical Physics 63, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 122204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0066653.
Abstract:
Trace inequalities are general techniques with many applications in quantum information theory, often replacing the classical functional calculus in noncommutative settings. The physics of quantum field theory and holography, however, motivates entropy inequalities in type III von Neumann algebras that lack a semifinite trace. The Haagerup and Kosaki L p spaces enable re-expressing trace inequalities in non-tracial von Neumann algebras. In particular, we show this for the generalized Araki–Lieb–Thirring and Golden–Thompson inequalities from the work of Sutter et al. [Commun. Math. Phys. 352(1), 37 (2017)]. Then, using the Haagerup approximation method, we prove a general von Neumann algebra version of universal recovery map corrections to the data processing inequality for relative entropy. We also show subharmonicity of a logarithmic p-fidelity of recovery. Furthermore, we prove that the non-decrease of relative entropy is equivalent to the existence of an L1-isometry implementing the channel on both input states.
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Zhang, JW, G. Stamatoyannopoulos, and NP Anagnou. "Laotian (delta beta) degree-thalassemia: molecular characterization of a novel deletion associated with increased production of fetal hemoglobin." Blood 72, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.3.983.983.
Abstract:
Abstract We have identified and molecularly characterized a novel deletion in the beta-globin gene cluster that increases fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis in a 24-year-old Laotian man who is heterozygous for this mutation. The patient is asymptomatic with a mild anemia, hypochromia, and microcytosis (Ht = 39%, MCH = 22.8 pg, MCV = 71 fl), normal levels of HbA2 (3.0%) and 11.5% HbF (G gamma A gamma ratio 60 to 40), with heterocellular distribution (52% F cells). Extensive restriction endonuclease mapping defined the 5′ breakpoint within the IVS II of the delta-globin gene, between positions 775 to 781 very similar to the 5′ breakpoint of the Sicilian delta beta-thalassemia. However, the 3′ breakpoint was localized between two Pst I sites 4.7 kb 3′ of the beta- globin gene, thus ending about 0.7 kb upstream from the 3′ breakpoint of the Sicilian delta beta-thalassemia. This results in a 12.5 kb deletion of DNA. It is of interest that the 5′ breakpoint of the deletion residues within an AT-rich region which has been proposed as a specific recognition signal for recombination events, while the 3′ breakpoint lies within a cluster of L1 repetitive sequences (formerly known as Kpn I family repeats). The presence of the 3′ breakpoints of several other deletions within this region of L1 repeats also suggests that such sequences might serve as hot spots for recombination and eventually lead to thalassemia deletions. The similarity of the 5′ and 3′ breakpoints of these delta beta-thalassemias underscores the putative regulatory role of the deleted and juxtaposed sequences on the expression of the gamma-globin genes in adult life.
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Zhang, JW, G. Stamatoyannopoulos, and NP Anagnou. "Laotian (delta beta) degree-thalassemia: molecular characterization of a novel deletion associated with increased production of fetal hemoglobin." Blood 72, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 983–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.3.983.bloodjournal723983.
Abstract:
We have identified and molecularly characterized a novel deletion in the beta-globin gene cluster that increases fetal hemoglobin (HbF) synthesis in a 24-year-old Laotian man who is heterozygous for this mutation. The patient is asymptomatic with a mild anemia, hypochromia, and microcytosis (Ht = 39%, MCH = 22.8 pg, MCV = 71 fl), normal levels of HbA2 (3.0%) and 11.5% HbF (G gamma A gamma ratio 60 to 40), with heterocellular distribution (52% F cells). Extensive restriction endonuclease mapping defined the 5′ breakpoint within the IVS II of the delta-globin gene, between positions 775 to 781 very similar to the 5′ breakpoint of the Sicilian delta beta-thalassemia. However, the 3′ breakpoint was localized between two Pst I sites 4.7 kb 3′ of the beta- globin gene, thus ending about 0.7 kb upstream from the 3′ breakpoint of the Sicilian delta beta-thalassemia. This results in a 12.5 kb deletion of DNA. It is of interest that the 5′ breakpoint of the deletion residues within an AT-rich region which has been proposed as a specific recognition signal for recombination events, while the 3′ breakpoint lies within a cluster of L1 repetitive sequences (formerly known as Kpn I family repeats). The presence of the 3′ breakpoints of several other deletions within this region of L1 repeats also suggests that such sequences might serve as hot spots for recombination and eventually lead to thalassemia deletions. The similarity of the 5′ and 3′ breakpoints of these delta beta-thalassemias underscores the putative regulatory role of the deleted and juxtaposed sequences on the expression of the gamma-globin genes in adult life.
50
Li, Peng, Yi-kuan Du, Xiang-nan Chen, Su-ming Jiang, Jin-sheng Liu, Chun Yang, and Xue-peng Zhang. "Anatomy of the Cun Position at Wrist and Its Application in Pulse Diagnosis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (May 7, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1796576.
Abstract:
Information on anatomy of the Cun position at wrist is lacking; whether the blood vessel taking pulse in Cun is the radial artery or the superficial palmar branch is also clinically controversial. The objective was to investigate the boundaries and contents, and the vascular distribution and their pulse points in Cun. Thirty-two upper extremities of 16 human cadavers were investigated for dissection and observation. The boundaries, contents, and blood vessel distribution in Cun were observed; the location of pulse points in Cun was identified; the length of the superficial palmar branch in wrist pulse (L1), the pulp width of the index finger (L2), and the angle between the radial artery and the superficial palmar branch were measured. The results showed that the Cun was located in the region formed by the bulge of the prominent bone proximal to the palm, the radial flexor tendon, the tubercle of scaphoid, and the abductor longus muscle tendon. In this area, the radial artery could be pulsed part in the medial side of the abductor longus muscle tendon, while the superficial palmar branch lied near the surface and was easy to pulse in the lateral side of the radial flexor tendon and the medial side of the tubercle of scaphoid. The ratio of L1 to L2 was 1.2±0.8, and the angle was 23.3±9.9°. The results suggested that it could not be generalized that the blood vessel taking pulse in Cun was the radial artery or the superficial palmar branch; it might depend on the vascular distribution in Cun, the region of finger positioning, and the patient’s pulse condition.