Journal articles on the topic 'Lien L1/L2'

Plusieurs pays africains francophones subsahariens ont opté pour un bi-plurilinguisme scolaire langues nationales/français avec comme objectif principal de développer chez les élèves du primaire un bilinguisme fonctionnel. Le Mali ayant une longue tradition dans le domaine de l’enseignement bilingue langues nationales – français ne fait pas exception à la règle. Mais l’épine dorsale de l’enseignement bilingue demeure le transfert des apprentissages entre la langue première L1 et la langue seconde L2. La maîtrise par les enseignants des techniques visant à créer le rapport des deux langues où les connaissances apprises dans la première langue sont réinvesties comme tremplin pour acquérir facilement et rapidement la seconde langue a toujours été une préoccupation majeure. Fort de ce constat, la nécessité d’élaborer des fiches pédagogiques de transfert de compétences linguistiques L1 - L2 s’impose inéluctablement à l’éducation nationale. L’objectif de notre étude est de montrer la démarche qui à consister à produire une quarantaine de fiches de transferts dans le cadre d’un projet de l’Initiative ELAN en partenariat avec la Direction Nationale de l’Enseignement Fondamentale du Mali. La démarche méthodologique consiste à mettre face à face les différentes parties identiques pour permettre aux élèves de recourir à l’observation, à la comparaison et à l’analyse en vue de faire ressortir les ressemblances et les divergences dans les deux langues. L’Equipe qui a piloté le projet au niveau national s’est focalisée sur le niveau III du curriculum bilingue national de l’enseignement fondamental, autrement dit les classes de 5ème et 6ème année du primaire. Pour tenir compte de la progression dans les apprentissages, tous les contenus identifiés ont été rattachés à leur Unité d’Apprentissage dans le curriculum bilingue national. Ce qui permet aux enseignants de comprendre plus facilement le lien entre la fiche transfert et la fiche de séquence du curriculum

Plusieurs pays africains francophones subsahariens ont opté pour un bi-plurilinguisme scolaire langues nationales/français avec comme objectif principal de développer chez les élèves du primaire un bilinguisme fonctionnel. Le Mali ayant une longue tradition dans le domaine de l’enseignement bilingue langues nationales – français ne fait pas exception à la règle. Mais l’épine dorsale de l’enseignement bilingue demeure le transfert des apprentissages entre la langue première L1 et la langue seconde L2. La maîtrise par les enseignants des techniques visant à créer le rapport des deux langues où les connaissances apprises dans la première langue sont réinvesties comme tremplin pour acquérir facilement et rapidement la seconde langue a toujours été une préoccupation majeure. Fort de ce constat, la nécessité d’élaborer des fiches pédagogiques de transfert de compétences linguistiques L1 - L2 s’impose inéluctablement à l’éducation nationale. L’objectif de notre étude est de montrer la démarche qui à consister à produire une quarantaine de fiches de transferts dans le cadre d’un projet de l’Initiative ELAN en partenariat avec la Direction Nationale de l’Enseignement Fondamentale du Mali. La démarche méthodologique consiste à mettre face à face les différentes parties identiques pour permettre aux élèves de recourir à l’observation, à la comparaison et à l’analyse en vue de faire ressortir les ressemblances et les divergences dans les deux langues. L’Equipe qui a piloté le projet au niveau national s’est focalisée sur le niveau III du curriculum bilingue national de l’enseignement fondamental, autrement dit les classes de 5ème et 6ème année du primaire. Pour tenir compte de la progression dans les apprentissages, tous les contenus identifiés ont été rattachés à leur Unité d’Apprentissage dans le curriculum bilingue national. Ce qui permet aux enseignants de comprendre plus facilement le lien entre la fiche transfert et la fiche de séquence du curriculum

The primary aim of my target article was to demonstrate how careful consideration of the working memory operations that underlie successful language comprehension is crucial to our understanding of the similarities and differences between native (L1) and non-native (L2) sentence processing. My central claims were that highly proficient L2 speakers construct similarly specified syntactic parses as L1 speakers, and that differences between L1 and L2 processing can be characterised in terms of L2 speakers being more prone to interference during memory retrieval operations. In explaining L1/L2 differences in this way, I argued a primary source of differences between L1 and L2 processing lies in how different populations of speakers weight cues that guide memory retrieval.

A growing body of research has investigated bilingual sentence processing. How to account for differences in native (L1) and non-native (L2) processing is controversial. Some explain L1/L2 differences in terms of different parsing mechanisms, and the hypothesis that L2 learners adopt ‘shallow’ parsing has received considerable attention. Others assume L1/L2 processing is similar, and explain L1/L2 differences in terms of capacity-based limitations being exceeded during L2 processing. More generally, the role that working memory plays in language acquisition and processing has garnered increasing interest. Based on research investigating L2 sentence processing, I claim that a primary source of L1/L2 differences lies in the ability to retrieve information constructed during sentence processing from memory. In contrast to describing L1/L2 differences in terms of shallow parsing or capacity limitations, I argue that L2 speakers are more susceptible to retrieval interference when successful comprehension requires access to information from memory.

Acquisition by Processing Theory (APT) is a unified account of language processing and learning that encompasses both L1 and L2 acquisition. Bold in aim and broad in scope, the proposal offers parsimony and comprehensiveness, both highly desirable in a theory of language acquisition. However, the sweep of the proposal is accompanied by an economy of description that makes it difficult to evaluate the validity of key learning claims, or even how literally they are to be interpreted. Two in particular deserve comment; the first concerns the learning mechanisms responsible for adding new L2 grammatical information, and the second the theoretical and empirical status of the activation concept used in the model.

abstractIn the context of theories of statistical learning, frequency of encounter is viewed as a major driving force in L2 acquisition. The present paper challenges this position with respect to core components at the level of language competence which relate to language-specific patterns in cognitive construal. Empirical evidence from very advanced L2 speakers (L1 French, L2 English and L2 German) shows that forms and constructions which are highly frequent in the target languages in the expression of motion events are not used in a target-like form by L2 speakers. The study shows how the basis for language use which is not target-like lies at the level of event construal: conceptual frames, which are language-specific and are deeply anchored in the course of L1 acquisition, drive allocation of attention and the extraction of forms in L2 acquisition. Findings in the domain of spatial cognition show that motion event frames based on the L1 take precedence over frequency of occurrence of forms in the target language as a factor in L2 use.

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The purpose of this study was to examine syntactic awareness skills in English, among two groups of children: native Chinese speakers and native Slavic (L1) speakers. Both groups were second language English (L2) speakers. Their syntactic awareness skills were compared to a matched sample of L1 English speakers. Design/methodology/approach: Eighty-six third grade students participated in the study, matched between language groups on the basis of age and gender, as well as academic achievements and word reading levels. Data and analysis: L1 English and L1 Slavic groups performed significantly better on the syntactic awareness task than did the L1 Chinese group. A close examination of specific syntactic constructions revealed that the L1 Chinese group did not perform as well as the other groups on past tense constructions, which do not exist in Chinese but do exist in Slavic languages. However, there were no between-group differences on superlative and comparative constructions, which exist in all three languages. Findings/conclusions: The results contribute to our knowledge about cross-linguistic influences between English, Slavic, and Chinese, showing that L1 Slavic facilitates the learnability of L2 English, while L1 Chinese impedes the learnability of L2 English. Originality: The originality of the study lies in the comparison of children from three different L1 groups, matched with respect to reading level. The examination of languages that are typologically different in their syntax is unique. Significance/implications: The results highlight the importance of taking the specific language backgrounds of L2 learners into consideration. Limitations: The current study did not include an assessment of L1 language proficiency among participants.

This paper was aimed at addressing the topic of communicative styles of deception. University students were asked to describe a picture with varying truth/lie conditions. In accordance with their perception or being deliberately against it, the participant could: tell the truth (T); lie to an acquiescent recipient (L1); or lie to a suspicious recipient (L2). The goal was to investigate whether or not different linguistic styles could be correlated to the cognitive complexity of the task as regards the truth bias or lie bias of the recipient. Specifically, two sets of linguistic aspects – micro and macro structural – were analyzed. In the former, indices were considered as words (arguments number, repetitions and interruptions, fluency and fluency disorder indices), predicates (number, nominal/predicative construction, and personal/impersonal structure), pronouns and adverbial forms. In the latter, the structural variations of the standard phrase, utterances' complexity, spatial organization of utterances, and speech organization were analyzed. Results showed that participants used speech to shield from reality and chose different strategies; in the L1 condition, participants resorted to ambiguity and prolixity (“cuttlefish effect”); on the contrary, in the L2 condition they used concise assertiveness and elliptic eluding strategies (“chameleon effect”).

Cet article se concentre sur les influences translinguistiques dans la perception des consonnes occlusives en français L3 par des apprenants sinophones ayant le chinois-mandarin comme L1 et l’anglais comme L2. Pour déterminer les sources d’influences translinguistiques chez les bilingues et les trilingues, nous avons réalisé les tests de discrimination (AX) en perception dans les trois langues avec 37 participants en 6 groupes. Les stimuli consistaient en 36 paires minimales monosyllabiques dans chaque langue. Nos résultats montrent que le pourcentage d’erreurs pour le groupe trilingue est approximativement le même que pour le groupe bilingue du test de perception en français, cependant, pour le temps de réaction, les apprenants plurilingues ont des temps de réaction plus longs que les autres groupes. De plus, nos résultats montrent que les taux de réussite et les temps de réponse ne varient pas en fonction du lieu d’articulation des consonnes.Dans notre étude, l’influence translinguistique sur le français L3 peut provenir soit de la L1, soit de la L2, mais il est peu probable qu’il s’agisse d’une combinaison d’influence translinguistique combinée L1+L2. Plus intéressant encore, il semblerait que la présence de deux langues étrangères déclenche également des efforts cognitifs plus complexes pour la discrimination des consonnes en L1. Ces résultats se conforment aux prédictions des modèles r-SLM, PAM-L2 & LPM.

Bilinguals show word use patterns in each of their languages that differ from those of monolinguals. One interpretation is that, for bilinguals, the word meanings of one language are influenced by those of the other. Another is that the cross-language influence lies in on-line processes – word retrieval probabilities or word form activation levels. To discriminate between interpretations, we asked Mandarin–English bilinguals to name household objects in their L1 and L2 via forced choice instead of free production. The options given were the monolingual-preferred choices, eliminating memory retrieval demands and keeping those words at a high level of activation. For comparison, monolinguals of each language performed the same task in their native language. Differences from monolinguals in word choice were substantially reduced, especially in L1, but bilingual patterns still showed some cross-language influence in both L1 and L2. This outcome implicates cross-language influences on both bilingual processing and meaning representations.

AbstractThis study examines the acquisition of utterance-level pitch patterns in Mandarin Chinese by American second language (L2) learners. It is an exploratory study with the goal of identifying the utterance-level prosody in L2 Mandarin Chinese. The focus of this study is not on the pitch patterns of individual learners but those of subject groups. The analysis shows that the pitch patterns between two syntactic structures for the same tone sequence vary with the tone sequence and the subject group. The biggest difference between first language (L1) and L2 Mandarin Chinese lies in the frequency of target undershoot in L2 speech. The infrequent tone target undershoot in L2 speech, especially among the intermediate learners, was attributed to the incomplete acquisition of L2 prosody. It was argued that the infrequent tone target undershoot may render L2 speech more staccato or robot-like, which contributes to the perception of a foreign accent in L2 Mandarin Chinese.

The current landscape of English language teaching are moving from the monolingual assumption to the understanding that L1 is part of one person’s whole linguistic repertoire. However, this shift is still largely occurring in research while the practice of English teaching still largely considers L1 to be an unwanted interference. The potential role of L1 in making the input comprehensible should receive further consideration. This essay will discuss how language teachers should seek to leverage students’ L1-encoded prior knowledge rather than viewing it as an impediment within the context of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and translanguaging because they both explicitly affirm the goal of multilingual competence and involve the use of L1 in teaching practices. The difference lies in terms of the attitudes; the use of L1 is not contemplated as a priori in CLIL yet encouraged in translanguaging. This essay highlights the need for balanced and flexible L1 use in their respective contexts and pedagogies in respect to its roles: (1) L1 can negotiate meaning for L2 learning objects, (2) L1 can address the negative transfer of false cognates, (3) L1 can encourage the engagement of multilingual resources, and (4) L1 can facilitate classroom engagement.

Background: Developing competence in translation into a foreign language (L2) has been a controversial issue in the translation pedagogy until recently. Even though several researchers have given insight into the construct of L2 translation competence, there are no investigations that purposefully focus on the structure of textual competence (TC) in L2 translation. Thus, the research idea behind this study lies in the necessity to specify the componential structure of TC in L2 translation that stems from the text-centered nature of translation and a practical imperative to prioritize it in translation training. Purpose: The objective of the article is to reconsider the definition of Textual competence in L2 translation and specify its componential structure with a view to testing it empirically. The article also aims at revealing a specific skill or ability which distinguishes TC in L2 from TC in L1 translation. Discussion: Conceptually, the investigation relies on PACTE’s approach towards modeling a Translator competence. The modeling procedure is carried out with a pedagogical purpose in the context of L2 translation training. The research framework of the study utilizes the following steps: 1) selecting the available models of Translator competence and educational translator training standards for the analysis; 2) analyzing the selected objects; 3) specifying the model of TC in L2 translation by identifying its components. In the process of modeling TC, a specific L2 translation skill – editing the source text (ST) in case of necessity – was revealed. The skill which distinguishes TC in L2 from TC in L1 translation was identified based on the author’s personal expe­rience in L2 translation and interviews with the translators who are engaged in Ukrainian-English translation on a regular basis. Results: The study presented in the article has enabled defining TC as a system of underlying knowledge about text and text creation norms in two languages as well as skills and abilities to create various types of target texts that culturally fit into the target language norms. The componential structure of TC in L2 translation has been specified. The TC model is viewed as a three-dimensional construct that involves contrastive textual knowledge, skills and abilities of text creation and the capacity to choose and make use of proper external resources in the process of translation.

SummaryThis paper contains results related to Titchmarsh's convolution theorem and valid for , the additive group of Rn with the discrete topology. The method of proof consists in transferring the problem to Rn with the usual topology by a procedure which has been used earlier, for instance in Helson [3].In Section 1, the classical support theorems are generalized to . In [1], Titchmarsh's convolution theorem [6] on R was generalized to convolutions of functions belonging to certain weighted Lp-spaces on R. Section 2 contains a corresponding generalization to weighted l2(Rd).It should be observed that convolutions of elements f and g in l1() can be interpreted as convolutions of bounded discrete measures on Rn. Hence, in that case the support theorem (Theorem 4.33 of Hörmander [5]) is directly applicable to give the results of our Theorems 1 and 3. So the novelty in our theorems lies in the fact that they apply for instance to the case when it is only assumed f, g ∈l2(), together with support conditions. It is not known whether it suffices to assume f∈l1(), g∈lp(), when p > 2.

Second language reading is affected by reading habit of first language, the reading proficiency, the strategies of reading, and reading attitude (Sundari, 2013). The questions lies in this study are (1) how does English reading habit of students with different L1 reading habit, L2 reading proficiency, and reading attitude? (2) And what is the factor mostly affected the English reading habit? This is a qualitative-quantitative research, this is a qualitative research for its purpose to describe the English habit, and this study is also a quantitative research for its purpose to find the most factors affected the English reading habit by applying the formula of correlation to see the highest coefficient correlation. The instruments of this study are two questionnaires of (1) reading attitude by M.N. Gomleksiz (2004) and (2) L2 reading habit by Ro Eunseok and Alice (2014) which are administered to 23 students. The result of this study are: (1) English reading habits of the subjects found out various and different due to the combination of the three factors collaborated, from 23 students there are 11 of them are in low English reading habit, 8 of them are in moderate English reading habit, and 4 of them are in high English reading habit. (2) Though, L1 reading habit is mostly low but L2 reading proficiency is the factor mostly affected English reading habit since its coefficient correlation is the highest 0,76.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:A series of studies by Dupoux and colleagues (Dupoux et al. (1999), Peperkamp & Dupoux (2003), Vendelin & Peperkamp (2004), Peperkamp (2005)) have proposed that loanword adaptation, which refers to the transformation words go through when they are borrowed from a source language (L2) to a borrowing language (L1), happens entirely during perception. They claim that when an L1 speaker is given an acoustic signal that contains segments that are illegal in his native language, his native phonotactics distort how this signal is perceived, automatically mapping it to the closest well-formed sound, and that this process, called perceptual assimilation, often makes it extremely difficult to perceive nonnative sounds accurately. This paper provides evidence partially contrary to their claims, from adaptations of Korean final coda obstruents into Japanese, showing that Japanese speakers are able to perceive some phonotactically illegal contrasts.

Cet article traite des questions relatives à la comparabilité, l'équivalence et la traduisibilité. En fait, la comparabilité est bien comprise dans un cadre de linguistique contrastive. De plus, la notion de comparabilité ou d'équivalence doit être précisée, "c'est-à-dire établir les conditions dans lesquelles des éléments de deux langues L1 et L2 peuvent être considérés comme comparables. Pour le problème de l'équivalence de la traduction, apparemment, il est très difficile, si à Dans ce sens, le problème de la traduction a donné lieu à de vives discussions qui tentent de répondre à la question de savoir comment les catégories d'une langue L1 peuvent être comparées ou traduites avec celles d'une autre langue L2 dans une unité particulière. Cette étude a montré que la traduction d'une langue à une autre se fait par une partie de la traduction de la parole et non par la traduction d'un mot. Le processus de traduction se fait étape par étape, c'est-à-dire que l'on peut d'abord trouver la chose la plus simple. Une progression doit se dérouler en quatre étapes pour trouver l'équivalent réel dans l'autre langue : les quatre étapes pourraient avoir lieu ensemble dans l'acte de traduction. Le contexte comprend le texte, la situation, et la connaissance supposée du destinataire ; dans ce cas, on parle d'équivalence pragmatique. L'équivalence de traduction doit être considérée comme un terme relatif. Ces méthodes de traduction restent donc à approfondir, ce que nous essayons de faire dans le cadre d'un projet, dans un service de recherche à Oran, sur « Linguistique et Traduction ». Cette fois, nous n'avons fait qu'esquisser ces nouvelles méthodes de traduction scientifique.

The two new pyrazineophanes, 5,7-dihydro-1H,3H-dithieno[3,4-b:3′,4′-e]pyrazine, C8H8N2S2, L1, and 3,4,8,10,11,13-hexahydro-1H,6H-bis([1,4]dithiocino)[6,7-b:6′,7′-e]pyrazine, C12H16N2S4, L2, both crystallize with half a molecule in the asymmetric unit; the whole molecules are generated by inversion symmetry. The molecule of L1, which is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.008 Å), consists of two sulfur atoms linked by a rigid tetra-2,3,5,6-methylenepyrazine unit, forming planar five-membered rings. The molecule of L2 is step-shaped and consists of two S–CH2–CH2–S chains linked by the central rigid tetra-2,3,5,6-methylenepyrazine unit, forming eight-membered rings that have twist-boat-chair configurations. In the crystals of both compounds, there are no significant intermolecular interactions present. The reaction of L1 with silver nitrate leads to the formation of a two-dimensional coordination polymer, poly[(μ-5,7-dihydro-1H,3H-dithieno[3,4-b;3′,4′-e]pyrazine-κ2 S:S′)(μ-nitrato-κ2 O:O′)silver(I)], [Ag(NO3)(C8H8N2S2)] n , (I), with the nitrato anion bridging two equivalent silver atoms. The central pyrazine ring is situated about an inversion center and the silver atom lies on a twofold rotation axis that bisects the nitrato anion. The silver atom has a fourfold AgO2S2 coordination sphere with a distorted shape. The reaction of L2 with silver nitrate also leads to the formation of a two-dimensional coordination polymer, poly[[μ33,4,8,10,11,13-hexahydro-1H,6H-bis([1,4]dithiocino)[6,7-b;6′,7′-e]pyrazine-κ3 S:S′:S′′](nitrato-κO)silver(I)], [Ag(NO3)(C12H16N2S4)] n , (II), with the nitrate anion coordinating in a monodentate manner to the silver atom. The silver atom has a fourfold AgOS3 coordination sphere with a distorted shape. In the crystals of both complexes, the networks are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming supramolecular frameworks. There are additional C—H...S contacts present in the supramolecular framework of II.

Résumé Cette étude propose une analyse de la particule additive aussi en français L2 d’apprenants avancés ayant l’allemand comme L1. En nous basant sur un corpus de récits oraux, élicités à l’aide d’une histoire en images, nous étudierons l’expression des liens additifs aux niveaux du répertoire lexical, de la syntaxe et de la structure informationnelle. Il sera montré que les apprenants manifestent non seulement une forte tendance à se servir de la particule aussi afin d’exprimer les relations additives, mais qu’ils sont en outre très enclins à marquer par des procédés syntaxiques les caractéristiques de la structure informationnelle lorsque l’élément auquel aussi est associé, son domaine d’application (DdA), représente un topique contrastif (« contrastive topic »). Ces caractéristiques de la production en L2 sont interprétées comme le résultat des efforts fournis par les apprenants pour construire une narration cohérente en surface, grâce à des moyens explicites qui présentent un avantage procédural d’un point de vue cognitif.

Purpose This comparative study aims to investigate the rhetorical organization of Korean and English argumentative texts. In previous studies, the rhetorical organization of such texts has been categorized as either direct or indirect depending on the placement of the thesis statement (Chien, 2011). The present study attempts to document more specific rhetorical patterns using Swales (1990) concept of moves and steps. Design/methodology/approach Ten Korean EFL students with similar L1 and L2 literacy backgrounds were selected, and, adopting a within-subject design, the students wrote two argumentative essays, one in Korean and one in English, in response to two different topics. The students’ essays were analyzed at both the macro and micro levels. The focus of the macro-level analysis was on the placement of the thesis statement and of topic sentences in each of the body paragraphs. Once the macro-level analysis was done, the essays were analyzed at the micro level using Swales (1990) move analysis. Findings The findings suggest that both texts were organized in a similar way at the macro level, constituting a typical paper structure (i.e. introduction, body and conclusion). However, a difference appears at the micro level: the students used a variety of steps to create a move when writing in Korean, whereas little variation was found in the English texts. An analysis of the data suggests the possibility that the standardized moves and steps in the English texts may be due not to culture-specific rhetoric, but to a lack of practice with rhetorical thinking in English. Originality/value In previous studies, the rhetorical organization of texts has been categorized as either direct or indirect depending on the placement of the thesis statement. The present study uses the framework of move analysis to describe more specific organizational patterns of Korean and English writing to determine the extent to which Korean and English writing is similar in the genre of argumentative writing. Another significance of the study lies in the choice of Korean writing as a reference point for comparison with English writing. It has been widely noted that there is a dearth of research of Korean students’ writing in contrastive rhetoric. To the best of the author’s knowledge, most of the contrastive rhetoric studies were conducted with Chinese or Japanese student writers.

The study is aimed at exploring Master’s students’ sense-making of various second language (L2) texts and its correlation with interpretation depth and the students’ intercultural competence. The significance of this research lies in the fact that it provides an insight on culture-specific issues challenging for advanced and proficient Ukrainian learners of English when they make sense of L2 vocabulary, interactions, public, mass and social media discourse. The study is based on a questionnaire with open-ended questions filled in by forty Ukrainian Master’s students. The subjects were asked to interpret several English vocabulary items, idioms, linguistic landscape signs as well as mass media and social media texts. The findings suggest that the students’ intercultural competence rests on the information obtained from English textbooks as well as from current mass and social media content. When facing ambiguity or uncertainty, the students tend to show a lack of cultural awareness and resort to first language (L1) assumptions in their sense-making, which may entail a wrong or inaccurate understanding. The students’ interpretation of public, mass and social media texts reveals their insufficient background knowledge of L2 culture, which does not lead to inaccuracies in sense-making but prevents comprehensive understanding of messages. The study argues that Master’s students majoring in English need to enhance their cultural awareness, to develop their intercultural competence and to be prepared for continuous learning of L2 cultural schemata.

Abstract Standard Dutch, the key to integration in Flanders? About the challenges posed by non-standard Dutch to language learners in FlandersFlanders strongly encourages newcomers to take language courses to learn the official language, on the assumption that certified competence in Dutch will enhance integration. However, in Dutch L2-education the focus lies on Standard Dutch, and this contrasts to everyday spoken encounters in Flanders, where Standard Dutch is rarely used. Despite the perceived importance of learning the official language of the host society, the attested contrast between policy and language reality has up to now not been given much attention. In this publication we go into the results of a linguistic-ethnographic study conducted with language learners living in East-Flanders. We show that non-standard Dutch used by L1-speakers of Dutch sometimes causes comprehension difficulties in their interactions with the language learners. Based on interactional and interview data, we reflect on the question if L2-education should pay more attention to non-standard Dutch in class.

Information on anatomy of the Cun position at wrist is lacking; whether the blood vessel taking pulse in Cun is the radial artery or the superficial palmar branch is also clinically controversial. The objective was to investigate the boundaries and contents, and the vascular distribution and their pulse points in Cun. Thirty-two upper extremities of 16 human cadavers were investigated for dissection and observation. The boundaries, contents, and blood vessel distribution in Cun were observed; the location of pulse points in Cun was identified; the length of the superficial palmar branch in wrist pulse (L1), the pulp width of the index finger (L2), and the angle between the radial artery and the superficial palmar branch were measured. The results showed that the Cun was located in the region formed by the bulge of the prominent bone proximal to the palm, the radial flexor tendon, the tubercle of scaphoid, and the abductor longus muscle tendon. In this area, the radial artery could be pulsed part in the medial side of the abductor longus muscle tendon, while the superficial palmar branch lied near the surface and was easy to pulse in the lateral side of the radial flexor tendon and the medial side of the tubercle of scaphoid. The ratio of L1 to L2 was 1.2±0.8, and the angle was 23.3±9.9°. The results suggested that it could not be generalized that the blood vessel taking pulse in Cun was the radial artery or the superficial palmar branch; it might depend on the vascular distribution in Cun, the region of finger positioning, and the patient’s pulse condition.

The great influence of motivation in the learning process is widely acknowledged since it plays a key role in any learning context. However, as educational realities change, researchers are assailed by new questions that must be resolved. Through this research we intended to know the motivations that lead university students to enrol in EMI (English-medium Instruction) courses instead of choosing courses in their L1, BMI (Basque-medium Instruction) or SMI (Spanish-medium Instruction). A total of 455 students from the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU completed a questionnaire in which they were asked about their motivations towards EMI, taking Dörnyei’s (2005) L2MSS as theoretical framework. The statistical analysis revealed that the majority of students showed motivations related to the Ideal L2 Self and to personal preferences, while they did not feel pressured by their tutors or by the university itself for studying in English (the Ought-to L2 Self). The innovative nature of this study lies in the fact that students’ choices included both a minority language (Basque) and a majority one (Spanish), which has allowed us to identify students´ motivations to choose EMI over BMI or SMI in a multilingual university context in which three different languages are used as MOI.

Innovations in cancer immunotherapy have resulted in the development of several novel immunotherapeutic strategies that can disrupt immunosuppression. One key advancement lies in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have shown significant clinical efficacy and increased survival rates in patients with various therapy-resistant cancers. This immune intervention consists of monoclonal antibodies directed against inhibitory receptors (e.g., PD-1) on cytotoxic CD8 T cells or against corresponding ligands (e.g., PD-L1/PD-L2) overexpressed on cancer cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, not all cancer cells respond—there are still poor clinical responses, immune-related adverse effects, adaptive resistance, and vulnerability to ICIs in a subset of patients with cancer. This challenge showcases the heterogeneity of cancer, emphasizing the existence of additional immunoregulatory mechanisms in many patients. Therefore, it is essential to investigate PD-L1’s interaction with other oncogenic genes and pathways to further advance targeted therapies and address resistance mechanisms. Accordingly, our aim was to investigate the mechanisms governing PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, given its correlation with immune evasion, to uncover novel mechanisms for decreasing PD-L1 expression and restoring anti-tumor immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the upregulation of Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) in many cancers contributes to the suppression of key hyperactive pathways observed in malignant cells, alongside its broadening involvement in immune responses and the modulation of the TME. We, therefore, hypothesized that the role of PD-L1 in cancer immune surveillance may be inversely correlated with the low expression level of the tumor suppressor Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) expression in cancer cells. This hypothesis was investigated and we found several signaling cross-talk pathways between the regulations of both RKIP and PD-L1 expressions. These pathways and regulatory factors include the MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways, GSK3β, cytokines IFN-γ and IL-1β, Sox2, and transcription factors YY1 and NFκB. The pathways that upregulated PD-L1 were inhibitory for RKIP expression and vice versa. Bioinformatic analyses in various human cancers demonstrated the inverse relationship between PD-L1 and RKIP expressions and their prognostic roles. Therefore, we suspect that the direct upregulation of RKIP and/or the use of targeted RKIP inducers in combination with ICIs could result in a more targeted anti-tumor immune response—addressing the therapeutic challenges related to PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy alone.

The debate on language preference in English language teaching in a multilingual setting has stirred the traditional monolingual “English Only Policy” in the Philippines. As a result, the Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) was institutionalized in 2009. The question still lies as to the multilingual teaching practices employed in the Philippine schools. This study was conducted in order to review the translanguaging strategies of teachers in teaching English in the Philippines. It utilized the qualitative approach using systematic literature review. 14 papers were initially examined using 4 inclusion and exclusion criteria. 7 papers have qualified and selected as samples. The findings of the literature review showed that: 1.) Both natural and official translanguaging are employed in ELT and 2.) Translanguaging bridges the linguistic gap of learner’s L1, L2 and the target language, which in common in a linguistically diverse country such the Philippines. Future researches may look at building a theoretical framework of translanguaging as a language teaching pedagogy in mainstream education.

This paper aims to explain the concept of Tarkib Isnadi in Arabic grammar and describe the equivalent concept and its components in Indonesian grammar. In the realm of Arabic grammar, Tarkib Isnadi is a core component in the structure of clauses or sentences in Arabic. A good understanding of Tarkib Isnadi in Arabic and its equivalent in Indonesian will make it easier for Arabic learners (L2) who come from native Indonesian speakers (L1) to identify clause and sentence structures in various Arabic discourses. The methods used in data analysis in this study are distribution and identity-referential methods. Based on observations, it is found that the concept of Tarkib Isnadi in Arabic has a concept equivalent to a clause in Indonesian because both have the core constituents or pillars of the sentence. On the other hand, there are also some differences in the concept of Tarkib Isnadi in Arabic with the concept of clauses in Indonesian. The difference mainly lies in terms of the formation of the concept and the filling components of their syntactic functions.

While both Japanese and English have a grammatic al form denoting the progressive, the two forms (te-iru & be+ing) interact differently with the inherent semantics of the verb to which they attach (Kindaichi, 1950; McClure, 1995; Shirai, 2000). Japanese change of state verbs are incompatible with a progressive interpretation, allowing only a resultative interpretation of V+ te-iru, while a progressive interpretation is preferred for activity predicates. English be+ing denotes a progressive interpretation regardless of the lexical semantics of the verb. The question that arises is how we can account for the fact that change of state verbs like dying can denote a progressive interpretation in English, but not in Japanese. While researchers such as Kageyama (1996) and Ogihara (1998, 1999) propose that the difference lies in the lexical semantics of the verbs themselves, others such as McClure (1995) have argued that the difference lies in the semantics of the grammatical forms, be+ing and te-iru. We present results from an experimental study of Japanese learners’ interpretation of the English progressive which provide support for McClure’s proposal. Results indicate that independent of verb type, learners had significantly more difficulty with the past progressive. We argue that knowledge of L2 semantics-syntax correspondences proceeds not on the basis of L1 lexical semantic knowledge, but on the basis of grammatical forms.

As a reaction to the pedagogical needs of adult learners in mastering speech sounds and sound phenomena unfamiliar to their L1 phonology, there surfaced a pressing need for a radical change in the overall approach to teaching them. A transition had to be gradually implemented in the form of a multisensory (auditory, visual, tactile-kinesthetic) strategies to be propped up with a set of multicognitive ones (e.g. think, associate, analyze, synthesize, memorize) in lieu of the traditional audiolingual one. During the implementation of such strategies for a few years, a fully-fledged approach emerged and titled as: Multisensory, Multicognitive Approach to Teaching Pronunciation (MMA). Further classroom experience with MMA, led to the reconsideration of the linguistic domain of phonology for theoretical and applied purposes and recognizing it in two sections i.e., linguistic phonologyvs. neural phonology. Below are a few reasons for introducing neural phonology. First, traditional phonology barely refers to the role of the brain in internalizing additional phonological constituents when targeting L2/FL as adults. Second, teaching phonology and the mastery of unfamiliar sound units/features to learners of L2/FL has been conventionally attempted in a unisensory(monosensory) manner, the auditory sense in this case, which tends to be less efficient and effective with many adults. Third, in real classroom situations there seems to be greater need to diversify and refine the sensory and cognitive strategies/techniques in teaching both sections of phonology, especially the neural one. Fourth, emphasizing the two sections further enhances the overall pedagogical and didactic worth of MMA.

It is not an easy task for a Lithuanian, who is not a native speaker of French, to learn French nouns with their inherent grammatical gender, which is expressed by suffixes and articles non-existent in L1. The understanding of the category of gender of French L2 noun phrases is a complex and time consuming process. The data of the text corpus proves that students whose French language level is B1 have not fully comprehended the grammatical category of gender on all levels of linguistic competence. As demonstrated by the results of the present investigation, a student often does not assign a fixed gender. When in doubt, he/she eventually decides on the masculine gender as a universal choice, which in French is less codified than the feminine gender and is interpreted as the main gender from which other forms such as the feminine gender and the plural form are derived. Apparently, the cause of such confusion lies in the system of the French language itself. Students tend to assign the gender of the noun by semantic analogy, the analogy of form or meaning with the students’ first language or from a well-known word in L2; sometimes other languages such as English come into play. As regards the coordination of determiners and adjectives, the determiner coordination tends to cause fewer problems than adjectives. The latter is mostly used in the masculine form, regardless of the noun gender. Despite a number of nominal gender-related problems, a substantial number of nouns have been assigned the correct gender, as demonstrated by collocates agreeing in gender with respective nouns.

ABSTRACT 1SWASP J162545.15−043027.9 (WASP 1625−04) has been announced as one of EL CVn candidates showing total primary eclipses and ellipsoidal variations. This paper presents the absolute properties of the binary star, based on our high-resolution spectroscopy conducted from 2015 through 2020. From the spectral analysis, the radial velocities (RVs) for both components were obtained with the effective temperature Teff, 1 = 8990 ± 200 K and the rotational rate $v_1\sin \, i=53\pm 5$ km s−1 for the more massive primary. The RV measurements were analysed with archival WASP photometry. From the modelling we obtained: M1 = 1.745 ± 0.013 M⊙, M2 = 0.187 ± 0.002 M⊙, R1 = 1.626 ± 0.008 M⊙, R2 = 0.290 ± 0.003 M⊙, L1 = 15.5 ± 1.4 L⊙, and L2 = 1.84 ± 0.16 L⊙. In the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, WASP 1625-04 A lies on the zero-age main sequence and its companion accords well with the helium-core white dwarf models of 0.19 M⊙ in the constant luminosity phase. Our improved results demonstrate that WASP 1625−04 is a typical EL CVn-type binary with a low-mass ratio and M2 combination in the thin-disc population and is the product of the stable, non-conservative mass transfer of the precursor binary.

This study aims to describe students' critical thinking skills in terms of gender differences in class X, XI MIPA students of SMA Negeri 1 Kayangan. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research. The subjects of the study totaled 18 people, which consisted of subjects on a gender perspective selected based on the results of previously implemented tests, namely 6 people for the gender perspective. Data were collected through test results of critical thinking skills as well as interview results as a follow-up to deepen the findings obtained from the test results. The results of this study showed that for critical thinking ability in terms of gender in the high category showed that for L1 subjects did not meet the self-regulation indicators and P1 subjects met all indicators. In the medium category it is shown that for subjects L2 does not meet on the analysis indicators whereas the P2 subjects do not meet on the interpretation and analysis indicators. In the low category it shows that neither the L3 subject nor the P3 subject meets all indicators. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that when viewed from a gender perspective, the ability to think krtitis between male and female subjects does not show significantly where the difference in critical thinking ability lies.

The main problem of implementing high-precision pseudoranges by carrier phase lies in their ambiguity associated with the ambiguity of the phase measurements of the navigation receiver. Thus, the development of new methods for phase ambiguity resolution becomes a very important element of high-precision positioning. The paper considers relative methods for estimating the coordinates of a stationary object that involve the use of both user and base (network in the case of a network of base receivers) receivers with precisely known coordinates located at a distance of several thousand kilometers from each other. We propose an algorithm for phase ambiguity resolution (integer type) based on the use of a Kalman-type filter (KTF), which receives ionosphere-free combinations of code and carrier phase pseudoranges. It is shown that traditional methods of ambiguity resolution require a significant observation period (about 2,000 seconds). We propose a method for evaluating the linear combination of phase ambiguities in the L1 and L2 bands obtained from instantaneous phase measurements. Its application along with the estimation of KTF parameters makes it possible to resolve phase ambiguities from as early as 50 seconds of observation. Set forth are the results of an experiment, in which code pseudorange measurements are used prior to the resolution of phase ambiguities and carrier phase pseudorange measurements are used after ambiguity resolution.

Translation is a much-neglected area ofEFL instruction, long shunned by many within the field of ELT. However, there are various kinds of translation and some can be very effective pedagogical instruments. A course in]apanese-toｭ English literary translation in EFL college programs in]apan has demonstrated its effectiveness in developing students'w ritten expression in English. A rationale for this approach lies within the relationships across languages and across the modalities of L1 reading and L2 writing. This needs to be unified with an understanding ofp ractice, in partic凶ar， teacher-student conferencing and peer collaboration.It is hoped thata s ynergism1w ill emerge from further study and research on this topic along with more teachers ass凶ning positive views toward this kind of translation instruction and attempting to undertake it in their classrooms. 翻訳はEFLの授業で非常に軽視され、ELTの分野の多くの教師によって長ら く避けられてきた領域である。しかし、翻訳には様々な種類があり、使い方に よっては大変効果的な教育手段になりうるものである。日本語から英語への文 学作品の翻訳演習を行う日本の大学でのある講座は、翻訳演習が学習者の英語 での文章表現力を養うのに有効であることを既に示している。このような教授 法の理論的根拠は、異なった言語の聞の相互関連性および\第1 言語の読解力 と第2 言語の文章表現力の問の相互関連性に存するものであり、実践方法の理 解、とりわけ教師と学習者の問での相談や学習者同士の共同作業のやり方につ いての理解が統合される必要がある。このテーマについてのさらなる研究の進 展と、この種の翻訳演習の授業に肯定的な見解を持つより多くの教師による教 室での実践が相乗効果をあげることが望まれる。

This paper presents innovative machine-learning solutions to enhance energy efficiency in electrical tomography for industrial reactors. Addressing the key challenge of optimizing the neural model’s loss function, a classifier tailored to precisely recommend optimal loss functions based on the measurement data is designed. This classifier recommends which model, equipped with given loss functions, should be used to ensure the best reconstruction quality. The novelty of this study lies in the optimal adjustment of the loss function to a specific measurement vector, which allows for better reconstructions than that by traditional models trained based on a constant loss function. This study presents a methodology enabling the development of an optimal loss function classifier to determine the optimal model and loss function for specific datasets. The approach eliminates the randomness inherent in traditional methods, leading to more accurate and reliable reconstructions. In order to achieve the set goal, four models based on a simple LSTM network structure were first trained, each connected with various loss functions: HMSE (half mean squared error), Huber, l1loss (L1 loss for regression tasks—mean absolute error), and l2loss (L2 loss for regression tasks—mean squared error). The best classifier training results were obtained for support vector machines. The quality of the obtained reconstructions was evaluated using three image quality indicators: PSNR, ICC, and MSE. When applied to simulated cases and real measurements from the Netrix S.A. laboratory, the classifier demonstrated effective performance, consistently recommending models that produced reconstructions that closely resembled the real objects. Such a classifier can significantly optimize the use of EIT in industrial reactors by increasing the accuracy and efficiency of imaging, resulting in improved energy management and efficiency.

ABSTRACT The Liese zone is a recently discovered high-grade gold deposit on the Pogo claims, approximately 90 miles (145 km) southeast of Fairbanks. A conservative geologic resource for the Liese zone is 9.98 million tons at an average grade of 0.52 oz/t, for a total of 5.2 million contained ounces. The region is underlain by highly deformed, amphibolite-grade paragneiss and minor orthogneiss of the Late Proterozoic(?) to middle Paleozoic Yukon-Tanana terrane, which has been intruded by Cretaceous felsic granitoid bodies thought to be related to gold mineralization in the Fairbanks area and elsewhere along the Tintina gold belt. The Liese zone is hosted primarily in gneiss, and lies approximately 1.5 km south of the southern margin of the Late Cretaceous Goodpaster batholith. Mineralization occurs in three or more tabular, gently dipping quartz bodies, designated L1 (uppermost), L2, and L3 (lowermost). The thickness of the quartz bodies ranges from 1 to 20 m, averaging approximately 7 m. The quartz contains approximately 3 percent ore minerals, including pyrite, pyrrhotite, loellingite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, bismuthinite, various Ag-Pb-Bi ± S minerals, maldonite, native bismuth, and native gold. Early biotite and later quartz-sericite-stockwork and sericite-dolomite alteration are spatially associated with the Liese zone, which shows characteristics of both vein and replacement styles of mineralization. Geochemical data indicate a strong correlation between gold and bismuth, and weaker correlations between gold, silver, and arsenic. Based on U-Pb dating of intrusive rocks, the Liese zone was formed between 107 and 94.5 m.y. ago, although 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages on alteration minerals return younger ages of 91 Ma, suggesting a protracted or multiphase thermal history. The Liese zone may represent a deep-seated manifestation of the "intrusion-related" gold deposit type.

Physico-chemical processes that take place during the refining process in the extractive metallurgy of lead, are connected with ternary Pb?Zn?Ag system, which is necessary to study from the theoretical practical and aspects. Such investigation is important from production point of view, because of the phenomena that occur during desilvering of lead which is one of the important stages during lead refining process. Process of lead desilvering binds to ternary system Pb?Zn?Ag, which was the reason for numerous investigations, both from thermodynamic point of view and in terms of testing and determining the phase diagram, bearing in mind the theoretical, and practical importance of knowledge about the processes which are going in investigated system. The paper presents the results of thermodynamic analysis and investigation of phase equilibria of the Pb?Zn?Ag ternary system using the method of thermodynamic predictions and phase diagrams calculations, respectively, and the experimental results of metalography obtained by optical microscopy. Phase diagram of the vertical section Pb?Zn80Ag20 is presented, obtained by CALPHAD calculation methodology, and using PANDAT thermodynamic software, compared to experimental results obtained by DTA analysis. The results show a pronounced break in solubility, which is characteristic for the whole ternary Pb?Zn?Ag system. Also, it can be noticed that the thermodynamic properties follow the behavior of this system, which is expressed through positive deviation of Raoult?s law, pointing to the lack of lead affinity compared to the other two components in the system. The optical microscopy results of the investigated system show the following: - Sample L1 (weight% Pb = 98): the structure of the observed section shows double eutectic (Pbsol+Zn?Agsol) which lies in the base of the primary crystals of lead (Pbsol) - Samples L2?L5: the structure consists of a dual eutectic (Pbsol+Zn?Agsol) and primary crystals Zn?Agsol Also, it can be noticed certain structural inhomogenity, as a consequence of stratification that occurs in the ternary Pb?Zn?Ag system. However the metalography investigation results confirm the results obtained by defining the phase diagram and mutually agree relatively well in accordance with existing literature data.

Pembuatan bahan acuan baku untuk analisis conto sedimen sungai aktif (standard reference material for stream sediment) merupakan bahan acuan sekunder dalam analisis laboratorium pengujian yang dapat menunjang akurasi serta presisi hasil analisis conto sedimen sungai sesuai SNI ISO/IEC 17025 : 2008 Komite Akreditasi Nasional.Pemercontoan bahan acuan baku ini dilakukan di wilayah Nagari Surian, Kecamatan Pantai Cermin, serta di wilayah Nagari Air Dingin dan Nagari Kotabaru, Kecamatan Lembah Gumanti, Kabupaten Solok, Provinsi Sumatera Barat dengan metode pengambilan secara acak. Parameter yang dianalisis terdiri dari total seluruh unsur yang dianalisis meliputi tembaga (Cu), timbal (Pb), seng (Zn) dan perak (Ag). Hasil analisis internal dan eksternal/uji banding dengan parameter analisis Cu, Pb, Zn dan Ag, kemudian dilakukan pengolahan data dan ditentukan uji homogenitas, nilai presisi, akurasi, relatif standar deviasi, limit deteksi, uji histogram, uji Dixon, Nilai Z- Score/ (Out-In Lier).Pembuatan bahan acuan baku ini menghasilkan enam jenis conto standar dengan tiga kriteria yaitu nilai kadar rendah, sedang dan tinggi (low, middle and high level) dengan kehalusan 80 mesh dan 150 mesh sampai dengan 200 mesh.Bahan acuan baku yang mempunyai kehalusan 80 mesh terdiri dari tiga kriteria yaitu kode conto SS.SLK-L1 termasuk kriteria kadar rendah dengan kandungan Cu 25,50 ppm, Pb 13,21 ppm, Zn 44,96 ppm dan Ag 1,26 ppm, kode conto SS.SLK-M1 merupakan bahan acuanbaku kriteria kadar sedang dengan kandungan Cu 38,80 ppm, Pb 16,60 ppm, Zn 70,05 ppm dan Ag 1,70 ppm, sedangkan kode conto SS.SLK-H1 termasuk kriteria kadar tinggi dengan kandungan Cu 82,20 ppm, Pb 39,80 ppm, Zn 95,10 ppm dan Ag 2,08 ppm.Bahan acuan bakudengan kehalusan 150 mesh sampai dengan 200 mesh terdiri dari tiga macam yaitu kode conto SS.SLK-L2 yang termasuk kriteria kadar rendah dengan kandungan Cu 32,70 ppm, Pb 25,90 ppm, Zn 89,90 ppm dan Ag 1,31 ppm, kode conto SS.SLK-M2 merupakan bahan acuan bakukriteria sedang dengan kandungan Cu 44,40 ppm, Pb 35,20 ppm, Zn 14,00 ppm dan Ag 1,70 ppm sedangkan kode conto SS.SLK-H2 termasuk kriteria kadar tinggi dengan kandungan Cu 90,90 ppm, Pb 56,30 ppm, Zn 160,00 ppm dan Ag 2,52 ppm.

Abstract The Saint-Gilles breccias, on the western flank of Piton des Neiges volcano, are clearly identified as debris avalanche deposits. A petrographic, textural and structural analysis of the breccias and inter-bedded autochthonous lava flows enables us to distinguish at least four successive flank slides. The oldest deposit sampled the hydrothermally-altered inner parts of the volcano, and has a large volume. Failure was favored by the presence of a deep intensely-weathered layer. The younger deposits are from superficial sources, as their products are rarely hydrothermalized and are more vesicular. The breccia formation, and especially the progressive breaking up occurring during the debris avalanche displacement, indicates the existence of high speed transport. In the Cap La Houssaye coastal area, abrasion and striation of the underlying lava formation, as well as the packing features observed in the breccia, are considered to be deceleration structures. Introduction Huge landslides of volcano flanks, whether or not initiated by magmatic intrusions, have been recognized as catastrophic events since the 1980 Mount St Helens eruption. On oceanic shield volcanoes, the contribution of failure to the edifice-building process was proposed by Moore [1964] and suggested elsewhere for Hawaii [Lipman et al., 1985 ; Moore et al., 1989], Reunion island [Lénat et al., 1989], Etna [McGuire et al., 1991], and Canarias [Carracedo, 1994, 1996 ; Marty et al., 1996]. This contribution is particularly obvious in island volcanoes showing a U-shaped caldera open to the ocean. Several mechanisms inherent to the causes of failure have been proposed, such as dyke intrusion [McGuire et al., 1990 ; Iverson, 1995 ; Voight and Elsworth, 1997], caldera collapse [Marty et al., 1997], or volcanic spreading [Borgia et al., 1992 ; van Wyk de Vries and Francis, 1997]. Invariably, other factors have been proposed as favorable to volcanic destabilization, such as the probable occurrence of deep low-cohesion layers due to the existence of pyroclastic or hyaloclastic layers [Duffield et al., 1982 ; Siebert, 1984] or an old basement. Gravity spreading models are now frequently proposed to explain the destruction of volcanic edifices [Borgia et al., 1992 ; Merle and Borgia, 1996 ; van Wyk de Vries and Borgia, 1996 ; van Wyk de Vries and Francis, 1997], most of them taking into account basal or intra-volcanic weakness zones. We propose that in such a scenario, density heterogeneity should be an important factor governing the slow evolution of the volcanic pile. Clague and Denlinger [1994] proposed a olivine-rich ductile basal layer that influences the stability of volcano flanks. On Reunion island, a large volcanic landslide has been proposed to explain the peculiar morphology of Piton de la Fournaise-Grand Brûlé [Vincent and Kieffer, 1978]. Bathymetric surveys [Bachèlery and Montagionni, 1983 ; Lénat et al., 1989, 1990 ; Cochonnat et al., 1990 ; Lénat and Labazuy, 1990 ; Labazuy, 1991 ; Bachèlery, 1995 ; Ollier et al., 1998] have confirmed the offshore occurrence of debris avalanche deposits. Similar deposits are also known to exist along the western, northern and southwestern submarine flanks of the Piton des Neiges volcano. Unlike other deposits showing inland prolongation, “Saint-Gilles breccias” displays a well-preserved and non-weathered texture and structure. Because of striking analogies between the “Saint-Gilles breccias” and, for example, the Cantal stratovolcano debris avalanche deposits [Cantagrel, 1995], we conclude that these formations are the products of repeated avalanches during the Piton des Neiges basaltic period [Bachèlery et al., 1996]. We propose an interpretation of their origin, emplacement mechanism and their role in the evolutionary process of the western flank of Piton des Neiges. Volcano-structural setting Mechanical instability of oceanic volcanic edifices generates huge flank landslides, with lateral and mainly submarine transport of sub-aerial materials. These landslides participate in the building of the lower submarine slopes of the volcano. Geophysical surveys have detected low cohesion materials in most offshore Reunion island areas [Malengrau et al., 1999 ; de Voogd et al., 1999 ; Lénat et al., 2001] showing that these materials have largely contributed to the construction of offshore Reunion Island. Such deposits are also found in the inner part (“Cirques”) of Piton des Neiges [Maillot, 1999]. On the other hand, electric and electromagnetic soundings have revealed a deep extending conductor within the Piton de la Fournaise volcanic pile [Courteaud et al., 1997 ; Lenat et al., 2000]. Interpretations about the nature and origin of this conductor depend on its location. In the central caldera zone, as revealed by SP positive anomalies [Malengrau et al., 1994 ; Zlotnicki et al., 1994], the hydrothermal and magmatic complex is probably responsible for the observed low resistivities. Along the flanks, such a hypothesis may not be realistic. Courteaud [1996] suggests the occurrence of a deep argilized layer of volcano-detritic origin. In any case, the hydrothermal complex with high fluid pressures and secondary minerals appears as a potential weak zone that may contribute to the volcano’s instability [Lopez and Williams, 1993 ; Frank, 1995]. Chronology and stratigraphy Extent of the debris avalanche deposits The various breccias found at the western end of Reunion island, on the Piton des Neiges volcano flank, cover a 16 km2 area between Cap Marianne and Saint-Gilles (fig. 1). They are overlain upwards (> 250 to 300 m) by trachyandesitic (mugearite) lava flows of Piton des Neiges differentiated series [Billard, 1974]. Some restricted breccia outcrops in deep valleys from Bernica to the north up to l’Hermitage to the south indicate the existence of larger extension of the debris avalanche deposits. Furthermore, breccias with similar “Saint-Gilles” facies appear down the Maïdo cliff to Mafate “Cirque” at an altitude 1300 m, beneath 600 m of mugearite and some olivine basalt flows. Unpublished electromagnetic data (CSAMT soundings) confirm the inland continuity of the “Saint-Gilles breccias” up to the Maïdo along the Piton des Neiges western flank, hidden by mugearitic flows. Available bathymetric surveys offshore Saint Paul – Saint Gilles areas show the obvious underwater prolongation of “Saint-Gilles breccias” : a shallow depth (< 100 m) plateau followed by a slope with hummocky surface down to 2 500 m depth [Bachèlery et al., 1996 and fig. 2]. From this data, the total surface of “Saint-Gilles” debris avalanche deposits is estimated as more than 500 km2. Chronology A coastal cliff, from Ravine Bernica to Boucan Canot, provides the best outcrop of the northern part of “Saint-Gilles breccias”, with a clear inter-bedding of breccia units and lava formations (photo 1and fig. 3). – The lower breccia unit (Br I), of unknown thickness, has a remarkable friable aspect and a grayish color. – The first autochthonous lava formation (L1) consists in thin pahoehoe olivine basalt flows filling large valleys dug into “Br I”. The top of this formation is striated by the overlying “Br II” unit (photo 2). – Breccia unit “Br II” is interbedded between L1 and L2 olivine basalts. More compact and massive, “Br II” is characterized by a reddish matrix and dark blocks, with many curved fracture surfaces. – On “Br II” or directly on L1, picritic basalt flows L2 are found, filling narrow valleys. – Breccia unit “Br III” lies on “Br II” with a striking sheared contact plane visible along the main road (photo 3). It is a typical debris avalanche deposit with large imbricate blocks within a fine-grained beige matrix. – Once again, basaltic flows of lava formation L3 fill a valley dug into “Br III” near Petite Anse river. – Breccia unit “Br IV” rests on L3 at Petite Anse, but its contact with “Br III” elsewhere is not clear. The facies of this unit is very similar to the “Br III”. All the breccia units are covered by basaltic and trachyandesitic flows from the end of the Piton des Neiges basaltic series, and differentiated series. In the Saint-Gilles river, two formations are superposed : picritic basalts (L4) have flowed on the “Br IV” breccia unit, latter aphyric trachy-andesitic (mugearite) flows (L6) overlapped L4 and the breccia landforms, reaching in places the coastal area. To the north, at Plateau Caillou, plagioclase-phyric basalt flows (L5) are found between mugearite and breccias. Elsewhere on Piton des Neiges, such flows are symptomatic of the transition from the basaltic series to the differentiated series [Billard, 1974]. The occurrence of autochthonous basaltic formations L1 to L3, inter-bedded with “Saint-Gilles breccias”, enables us to distinguish at least four superposed breccia units. Although the emplacement age of the lower “Br I” is not known precisely, it is overlain and therefore older than Cap Marianne pahoehoe lavas (L1) dated at 0.452 Ma [Mc Dougall, 1971]. On the other hand, the upper breccia units are younger than the pahoehoe olivine basalt at Cap la Houssaye dated at 0,435 Ma but older than L5 plagioclasic basalts dated at 0.35 Ma. Geological description of the “breccia sequence” In the synthetic lithologic log (fig. 4) of the Saint-Gilles area, autochthonous lava formations are clearly broken into four separate breccia units. Lava formations. – L1 formation consists of numerous thin pahoehoe olivine-rich to aphyric basaltic flows. Both L2 and L3 formations are characterized by a few thicker (decametric) olivine (frequently picritic) basalt flows. Breccia units. – All breccia units display common characteristics such as the universal association of two facies (photo 4) : (i) a matrix – sandy to silty – facies containing a non-sorted mixture of non-stratified heterogeneous materials ranging from granular size to blocky elements, (ii) coherent large blocks and large pieces (‘block’ facies) of various lithology such as lava flow, scorias, pyroclastics or other breccias ; blocks displaying frequent “jigsaw” features. The lower breccia unit “Br 1” (fig. 4) has a more compact but very heterogeneous aspect, with a chaotic distribution of blocks in a less-developed matrix. This unit is characterized by a deep hydrothermal alteration with a lot of zeolites, chlorite, clays, calcite and oxides. The upper breccia units, “Br II” to “Br IV” (fig. 4) are less heterogeneous than “Br I” because their matrix facies are more voluminous and because the matrix clearly separates the bigger blocks. In both facies, a great diversity of fresh lithologic types such as picritic basalt, olivine-phyric basalt, plagioclase-phyric basalt and aphyric more or less vesicular basalts, gabbro, dunite are found, with no or only few slightly zeolitised blocks. Plurimetric to metric blocks are severely fractured, disintegrated into millimetric to decimetric angular pieces. The frequent polygenic aspect is due to block juxtaposition or imbrication. The abundant matrix is composed of crushed rocks and mineral elements, fine-grained (< mm), showing frequent fluidity and bedding marks (photo 5). The very heterogeneous composition of the matrix is confirmed at a microscopic scale. On the contrary, cores of blocks appear as jigsaw-puzzle-like monolithologic pieces of various basaltic rocks. At their edges, disintegration leads to progressive mixing with neighboring blocks that feed the matrix. Discussion Originality of “Saint-Gilles breccias” “Saint-Gilles breccias” constitute one of the few cases [see also Cantagrel et al., 1999] of debris avalanche deposit outcroppings on the sub-aerial part of an oceanic shield volcano. The main part of the deposit is suspected to be offshore. Their hummocky surface in delineating parallel ridges can be compared to the one described offshore the Grand Brûlé area, east of Piton de la Fournaise [Bachèlery et al., 1996]. “Saint-Gilles breccias” were deposited after several Piton des Neiges flank slide events that were separated by basaltic flows. Repeated debris avalanches have also been proposed to explain Piton de la Fournaise offshore deposits [Lenat et al., 1990 ; Labazuy, 1991]. The occurrence of autochthonous interbedded lava formations is essential to interpret the thick piling up of slide material along Reunion volcano flanks as deposits of repeated avalanches at the same place, instead of as being the products of a single huge event. Many structural and textural features noticed in the upper breccia units reveal crucial information on the emplacement mechanism of debris avalanches. For instance, brecciated blocks are typical of progressive break-up during transport processes. Blocks can simply be fractured, or they can be so severely disintegrated that stretching and mixing with other blocks and matrix formation are observed. The observation of such phenomena implies the existence of numerous percussive events between rocks, as well as internal vibrations in the debris avalanche and therefore the existence of high-speed transport. Lava formations L1 underlying upper breccia units are truncated and strongly striated in a seaward direction (photo 2), parallel to the breccia morphological ridges. In the same way, internal contact surfaces between upper breccia units are shear planes underlain by cataclastic layers and lenses (photo 3). Such structures are interpreted as due to drastic deceleration effects of avalanches reaching a topographic leveling out in the coastal area. This concords with the occurrence of sub-vertical contact areas between the blocks and the matrix. These injections of matrix between the blocks are generated bottom-up from the shear plane at the moment of the sudden deceleration of the avalanche. Other fracture planes that are in accordance with the morphology of ridges, are found in “Br III” unit (see fig. 5). They are interpreted as the result of packing effects. Origin of flank failures Although the source area of breccia formations has not yet been clearly identified, it has to be in the central part of Piton des Neiges as seen in the western cliff of “cirque de Mafate”. Furthermore, “Br I” deeply weathered materials evidently come from the hydrothermalized core of the volcano. Though the “Br I” thickness is not known, the volume involved may be considerable and a part of this volume must constitute the main body of Saint-Gilles offshore deposits. The upper breccias units “Br II” to “Br IV” display very similar textures and lithologies, with dominant non-altered basaltic rocks from the “Phase II” building stage of Piton des Neiges [Billard, 1974]. These units are very thin in the coastal area of Cap La Houssaye (see fig. 2) despite a proximal facies (meaning a deposit in the transport zone nearer than the main deposit zone). They obviously originate from shallow flank slides of restricted extent. We suggest that the upper Saint-Gilles deposits are due to repeated events that produced thin high-speed debris avalanches. Emplacement modalities The morphology of “Saint-Gilles breccias”, or submarine deposits offshore Grand Brûlé (east of Piton de la Fournaise volcano), are typical of sliding movements along shallow depth shear planes (several hundred meters up to two kilometers) within the volcanic pile. But several levels of decollement are suggested by seismic refraction and reflection profiles offshore La Reunion, the deepest corresponding to the top of the preexisting oceanic sediments [de Voogt et al., 1999]. Until now, in Reunion Island, only shallow failures affecting the upper parts of volcanic edifices, with deposits on the lower slopes, have been positively identified. Conditions that trigger giant flank landslides affecting oceanic shields remain poorly understood but we can reasonably speculate that weak hydrothermally-altered layers in the inner part of the volcano favor these gravity-driven processes related to repeated dike injections. The “Saint-Gilles breccia” sequence is considered as a multiphase lateral collapse structure whose first event (“Br I”) was apparently the most voluminous. The corresponding deposit displays frequent hydrothermally-altered material symptomatic of originating from the Piton des Neiges core. Within Piton des Neiges, the low cohesive weathered layer is quite extensive [Nativel, 1978 ; Rançon, 1982] possibly reaching down the volcano flanks [Courteaud et al., 1997]. The interpretative scheme that we propose (fig. 6) in our evaluation of the conditions for the emplacement of Saint-Gilles sequence, takes into account the existence of such a mechanical discontinuity within the volcanic pile. We propose that the massive landslide failure of the west flank of Piton des Neiges volcano that produced the “Br I” breccia, provided efficient channels for younger Piton des Neiges lavas to reach the western and southwestern coastline. Morphological features, as well as radiometric data [Mc Dougall, 1971 ; Gillot and Nativel, 1982] and magnetic surveys [Lénat et al., 2001], yield evidence for preferential accumulation of lava during the last 0.5 m.y. (corresponding mainly to the differentiated series) in this part of the volcano. The relative asymmetry of Piton des Neiges was acquired by rift migration in response to the first huge landslide that produced the “Br I” unit of “Saint-Gilles breccia”, in the manner described by Lipman et al. [1990] for Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii. The later repetition of flank collapses is consistent with similar structures on other oceanic islands. Since the first lateral collapse, the Piton des Neiges edifice was probably characterized by the existence of an asymmetrical steeper western flank where the old zeolite-rich “Br I” deposits possibly act as a detachment surface for later successive landslides which may have occurred recurrently over a short time interval.

The purpose of this article is to investigate whether and how a common Nordic dimension underlies existing policies on second language (L2) and immigrant mother tongue (L1) education. Our research question was: What do policy documents in the five Nordic countries say about L2 and L1 instruction? The theoretical foundation lies in the research fields of language policies and social justice. Document analysis was used to analyze policy documents. Our results show that there is a common Nordic dimension regarding L2 and L1 instruction, demonstrated through an explicit ambition to provide opportunities for the education of immigrant students in L2 and L1. However, there are differences between the Nordic countries in their commitment to principles of social justice, and how the policies are implemented.

Abstract Differences between native (L1) and non-native (L2) comprehension have been debated. This study explores whether a source of potential L1/L2 differences lies in susceptibility to memory-based interference during dependency formation. Interference effects are known to occur in sentences like The key to the cabinets were rusty, where ungrammaticality results from a number mismatch between the sentence subject and verb. Such sentences are sometimes misperceived as grammatical due to the presence of a number-matching “distractor” (“the cabinets”). Interference has been well-examined in a number agreement. However, whether and how forming thematic relations is susceptible to interference remains underexplored in L1 and L2 language comprehension. In six preregistered experiments, we investigated semantic interference in language comprehension and explored whether potential L1/L2 differences can be attributed to different degrees of susceptibility to interference. The results did not show that L2 speakers are more susceptible to interference than L1 speakers. Also, the observed interference patterns were only partially consistent with existing theories of memory retrieval during comprehension. We discuss how these theories may be reconciled with our findings and argue our results suggest that similar processes are involved in L1 and L2 subject-verb dependency formation.

AbstractThe tide gauge measurements from global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) observables are considered to be a promising alternative to the traditional tide gauges in the present days. In the present paper, we deliver a comparative analysis of tide-gauge (TG) measurements retrieved by quasi-zenith satellite system-reflectometry (QZSS-R) and the legacy TG recordings with additional observables from other constellations viz. GPS-R and GLONASS-R. The signal-to-noise ratio data of QZSS (L1, L2, and L5 signals) retrieved at the P109 site of GNSS Earth Observation Network in Japan (37.815° N; 138.281° E; 44.70 m elevation in ellipsoidal height) during 01 October 2019 to 31 December 2019. The results from QZSS observations at L1, L2, and L5 signals show respective correlation coefficients of 0.8712, 0.6998, and 0.8763 with observed TG measurements whereas the corresponding root means square errors were 4.84 cm, 4.26 cm, and 4.24 cm. The QZSS-R signals revealed almost equivalent precise results to that of GPS-R (L1, L2, and L5 signals) and GLONASS-R (L1 and L2 signals). To reconstruct the tidal variability for QZSS-R measurements, a machine learning technique, i.e., kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) is implemented that is based on variational mode decomposition of the parameters. These KELM reconstructed outcomes from QZSS-R L1, L2, and L5 observables provide the respective correlation coefficients of 0.9252, 0.7895, and 0.9146 with TG measurements. The mean errors between the KELM reconstructed outcomes and observed TG measurements for QZSS-R, GPS-R, and GLONASS-R very often lies close to the zero line, confirming that the KELM-based estimates from GNSS-R observations can provide alternative unbiased estimations to the traditional TG measurement. The proposed method seems to be effective, foreseeing a dense tide gauge estimations with the available QZSS-R along with other GNSS-R observables.

Abstract Language control in bilinguals is often investigated with the language switching paradigm. Switch costs reflect the ease/difficulty of applying this control mechanism. The type of stimuli employed in the experiments may influence switch costs. To date, only one study has compared digit vs picture processing, reporting reduced switch costs for digits (Declerck, Koch & Philipp, 2012). This result was adjudicated to phonological overlap between the languages used. Crucially, it remains an open question whether this digit effect generalises to language combinations without phonological relation. We fill this gap by investigating language switching with two language pairs differing in relative proficiency (L1 Chinese–L2 English, L1 Chinese–L3 French), where cross-language phonological activation is not expected. Overall, a digit effect is observed in the Chinese–English pair. Contrary to Declerck et al.'s (2012) finding, digits increased switch costs. Phonological mediation cannot explain this effect; instead, we suggest its origin lies in within-language word association links.

This study recruited English monolinguals, Mandarin monolinguals, and Mandarin–English (ME) bilinguals to examine whether native English and native Mandarin speakers think about time differently and whether the acquisition of L2 English could reshape native Mandarin speakers’ mental representations of temporal sequence. Across two experiments, we used the temporal congruency categorization paradigm which involved two-alternative forced-choice reaction time tasks to contrast experimental conditions that were assumed to be either compatible or incompatible with the internal spatiotemporal associations. Results add to previous studies by confirming that native English and native Mandarin speakers do think about time differently, and the significant crosslinguistic discrepancy primarily lies in the vertical representations of time flow. However, current findings also clarify the existing literature, demonstrating that the acquisition of L2 English does not appear to affect native Mandarin speakers’ temporal cognition. ME bilinguals, irrespective of whether they attained elementary or advanced level of English proficiency, exhibited temporal thinking patterns commensurate with those of Mandarin monolinguals. Some theoretical implications regarding the effect of bilingualism on cognition in general can be drawn from the present study, a crucial one being that it provides evidence against the view that L2 acquisition can reshape habitual modes of thinking established by L1.

Building a complex discourse is not an easy task for second language learners. This study investigates how learners that have French as their first language (L1) and Chinese as a second language (L2) convey the function of referent introduction in narratives. It aims to identify which syntactic constructions are used to highlight new information and relate it to given information at the utterance level, and how learners organize information between utterances to ensure discourse cohesion. The procedure used consists of the analysis of an oral corpus collected from five groups of participants ( N = 110): French and Chinese native speakers, and three groups of learners (low, intermediate and advanced levels). The stimulus of the elicited task is a comic strip. The results show that low learners mostly follow the canonical word order, while intermediate learners demonstrate more syntactic diversity but still differ from native speakers at the discourse level. Advanced learners almost achieved native-like proficiency and demonstrated only one difference when compared with the target pattern that lies in the lexical-semantic characteristics of the predicate used.

Second language (L2) learners often exhibit difficulty perceiving novel phonological contrasts and/or using them to distinguish similar-sounding words. The auditory lexical decision (LD) task has emerged as a promising method to elicit the asymmetries in lexical processing performance that help to identify the locus of learners’ difficulty. However, LD tasks have been implemented and interpreted variably in the literature, complicating their utility in distinguishing between cases where learners’ difficulty lies at the level of perceptual and/or lexical coding. Building on previous work, we elaborate a set of LD ordinal accuracy predictions associated with various logically possible scenarios concerning the locus of learner difficulty, and provide new LD data involving multiple contrasts and native language (L1) groups. The inclusion of a native speaker control group allows us to isolate which patterns are unique to L2 learners, and the combination of multiple contrasts and L1 groups allows us to elicit evidence of various scenarios. We present findings of an experiment where native English, Korean, and Mandarin speakers completed an LD task that probed the robustness of listeners’ phonological representations of the English /æ/-/ɛ/ and /l/-/ɹ/ contrasts. Words contained the target phonemes, and nonwords were created by replacing the target phoneme with its counterpart (e.g., lecture/*[ɹ]ecture, battle/*b[ɛ]ttle). For the /æ/-/ɛ/ contrast, all three groups exhibited the same pattern of accuracy: near-ceiling acceptance of words and an asymmetric pattern of responses to nonwords, with higher accuracy for nonwords containing [æ] than [ɛ]. For the /l/-/ɹ/ contrast, we found three distinct accuracy patterns: native English speakers’ performance was highly accurate and symmetric for words and nonwords, native Mandarin speakers exhibited asymmetries favoring [l] items for words and nonwords (interpreted as evidence that they experienced difficulty at the perceptual coding level), and native Korean speakers exhibited asymmetries in opposite directions for words (favoring [l]) and nonwords (favoring [ɹ]; evidence of difficulty at the lexical coding level). Our findings suggest that the auditory LD task holds promise for determining the locus of learners’ difficulty with L2 contrasts; however, we raise several issues requiring attention to maximize its utility in investigating L2 phonolexical processing.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Bisher gibt es keinen Konsens darüber, wie Ototoxizität in Verlaufsmessungen standardisiert zu erfassen ist. Für die Diagnostik von Schädigungen des cochleären Verstärkers sind Messverfahren notwendig, die eine möglichst hohe Test-Retest-Zuverlässigkeit und eine hohe Aussagekraft hinsichtlich persistierender Schädigungen aufweisen. Hörschwellenschätzungen auf der Grundlage von Kurzpuls-DPOAE-Pegelkarten („estimated distortion-product thresholds“, LEDPT) berücksichtigen individuell optimale DPOAE-Anregungspegel und erlauben eine zuverlässige quantitative Schätzung des cochleär bedingten Hörverlusts. Methodik Hörschwellen wurden mithilfe von LEDPT objektiv geschätzt und mit einer modifizierten Békésy-Tracking-Audiometrie (LTA) subjektiv erfasst. Die Messungen wurden siebenmal innerhalb von drei Monaten bei 14 Frequenzen (f2 = 1–14 kHz) in 20 Ohren (PTA4 (0,5–4 kHz) < 20 dB HL) durchgeführt. Die Rekonstruktion des DPOAE-Wachstumsverhaltens in Abhängigkeit von den Anregungspegeln L1,L2 erfolgte auf der Grundlage von 21 DPOAE-Amplituden und ermöglichte mithilfe einer numerischen Anpassung einer nichtlinearen mathematischen Funktion die Berechnung eines LEDPT für jede Anregungsfrequenz. Für die gleichzeitige kombinierte Betrachtung wurden Verteilungen der Hörschwellen (LTA, LEDPT), der DPOAE-Pegel (LDP) und Kombinationen davon ermittelt. Ergebnisse Einzeln betrachtet wiesen LTA und LEDPT jeweils eine Test-Retest-Zuverlässigkeit mit einem Median der absoluten Differenzen (AD) von 3,2 dB bzw. 3,3 dB auf, der sich durch Anwendung eines kombinierten Analyseparadigmas aus LEDPT, LDP und LTA auf 2,0 dB signifikant reduzieren ließ. Schlussfolgerung Es ist zu erwarten, dass ein auf einer Kombination von LEDPT, überschwelligen LDP, und feinstrukturreduzierter LTA basierendes Analyseparadigma eine höhere Güte (Sensitivität und Spezifität) des Tests erzielt, um pathologische oder auch regenerative Veränderungen der äußeren Haarsinneszellen zuverlässig zu detektieren.

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesComputational biology analyses the theoretical tertiary structure of proteins and identifies the ‘topological’ differences between RhD and RhCE. Our aim was to identify the theoretical structural differences between the four isoforms of RhCE and RhD using computational biological tools.Materials and MethodsPhysicochemical profile was determined by hydrophobicity and electrostatic potential analysis. Secondary and tertiary structures were generated using computational biology tools. The structures were evaluated and validated using Ramachandran algorithm, which calculates the single score, p‐value and root mean square deviation (RMSD). Structures were overlaid on local refinement of ‘RhAG‐RhCE‐ANK’ (PBDID 7uzq) and RhAG to compare their spatial distribution within the membrane.ResultsAll proteins differed in surface area and electrostatic distance due to variations in hydrophobicity and electrostatic potential. The RMSD between RhD and RhCE was 0.46 ± 0.04 Å, and the comparison within RhCE was 0.57 ± 0.08 Å. The percentage of amino acids in the hydrophobic thickness was 50.24% for RhD while for RhCE it ranged between 73.08% and 76.68%. The RHAG hydrophobic thickness was 34.2 Å, and RhCE's hydrophobic thickness was 33.83 Å. We suggest that the C/c antigens differ exofacially at loops L1 and L2. For the E/e antigens, the difference lies in L6. By contrast, L4 is the same for all proteins except Rhce.ConclusionThe physicochemical properties of Rh proteins made them different, although their genes are homologous. Using computational biology, we model structures with sufficient precision, similar to those obtained experimentally. An amino acid variation alters the folding of the tertiary structure and the interactions with other proteins, modifying the electrostatic environment, the spatial conformations and therefore the antigenic recognition.

Abstract Disclosure: T.L. Cater: None. M. Styner: None. Atypical femur fractures (AFF), so-named due to an unusual diaphyseal location, have been linked to antiresorptives (AR), though this remains unclear. AFF case reports are vital due to a lack of certainty about pathogenic mediators and management. Case: A 52-yr-old-female presented with symptomatic T6/T7/T8 compression sustained while raking acorns. Ten years prior, bilateral knee/thigh pain developed; X-ray showed mild arthritis; bone scan noted slight activity in lateral femoral cortices with later X-ray read as negative for fracture; DEXA indicated lowest T of −1.5 in the spine. She was managed with PT and bracing. Medical history included hip dysplasia s/p casting, endometriosis, infertility, hypothyroidism, and 2 full-term NSVD in her late 30s. She worked as an administrator before becoming a stay-at-home mom and denied alcohol or tobacco use. Family history was notable for hip fracture (mother) and hypermobility termed as Ehlers-Danlos (son). After thoracic healing, at 53, she was referred to endocrinology; exam showed Ht 69 in (175 cm), Wt 185 lb (83 kg), normal dentition, mild thoracic kyphosis without tenderness. Labs indicated normal Ca, Mg, PO4, Creat, 25(OH)D, Alk Phos, and SPEP. She was current on cancer screening including mammograms. She declined osteoporosis therapy, wishing to work on lifestyle, yet, when she returned to our clinic at 55, after new compression (T11/T12/L1), she was amenable to begin abaloparatide. Despite the anabolic, new L2/L3 fracture arose and thigh pain advanced. Genetic Invitae OI/bone fragility panel was negative for causal variants in 46 genes. DEXA showed 20% improved spine BMD: 5-15% in other sites. After 2 years of abaloparatide and 4 months after one-time dose of denosumab, a new L4 deformity arose, and thigh pain remained. She reported legs were giving way under her, prompting X-rays, which were concerning for bilateral AFF (confirmed with bone scan, MRI). In lieu of a 2nd dose of denosumab, romosozumab was started and she was promptly scheduled for prophylactic, orthopedic femoral nailing. Conclusions: This bisphosphonate-naïve-female began experiencing symptoms of AFF &gt;5 years prior to presentation, concomitant with spine fragility. Skeletal deterioration occurred in absence of, as well as contemporaneous with, osteoporosis therapies, anabolic as well as one dose of AR despite improved BMD via DEXA. Her personal history of hip dysplasia might supply clues about geometry that favors AFF as her family history. Notably, long-standing discomfort in the thighs persisted and progressed during anabolic therapy. More research is needed to understand AFF pathogenesis, and this might also shed light on other severe forms of early bone fragility, as demonstrated herein. Our case also highlights a multi-year, sub-clinical period in which fragility progresses until a clinical diagnosis is reached, as well as the clinical conundrum of AFF management. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023