Relevant bibliographies by topics / LIDAR source

Academic literature on the topic 'LIDAR source'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "LIDAR source"

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Zhang, Zhenhua, Peng Chen, and Zhihua Mao. "SOLS: An Open-Source Spaceborne Oceanic Lidar Simulator." Remote Sensing 14, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081849.

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In recent years, oceanic lidar has seen a wide range of oceanic applications, such as optical profiling and detecting bathymetry. Furthermore, spaceborne lidars, CALIOP and ICESat-2, designed for atmospheric and ice science applications, have been used for ocean backscattering retrievals, but, until now, there has been no spaceborne lidar specifically designed for ocean detection. There is a demand for an effective lidar simulator to study the detection potential capability of spaceborne oceanic lidar. In this study, an open-source spaceborne oceanic lidar simulator named SOLS was developed, which is available freely. Moreover, the maximum detectable depth and corresponding optimal wavelength for spaceborne lidar were analyzed at a global scale by using SOLS. The factors controlling detection limits of a spaceborne ocean profiling lidar in different cases were discussed. Then, the maximum detectable depths with different relative measurement errors and the influence of solar background radiance were estimated. Subsequently, the effects of laser and detector parameters on maximum detectable depths were studied. The relationship between the lidar detectable depth and the ocean mixed layer depth was also discussed. Preliminary results show that the maximum detectable depth could reach deeper than 120 m in the oligotrophic sea at low latitudes. We found that 490 nm is the optimal wavelength for most of the open seawater. For coastal water, 532 nm is a more suitable choice considering both the technical maturity and geophysical parameters. If possible, a lidar equipped with 440 nm could achieve the greatest depth in oligotrophic seawater in subtropical gyres north and south of the equator. The upper mixed layer vertical structure in most of the global open ocean is within the lidar maximum detectable depth. These results show that SOLS can help the design of future spaceborne oceanic lidar systems a lot.
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St. Peter, Joseph, Jason Drake, Paul Medley, and Victor Ibeanusi. "Forest Structural Estimates Derived Using a Practical, Open-Source Lidar-Processing Workflow." Remote Sensing 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 4763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234763.

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Lidar data is increasingly available over large spatial extents and can also be combined with satellite imagery to provide detailed vegetation structural metrics. To fully realize the benefits of lidar data, practical and scalable processing workflows are needed. In this study, we used the lidR R software package, a custom forest metrics function in R, and a distributed cloud computing environment to process 11 TB of airborne lidar data covering ~22,900 km2 into 28 height, cover, and density metrics. We combined these lidar outputs with field plot data to model basal area, trees per acre, and quadratic mean diameter. We compared lidar-only models with models informed by spectral imagery only, and lidar and spectral imagery together. We found that lidar models outperformed spectral imagery models for all three metrics, and combination models performed slightly better than lidar models in two of the three metrics. One lidar variable, the relative density of low midstory canopy, was selected in all lidar and combination models, demonstrating the importance of midstory forest structure in the study area. In general, this open-source lidar-processing workflow provides a practical, scalable option for estimating structure over large, forested landscapes. The methodology and systems used for this study offered us the capability to process large quantities of lidar data into useful forest structure metrics in compressed timeframes.
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Hicks-Jalali, Shannon, Robert J. Sica, Alexander Haefele, and Giovanni Martucci. "Calibration of a water vapour Raman lidar using GRUAN-certified radiosondes and a new trajectory method." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 7 (July 9, 2019): 3699–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3699-2019.

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Abstract. Raman lidars have been designated as potential candidates for trend studies by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN); however, for such studies improved calibration techniques are needed as well as careful consideration of the calibration uncertainties. Trend determinations require frequent, accurate, and well-characterized measurements. However, water vapour Raman lidars produce a relative measurement and require calibration in order to transform the measurement into a mixing ratio, a conserved quantity when no sources or sinks for water vapour are present. Typically, the calibration is done using a reference instrument such as a radiosonde. We present an improved trajectory technique to calibrate water vapour Raman lidars based on the previous work of Whiteman et al. (2006), Leblanc and Mcdermid (2008), Adam et al. (2010), and Herold et al. (2011), who used radiosondes as an external calibration source and matched the lidar measurements to the corresponding radiosonde measurement. However, they did not consider the movement of the radiosonde relative to the air mass and fronts. Our trajectory method is a general technique which may be used for any lidar and only requires that the radiosonde report wind speed and direction. As calibrations can be affected by a lack of co-location with the reference instrument, we have attempted to improve their technique by tracking the air parcels measured by the radiosonde relative to the field of view of the lidar. This study uses GRUAN Vaisala RS92 radiosonde measurements and lidar measurements taken by the MeteoSwiss RAman Lidar for Meteorological Observation (RALMO), located in Payerne, Switzerland, from 2011 to 2016 to demonstrate this improved calibration technique. We compare this technique to the traditional radiosonde–lidar calibration technique which does not involve tracking the radiosonde and uses the same integration time for all altitudes. Both traditional and our trajectory methods produce similar profiles when the water vapour field is homogeneous over the 30 min calibration period. We show that the trajectory method reduces differences between the radiosonde and lidar by an average of 10 % when the water vapour field is not homogeneous over a 30 min calibration period. We also calculate a calibration uncertainty budget that can be performed on a nightly basis. The calibration uncertainty budget includes the uncertainties due to phototube paralysis, aerosol extinctions, the assumption of the Ångström exponent, and the radiosonde. The study showed that the radiosonde was the major source of uncertainty in the calibration at 4 % of the calibration value. This trajectory method showed small improvements for RALMO's calibration but would be more useful for stations in different climatological regions or when non-co-located radiosondes are the only available calibration source.
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KOYAMA, Moriaki, and Tatsuo SHIINA. "Light Source Module for LED Mini-Lidar." Review of Laser Engineering 39, no. 8 (2011): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.39.617.

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Diaz, Rosemary, Sze-Chun Chan, and Jia-Ming Liu. "Lidar detection using a dual-frequency source." Optics Letters 31, no. 24 (November 22, 2006): 3600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.31.003600.

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Radenz, Martin, Patric Seifert, Holger Baars, Athena Augusta Floutsi, Zhenping Yin, and Johannes Bühl. "Automated time–height-resolved air mass source attribution for profiling remote sensing applications." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 4 (March 1, 2021): 3015–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3015-2021.

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Abstract. Height-resolved air mass source attribution is crucial for the evaluation of profiling ground-based remote sensing observations, especially when using lidar (light detection and ranging) to investigate different aerosol types throughout the atmosphere. Lidar networks, such as EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) in the frame of ACTRIS (Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases), observe profiles of optical aerosol properties almost continuously, but usually, additional information is needed to support the characterization of the observed particles. This work presents an approach explaining how backward trajectories or particle positions from a dispersion model can be combined with geographical information (a land cover classification and manually defined areas) to obtain a continuous and vertically resolved estimate of an air mass source above a certain location. Ideally, such an estimate depends on as few as possible a priori information and auxiliary data. An automated framework for the computation of such an air mass source is presented, and two applications are described. First, the air mass source information is used for the interpretation of air mass sources for three case studies with lidar observations from Limassol (Cyprus), Punta Arenas (Chile) and ship-borne off Cabo Verde. Second, air mass source statistics are calculated for two multi-week campaigns to assess potential observation biases of lidar-based aerosol statistics. Such an automated approach is a valuable tool for the analysis of short-term campaigns but also for long-term data sets, for example, acquired by EARLINET.
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Talianu, Camelia, and Petra Seibert. "Analysis of sulfate aerosols over Austria: a case study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 9 (May 13, 2019): 6235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6235-2019.

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Abstract. An increase in the sulfate aerosols observed in the period 1–6 April 2014 over Austria is analyzed using in situ measurements at an Austrian air quality background station, lidar measurements at the closest EARLINET stations around Austria, CAMS near-real-time data, and particle dispersion modeling using FLEXPART, a Lagrangian transport model. In situ measurements of SO2, PM2.5, PM10, and O3 were performed at the air quality background station Pillersdorf, Austria (EMEP station AT30, 48∘43′ N, 15∘55′ E). A CAMS aerosol mixing ratio analysis for Pillersdorf and the lidar stations Leipzig, Munich, Garmisch, and Bucharest indicates the presence of an event of aerosol transport, with sulfate and dust as principal components. For the sulfate layers identified at Pillersdorf from the CAMS analysis, backward- and forward-trajectory analyses were performed, associating lidar stations with the trajectories. The lidar measurements for the period corresponding to trajectory overpass of associated stations were analyzed, obtaining the aerosol layers, the optical properties, and the aerosol types. The potential sources of transported aerosols were determined for Pillersdorf and the lidar stations using the source–receptor sensitivity computed with FLEXPART, combined with the MACCity source inventory. A comparative analysis for Pillersdorf and the trajectory-associated lidar stations showed consistent aerosol layers, optical properties and types, and potential sources. A complex pattern of contributions to sulfate over Austria was found in this paper. For the lower layers (below 2000 m) of sulfate, it was found that central Europe was the main source of sulfate. Medium to smaller contributions come from sources in eastern Europe, northwest Africa, and the eastern US. For the middle-altitude layers (between 2000 and 5000 m), sources from central Europe (northern Italy, Serbia, Hungary) contribute with similar emissions. Northwest Africa and the eastern US also have important contributions. For the high-altitude layers (above 5000 m), the main contributions come from northwest Africa, but sources from the southern and eastern US also contribute significantly. No contributions from Europe are seen for these layers. The methodology used in this paper can be used as a general tool to correlate measurements at in situ stations and EARLINET lidar stations around these in situ stations.
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Shiina, Tatsuo. "LED Mini Lidar for Atmospheric Application." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030569.

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The creation of a compact and easy-to-use atmospheric lidar has been the aim of researchers for a long time. Micro Pulse Lidars (MPL) and commercialized ceilometers were designed for such purposes. Laser Diodes (LD) and Diode-Pumped Solid State (DPSS) Laser technology has evolved, making lidar system more compact; however, their vulnerability to static electricity and fluctuation of electrical power prevented the growth of atmospheric lidar technology as a system suited to all kinds of users. In this study, a mini lidar with a Light Emitting Diode (LED) -based light source was designed and developed. As LED lamp modules do not need a heat sink or fan, they are resilient and can emit light for long periods with constant intensity. They also offer ease of handling for non-professionals. On the other hand, a LED lamp module has a large divergence, when compared to laser beams. A prototype LED mini lidar was thus developed, with focus on transmitting power optimization and optical design. This low-cost lidar system is not only compact, but also offers near-range measurement applications. It visualizes rapid activities of small air cells in a close range (surface atmosphere), and can verify and predict the condition of the surface atmosphere. This paper summarizes the principle, design, practical use and applications of the LED mini-lidar.
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Sannino, Alessia, Antonella Boselli, Domenico Maisto, Alberto Porzio, Changbo Song, Nicola Spinelli, and Xuan Wang. "Development of a High Spectral Resolution Lidar for day-time measurements of aerosol extinction." EPJ Web of Conferences 197 (2019): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919702009.

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Lidar technique is the most performing way to obtain the atmospheric vertical profile of aerosol optical properties with high space-time resolution. With elastic scattering lidars, the retrieval of aerosol optical properties (as the extinction profile) is realizable only with assumptions on aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio or with Raman measurement achievable in night-time. In order to overcome these problems, the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) technique has been examined. In this paper we present an innovative prototype of High Spectral Resolution Lidar realized at Physics Department of University “Federico II” of Naples for the LISA (LIdar for Space study of the Atmosphere) project in the framework of the China-Italy international cooperation between CNISM and BRIT. The prototype which represents a first step of a spaceborne HSRL, is based on a laser source at 1064nm and 532nm with high spectral resolution ability at 532nm. The separation between the molecular and the aerosol components was obtained through the use of a confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer (CFPI) cavity.
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Sherstobitov, Artem, Viktor Banakh, Alexander Nadeev, Igor Razenkov, Igor Smalikho, and Andrey Falits. "Development of an All-Fiber Coherent Doppler Lidar in the IAO SB RAS." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023706005.

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Paper presents a model of the all-fiber pulsed coherent Doppler lidar (IAO-lidar) build in the IAO SB RAS. Here is described lidar design, the algorithm for processing of lidar signals and the software-hardware system that implements signal processing in real time, created with the use of open source software. The results of joint measurements of the radial velocity by the IAO-lidar and the HALO Photonics (Stream Line) lidar are given.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "LIDAR source"

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Collar, A. J. "Differential absorption lidar using an optical parametric oscillator source." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370334.

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Cadiou, Erwan. "LIDAR DIAL multi espèces à base de sources paramétriques optiques pour la détection des gaz à effet de serre depuis l'espace." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX102/document.

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Pour estimer les puits et sources des gaz à effet de serre et améliorer les prévisions d’évolution du climat, il est nécessaire de disposer de mesures précises et continues de leurs concentrations atmosphériques à l’échelle globale. Pour consolider le réseau d’observation mondial, la mise en œuvre de systèmes lidar embarqués sur satellite pour les futures missions de sondage atmosphérique depuis l’espace est considérée comme un atout à la fois innovant et complémentaire pour les méthodes de mesure actuelles. Dans ce contexte, ces travaux de thèse ont porté sur le développement d’un lidar à absorption différentielle (DIAL) à partir d’une source paramétrique émettant dans la gamme spectrale 1,9 – 2,3 µm. Il s’est agi de démontrer l’aptitude de la source à être mise en œuvre pour des mesures longue portée des principaux gaz à effet de serre (CO2, H2O, CH4). Dans ce but, la source a été intégrée dans une architecture lidar dimensionnée préalablement à l’aide une modélisation numérique. L’optimisation de l’instrument s’est faite autour de deux points : le contrôle de la pureté spectrale de la source, et la maîtrise de la réponse de la chaine de détection et d’acquisition. Des mesures des trois gaz ont ensuite été réalisées depuis le laboratoire à partir du signal provenant de la rétrodiffusion des aérosols ou des nuages. Ces mesures ont servi de support pour une étude approfondie des erreurs et biais de mesure. À partir de ces travaux et en s’appuyant sur des simulations, la possibilité d’intégration de la source dans un système aéroporté a été étudiée comme étape préliminaire à la mesure spatiale. Enfin, une projection des performances d’un système satellite mettant en œuvre la source a été établie
Sustained and accurate greenhouse gases measurements at a global scale are required to improve the knowledge on their sources and sinks and thus increase the accuracy of climate change projections. In order to consolidate the global observation networks, spaceborne lidar systems for future earth observation missions are regarded as innovative and complementary components to the present operational measurement methods. In this context, this research work has consisted in developing a differential absorption DIAL lidar based on an optical parametric source able to emit in the 1,9–2,3 µm spectral range. The purpose was to demonstrate its ability to be implemented in long range measurements of the main greenhouse gases (CO2, H2O, CH4). Then, the laser transmitter has been integrated in a lidar architecture which was previously designed using a numerical model. Improvements and optimization of the lidar system focused on two aspects: the monitoring of the spectral purity of the emitter and the control of the detection and acquisition. Concentration measurements on the three gases have been carried out from the laboratory based on atmospheric backscattered signals from clouds and aerosol. These measurements provided a basis for the investigation of the error and bias sources. On the basis of these measurements, instrument scaling for future airborne demonstrations is discussed. Projected performances of a spaceborne instrument are also presented
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Berthomé, Quentin. "Source paramétrique infrarouge agile en longueur d'onde pour la détection à distance de substances chimiques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASP028.

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La spectrométrie d’absorption lidar constitue une solution éprouvée pour la détection à distance d’espèces chimiques gazeuses. Pour cette application, la troisième bande de transparence de l’atmosphère (bande III), entre 8 et 12 µm, est idéale car elle contient des raies d’absorptions caractéristiques de nombreuses espèces notamment les gaz de combat et les gaz industriels toxiques. Toutefois, la réalisation d’une source cohérente impulsionnelle très largement accordable dans toute la bande 8 – 12 µm avec un spectre étroit est un défi qui n’a été que partiellement relevé. Ce travail de thèse propose de démontrer comment réaliser une telle source bande III en s’appuyant sur des travaux antérieurs. L’oscillateur maitre est un oscillateur paramétrique optique à cavités imbriquées (NesCOPO) avec un cristal d’OP-GaAs. Il est pompé par un laser Tm:YAP de pompe à 2 µm déclenché activement, et rendu accordable en longueur d’onde grâce à un réseau de Bragg en volume à pas transversalement variable. Un important effort de conception et de simulation est fourni pour garantir le fonctionnement monomode longitudinal du laser de pompe tout en maintenant sa cadence, sa puissance crête et son accordabilité. Enfin, grâce à cette source et à un dispositif de mesure en longueur d’onde par SFG entre la pompe et le signal adapté pour la mesure entre 8 et 12 µm, nous montrons expérimentalement que l’accord de la longueur d’onde de sortie d’un NesCOPO en faisant varier celle du laser de pompe est plus large et plus rapide que celui obtenu en faisant varier la température du cristal non linéaire du NesCOPO
Lidar absorption spectrometry is a powerful solution for remote gas detection. For this purpose, longwave infrared between 8 and 12 µm is ideal as it covers characteristic absorption bands of many gases including chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals. However, the challenge of a pulsed narrow-spectrum broadly tunable in the 8 to 12 µm range has only be partially solved. This thesis aims to demonstrate how to make such a laser source basing on previous works. The master oscillator is a nested cavity optical parametric oscillator (NesCOPO) with an OP-GaAs crystal. It is pumped with an actively Q-switched 2 µm Tm:YAP laser which has been made wavelength tunable with a transversally chirped volume Bragg grating. Important design and simulation works are made to ensure single longitudinal mode operation of the pump laser while maintaining its repetition rate and peak power and wavelength tunability. Finally, with this laser and a wavelength measurement system using pump/signal SFG to perform measurements in the 8 to 12 µm range, we experimentally show that wavelength tunability of a NesCOPO is wider and faster through pump wavelength tunning than through NesCOPO non-linear crystal temperature tunning
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Dejan, Vasić. "Model geodetskog premera savremenim akvizicionim tehnologijama." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=106256&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Prikupljanje prostornih podataka se danas, u projektima premera i obnovepremera, različitim projektima iz oblasti inženjerske geodezije, realizujekonvencionalnim metodama, koje najčešće obezbeđuju traženu tačnostizlaznih podataka. Sa druge strane, razvojem novih tehnologija i uređaja zaprikupljanje podataka nameću se i nove metode rada koje obezbeđujuneuporedivo veći nivo detaljnosti od konvencionalnih metoda pa veomačesto imaju prednost u odnosu na konvencionalne metode naročito uprojektima inženjerske geodezije. U disertaciji je dat predlog modelageodetskog premera savremenim akvizicionim tehnologijama koji ispunjavakriterijume kvaliteta definisane pravilnikom o premeru zemljišta i kriterijumeinženjerske geodezije.
The collection of spatial data is carried out today by conventional methods,which usually provide the required accuracy of the output data in the projectsof diameter and diameter reconstruction, by various projects in the field ofengineering geodesy. On the other hand, the development of newtechnologies and data collection devices imposes new methods of work thatprovide an incomparably higher level of detail than conventional methods,and they often have an advantage over conventional, especially inengineering projects. In the dissertation, the model of geodetic diametermodel was presented with modern acquisition technologies that meets thequality criteria defined by the Land Regulations Rulebook and the criteria ofengineering geodesy.
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SCARPIGNATO, GERARDO CRISTIAN. "Design, fabrication and characterization of a optical power amplifier based on special glasses for LIDAR sources." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2543142.

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The objective of the present research is the study, fabrication and characterization of a power amplifier based on special glasses to be implemented as an embedded module inside a pulsed laser device with high coherence working at 1550 nm wavelength. The optical amplifier represents the second module of a laser in configuration MOPA (Master Oscillator Power Amplifier). The device must amplify the signal proceeding from a seed laser and allow the propagation of the signal at high distances while maintaining the spectral characteristics of the high coherent source. The device obtained with this approach will be employed as a source for a monitoring LIDAR system, which will be installed in train monitoring portals. The results can be extended to other applications as well, such as aeroplanes, meteorological stations or airports. The current research work is intended to contribute to the fabrication of compact devices that seems not be still available even in laboratories.
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Zimnicki, James John. "Spatial Heterodyne Imaging Using a Broadband Source." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1519143422981263.

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Gengembre, Cyril. "Variabilité multi-échelles de la météorologie et des aérosols en situation littorale sous influence industrielle." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0489/document.

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Sur un site multi-influencé par des émissions urbaines et industrielles, l'analyse de la pollution aux aérosols, au voisinage des sources, requiert une connaissance multi-échelles de la dynamique atmosphérique. une campagne de mesure a été développée afin d'étudier la variabilité météorologique et micro-météorologique et l'évolution des particules, en particulier, submicroniques, sur une durée d'une année. Des oscillations de la concentration en aérosols, autour de la moyenne régionale, ont été identifiées le long du littoral dunkerquois, et attribuées aux phénomènes météorologiques locaux à proximité des industries. Des méthodes de reconnaissance et d'apprentissage supervisé, faisant appel aux mesures par anémomètre ultrasonique et aux profils verticaux du vent par lidar Doppler, ont été mises en œuvre pour établir la variabilité de phénomènes pertinents dans les événements de pollution de l'air : brise de mer, brouillard, front et tempête. L'analyse d'une base de données de six ans a permis de montrer que l’occurrence annuelle des brises de mer est corrélée à celle du nombre de journées anticycloniques. Par ailleurs, la fréquence annuelle des brouillards pourrait être liée à la concentration annuelle régionale en aérosols. L'analyse des covariances du vent a révélé deux situations contrastées, à faible et à fort flux turbulents. Le brouillard et la brise de mer, de faible flux, génèrent une pollution élevée aux PM₁, et sont le siège d'une forte concentration en aérosols organiques oxygénés (aérosols secondaires). Les situations à fort flux, favorisant les échanges verticaux, sont associées à une forte variabilité des sulfates particulaires. L'observation de longue durée a permis de mettre en évidence la construction d'épisodes de pollution particulaire, au cours de séquences de phénomènes météorologiques locaux, du fait des sources locales, mais aussi par incorporation de la pollution à plus grande échelle
On a site that is multi-influenced by urban and industrial emissions, the analysis of aerosol pollution, in the vicinity of sources, requires a multi-scale knowledge of atmospheric dynamics. A measurement campaign was developed in order to study the meteorological and micro-meteorological variability and the evolution of particles, in particular, submicronic evolution, during a one-year period.Oscillations of the aerosol concentration around the regional average were identified along the Dunkirk coastline, and were attributed to the local meteorological phenomena close to the industries. Recognition and machine learning methods using measurements by an ultrasonic anemometer and vertical wind profiles by a Doppler lidar, were implemented to define the variability of relevant phenomena in air pollution events : sea breeze, fog, front and storm. A six-years database analysis has highlighted a correlation between the annual sea breeze occurrence and the annual number of anticyclonic days. Furthermore, the annual fog frequency could be connected with the annual regional concentration of aerosols. Analysis of wind covariance revealed two contrasting situations, low-level and high-level turbulent fluxes. The fog and the sea breeze, with low-level fluxes, generate a high PM₁ pollution and are in favor of a high organic oxygenated aerosols concentration (secondary aerosols). High-level fluxes situations, favoring vertical exchanges, are associated with a large variability of sulfate aerosols. The long-term observation, made it possible to highlight the development of episodes of particulate pollution during local weather phenomena, owing to the local emissions, but also by taking into account the larger-scale pollution
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Landgren, Peter. "Den tredimensionella arkeologin : En studie om 3D-modellernas betydelse i fältet." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-173368.

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Digital technologies are developing in a rapid pace and the usage of 3D is now in its experimenting phase. Many projects have been working with 3D to see how it can be used in a productive way. The use of 3D and GIS together has started to set a pattern to what 3D models are good for more than documentation in high accuracy. This essay is discussing what this relationship is being used for and if it should be place as a standard procedure in archaeological field practice. The essay is also discussing the place for 3D and digital archeology in the two biggest paradigms in archaeology. The result of this essay is showing a potentially effectiveness of the usage of 3D in excavation purposes and that 3D-GIS can make even more potential data of the models, both in field and in post-processing work. The discussion of the place for 3D models in archaeological theory is showing that digital archeology can fill the gap between processual and post-processual archaeology, therefor are a part of all paradigms or even be a part of a new paradigm, which can create a new way of interpret archaeology.
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Nilsson, Olov. "3D- modellering med LAS-data : Tester i ett licensierat- och i ett Open source-program." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-72665.

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Det har blivit mer populärt att skapa 3D-modeller bland kommuner och företag idag. Det går att visualisera de flesta föremål i 3D, vilket kan skapa större tydlighet och därmed ökad förståelse. Lidköpings kommun vill kunna använda sin LiDAR-data till att visualisera byggnader samt kunna kombinera flera datalager med 3D-visualiseringar för att kunna skapa användbara karttjänster. I dagsläget finns det ingen programvara som kan skapa 3D-modeller av LiDAR-data i kommunen. Lidköpings kommun är intresserade av vilka alternativ för GIS-programvaror som finns. De programvaror som valts ut för att skapa 3D-modeller i studien är ArcGIS Pro och QGIS. ArcGIS Pro är en erkänd GIS-programvara på marknaden. Den är licensierad och kostsam. QGIS däremot är en GIS-programvara som är gratis och uppbyggd på fri källkod, vilket gör det möjligt att själv skapa algoritmer som sedan kan användas i programmet. Studien är en jämförelse mellan en programvara som är kostsam och en som är gratis. Metoden som används för att jämföra de båda programvarorna består av tre steg. Steg 1 är en programvarujämförelse, där olika påståenden ställer programvarornas kapacitet mot varandra. Steg 2 är en kontroll av lägesosäkerhet där koordinaterna av 3D-modellernas byggnadshörn jämförs med koordinater inmätta med totalstation. RMSE används för att jämföra lägesosäkerheten. Steg 3 är en visualiseringsanalys som sker igenom ett frågeformulär, vilket går ut till personer som är bekanta med GIS och 3D. Frågeformuläret ställer bilder med 3D-modeller från båda programvarorna mot varandra. Resultatet av samtliga tre steg visar, enligt metoden som har utförts, att ArcGIS Pro är den bättre programvaran. I steg 1 hade ArcGIS Pro fördelar på fem av åtta påståenden jämfört med QGIS. QGIS hade dock mindre tidsåtgång än ArcGIS Pro. I steg 2 hade ArcGIS Pro RMSE för höjd värdet; 1,617, vilket var lägre än RMSE-värdet; 1,961 i QGIS. Enligt svaren från enkäten i steg 3 bedömde ca 90 % av de svarande att ArcGIS Pro var det bättre programmet i de flesta avseenden för de avsedda ändamålen. Vissa jämförelser blev inte helt jämna. QGIS hade minst tidsåtgång för att det inte blev lika mycket felkoder som behövde undersökas som i ArcGIS Pro, även om processen för skapandet av 3D-modeller gick snabbare i ArcGIS Pro. Lägesosäkerhetsjämförelsen på höjd i ArcGIS pro var närmare de inmätta punkterna, då takmodellen skapade större tydlighet. Det blev lättare att se var taket började. I QGIS fanns det ingen takmodell, vilket gjorde det svårare att få höjden exakt.
It has become more popular to create 3D models among local governments and companies today. Now it´s possible to visualize most objects in 3D, which can give an increased understanding. The local government in Lidköping wants to be able to use their LiDAR data to visualize buildings and to combine several data layers with 3D visualizations to create useful web map services. At the present, there is no software that are able create 3D models of LiDAR data at the Local government. The local government in Lidköping is interested in testing different options for modelling in 3D. Two software packages were chosen; ArcGIS Pro and QGIS. ArcGIS Pro is a GIS software that is highly acknowledged in the market. It´s licensed and can be considered expensive. QGIS is a software that is completely free to use and uses open source code, which makes it possible to create algorithms that can then be used in the program. In this view, there will be comparison between a software that is expensive and a software that is completely free. The method used to compare the two software consists of three stages. Stage 1 is a software comparison, where the software capabilities are set against each other in different scenarios. Stage 2 is an investigation of positional accuracy where the coordinates of the 3D model's building corners are compared with coordinates measured with Total Station as reference. RMSE is used to compare positional accuracy. Stage 3 is a visualization analysis that takes place through a questionnaire answered by people who are familiar with GIS and 3D. The result of all three stages, according to the method performed, shows that ArcGIS Pro is the better software. At stage 1, ArcGIS Pro won five out of eight scenarios against QGIS, though QGIS was more time efficient than ArcGIS Pro. At stage 2, ArcGIS Pro had a RMSE value for height of 1,617, which is lower than the 1,961 RMSE value that was on QGIS. At stage 3, ArcGIS Pro had over 90% of the reply rate for most of the questions, representing that ArcGIS Pro’s images were better to visualize the different scenarios. Some comparisons were not completely even though. QGIS had better time accuracy because it did not get as much errors which needed further investigations as in ArcGIS Pro. Although ArcGIS Pro’s processes for creating 3D models were faster. The positional accuracy comparison for the building’s height shows higher accuracy between ArcGIS Pro and the Total Station’s measurements. In QGIS the 3D-modell had no roof model, which made it harder to get accurate height of the building.
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DELMONTE, STEPHANE. "Etude d'une source lidar emettant a 2 microns pour la mesure simultanee de vapeur d'eau et de vent dans la basse troposphere a partir d'une plateforme spatiale." Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066298.

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L'amelioration des previsions meteorologiques necessite une connaissance precise des profils de vent et des contenus de vapeur d'eau dans l'atmosphere. A cette fin, plusieurs projets de lidars embarques sur satellites sont a l'etude dans les differentes agences spatiales. Ce travail est consacre au dimensionnement de la source laser d'un lidar coherent emettant a 2 m. Cette source permettra la mesure simultanee de vapeur d'eau et de vent dans la basse troposphere, depuis l'espace. Une pre-etude de faisabilite definit les contraintes energetiques du laser (2 a 5 joules), ainsi que les principales caracteristiques temporelles et spectrales de l'emission. Compte-tenu des contraintes de spatialisation qui imposent le choix d'une technologie tout solide, deux materiaux - le tm:ho:yag et le tm:ho:ylf - adaptes au pompage par diodes, ont ete pre-selectionnes. Nous avons developpe un modele numerique decrivant le fonctionnement des sources laser utilisant ces materiaux, en nous appuyant sur les resultats d'un ensemble d'experiences de caracterisation effectuees en laboratoire. Ce modele a ensuite ete exploite pour concevoir et dimensionner une source laser capable d'emettre l'energie requise. Les meilleurs resultats sont obtenus avec le tm:ho:ylf et une emission a deux impulsions laser par impulsion de pompage. Differentes options sont proposees, qui mettent en uvre un oscillateur et une chaine de 3 amplificateurs pour le niveau 2 joules et 4 amplificateurs pour le niveau 5 joules. Le rendement energetique global approche les 5%. Nous avons, par ailleurs, effectue une premiere etape dans la maitrise des caracteristiques spatiales et spectrales en realisant un oscillateur monomode de faible energie (10 mj) adapte a la mesure du vent par lidar doppler.
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Books on the topic "LIDAR source"

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Güven, Süleyman. Siyasi parti lider söylemlerinde Türkiye - İsrail ilişkileri. Ankara: Astana Yayınları, 2020.

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Guyuan li dai bei ke xuan bian: Guyuan lidai beike xuanbian. Yinchuan Shi: Ningxia ren min chu ban she, 2010.

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Zhongguo li dai jian zhu dian zhang zhi du: Zhongguo lidai jianzhu dianzhang zhidu. Shanghai Shi: Tong ji da xue chu ban she, 2010.

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Parcak, Sarah H. GIS, Remote Sensing, and Landscape Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.11.

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This chapter examines a number of current practices relating to the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing, including developments in LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) in landscape archaeology. It explains landscape archaeology and what it encompasses; whether remote sensing and GIS are a formal part of landscape archaeology; whether GIS and remote sensing are the same or completely different subfields; and whether remote sensing covers both satellite and ground-based remote sensing. Also discussed are challenges faced by archaeologists with regards to the application of landscape archaeology. The article also considers the applications of ground-based remote sensing, GIS, photogrammetry, satellite remote sensing, and LiDAR in landscape archaeology; ethical issues in landscape archaeology; the problem of archaeological site looting; the use of open source data; and citizen science approaches to landscape archaeology. Finally, it reflects on the future prospects for landscape archaeology.
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Pressure Measurements Using an Airborne Differential Absorption Lidar. Part 1; Analysis of the Systematic Error Sources. Independently Published, 2018.

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Chinese Annals of Batavia, the Kai Ba Lidai Shiji and Other Stories (1610-1795). BRILL, 2018.

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Machiavelli, Niccolò. El Principe: LA Estrategia Del Lider. Planeta Pub Corp, 1999.

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Beall, Jc, and David Ripley. Non-Classical Theories of Truth. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.29.

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This chapter gives a brief overview of theories of truth based on non-classical logics. It sticks to the most central motivation for such theories—the liar paradox—and focuses on a range of responses that have been made to this paradox. The chapter presents the paradox, and shows how it leads to trouble for classical logic. Then the chapter proceeds to lay out four families of response, which we call “paracomplete,” “paraconsistent,” “nontransitive,” and “noncontractive.” For each kind of theory, the chapter goes on to show how it can block paradoxical derivations, and gives references to sources that develop it more fully.
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Ritchie, Donald A. The Columnist. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190067588.001.0001.

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In the “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” a nationally syndicated newspaper column that appeared in hundreds of papers from 1932 to 1969, as well as on weekly radio and television programs, the investigative journalist Drew Pearson revealed news that public officials tried to suppress. He disclosed policy disputes and political spats, exposed corruption, attacked bigotry, and promoted social justice. He pumped up some political careers and destroyed others. Presidents, prime ministers, and members of Congress repeatedly called him a liar, and he was sued for libel more often than any other journalist, but he won most of his cases by proving the accuracy of his charges. Pearson dismissed most official news as propaganda and devoted his column to reporting what officials were doing behind closed doors. He broke secrets—even in wartime—and revealed classified information. Fellow journalists credited him with knowing more dirt about more people in Washington than even the FBI and compared his efforts to Daniel Ellsberg with the Pentagon Papers or Edward Snowden with WikiLeaks, except that he did it daily. The Columnist examines how Pearson managed to uncover secrets so successfully and why government efforts to find his sources proved so unsuccessful. Drawing on a half century of archival evidence, it assesses his contributions as a muckraker by verifying or refuting both his accusations and his accusers.
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Book chapters on the topic "LIDAR source"

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Collins, S. C., T. D. Wilkerson, V. B. Wickwar, D. Rees, J. C. Walling, and D. F. Heller. "The Alexandrite Ring Laser: A Spectrally Narrow Lidar Light Source for Atmospheric Fluorescence and Absorption Observations." In Advances in Atmospheric Remote Sensing with Lidar, 577–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60612-0_140.

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Ortega, Sebastián, José Miguel Santana, Jochen Wendel, Agustín Trujillo, and Syed Monjur Murshed. "Generating 3D City Models from Open LiDAR Point Clouds: Advancing Towards Smart City Applications." In Open Source Geospatial Science for Urban Studies, 97–116. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58232-6_6.

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Boetti, Nadia G., Amiel Ishaaya, Mircea Guina, Davide Janner, Daniel Milanese, Diego Pugliese, Antti Penttinen, et al. "Compact Eye-Safe LIDAR Source for Airborne Laser Scanning – The CALIBER Project." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, 175–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2021-0_16.

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Fix, Andreas. "Tunable Light Sources for Lidar Applications." In Atmospheric Physics, 509–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30183-4_31.

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Yong, Fang, Zhang Li, Gong Hui, Cao Bincai, Gao Li, and Hu Haiyan. "Spaceborne LiDAR Surveying and Mapping." In LiDAR Technology - From Surveying to Digital Twins [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108177.

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Laser point cloud data have the characteristics of high elevation accuracy, fast processing efficiency, strong three-dimensional (3D) vision, and wide application fields. It will be one of the core datasets of the new generation national global topographic database. The rapid advancement of spaceborne laser earth observation technology allows the collection of global 3D point cloud data, which has brought a new breakthrough in the field of satellite-based earth observation, and its significant advantages of all-day time, high accuracy and high efficiency will lead the future development of space precise mapping technology. This chapter firstly introduces the principle and development status of satellite-based LiDAR technology, then presents the basic technical framework of satellite-based LiDAR 3D mapping, and analyzes the data processing methods of spaceborne photon point clouds, and finally, focuses on the application research in various fields including precise geolocation of combined with satellite images, fusion of multi-source topographic information, polar mapping, 3D objects reconstruction, and shallow sea topographic mapping, etc.
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Masic, Adnan, Boran Pikula, Dzevad Bibic, and Faruk Razic. "Open Source Low-cost Approach to Terrain Mapping Using Drone with LiDAR." In Proceedings of the 32nd International DAAAM Symposium 2021, 0117–22. DAAAM International Vienna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2507/32nd.daaam.proceedings.017.

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McManamon, Paul F. "LiDAR Sources and Modulations." In LiDAR Technologies and Systems. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/3.2518254.ch5.

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Landulfo, Eduardo, Alexandre Cacheffo, Alexandre Calzavara Yoshida, Antonio Arleques Gomes, Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes, Gregori de Arruda Moreira, Jonatan João da Silva, et al. "Lidar Observations in South America. Part II - Troposphere." In Remote Sensing [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95451.

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In Part II of this chapter, we intend to show the significant advances and results concerning aerosols’ tropospheric monitoring in South America. The tropospheric lidar monitoring is also supported by the Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET). It is concerned about aerosols originating from urban pollution, biomass burning, desert dust, sea spray, and other primary sources. Cloud studies and their impact on radiative transfer using tropospheric lidar measurements are also presented.
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Landulfo, Eduardo, Alexandre Cacheffo, Alexandre Calzavara Yoshida, Antonio Arleques Gomes, Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes, Gregori de Arruda Moreira, Jonatan João da Silva, et al. "Lidar Observations in South America. Part II - Troposphere." In Remote Sensing [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95451.

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In Part II of this chapter, we intend to show the significant advances and results concerning aerosols’ tropospheric monitoring in South America. The tropospheric lidar monitoring is also supported by the Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET). It is concerned about aerosols originating from urban pollution, biomass burning, desert dust, sea spray, and other primary sources. Cloud studies and their impact on radiative transfer using tropospheric lidar measurements are also presented.
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Troll, Péter, Károly Szipka, and Andreas Archenti. "Indoor Localization of Quadcopters in Industrial Environment." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde200183.

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The research work in this paper was carried out to reach advanced positioning capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for indoor applications. The paper includes the design of a quadcopter and the implementation of a control system with the capability to position the quadcopter indoor using onboard visual pose estimation system, without the help of GPS. The project also covered the design and implementation of quadcopter hardware and the control software. The developed hardware enables the quadcopter to raise at least 0.5kg additional payload. The system was developed on a Raspberry single-board computer in combination with a PixHawk flight controller. OpenCV library was used to implement the necessary computer vision. The Open-source software-based solution was developed in the Robotic Operating System (ROS) environment, which performs sensor reading and communication with the flight controller while recording data about its operation and transmits those to the user interface. For the vision-based position estimation, pre-positioned printed markers were used. The markers were generated by ArUco coding, which exactly defines the current position and orientation of the quadcopter, with the help of computer vision. The resulting data was processed in the ROS environment. LiDAR with Hector SLAM algorithm was used to map the objects around the quadcopter. The project also deals with the necessary camera calibration. The fusion of signals from the camera and from the IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) was achieved by using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The evaluation of the completed positioning system was performed with an OptiTrack optical-based external multi-camera measurement system. The introduced evaluation method has enough precision to be used to investigate the enhancement of positioning performance of quadcopters, as well as fine-tuning the parameters of the used controller and filtering approach. The payload capacity allows autonomous material handling indoors. Based on the experiments, the system has an accurate positioning system to be suitable for industrial application.
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Conference papers on the topic "LIDAR source"

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Piao, Yan, Bing Li, and GuoDong Ma. "Research on multi-source image fusion technology in haze environment." In LIDAR Imaging Detection and Target Recognition 2017, edited by Yueguang Lv, Jianzhong Su, Wei Gong, Jian Yang, Weimin Bao, Weibiao Chen, Zelin Shi, Jindong Fei, Shensheng Han, and Weiqi Jin. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2295089.

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Geiger, Allen R., Egor V. Degtiarev, William H. Farr, and Richard D. Richmond. "Mid-infrared multiwavelength source for lidar applications." In Aerospace/Defense Sensing and Controls, edited by Gary W. Kamerman. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.327180.

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Vartapetov, Serge K., and Igor A. Veselovskii. "Excimer-Raman radiation source for lidar measurements." In Europto High Power Lasers and Laser Applications V, edited by Markus Bohrer, Tommaso Letardi, Dieter Schuoecker, and Horst Weber. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.184593.

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Carswell, A. I., D. P. Donovan, S. R. Pal, W. Steinbrecht, and J. A. Whiteway. "Lidar Measurements of the Pinatubo Aerosol Over Toronto." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1991.otue14.

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At the ISTS Atmospheric Lidar Observatory on the campus of York University in Toronto, (43.8 N, 79.5 W), two lidars are being employed for atmospheric observations. One is an Nd:YAG two-wavelength (1064 and 532 nm) dual polarization Rayleigh/Mie lidar and the other is an ozone DIAL system based on a xenon chloride excimer source for the "on" (absorbed) wavelength at 308 nm with a hydrogen stimulated Raman shifter to provide the "off" (unabsorbed) wavelength at 353nm. These systems are now operated on a continuing basis for studies of both the lower and middle atmosphere. Since early July we have been observing very pronounced changes in the stratospheric returns from both lidars caused by the Pinatubo aerosols.
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Frolov, Yuriy N., Sergey D. Velikanov, Sergey N. Sin'kov, and Aleksey Nadezhkin. "Selective mode optimization of lidar system lasing source." In Prague -- 2004 DL over. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.611169.

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Zhong, Wenting, Jun Liu, Dengxin Hua, Fang Wang, and Kejun Yan. "Pulse modulation method for LED lidar light source." In Sixth International Symposium on Precision Mechanical Measurements, edited by Shenghua Ye and Yetai Fei. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2035607.

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Ewing, James J., and James C. Barnes. "Conceptual designs for advanced space-based lidar source." In Environmental Sensing III, edited by Jean-Pierre Wolf. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.275138.

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Canal, Celine, Arnaud Laugustin, Andreas Kohl, and Olivier Rabot. "Disruptive laser diode source for embedded LIDAR sensors." In SPIE LASE, edited by Mark S. Zediker. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2250197.

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Yu, Dingfeng, Zhigang Gai, Xiangfeng Kong, Hui Liu, and Enxiao Liu. "Monitoring Ulva prolifera in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea derived from multi-source remote sensing images." In LIDAR Imaging Detection and Target Recognition 2017, edited by Yueguang Lv, Jianzhong Su, Wei Gong, Jian Yang, Weimin Bao, Weibiao Chen, Zelin Shi, Jindong Fei, Shensheng Han, and Weiqi Jin. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2295278.

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Singh, U. N., Z. Chu, and T. D. Wilkerson. "Efficient Near-IR Light Source for Eye-Safe Lidar Applications [1]." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.tuc6.

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The most commonly used lidar (light detection and ranging) systems are not eye-safe and pose potential risk of eye damage especially in the case of downward pointing airborne lidar systems. A short wavelength lidar capable of operating in nominally eye-safe spectral regions (1.54 μm) is needed for cloud and aerosol studies [2, 3]. A Raman-shifted Nd:YAG laser capable of generating 1.54 μm radiation can be developed to qualify as an eye-safe lidar [4,5,6]. The eye-safety criterion set by the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) for a single pulse exposure is: 1 J/cm2 at 1.54 μm, which is specified to be about 400,000 times safer, for eye exposure, than Nd:YAG laser radiation at 1.06 μm [4].
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Reports on the topic "LIDAR source"

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Chyba, Thomas H. Tunable Ultraviolet and Infrared Laser Source for Student Lidar Experiments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387819.

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Churnside, James H. In situ Validation of the Source of Thin Layers Detected By NOAA Airborne Fish Lidar. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada531074.

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Donaghay, Percy L., James Sullivan, and Jan Rines. In situ Validation of the Source of Thin Layers Detected by NOAA Airborne Fish Lidar. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541726.

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Churnside, James H. In situ Validation of the Source of Thin Layers Detected by NOAA Airborne Fish Lidar. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada541755.

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Remington, Scott, and Philip Battle. Modulated Pulsed Laser Sources for Imaging Lidars. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada473651.

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Sobieszczyk, Steven. Using Turbidity Monitoring and LiDAR-Derived Imagery to Investigate Sources of Suspended Sediment in the Little North Santiam River Basin, Oregon, Winter 2009-2010. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.176.

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Blundell, S. User guide : the DEM Breakline and Differencing Analysis Tool—gridded elevation model analysis with a convenient graphical user interface. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45040.

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Gridded elevation models of the earth’s surface derived from airborne lidar data or other sources can provide qualitative and quantitative information about the terrain and its surface features through analysis of the local spatial variation in elevation. The DEM Breakline and Differencing Analysis Tool was developed to extract and display micro-terrain features and vegetative cover based on the numerical modeling of elevation discontinuities or breaklines (breaks-in-slope), slope, terrain ruggedness, local surface optima, and the local elevation difference between first surface and bare earth input models. Using numerical algorithms developed in-house at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Geospatial Research Laboratory, various parameters are calculated for each cell in the model matrix in an initial processing phase. The results are combined and thresholded by the user in different ways for display and analysis. A graphical user interface provides control of input models, processing, and display as color-mapped overlays. Output displays can be saved as images, and the overlay data can be saved as raster layers for input into geographic information systems for further analysis.
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