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Journal articles on the topic 'LiCl'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Bernardi, Dawn, Ellen M. Pawlikowski, and John Newman. "Mathematical Modeling of LiAl / LiCl , KCl / FeS Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 135, no. 12 (December 1, 1988): 2922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2095464.

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2

Juárez-Guerra, L., S. Rojas-Lima, H. López-Ruiz, K. Aleman-Ayala, and R. A. Vázquez-García. "Síntesis de cumarinas fluorescentes." Tópicos de Investigación en Ciencias de la Tierra y Materiales 3 (September 30, 2016): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/aactm.v3i3.9798.

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Una familia de cuatro cumarinas conjugadas con diferentes sustituyentes nombradas como LIC1, LIC2, LIC3 y LIC4, fueron sintetizadas y caracterizadas mediante RMN de 1H y 13C. El estudio de sus propiedades ópticas en solución usando THF como disolvente, muestra que los compuestos presentan bandas anchas de absorción con picos máximos a 350, 365, 330 y 340 nm y bandas anchas de emisión en la región azul-verde del espectro electromagnético, con picos máximos a 412, 416, 414, 408 nm respectivamente. El valor del Egopt calculado a partir de los espectros de absorción, para cada compuesto fue de 2.9, 2.8, 3.0 y 3.16 eV, lo que indica que los compuestos se encuentran en el rango de los materiales semiconductores. Los cálculos del rendimiento cuántico de fluorescencia, tomando como estándar el sulfato de quinina, indican que los compuestos LIC4(f=0.49) y LIC1(f=0.42) son candidatos para ser empleados en la construcción de diodos emisores de luz.
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3

Olatunji, Sunday, Philip Ogunnaike, Joshua Owolabi, Ayodeji Abijo, Adeshina Alabi, Stephen Adelodun, John Olanrewaju, and Adeola Adelabi. "Investigating the Effects of Allium sativum on the Prefrontal Cortex in Lithium Chloride Pilocarpine-Induced Epilepsy in Wistar Rat." NIgerian Journal of Neuroscience 12, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47081/njn2021.12.2/003.

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The prefrontal cortex (PFC), mediating executive brain functions is impaired in epilepsy. Allium sativum (AS) anti-seizure potential on the PFC of experimentally-induced epilepsy was investigated. Forty-eight male Wistar rats (200-250g) were randomized into six groups. Control (2mL/kg distilled water); AS only (100mg/kg); LiCl+PC (lithium chloride, 127mg/kg, and pilocarpine, 30mg/kg); LiCl+PC+AS100mg/kg and LiCl+PC+AS300mg/kg received LiCl+PC and 100mg/kg AS and 300mg/kg AS respectively; LiCl+PC+SV received LiCl+PC and sodium valproate (10mg/kg). Treatments lasted for 21 days, behavioural tests then preceded sacrifice. Brain tissues were excised, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for demonstration of PFC cytoarchitecture and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Neurotransmitters were also assayed. Walling and rearing frequencies reduced significantly (p<0.05) in the LiCl+PC group compared to control. Glutamate and acetylcholine levels increased in all groups except AS only, while gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine levels increased in the LiCl+PC+AS100mg/kg, LiCl+PC+AS300mg/kg and LiCl+PC+SV groups compared to the control. Cytochrome C oxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities significantly increased (p<0.05) in all groups, while nitric oxide levels increased in the LiCl+PC+AS300mg/kg and LiCl+PC+SV groups compared to the control. Cytoarchitecturally, the LiCl+PC PFC showed neurodegenerative features, increased GFAP expression, while the treated groups showed preserved neurons and mild astrogliosis. Conclusively, AS showed neuroprotective potentials against LiCl+PC-induced neuronal degeneration, mitigated reactive PFC astrogliosis. However, AS did not lower glutamate and other neurotransmitter levels.
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4

Tsao, Nina, Chih-Feng Kuo, Ching-Chen Chiu, Wei-Chen Lin, Wan-Hui Huang, and Li-Yang Chen. "Protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Lithium Chloride in an Intragastric Infection Model." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 3 (December 22, 2014): 1525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.04261-14.

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ABSTRACTIntragastricKlebsiella pneumoniaeinfections of mice can cause liver abscesses, necrosis of liver tissues, and bacteremia. Lithium chloride, a widely prescribed drug for bipolar mood disorder, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Using an intragastric infection model, the effects of LiCl onK. pneumoniaeinfections were examined. Providing mice with drinking water containing LiCl immediately after infection protected them fromK. pneumoniae-induced death and liver injuries, such as necrosis of liver tissues, as well as increasing blood levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, in a dose-dependent manner. LiCl administered as late as 24 h postinfection still provided protection. Monitoring of the LiCl concentrations in the sera ofK. pneumoniae-infected mice showed that approximately 0.33 mM LiCl was the most effective dose for protecting mice against infections, which is lower than the clinically toxic dose of LiCl. Surveys of bacterial counts and cytokine expression levels in LiCl-treated mice revealed that both were effectively inhibited in blood and liver tissues. Usingin vitroassays, we found that LiCl (5 μM to 1 mM) did not directly interfere with the growth ofK. pneumoniaebut madeK. pneumoniaecells lose the mucoid phenotype and become more susceptible to macrophage killing. Furthermore, low doses of LiCl also partially enhanced the bactericidal activity of macrophages. Taken together, these data suggest that LiCl is an alternative therapeutic agent forK. pneumoniae-induced liver infections.
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5

Sun, Dandan, Jiang Li, Qinghua Pan, Chaowei Hao, and Guoqiao Lai. "The In Situ Polymerization and Characterization of PA6/LiCl Composites." Journal of Spectroscopy 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/164275.

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PA6/LiCl composites were synthesized by in situ anionic polymerization based on the interaction between the inorganic salts and PA6. Sodium hydroxide as initiator and N-acetylcaprolactam as activator were used in the preparation of PA6/LiCl composites with variety of LiCl content. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) testing results showed that both of degree of crystallinity and melting temperature of the composites were decreased under the influence of LiCl. And theγcrystal phase proportion increased with increasing the LiCl content to appropriate amount.
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6

Nguyen, Khoa Dang, and Takaomi Kobayashi. "Chitin Hydrogels Prepared at Various Lithium Chloride/N,N-Dimethylacetamide Solutions by Water Vapor-Induced Phase Inversion." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (December 5, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6645351.

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Chitin was chemically extracted from crab shells and then dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent with lithium chloride (LiCl) at 3, 5, 7, and 10%. The concentrated chitin-DMAc/LiCl solutions were used for the preparation of chitin hydrogels by water vapor-induced phase inversion at 20°C. The coagulation process was investigated while altering the concentration of LiCl in the DMAc solution. The shear viscosity of the chitin solution increased with higher LiCl amounts and decreased when the concentration of LiCl was reduced by adding water to the chitin solution, implying high LiCl concentration delayed the coagulation of chitin solution in the presence of water. The viscoelasticity of the chitin solutions indicated the gel formation intensification was dependent on the dose of LiCl and chitin in the DMAc solution. After the chitin solution was coagulated, the resultant hydrogels had water contents of 387–461% and the tensile strength varied from 285 to 400 kPa when the concentration of LiCl in the hydrogel was adjusted to 3% and 7%, respectively. As for viscoelasticity, the complex modulus of the chitin hydrogels indicated that the increment of the LiCl concentration up to 7% formed the tight hydrogels. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) image revealed the formation of the entanglement network and larger domains of the aggregated chitin segments. However, the hydrogel prepared at 10% LiCl in DMAc solution exhibited weak mechanical properties due to the loose hydrogel networking caused by the strong aggregation of the chitin segments.
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7

Gubanova, T. V., E. I. Frolov, and I. K. Garkushin. "LiCl-LiBr-LiVO3 and LiCl-LiBr-Li2MoO4 ternary systems." Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 54, no. 7 (July 2009): 1159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036023609070262.

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8

Beyaert, R., K. Heyninck, D. De Valck, F. Boeykens, F. van Roy, and W. Fiers. "Enhancement of tumor necrosis factor cytotoxicity by lithium chloride is associated with increased inositol phosphate accumulation." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.1.291.

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Abstract We have previously reported that LiCl increases considerably the cytotoxic activity of TNF towards some transformed cell lines such as L929. Here we show that treatment of these cell lines with the combination of TNF and LiCl leads to the prolonged accumulation of inositol monophosphate, inositol bisphosphate, and inositol trisphosphate, whereas treatment with TNF or LiCl alone did not. In contrast, both a LiCl-unresponsive TNF-sensitive cell line and TNF-resistant cell lines did not respond with increased accumulation of inositol phosphates (IPn) upon treatment with the combination of TNF and LiCl. Furthermore, the combination of TNF and LiCl induced a transient increase in cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol in L929 cells. Increased IPn and cytidine diphosphate-diacylglycerol accumulation preceded the onset of cell killing by approximately 1 h. TNF-mediated cytotoxicity and TNF-induced IPn accumulation were equally sensitive to inhibition by the phospholipase inhibitor neomycin and to stimulation by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Characterization of the inositol bisphosphate isomers by HPLC analysis revealed that the TNF + LiCl-induced increase in IPn levels was due to activation of a phospholipase C and not of a phospholipase D. In contrast to TNF, several other cytotoxic agents did not increase IPn production upon application in the presence of LiCl. The TNF + LiCl-induced increase in inositol triphosphate suggests a role for intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in TNF action. Moreover, several agents that lower the intracellular Ca2+ concentration inhibited TNF cytotoxicity. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that TNF cytotoxicity and its enhancement by LiCl are mediated by increased IPn accumulation resulting in Ca2+ mobilization.
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9

Kaun, T. D. "Modification of LiCl-LiBr-KBr Electrolyte for LiAl/FeS2 Batteries." ECS Proceedings Volumes 1996-7, no. 1 (January 1996): 342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/199607.0342pv.

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10

He, Huifeng, Dandan Qiao, Lu Zhang, Yongxiu Yao, Hongxia Shao, Aijian Qin, and Kun Qian. "Antiviral Effect of Lithium Chloride on Replication of Marek’s Disease Virus in Chicken Embryonic Fibroblasts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 12375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212375.

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To investigate the antiviral effect of lithium chloride (LiCl) on the replication of Marek’s disease virus (MDV) in chicken embryonic fibroblast (CEF) cells, real-time PCR, Western blotting, plaque counting, and indirect immunofluorescence experiments were performed at different time points of LiCl treated CEF cells with virus infection. The results demonstrated that LiCl could affect multiple steps of virus replication and inhibit viral gene expression and protein synthesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, LiCl could directly affect viral infectivity as well. In addition, LiCl significantly affected the gene expression of IFN-β related genes in virus-infected cells. These results indicate that LiCl significantly inhibits MDV replication and proliferation in CEF cells and it has the potential to be used as an antiviral agent against MDV.
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11

Tang, Linjun, Yu Chen, Fuxing Pei, and Hui Zhang. "Lithium Chloride Modulates Adipogenesis and Osteogenesis of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 37, no. 1 (2015): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000430340.

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Background/Aims: Lithium chloride (LiCl) has long been used as a psychiatric medication; however, its role in the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of LiCl on the differentiation of BMSCs. Methods: The roles of LiCl in osteogenic and adipogenic processes were observed using alizarin red staining and oil red O staining, respectively. The effects of LiCl on the Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh) pathways were investigated. Results: Our data showed that LiCl effectively promoted osteogenesis and inhibited adipogenesis by simultaneously affecting the Wnt and Hh pathways. Conclusion: These results suggest that LiCl influences the differentiation of BMSCs directly through the Wnt and Hh pathways and thus may be a candidate drug for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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12

Lee, Yung-Shih, Chien-Wei Feng, Mei-Yu Peng, Te-Fu Chan, and Yu-Chieh Chen. "Neuroprotective Effects of Estradiol plus Lithium Chloride via Anti-Apoptosis and Neurogenesis Pathway in In Vitro and In Vivo Parkinson’s Disease Models." Parkinson's Disease 2021 (October 22, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3064892.

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Few pharmaceutical agents for slowing Parkinson’s disease (PD) progression existed, especially for perimenopause females. The current general medications are mostly hormone replacement therapy and may have some side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a novel treatment for PD. This study examined the possibility of estradiol plus lithium chloride (LiCl), one of the metal halides used as an alternative to salt. We showed that the combination of LiCl and estradiol could enhance neurogenesis proteins GAP-43 and N-myc in the human neuronal-like cells. We also further confirmed the neurogenesis activity in zebrafish. LiCl and LiCl plus estradiol could enhance 6-OHDA-induced upregulation of TGase-2b and Rho A mRNA expression. Besides, LiCl plus estradiol showed a synergic effect in anti-apoptotic activity. LiCl plus estradiol protected SH-SY5Y cells and zebrafish against 6-OHDA-induced damage on neurons than LiCl or estradiol alone groups via p-P38, p-Akt, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 cascade. The potential for developing this combination as a candidate treatment for PD is discussed.
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13

Loy, Ignacio, and Geoffrey Hall. "Taste Aversion after Ingestion of Lithium Chloride: An Associative Analysis." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B 55, no. 4b (October 2002): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724990244000070.

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In five experiments with rats we examined the aversion established by consumption of a solution of lithium chloride (LiCl). Experiment 1 showed that consumption of LiCl established an aversion to saline (NaCl). Experiment 2 showed that the size of the aversion was reduced in rats given pre-exposure to saline (a latent inhibition effect). Experiment 3 showed that experience of a sucrose-saline compound prior to consumption of LiCl generated an aversion to sucrose (a sensory preconditioning effect). Experiments 4 and 5 examined the effects produced by consumption of a sucrose-LiCl compound and demonstrated reciprocal overshadowing between the two tastes. These results confirm that consumption of LiCl establishes an aversion to the taste of this substance. Their implications for the use of orally consumed LiCl as a technique for the control of predatory behaviour are discussed.
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14

Zhang, Li Qing, and Gang Zhang. "Synergy Effect of PEG and LiCl as Additives on PVDF UF Membrane Performance." Advanced Materials Research 1048 (October 2014): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.448.

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PVDF flat UF membranes were optimized to get relative high protein rejection with high permeation fluxes. The effects of PVDF content and the additive species on the membrane performance were investigated. The synergy effect between LiCl and PEG8kcan increase the flux remarkably than the single additive. With the increase of PEG8kcontent, the synergy effect of LiCl decreased. In addition, when the PEG8kcontent was higher than LiCl, the pure water flux was relatively high, while with the increasing of LiCl content, the membrane tensile strength was increased. The addition of PEG8kand LiCl should constitute an appropriate method to prepare a series of membranes with controlled flux.
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15

Li, Mei, Zhongxuan Sun, Wei Han, Rugeng Liu, Yang Sun, and Meng Zhang. "Anodic Dissolution Behavior of Al-Y Alloy in LiCl-KCl Eutectic and Its Passivation Inhibited Aided by LiF." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 021504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac50e0.

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The anodic dissolution behaviors of solid Al-Y alloy were investigated in LiCl-KCl eutectic without and with LiF by electrochemical techniques. The passivation phenomenon was observed in LiCl-KCl eutectic and disappeared when LiF concentration higher than 3% by weight. The results of XRD and SEM-EDS indicated the composition of passive film was Al2O3. Meanwhile, the dissolution rate and current efficiency were also calculated using ICP-AES. Furthermore, the mechanism of LiF inhibiting passivation was explored and found the addition of LiF could increase alumina solubility. The kinetic properties were compared in LiCl-KCl and LiCl-KCl-LiF melts. The transfer resistance decreased obviously in LiCl-KCl-LiF melts.
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16

Ruiz, Paul, Cecilia Crossa, José Valdenegro, and José Manuel Verdes. "La aversión condicionada con cloruro de litio en ovinos para evitar el consumo de hojas de olivo." Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento 12, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v12.n1.25070.

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La aversión condicionada con Cloruro de Litio (LiCl) ha demostrado ser una herramienta útil para modelar la dieta en rumiantes. En este ensayo estudiamos el uso del LiCl para controlar el consumo de olivos en ovinos. Se usaron 22 ovejas, todas fueron sometidas a un periodo de pre-condicionamiento donde se las acostumbró a una rutina de consumo. Luego, se pasó al período de condicionamiento, donde se usaron hojas frescas de olivos, cuando se logró que todos los animales consumieran la planta se dosificó con LiCl (200 mg/kg PV) a la mitad de animales. Se monitoreó el efecto del LiCl durante 6 días consecutivos, y luego mensualmente durante 6 meses. El LiCl generó una disminución significativa en el consumo de hojas de olivos. En el presente trabajo, proponemos que la aversión condicionada inducida por el uso de LiCl es una herramienta útil para controlar que los ovinos consuman los olivos.
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17

Kaiser, Marc, and Bayram Edemir. "Lithium Chloride and GSK3 Inhibition Reduce Aquaporin-2 Expression in Primary Cultured Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells Due to Independent Mechanisms." Cells 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9041060.

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Lithium chloride (LiCl) is a widely used drug for the treatment of bipolar disorders, but as a side effect, 40% of the patients develop diabetes insipidus. LiCl affects the activity of the glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), and mice deficient for GSK3β showed a reduction in the urine concentration capability. The cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We used primary cultured inner medullary collecting duct cells to analyze the underlying mechanisms. LiCl and the inhibitor of GSK3 (SB216763) induced a decrease in the aquaporin-2 (Aqp2) protein level. LiCl induced downregulation of Aqp2 mRNA expression while SB216763 had no effect and TWS119 led to increase in expression. The inhibition of the lysosomal activity with bafilomycin or chloroquine prevented both LiCl- and SB216763-mediated downregulation of Aqp2 protein expression. Bafilomycin and chloroquine induced the accumulation of Aqp2 in lysosomal structures, which was prevented in cells treated with dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP), which led to phosphorylation and membrane localization of Aqp2. Downregulation of Aqp2 was also evident when LiCl was applied together with dbcAMP, and dbcAMP prevented the SB216763-induced downregulation. We showed that LiCl and SB216763 induce downregulation of Aqp2 via different mechanisms. While LiCl also affected the mRNA level, SB216763 induced lysosmal degradation. Specific GSK3β inhibition had an opposite effect, indicating a more complex regulatory mechanism.
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18

Koehnle, Thomas J., and Linda Rinaman. "Progressive postnatal increases in Fos immunoreactivity in the forebrain and brain stem of rats after viscerosensory stimulation with lithium chloride." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292, no. 3 (March 2007): R1212—R1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00666.2006.

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Interoceptive signals have a powerful impact on the motivation and emotional learning of animals during stressful experiences. However, current insights into the organization of interoceptive pathways stem mainly from observation and manipulation of adults, and little is known regarding the functional development of viscerosensory signaling pathways. To address this, we have examined central neural activation patterns in rat pups after treatment with lithium chloride (LiCl), a malaise-inducing agent. Rat pups were injected intraperitoneally with 0.15 M LiCl or 0.15 M NaCl (2% body wt) on postnatal day (P)0, 7, 14, 21, or 28, perfused 60 to 90 min postinjection, and their brains assayed for Fos protein immunolabeling. Compared with saline treatment, LiCl increased Fos only slightly in the area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, and lateral parabrachial nucleus on P0. LiCl did not increase Fos above control levels in the central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), or paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus on P0 but did on P7 and later. Maximal Fos responses to LiCl were observed on P14 in all areas except the BNST, in which LiCl-induced Fos activation continued to increase through P28. These results indicate that central LiCl-sensitive interoceptive circuits in rats are not fully functional at birth, and show age-dependent increases in neural Fos responses to viscerosensory stimulation with LiCl.
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19

WANG, Jia, and Cheng-Lin LIU. "Ionic Conductivities of Molten Alkali Metal Chloride Binary Systems by Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulation: Composition and Temperature Dependence." Materials Science 27, no. 3 (August 23, 2021): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.ms.23486.

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Conductivity of molten alkali metal chlorides is the foundation of molten-salt electrolysis process. In the study, equilibrium molecular dynamics was performed to investigate the ionic conductivities of the molten alkali metal chloride binary systems. The calculated values were in good agreement with the experimental results. Simple databases for conductivity have been built based on the verified algorithm. Mathematic expressions of conductivity vs. temperature & composition have also been obtained according to calculated data. Ionic conductivities of these melts exhibited positive dependences on temperature. Adding a smaller alkali metal cation into molten alkali chlorides could improve the conductive performance. With the gradual addition of LiCl, ionic conductivities of molten LiCl-NaCl, LiCl-KCl, LiCl-RbCl, and LiCl-CsCl all increased monotonously. The conductivities of molten NaCl-KCl, NaCl-RbCl, and NaCl-CsCl also increased with the continuous addition of NaCl. The improvement effects of LiCl on ionic conductivities of molten KCl, RbCl, and CsCl are more significant than those of NaCl.
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20

Kim, K. J., T. A. Ameel, and B. D. Wood. "Performance Evaluations of LiCl and LiBr for Absorber Design Applications in the Open-Cycle Absorption Refrigeration System." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 119, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2887898.

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Both LiCl and LiBr solutions were considered for potential use in a solar-driven Open-Cycle Absorption Refrigeration (OCAR) system. A vertical falling film absorber was proposed and built to evaluate the performance of LiCl and LiBr as an absorbent. Absorption experiments were performed and the results are reported for typical operating conditions of nonabsorbable concentrations, solution concentration, solution temperature, cooling water temperature, absorber pressure, and solution flow rate, in terms of mass transfer rate. In general, LiBr outperformed LiCl in terms of effective absorption rate. Based upon experimental results, the required absorber area was estimated for both LiCl and LiBr. The small chemical potential of LiCl relative to LiBr leads to a larger absorber area. The cost for the required solution storage for three-ton cooling capacity of the present OCAR system was found to be high for both LiCl and LiBr. The pumping cost was estimated to be less than 0.1 kW for both.
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21

Frolov, E. I., and T. V. Gubanova. "Multicomponent systems LiCl–LiBr–Li2SO4 and LiCl–LiBr–Li2SO4–Li2MoO4." Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 62, no. 11 (November 2017): 1514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036023617110079.

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22

Schroll, Cynthia A., Sayandev Chatterjee, Tatiana G. Levitskaia, William R. Heineman, and Samuel A. Bryan. "Electrochemistry of Europium(III) Chloride in 3 LiCl – NaCl, 3 LiCl – 2 KCl, LiCl – RbCl, and 3 LiCl – 2 CsCl Eutectics at Various Temperatures." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164, no. 8 (2017): H5345—H5352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0521708jes.

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23

Schroll, Cynthia A., Sayandev Chatterjee, Tatiana Levitskaia, William R. Heineman, and Samuel A. Bryan. "Spectroelectrochemistry of EuCl3in Four Molten Salt Eutectics; 3 LiCl−NaCl, 3 LiCl−2 KCl, LiCl−RbCl, and 3 LiCl−2 CsCl; at 873 K." Electroanalysis 28, no. 9 (May 17, 2016): 2158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201600048.

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24

Chen, Pao-Huan, Cheng-Chih Chung, Yuan-Feng Lin, Yu-Hsun Kao, and Yi-Jen Chen. "Lithium Reduces Migration and Collagen Synthesis Activity in Human Cardiac Fibroblasts by Inhibiting Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020842.

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Cardiac fibrosis plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Fibroblast activity is enhanced by increases in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai1) levels. Lithium regulates SOCE; however, whether therapeutic concentrations of lithium can be used to inhibit cardiac fibrogenesis is unknown. Migration and proliferation assays, Western blotting, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, and calcium fluorescence imaging were performed in human cardiac fibroblasts treated with or without LiCl at 1.0 mM (i.e., therapeutic peak level) or 0.1 mM (i.e., therapeutic trough level) for 24 h. Results showed that LiCl (0.1 mM, but not 1.0 mM) inhibited the migration and collagen synthesis ability of cardiac fibroblasts. Additionally, thapsigargin-induced SOCE was reduced in fibroblasts treated with LiCl (0.1 mM). The expression level of Orai1 was lower in LiCl (0.1 mM)-treated fibroblasts relative to the fibroblasts without LiCl treatment. Fibroblasts treated with a combination of LiCl (0.1 mM) and 2-APB (10 μM, an Orai1 inhibitor) demonstrated similar migration and collagen synthesis abilities as those in LiCl (0.1 mM)-treated fibroblasts. Altogether, lithium at therapeutic trough levels reduced the migration and collagen synthesis abilities of human cardiac fibroblasts by inhibiting SOCE and Orai1 expression.
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25

Li, Ping, Lijia Chen, Xiaoyan Hu, Lirong He, Zezhuan Jiang, Minghao Luo, Haishen Huang, Wei Yuan, and Yinghu He. "Effective Double Electron Transport Layer Inducing Crystallization of Active Layer for Improving the Performance of Organic Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12010015.

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Interface modification plays an important role in enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of organic solar cells. In this work, alkali metal lithium chloride (LiCl) was introduced between indium tin oxide and polyethyleneimine ethoxylate (PEIE) to prepare a double-layer electron transport layer. Results show that the introduction of LiCl has dual functions. The first function is that LiCl can enhance conductivity, thereby facilitating charge collection. The second function is that the double-layer electron transport layer based on LiCl can induce the crystallization of active layer, thereby enhancing charge transport. Devices with LiCl/PEIE double layer achieve a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.84%, which is 21.5% higher than that of pristine devices (the PCE of pristine devices with pure PEIE interface layer is 3.16%).
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26

Talebian, Reza, Farhad Jafari, Ahmad Reza Dehpour, and Reinhard Gruber. "Effects of Lithium Chloride and Nitric Oxide Inhibitor on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in the Rat." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 3607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083607.

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Orthodontic tooth movement in a rodent model is reduced by lithium chloride (LiCl), a mood-stabilizing agent with antithyroid effects. Considering the established inhibitory effect of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on orthodontic tooth movement and the possible role of nitric oxide synthase in LiCl mechanism of action, the question arises if these two mechanisms are synergistic. To answer this question, 70 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into seven groups: untreated group without any interventions (i), and the orthodontic tooth movement groups receiving daily saline injection (ii), 300 (iii), and 600 mg/kg (iv) of LiCl per os, 10 mg/kg of L-NAME (v) and the combinations of 300 (vi) and 600 mg/kg LiCl (vii) with L-NAME. The first molar was moved towards the incisor with 60 g of mesial tipping force applied by an activated fixed coil spring for two weeks. The resulted distance between the first and the second molar was measured using a feeler gauge. The serum parameters were also determined. We report here that both concentrations of LiCl significantly decreased tooth movement. Even though L-NAME was capable of reducing orthodontic tooth movement, no synergistic effects with LiCl were observed. Moreover, L-NAME had no impact on the robust and significant increase of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and decrease of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the LiCl treated rats. These findings suggest LiCl significantly decreases the orthodontic tooth movement in rats; however, this ability seems not to be principally mediated through nitric oxide synthase.
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Duarte, Poliana M., Tamires S. Miranda, Letícia M. Marins, Erick G. Perez, Liliana G. Copes, Cristine B. Tonietto, Victor A. M. Montalli, Fernando S. Malta, and Marcelo H. Napimoga. "Systemic Lithium Chloride Administration Improves Tooth Extraction Wound Healing in Estrogen-Deficient Rats." Brazilian Dental Journal 31, no. 6 (November 2020): 640–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440202003595.

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Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of lithium chloride (LiCl) on the socket healing of estrogen-deficient rats. Seventy-two rats were allocated into one of the following groups: Control, Ovariectomy and LiCl (150 mg/kg/2 every other day orally) + Ovariectomy. Animals received LiCl or water from the 14th day post-ovariectomy, until the completion of the experiment. On the 21st day after ovariectomy, the first molars were extracted. Rats were euthanized on the 10th, 20th and 30th days following extractions. Bone healing (BH), TRAP positive cells and immunohistochemical staining for OPG, RANKL, BSP, OPN and OCN were evaluated. The Ovariectomy group presented decreased BH compared to the LiCl group at 10 days, and the lowest BH at 20 days (p<0.05). At 30 days, the Ovariectomy and LiCl-groups presented lower BH than that of the Control (p<0.05). The number of TRAP-stained cells was the lowest in the LiCl group at 20 days and the highest in the Ovariectomy group at 30 days (p<0.05). At 10 days of healing, the LiCl group demonstrated stronger staining for all bone markers when compared to the other groups, while the Ovariectomy group presented higher RANKL expression than that of the Control (p<0.05). LiCl enhanced bone healing in rats with estrogen deficiency, particularly in the initial healing phases. However, as data on the effects of lithium chloride on bone tissue are still preliminary, more studies related to its toxicity and protocol of administration are necessary before its application in clinical practice.
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28

Rinaman, Linda, and Victoria Dzmura. "Experimental dissociation of neural circuits underlying conditioned avoidance and hypophagic responses to lithium chloride." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 4 (October 2007): R1495—R1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00393.2007.

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We previously reported that noradrenergic (NA) neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) are necessary for exogenous CCK octapeptide to inhibit food intake in rats. To determine whether NST NA neurons also are necessary for lithium chloride (LiCl) to inhibit food intake and/or to support conditioned avoidance behavior, saporin toxin conjugated to an antibody against dopamine beta hydroxylase (DSAP) was microinjected bilaterally into the NST to ablate resident NA neurons. DSAP and sham control rats subsequently were tested for the ability of LiCl (0.15M, 2% body wt) to inhibit food intake and to support conditioned flavor avoidance (CFA). LiCl-induced hypophagia was significantly blunted in DSAP rats, and those with the most extensive loss of NST NA neurons demonstrated the most attenuated LiCl-induced hypophagia. Conversely, LiCl supported a robust CFA that was of similar magnitude in sham control and DSAP rats, including rats with the most extensive NA lesions. A terminal c-Fos study revealed intact LiCl-induced c-Fos expression in the lateral parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala in DSAP rats, despite significant loss of NST NA neurons and attenuated c-Fos activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone-positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Thus, NST NA neurons contribute significantly to LiCl-induced hypophagia and recruitment of stress-responsive PVN neurons but appear to be unnecessary for CFA learning and expression. These findings support the view that distinct central nervous system circuits underlie LiCl-induced inhibition of food intake and conditioned avoidance behavior in rats.
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Wang, Qiang, Xiao Yang Hui, Hao Sen Sun, and Zheng Kun Jiang. "Selection and Parameter Determination of Dehumidizer in Liquid Desiccant Air Conditioning System." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2580.

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Liquid desiccant dehumidification mechanism and dehumidifying process of CaCl2 solution and LiCl solution at different concentration and temperature have been analyzed. For the solution of dehumidification air conditioning system of office building, which located in Jinan, concentration range of CaCl2 solution with dehumidification ability ranges from 30% to 45% and temperature is below 40°C. The concentration range of LiCl solution with dehumidification ability should between 20% and 45% and temperature is below 55°C. According to the comparison of economical performance of CaCl2 solution, LiCl solution and mixture liquid (CaCl2 and LiCl), quality ratio with 1:1 of mixture liquid is better.
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30

Kishimoto, Koshi N., and Eiji Itoi. "Lithium Chloride Enhances Cathepsin H Expression and BMP-4 Degradation in C3H10T1/2 Cells." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/143742.

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The effect of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling on chondrogenic differentiation induced by transfection of BMP4 expressing plasmid was analyzed. Lithium chloride (LiCl) which mimics canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was added to cells transfected with BMP4 expressing plasmid. Although BMP4 mRNA expression was not affected by LiCl, LiCl decreased BMP4 protein accumulation. Gene expression analysis exhibited upregulation of cathepsin H by LiCl treatment. Gene silencing of cathepsin H enhanced BMP4 protein accumulation from BMP4 expressing cells. These results suggested that cathepsin H is regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling and plays an important role in the regulation of BMP4 biological activity.
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31

Misanin, James R., and Charles F. Hinderliter. "Efficacy of Lithium Chloride in the Taste-Aversion Conditioning of Young-Adult and Old-Age Rats." Psychological Reports 75, no. 1 (August 1994): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.267.

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An absolute amount of a LiCl US was administered to 24 young-adult and 24 old-age rats during taste-aversion conditioning to determine whether the superior performance of old-age rats, when a 1% body-weight injection of a LiCl US is administered 3 hr. after a saccharin CS, is due to age-related differences in US intensity or the efficacy of LiCl. The aversion conditioned in old-age rats with a 3-hr. CS-US interval and an absolute amount of LiCl was still significantly greater than that in young adults suggesting that age-related differences in US intensity or the efficacy of LiCl cannot explain the superior performance of old-age rats. Possibly, old-age rats forget the specifics of the CS more than young adults and, thus, older animals show greater stimulus generalization to the substantially different test stimuli.
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32

Kim, Sung-Wook, Sang-Kwon Lee, Min Ku Jeon, and Eun-Young Choi. "Electrochemical Behavior of CsI in LiCl Molten Salt." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2020 (October 14, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8852351.

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The electrochemical behavior of CsI in LiCl molten salt was investigated to identify its impact on the electrolytic oxide reduction of oxide-phase spent nuclear fuels by combined electrolysis and cyclic voltammetry experiments of LiCl-CsI in comparison with LiCl, LiCl-CsCl, and LiCl-LiI. It was found that Cs+ ions were hardly involved in the cathode reaction, and reduction of Li+ ions occurred dominantly in the cathode. In contrast, incorporation of I− ions induced low-potential anode reaction compared with the I− ion-free cases. Such additional electrochemical reaction resulted in the generation of I2 and/or ICl gases, which would increase a process burden for treating 129I with exceptionally long lifetime. In this respect, separating CsI from spent nuclear fuel before the electrolytic oxide reduction is recommended for the purpose of efficient waste management.
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33

Yu, Tzyy-Lung Leon, and Hsiu-Li Lin. "Preparation of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE Composite Membranes for High Temperature Fuel Cells." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 3, no. 1 (February 16, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01003010001.

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The poly(benzimidazole) (PBI)/ poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) composite membrane was prepared by impregnating a porous PTFE thin film in a PBI solution N,N’-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) solution mixed with LiCl. LiCl was used as a stabilizer to avoid aggregations of PBI molecules in the DMAc solutions. In this paper, we report a 2 mg/ml PBI/ DMAc/ LiCl solution with a [LiCl]/[BI] molar ratio of ~8.0 (i.e. the LiCl/PBI is ~ 1.1 in wt ratio, where [BI] is the concentration of benzimidazole repeat unit in the solution) has a lowest PBI polymer aggregations and thus a lowest solutions viscosity. The PBI membrane and PBI/PTFE composite membrane prepared from the PBI/DMAc/LiCl solution with a [LiCl]/[BI] molar ratio of ~8.0 were used to dop H3PO4 and prepare membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). The unit cell performances of these MEAs were carried out at 150oC. Owing to the high mechanical strength of porous PTFE, the thickness of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE composite membrane is allowed to be lower than that of a PBI/H3PO4 membrane. The lower thickness of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE membrane than that of PBI/H3PO4 membrane results in a lower resistance of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE than PBI/H3PO4. Thus the MEA prepared from PBI/H3PO4-PTFE has a better fuel cell performance than that prepared from PBI.
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34

Lachey, Jennifer L., David A. D’Alessio, Linda Rinaman, Joel K. Elmquist, Daniel J. Drucker, and Randy J. Seeley. "The Role of Central Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in Mediating the Effects of Visceral Illness: Differential Effects in Rats and Mice." Endocrinology 146, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-0419.

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In rats, central administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) elicits symptoms of visceral illness like those caused by the toxin lithium chloride (LiCl), including anorexia, conditioned taste aversion (CTA) formation, and neural activation in the hypothalamus and hindbrain including activation of brainstem preproglucagon cells. Most compellingly, pharmacological antagonists of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) block several effects of LiCl in rat. The major goal of these experiments was to further test the hypothesis that the central nervous system GLP-1 system is critical to the visceral illness actions of LiCl by using mice with a targeted disruption of the only described GLP-1R. First, we observed that, like the rat, LiCl activates preproglucagon neurons in wild-type mice. Second, GLP-1R −/− mice demonstrated normal anorexic and CTA responses to LiCl. To test the possibility that alternate GLP-1Rs mediate aversive effects, we examined the ability of GLP-1 to produce a CTA in GLP1R −/− mice. Although lateral ventricular GLP-1 produced a CTA in wild-type mice, it did not produce a CTA in GLP-1R −/− mice. Furthermore, the same GLP-1R antagonist that can block the aversive effects of LiCl in the rat failed to do so in the mouse. These results support the conclusion that in mouse, unlike in rat, GLP-1R signaling is not required for the visceral illness response to LiCl. Such species differences are an important consideration when comparing results from rat and mouse studies.
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Liu, R. Y., X. Wang, J. S. Zhang, M. L. Zhu, and H. Y. Li. "Corrosion of intermetallic compound Fe40Al in molten LiCl and LiCl-Li2O." Journal of Materials Science 39, no. 13 (July 2004): 4383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jmsc.0000033433.27934.44.

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36

Gong, Weiping, Marcelle Gaune-Escard, and L. Rycerz. "Thermodynamic assessment of LiCl–NdCl3 and LiCl–PrCl3 quasi-binary systems." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 396, no. 1-2 (June 2005): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.12.021.

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37

Li, Zhenjiang, Min Zhang, Linyu Yang, Rong Wu, Zhaofeng Wu, Youquan Jiang, Lina Zhou, and Yanan Liu. "The Effect of Surface Hydroxyls on the Humidity-Sensitive Properties of LiCl-Doped ZnSn(OH)6 Sphere-Based Sensors." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030467.

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Pure zinc hydroxystannate (ZnSn(OH)6) and LiCl-doped ZnSn(OH)6 have been synthesized through a facile wet chemical method. The LiCl-doped samples keep their original spherical morphology as pure ZnSn(OH)6, with some LiCl particles stuck to its surface, providing more active sites for the adsorption and desorption of water molecules. The influence of LiCl doping on the humidity-sensing properties was explored by varying the dopant concentration. The 16 wt% LiCl/ZnSn(OH)6 showed a better humidity-sensing performance than that of the pure ZnSn(OH)6 and other doped samples, including a high resistive sensitivity, a relatively small hysteresis, and a fast response speed. Through the FTIR analysis, the number of hydroxyl groups on the surface structure after aging has been found to decline markedly. These hydroxyl groups provide a platform for the adsorption of water molecules on the surface and promote the dissociation of water molecules. The detriment of aging to sensor performance should not be underrated. The complex impedance spectrum explains the mechanism of the sensor. These results demonstrate that ZnSn(OH)6 has potential application in fabricating humidity sensors, and the sensing performance of the sensor is enhanced by the dopant LiCl.
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38

Bae, Jiyeol, Hyuna Kim, Saerom Park, Kwang Soo Kim, and Heechul Choi. "Parametrization Study of Electrospun Nanofiber Including LiCl Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Water Treatment Application." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 7295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207295.

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The influence of the electrospinning parameters on the diameter of the polyethersulfone (PES) nanofibers was demonstrated using response surface methodology. The electrospinning parameters studied were lithium chloride (LiCl) concentration, PES concentration, feed rate, and tip-to-collector distance. The average fiber diameter was correlated to these factors by using a second-order polynomial function at a 95% confidence level. The statistical analysis indicated that LiCl concentration, PES concentration, and feed rate had the significant connection with the fiber diameter, and LiCl concentration was the most important factor in determining the fiber diameter. When LiCl concentration increased, the fiber diameter decreased, because with more LiCl that is added, more applied voltage is needed to overcome the electrostatic attractions. The interactive effect between PES concentration and feed rate, the interactive effect between PES concentration and tip-to-collector distance, and the quadratic coefficients of LiCl concentration were also found to be significant. The adjusted determination coefficient (Radj2) of the model was calculated to be 0.9106. The water flux measurements showed that the decrease in the fiber diameter of the membrane caused the decrease in the initial pure water flux. The retention tests with 0.6 μm polystyrene (PS) suspension indicated that as the fiber diameter decreased, the pore sizes decreased and the particle removal efficiency increased.
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39

Al Naim, Abdullah F. "Influence of LiCl and AgNO3 Doping on the Electrical Conductivity of PVA Flexible Electrolyte Polymer Film." Crystals 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070822.

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Recently, the electrical conductive electrolyte based on flexible polymeric films have been attracted much attentions, due to their applications in batteries, thermoelectrics, temperature sensors and others. In this regard, two polymeric electrolytes (PVA/LiCl) and (PVA/AgNO3) films have been engineered and the influence of the dopants and the annealing temperature on the structural, morphology and ac and dc conductivities is extensively studied. It was found that the films crystallinity has the order PVA/AgNO3 (49.44%) > PVA (38.64%) > PVA/LiCl (26.82%). Additionally, the dc conductivity of the films is increased with embedding the dopants into the PVA as the order PVA/AgNO3 (13.7 × 10−4 S/cm) > PVA/LiCl (1.63 × 10−5 S/cm) > PVA (1.71 × 10−6 S/cm) at 110 °C. It is also found that there is a sharp increase for σac as the frequency increases up to 107 Hz and also as the temperature increases to 110 °C. However, the order of increasing the σac is PVA/LiCl (155 × 10−3 S/cm) > PVA/AgNO3 (2.5 × 10−5 S/cm) > PVA (2 × 10−6 S/cm) at f = 107 Hz and 110 °C. The values of exponent are 0.870, 0.405 and 0.750 for PVA, PVA/AgNO3 and PVA/LiCl, respectively, and it is increased as the temperature increases for PVA and PVA/LiCl, but it is decreased for PVA/AgNO3. The activation energies Ea are 0.84, 0.51 and 0.62 eV for PVA, PVA/AgNO3 and PVA/LiCl, respectively. Moreover, the values of activation energy for charge carrier migration Em are 0.60, 0.34 and 0.4 eV for PVA, PVA/AgNO3 and PVA/LiCl, respectively. By using a simple approximation, the carrier concentration, carrier mobility and carrier diffusivity are calculated, and their values are increased as the temperature increases for all samples, but they are higher for PVA/LiCl than that of PVA/AgNO3. These results are discussed in terms of some obtained parameters such as hopping frequency, free volume and chain mobility. Interestingly, the conduction mechanism was found to be the electronic charge hopping for PVA and PVA/LiCl films, however it was found to be the ionic charge diffusion (n < 0.5) for PVA/AgNO3 film. It has been predicted that these electrolytic films have a prospective applications in batteries design, temperature sensors, electronic and wearable apparatuses at an affordable cost.
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40

Pratskova, Svetlana E. "MODELING OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AND PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN SYSTEM OF LiCl – H2O WITHIN FRAME OF PITZER MODEL." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186103.5662.

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Lithium chloride is used as a solid electrolyte in chemical sources of current, organic synthesis, pyrotechnics and as a desiccant. To describe the thermodynamic properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions, the Pitzer’s model is most widely used. Model equations are simple and contain a small number of variable parameters that have a certain physical meaning. They are linear combinations of virial coefficients in the expansion of the excess free Gibbs energy of the solution of the number of moles of ions. The results of thermodynamic modeling of the LiCl - H2O system within the frame of this model are presented in the article. Equations for calculating the average ionic coefficient of activity for the component of the LiCl system and the osmotic coefficient of water are derived. The energy parameters of the model are calculated taking into account the experimental data on the osmotic coefficient of water Ф on the composition of the solution at 25 °C and on the temperature for the LiCl - H2O system. To verify the adequacy of the Pitzer’s model, the inverse problem was solved, i.e. the values of the osmotic coefficient of water and the average ionic coefficient of the solution composition were calculated. The calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental data. The values of the standard Gibbs energies for the formation of crystalline hydrates LiC∙H2O, LiCl∙2H2O are determined. A double phase diagram of LiCl - H2O is constructed. On the calculated diagram, there is a eutectic point with coordinates of 25.3 wt.% LiCl, t = -80 °C and two peritectics of 48.2 wt. % LiCl, t = 50 °C; 56.5 wt. % LiCl, t = 102 °C. The excess partial molar enthalpies and entropies of the solution components were calculated. As follows from the data obtained, aqueous solutions of lithium chloride are formed with heat absorption, the system is stabilized by increasing entropy. The solution experiences positive deviations from ideality.Forcitation:Pratskova S.E. modeling of thermodynamic properties and phase equilibrium in system of LiCl – H2O within frame of pitzer model. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 3. P. 21-25
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41

Rajagopalan, N., J. B. Belawadi, and Utpal Sen. "Properties of some alkali fluoride–chloride salt mixtures I. Primary crystallization and density measurements." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v93-272.

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The primary crystallization and density of the fluoride–chloride salt systems (i) NaF–LiCl and (ii) NaF–(LiCl + KCl) eutectic were determined experimentally using thermal analysis and the Archimedean technique, respectively. The corresponding liquidus curves for the two systems were constructed and compared. Molar volume and excess volume functions were computed from density data at different compositions and temperatures. The positive values of the excess volumes correspond to volume expansion that increases with temperature for both systems. The results suggest that as far as the primary crystallization and density behaviours are concerned, it is possible to replace the component, pure LiCl, in the fluoride–chloride salt system by the eutectic mixture of (LiCl + KCl) for the system's use as a potential electrolyte for aluminium electrolysis.
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Marinkovic, Slobodanka, Aleksandra Kostic-Pulek, and Mirjana Djuricic. "The products of selenite hydrothermal treatment in lithium chloride solutions." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 65, no. 4 (2000): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0004265m.

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Selenite was boiled in LiCl solutions of different concentrations (1 M, 2 M, 3 M, 4 M and 5M) at the respective boiling temperatures and atmospheric pressure. The products were subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis, qualitative infrared analysis, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and microscopic examination. The product obtained in the 1 M LiCl solution was the ?-form of calcium sulphate hemihydrate (?-CaSO4.0.5H2O). In more concentrated LiCl solutons, 2M and 3 M, the ?-form of calcium sulphate hemihydrate (?-CaSO4.0.5H2O) was formed. The product obtained in the 4MLiCl solution was also the ?-form of calcium sulphate hemihydrate, only mixed with the ?-form of calcium sulphate (?-CaSO4). Finally, in the 5 M LiCl solution the ?-form of calcium sulphate or ?-anhydrite was formed.
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43

Hajikarimlou, Maryam, Kathryn Hunt, Grace Kirby, Sarah Takallou, Sasi Kumar Jagadeesan, Katayoun Omidi, Mohsen Hooshyar, et al. "Lithium Chloride Sensitivity in Yeast and Regulation of Translation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 5730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165730.

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For decades, lithium chloride (LiCl) has been used as a treatment option for those living with bipolar disorder (BD). As a result, many studies have been conducted to examine its mode of action, toxicity, and downstream cellular responses. We know that LiCl is able to affect cell signaling and signaling transduction pathways through protein kinase C and glycogen synthase kinase-3, which are considered to be important in regulating gene expression at the translational level. However, additional downstream effects require further investigation, especially in translation pathway. In yeast, LiCl treatment affects the expression, and thus the activity, of PGM2, a phosphoglucomutase involved in sugar metabolism. Inhibition of PGM2 leads to the accumulation of intermediate metabolites of galactose metabolism causing cell toxicity. However, it is not fully understood how LiCl affects gene expression in this matter. In this study, we identified three genes, NAM7, PUS2, and RPL27B, which increase yeast LiCl sensitivity when deleted. We further demonstrate that NAM7, PUS2, and RPL27B influence translation and exert their activity through the 5′-Untranslated region (5′-UTR) of PGM2 mRNA in yeast.
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44

Flanagan, L. M., J. Dohanics, J. G. Verbalis, and E. M. Stricker. "Gastric motility and food intake in rats after lesions of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 1 (July 1, 1992): R39—R44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.1.r39.

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Systemic administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) or LiCl inhibits gastric motility and food intake in rats. Brain stem-projecting oxytocin (OT) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have been proposed to mediate the inhibitory effects of CCK and LiCl on gastric motility and food intake. In the present studies, we found that basal gastric motility was elevated in rats 12-20 h after knife-cut lesions of the PVN; however, this effect disappeared 3 days later. Furthermore, CCK and LiCl inhibited gastric motility at 12-20 h, 3 days, and 3 wk after PVN lesions, although their effects were blunted. Injection of the local anesthetic lidocaine into the PVN had effects similar to acute PVN lesions. In rats with PVN lesions, the inhibitory effects of CCK and LiCl on food intake were indistinguishable from those in sham-lesioned rats. We conclude that the PVN tonically inhibits gastric motility and that it participates in, but is not essential for, the inhibitory effects of CCK and LiCl on gastric motility and food intake in rats.
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Olszewski, Pawel K., Qiuying Shi, Charles J. Billington, and Allen S. Levine. "Opioids affect acquisition of LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversion: involvement of OT and VP systems." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): R1504—R1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.4.r1504.

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Aversive properties of lithium chloride (LiCl) are mediated via pathways comprising neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) cells in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei. Because opioids act on brain regions that mediate effects of LiCl, we evaluated whether administration of opioids shortly before LiCl in rats influences 1) development of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and 2) activation of NTS neurons and OT/VP cells. Neuronal activation was assessed by applying c-Fos immunohistochemical staining. Three opioids were used: morphine (MOR), a μ-agonist, butorphanol tartrate (BT), a mixed μ/κ-agonist, and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), which binds to an ORL1 receptor. BT and N/OFQ completely blocked acquisition of CTA. MOR alleviated but did not eliminate the aversive effects. Each of the opioids decreased LiCl-induced activation of NTS neurons as well as OT and VP cells in the PVN and SON. We conclude that opioids antagonize aversive properties of LiCl, presumably by suppressing activation of pathways that encompass OT and VP cells and NTS neurons.
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Jagadeesan, Sasi Kumar, Mustafa Al-gafari, Jiashu Wang, Sarah Takallou, Danielle Allard, Maryam Hajikarimlou, Thomas David Daniel Kazmirchuk, et al. "DBP7 and YRF1-6 Are Involved in Cell Sensitivity to LiCl by Regulating the Translation of PGM2 mRNA." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021785.

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Lithium chloride (LiCl) has been widely researched and utilized as a therapeutic option for bipolar disorder (BD). Several pathways, including cell signaling and signal transduction pathways in mammalian cells, are shown to be regulated by LiCl. LiCl can negatively control the expression and activity of PGM2, a phosphoglucomutase that influences sugar metabolism in yeast. In the presence of galactose, when yeast cells are challenged by LiCl, the phosphoglucomutase activity of PGM2p is decreased, causing an increase in the concentration of toxic galactose metabolism intermediates that result in cell sensitivity. Here, we report that the null yeast mutant strains DBP7∆ and YRF1-6∆ exhibit increased LiCl sensitivity on galactose-containing media. Additionally, we demonstrate that DBP7 and YRF1-6 modulate the translational level of PGM2 mRNA, and the observed alteration in translation seems to be associated with the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of PGM2 mRNA. Furthermore, we observe that DBP7 and YRF1-6 influence, to varying degrees, the translation of other mRNAs that carry different 5′-UTR secondary structures.
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47

Sun, Ting Ting, Yong Tang Jia, Wei Li Nie, Gang Huang, and Feng Chun Dong. "Comparison of Dissolution Rate of Bagasse Cellulose in LiCl/DMAc Solution Actived by Two Methods." Advanced Materials Research 1048 (October 2014): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.9.

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The dissolution rate of bagasse cellulose in LiCl/DMAc solution actived by thermal DMAc and KMnO4 were compared. The effects of several factors on the dissolution rate were discussed, including cellulose concentration, LiCl concentration, solution temperature, and disssolving time. The results showed that the dissolution rate of bagasse cellulose actived by KMnO4 is higher than that actived by thermal DMAc. The dissolution rate increased with the increasing of LiCl concentration, solution temperature, and dissolving time, respectively.
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48

Zassadowski, Fabien, Katka Pokorna, Nicolas Ferre, Laura Llopis, Oussama Chourbagi, Joel Poupon, Martine Chopin, et al. "Lithium Treatment Potentiates Both in Vitro and in Vivo Retinoic Acid Efficacy in APL." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 2614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.2614.2614.

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Abstract Abstract 2614 We previously demonstrated that although retinoic acid (RA) has targeted efficacy in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL), heterogeneity exists leading to the appearance of un-targeted clones at the time of relapse. Characterization of these clones is not yet fully unraveled though we and others have previously highlighted the roles of RARα mutations, pharmacogenomics or APL miRNome. We recently identified that the ERK1/2 pathway synergized with RA to restore the transcriptional activity of RA in resistant APL cells, thus restoring RA induced differentiation (Cassinat et al. Mol Cell Biol 2011). These results suggest that targeting interconnected signaling pathways could optimize differentiation therapy efficacy. To this effect, we studied known signaling pathway activators or inhibitors that could potentiate with RA and identified Lithium chloride (LiCl). Treatment of the ATRA sensitive-APL NB4 cell line with LiCl (25mM) decreases proliferation and increases apoptosis (25% and 40% of Annexin V-positive cells at day 1 and 2 respectively) with evidence of caspase 3 cleavage at day 2. Because NB4 cells fully differentiated with RA alone we were unable to observe any synergy when combined with LiCl. Treatment of the RA-resistant APL UF-1 cell line with RA or LiCl alone does not induce differentiation. Combination of RA+LiCl restores differentiation after 3 days of culture (65% CD11b positive and 55% NBT test positive cells). Similar results were obtained with different GSK3 inhibitors, suggesting that the LiCL effects were in part linked to its well characterized GSK3 inhibitory activity. Interestingly, we noted that LiCl treatment induces rapid phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and pretreatment with the MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitor UO126 fully abolished the differentiation induced by the RA+LiCl combination. The combination restores in UF-1 the expression of RA target genes (such as RARα2) to the same levels obtained in NB4 cells treated by RA alone. The level of luciferase activity of an RA responsive element reporter gene was increased with the RA+LiCl combination compared to RA alone. Both target gene expression and luciferase activiy were abolished after inhibition of the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway. Thus, increase in differentiation of UF-1 cells by RA+LiCl is linked to increased RA transcriptional activation. Similar studies in fresh APL patient cells confirmed both the increase in differentiation and level of RA target gene expression and their inhibition by UO126. Finally, to translate these findings in vivo, we used the APL-transplantable mouse model. Plasma lithium levels in treated mice were measured between 0.6 and 1.05 mmol/l, levels reached in humans. When LiCl was combined with RA we repeatedly observed a pronounced survival advantage compared to mice treated by RA alone as evaluated by Kaplan Meier analysis. In this work we demonstrate that LiCl, a well tolerated agent in humans, has the potential, when combined with RA, to restore RA induced transcriptional activation and differentiation in RA resistant APL cells. Furthermore, this combination also increases RA efficacy in an in vivo APL mouse model. Disclosures: Off Label Use: Lithium is a mood modulator administered for bipolar disorders.
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49

MacDonald, Lindsay G., George S. Perry, J. R. Smith, and Stephen D. Wilcox. "LiCl-ZnCl2 phase diagram." Thermochimica Acta 97 (January 1986): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(86)87004-6.

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50

Shaw, Sephen J., and George S. Perry. "LiCl-ZnCl2, phase diagram." Thermochimica Acta 155 (December 1989): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(89)87137-0.

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