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1
Farkas, E. "Notes and Schedae to Lichenes Delicati Exsiccati Editae in Memoriam Antonín Vězda (1920–2008), Fasc. 6." Acta Botanica Hungarica 63, no. 1-2 (April 19, 2021): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/034.63.2021.1-2.4.
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Lichenes Delicati Exsiccati Editae of little, fine, special lichens is edited in honour of Antonín Vězda (1920–2008). The sixth fascicle of the exsiccate is consisted of 20 species of lichens and lichenicolous fungi and distributed to 12 lichen herbaria of the world. Collectors are J. Halda, G. Kantvilas, L. Lőkös, Z. Palice, N. Varga and E. Farkas.
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Farkas, E. "Notes and schedae to lichenes delicati exsiccati editae in memoriam Antonín Vězda (1920–2008), Fasc. 5." Acta Botanica Hungarica 62, no. 1-2 (March 2020): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.3.
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Lichenes Delicati Exsiccati Editae of little, fine, special lichens is edited in honour of Antonín Vězda (1920–2008). The fifth fascicle of the exsiccate is consisted of 20 species of lichens and lichenicolous fungi and distributed to 12 lichen herbaria of the world. Collectors are K. Buaruang, D. Kalb, K. Kalb, G. E. Lee, L. Lőkös, A. Mertens, W. Polyiam, T. Pócs, W. Saipunkaew, D. Tang, N. Varga and E. Farkas.
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Sonina, Anzhella V. "Epilithic lichens and their morphological adaptations to the conditions of the White and Barents Seas coast (Russian Arctic)." Czech Polar Reports 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2012-2-11.
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The main aim of our work was to investigate the biodiversity of coastal lichens, conditions of lichen cover formation, and study the structural and functional adaptations of Lecanora intricata (Ach.) Ach. and L. polytropa (Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Rabenh. The investigation was carried out during 2008-2012 on cliffs both along the Murmansk (the Barents Sea) coast and the southern and western shores of the White Sea. For the evaluation of species composition, and ecotopic coenotical features of epilithic lichen growing on cliffs, the geobotanical methods have been used. In addition, the anatomical, morphological and biochemical studies of Lecanora intricata and L. polytropa have been made. 91 species have been included in the total list of lichens on the White Sea coast. On the Murmask coast of the Barents Sea, 36 lichen species had revealed. On the coastal territory, the epilithic lichens inhabit the upper littoral and supralittoral zone. The lichen cover is formed by two interacting factors: the water factor (sea) and the terrestrial vegetation. Four lichen zones were distinguished in the all studying territories. They differed by the lichen species composition and effect of the sea. The first lichen’s zone is the intrazonal structure in the complex coastal lichen cover. In Lecanora polytropa and L. intricata, structural and functional features of lichens for adaptation to unstable coastal conditions were identified. The crustose biomorphs were better adapted to temperature and degree of hydration of thalli. Formation of the smallest ascospores is reproductive strategy of epilithic lichens in extreme habitats. High content of usnic acid in the studied lichen thalli allows them to exist in the open areas exposed to solar radiation and provides the biotic regulation that affects the structure of lichen cover. Optimal ratio of algal to fungal components in the thalli of these species is necessary to maintain their life in extreme environments.
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Gordon, Catriona A., Rafael Herrera, and Tom C. Hutchinson. "The use of a common epiphytic lichen as a bioindicator of atmospheric inputs to two Venezuelan cloud forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 1 (February 1995): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000835x.
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ABSTRACTThe chemistry of epiphytic lichens was determined in two Venezuelan cloud forests adjacent to the Caracas Valley at Altos de Pipe and El Avila National Park. This is the second component of a two-part study examining the chemistry of fogs and their effects on sensitive biota in these forests. The widespread lichen Parmotrema madagascariaceum was chosen as an indicator of trace metal input. Background lichen collections and transplant experiments were carried out to evaluate spatial trends in atmospheric depositon of trace metals at different altitudes and exposures of the two montane locations. Elevated concentratons of metals including Pb and Zn were seen in lichen tissue and associated bark. Lead levels in lichens reached 190 μg g-1 dry wt. Lichens transplanted from relatively ‘clean’ to more polluted sites showed significant increases of metals, particularly Pb. Increases of up to 6.3 μg Pb g-1 mo-1 after 6 and 10 months were recorded relative to background and in situ lichen material. In contrast, when lichsens were reciprocally transplanted in nylon net bags from less to more exposed sites there was a significant decrease in Pb and Zn concentrations after 6 and 10 months. With long-term exposure to elevated concentrations of these trace metals epiphytic lichens, as well as other sensitive cloud forest biota, may be at risk of decline.
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KUSMORO, JOKO, IIN SUPARTINAH NOER, MUHAMAD FEISAL JATNIKA, RIRIN EKA PERMATASARI, and RUHYAT PARTASASMITA. "Lichen diversity in geothermal area of Kamojang, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia and its potential for medicines and dyes." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 6 (October 9, 2018): 2335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190643.
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Kusmoro J, Noer IS, Jatnika MF, Permatasari RE, Partasasmita R. 2018. Lichen diversity in geothermal area of Kamojang, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia and its potential for medicines and dyes. Biodiversitas 19: 2335-2343. The study of lichens diversity in Kamojang, West Java was conducted by survey in geothermal field area following the line transect 6 km along to the East, North West and south from the Power House of Geothermal Power Plant. The lichen samples were taken from bark, soil, and stone. Lichen identification was done by morphological, anatomy and chemical analysis. Dyes potency of Parmotrema and Usnea test using ammoniac fermentation was done in Plant Taxonomy Laboratory of Department Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Padjadjaran. The survey has successfully collected 133 species of lichens, belong to 62 genera and 17 families. Parmeliaceae was found as dominant groups, consisting of 33 species and other co-dominant groups are Graphidaceae and Lobariaceae with 24 species and 8 species, respectively. Most lichens in Kamojang geothermal area belong to Ascomycetes, only one Basidiomycetes such as Dictyonema sericeum (Sw.) which found at Kawah Manuk (Manuk crater) area. The rare species of lichens such as Usnea longissima Ach, was found at Pine forest in Arboretum 6 km south of Powerhouse of Kamojang geothermal. Chemical analysis and literature study for Lichenic acid contains was done and generally, atranorin, usnic acid, barbatic and lecanoric acid was found in lichens samples. Amoniac fermentation result showed that Parmotrema tinctorum produced brownish red, red and purple, which occurred within 1 week to 5 weeks after fermentation. While Usnea produced variety of brown color, which occurred within 5 days up to 4 weeks after fermentation. Lichen species containing some medical properties are Bulbothrix, Cladonia and Usnea. While lichens having dyes properties are Hypogymnia, Lobaria, Peltigera, Usnea, and Parmotrema.
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Noer, Iin Supartinah, Joko Kusmoro, Erwan Yudiar Darussalam, Dwi Nur Laksono, and Aan Abdul Hakim. "THE LICHENS DIVERSITY IN TRIANGULATION OF ALAS PURWO NATIONAL PARK, EAST JAVA." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.154.
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<p>The lichen flora of tropical areas is still much underworked Java in general and Alas Purwo in East Java for specially is no exception. Alas Purwo National Park is representative of a typical lowland tropical rain forest ecosystem in Java. . It is famous with peculiar and endemic species of plant include sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki) and manggong bamboo (Gigantochloa manggong). , beside among the other plants also ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), kepuh (Sterculia foetida), and keben (Barringtonia asiatica). Moreover, in lowland tropical rain forest ecosystem have reported the lichens species diversity is very high and may include over 200 species in 1 ha. There is no reported have found concerning the lichens richness in Alas Purwo. Recently preliminary study of Lichens diversity have been done at triangulation Zone Alas Purwo National Park , East Java. The lichens of the study area have not been treated comprehensively. We explored the lichenological characteristics of putative”tropical lowland cloud forest” (LCF) in a lowland area (0–20ma.s.l.) near Triangulation using macrolichens (cortocoulous species) as indicator taxa We analyzed lichen diversity on 20 trees in two 0,25 ha plots. In tropical lowland forests, corticolous green algal lichens are abundant and highly diverse. This may be related to adaptation to prevailing microenvironmental conditions including, for example, high precipitation and low light intensities. In the understory of a tropical lowland rain forest in Alas Purwo , we studied the morphology and anatomy of corticolous lichens and microcristal test. We found that from Tetrasigma sp , Serbella otodans, Hemandia feltata Baringtonia aciatika Pandanaceae Manilcara cauci Swetinia mahagoni trees there are 30 species of lichens, dominated by Dyorigma sp Graphis and Glyphis from familia of Graphidaceae and Dirinaria Physcia Pyxine Ramalina from familia of Parmeliaceae. The thallus calour was variety from Green-grey, Green-bllue, green, light green, grey, brown, dark green to orange. They have vegetative as wel as generative reproduction such as isidia, soralia, soredia, chypellae, histerothecia, perithecia,and apothecia. The lichenic acids contain such as gyrophoric acid, barbatic acid, usnic acid, atranorin, acid, divaricatic acid and lecanoric acid, </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Alas Purwo, lichens and lichenic acid.</p>
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He, Zichen, and Takeshi Naganuma. "Chronicle of Research into Lichen-Associated Bacteria." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112111.
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Lichens are mutually symbiotic systems consisting of fungal and algal symbionts. While diverse lichen-forming fungal species are known, limited species of algae form lichens. Plasticity in the combination of fungal and algal species with different eco-physiological properties may contribute to the worldwide distribution of lichens, even in extreme habitats. Lichens have been studied systematically for more than 200 years; however, plasticity in fungal–algal/cyanobacterial symbiotic combinations is still unclear. In addition, the association between non-cyanobacterial bacteria and lichens has attracted attention in recent years. The types, diversity, and functions of lichen-associated bacteria have been studied using both culture-based and culture-independent methods. This review summarizes the history of systematic research on lichens and lichen-associated bacteria and provides insights into the current status of research in this field.
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Fitriyyah, Putri Nurul, and Taufikurahman. "Heavy metals accumulation in lichens Parmeliaceae and mahogany bark as an indicator of air and pollution levels in several locations in Bandung City." Acta Biochimica Indonesiana 6, no. 2 (May 31, 2024): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.32889/actabiona.169.
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Background: Lichens and tree bark are well-known biomonitoring tools for accumulating pollutants in their tissues over an extended period. Objective: This study aims to determine the concentration of heavy metals accumulated in lichens and tree bark across various locations in Bandung City, analyze the impact of heavy metal accumulation on lichen diversity, and assess the lichen cover area on tree bark. Methods: Lichen and bark samples were collected from mahogany trees using plotless sampling at a height of 100 cm, employing a quadrat size of 20x32 cm² above the ground. A total of 25 sampling stations were distributed across five locations in Bandung City, including city parks, an urban forest park, and a bus station. The samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to measure the concentration of heavy metals. Results: The results revealed that lichens and bark from Persib City Park (PCP) contained the highest concentration of chromium (Cr), with 17.08 μg/kg in lichens and 30.03 μg/kg in the bark, as well as lead (Pb), with 24.38 μg/kg in lichens and 15.49 μg/kg in the bark. Conversely, lichens and bark from Djuanda Forest Park (DFP) exhibited the lowest concentration of chromium (3.74 μg/kg in lichens and 3.56 μg/kg in the bark) and lead (3.74 μg/kg in lichens and 2.06 μg/kg in the bark). PCA analysis indicated that the accumulation of heavy metals in lichens and bark was associated with environmental factors, such as traffic density and bark pH. Conclusion: The accumulation of heavy metals in lichens and bark exhibited a negative correlation with lichen diversity and the area of lichen cover on the bark.
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Gogoi, Rupjyoti, Dipanjali Devi, Sanjeeva Nayaka, and Farishta Yasmin. "A checklist of lichens of Assam, India." Asian Journal of Conservation Biology `11, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53562/ajcb.73760.
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, Lichens not only play a major role in plant succession as pioneer species but also provide many ecosystem services. Various anthropogenic activities like habitat destruction, air pollution and over exploitation of lichens for economic uses seem to be the main threats for loss of lichen diversity. Hence, for in situ conservation of lichens, it is a prioritised need to document lichen species of a locality. Lichens of Assam are being extensively studied from a taxonomic point of view in recent years. An accurate and updated checklist of lichens is not available so far. Here we expand the knowledge of the lichen of Assam by critically surveyed the literatures and prepared an updated list of total 657 species of Assam.
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Petrzik, Karel, Igor Koloniuk, Hana Sehadová, and Tatiana Sarkisova. "Chrysoviruses Inhabited Symbiotic Fungi of Lichens." Viruses 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121120.
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A lichen body is formed most often from green alga cells trapped in a net of ascomycetous fungi and accompanied by endolichenic or parasitic fungi, other algae, and symbiotic or free-living bacteria. The lichen’s microcosmos is inhabited by mites, insects, and other animals for which the lichen is a source of food or a place to live. Novel, four-segmented dsRNA viruses were detected in saxicolous Chrysothrix chlorina and Lepraria incana lichens. Comparison of encoded genome proteins revealed classification of the viruses to the genus Alphachrysovirus and a relationship to chrysoviruses from filamentous ascomycetous fungi. We propose the names Chrysothrix chrysovirus 1 (CcCV1) and Lepraria chrysovirus 1 (LiCV1) as acronyms for these viruses. Surprisingly, observation of Chrysothrix chlorina hybridization with fluorescent-labelled virus probe by confocal microscope revealed that the CcCV1 virus is not present in the lichen body-forming fungus but in accompanying endolichenic Penicillium citreosulfuratum fungus. These are the first descriptions of mycoviruses from a lichen environment.
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Lawrey, James D. "The chemical ecology of lichen mycoparasites: a review." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-301.
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Lichenicolous fungi colonize lichens to form a variety of biotrophic associations, and while some 300 genera and 1000 species have been recognized, almost nothing is known about their biology. The lichenicolous habit is an unusual one because lichens produce a variety of antibiotic secondary metabolites that are assumed to protect them from parasitic attack. This may explain why lichens are rarely parasitized in nature while nonlichen-forming Ascomycetes are frequently and extensively parasitized. Recent field and laboratory studies of lichen parasites from a number of fungal groups indicate that chemistry is indeed involved in these interactions. These results indicate that (i) lichenicolous taxa are better able to degrade lichens than related nonlichenicolous taxa, (ii) lichen parasites are generally tolerant of lichen secondary metabolites, (iii) this tolerance seems to be based in part on the ability of cell wall degrading enzymes of parasites to remain active in the presence of these lichen secondary metabolites, and (iv) the host preferences of some lichen parasites reflect these tolerances. Therefore, it appears likely that lichenicolous fungi, which have presumably had lengthy coevolutionary histories with lichens, have evolved a unique mode of nutrition that is based in part on an ability to tolerate lichen defense compounds. Key words: Hobsonia, lichens, lichenicolous fungi, Nectria, parasites.
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Thakur, Monika, SP Pourush Shrikhandia, and Vinod Kumar. "A Lichens-Mediated Mechanism for Environmental Biodeterioration." Air, Soil and Water Research 15 (January 2022): 117862212211310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786221221131004.
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As mediators in soil formation, lichens play an essential role in the physical and biological formation of the natural environment. A recent study showed that they are capable of biodegrading stone substrates in a little amount of time, despite being excluded in a geological setting. Many species, mainly those able to produce an oxalate at the thallus-substratum interface, can alter the surface, affecting it chemically. The oxalate remains a noticeable increase even after the lichen has faded, and it makes a major contribution to the structure and composition of the thallus itself. These severe oxalate deposits on historical sites have been alternatively attributed to the earlier as the consequence of air pollutants, prior mechanical/chemical renovation treatments, as well as environmental deterioration. Lichen growth on building materials and biodegradation are frequently based on environmental variables. The biogeophysical and biogeochemical weathering of the substrate by the lichens is the mechanism underlying biodegradation. For stone surfaces, lichens can endeavor bio protection by acting as a barrier against weathering, holding humidity, improving permeability, reducing heat stress and erosion, and absorbing contaminants. Lichen’s significance as a biodeteriorant, its colonization and impact on monuments, as well as bioprotection, are all discussed in the current review.
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KRIVOROTOV, Sergey B., Eduard Yu NAGALEVSKY, Tatiana A. VOLKOVA, and Ekaterina V. GOLUBYATNIKOVA. "The Study of the Structure of the Krasnodar Territory Contemporary Steppe Landscapes." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 12, no. 7 (December 1, 2021): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v11.7(55).21.
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As a result of lichenological and lichenocenological studies in the steppe plant communities of the Taman Peninsula, 40 species of lichens from 19 genera and 11 families were identified. To determine lichens, traditional methods in lichenology were used. The taxonomic list of lichens is compiled taking into account the current nomenclature. Well-known geobotanical methods were used to study epigenic lichen groups and to account for their abundance and biomass. The occurrence of epigenic, epilithic, and epiphytic lichens in different plant associations was studied. The distribution of epigenic lichen groupings was studied in different plant communities of the Taman Peninsula, depending on soil conditions. Epigee lichens and their groupings can be used as indicators of soil conditions. The distribution of epigeic lichen groups is significantly influenced by the anthropogenic factor.
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I Sudirman, Lisdar, Devi Risvia Fitri, and Meggi Rhomadona Purnama. "Inventarisasi Awal Liken Langka, Sensitif dan Toleran sebagai Bioindikator Polutan di Kabupaten Belitung Barat." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 10, no. 2 (June 28, 2024): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.10.2.102-107.
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The existence and population conditions of the rare, sensitive or tolerant lichens of Lobaria, Coccocarpia, Coenogonium, Dictyonema, Pseudocyphellaria, Sticta, Usnea, Leptogium, and Parmotrema tinctorum are not yet known in West Belitung Regency, so this research needs to be carried out. The method used in this research was exploratory descriptive with survey techniques and purposive sampling. The number of target lichen thallus was calculated from the entire area of the tree trunk with a height of 0-1.5 m. The lichens found in the Gunung Tajam area were Coccocarpia sp. with the highest number of thallus and the highest frequency of thallus (0.8%), followed by Coenogonium sp., Leptogium sp., and Usnea sp. with the same frequency of thallus (0.4%) while in the Batu Mentas area lichens were not found as the research target, but was dominated by fruticose lichen. Parmotrema tinctorum, the tolerant lichen, was not found at either location. The presence of sensitive lichens and the absence of tolerant lichens does not indicate that the locations have good air quality. It is recommended that the lichen population, especially P. tinctorum, be studied further so that air quality can be easily confirmed through the diversity and population of the lichens.
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Dubay, S. A., G. D. Hayward, and C. Martínez del Rio. "Nutritional value and diet preference of arboreal lichens and hypogeous fungi for small mammals in the Rocky Mountains." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 8 (August 2008): 851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-054.
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Many small mammals consume lichen and fungi, but southern red-backed voles ( Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors, 1830)) and northern flying squirrels ( Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)) exhibit strong mycophagy compared with other North American taxa. We analyzed nutrient content of lichen and fungi and observed feeding preferences of voles and flying squirrels to understand the foraging behavior of these mammals and their strategy for surviving on relatively low-quality diets dominated by lichen and fungi. We analyzed nutrient characteristics of 10 hypogeous (fruiting belowground) fungi and four arboreal lichens eaten by red-backed voles and northern flying squirrels in the Rocky Mountains. Hypogeous fungi contained higher nitrogen, lipid, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, potassium, and phosphorous concentrations than arboreal lichens, but lichens were higher in calcium. To assess diet preferences, 10 pairwise feeding trials using four hypogeous fungi and two arboreal lichens were conducted with voles and seven trials using three hypogeous fungi and two lichens were conducted with squirrels. In general, squirrels and voles preferred hypogeous fungi over arboreal lichens. We then calculated dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities for flying squirrels and red-backed voles fed diets of arboreal lichen and hypogeous fungi. Overall mean dry matter digestibilities were ≥70% for all diets. For hypogeous fungi, nitrogen digestibility was 12.3% and 24.9% for squirrels and voles, respectively, suggesting that most nitrogen was indigestible. Animals maintained positive nitrogen balance when fed fungi but were unable to maintain positive nitrogen balance when fed lichens. Maintenance nitrogen requirements for flying squirrels were lower than predicted. Low requirements may allow for increased consumption of lichen in winter, but lichen diets must be supplemented with a source of nitrogen because animals were unable to maintain nitrogen balance when fed lichen alone. Consumption of numerous fungi and lichen taxa is necessary to sustain these animals year-round.
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Yang, Mei-Xia, Shiva Devkota, Li-Song Wang, and Christoph Scheidegger. "Ethnolichenology—The Use of Lichens in the Himalayas and Southwestern Parts of China." Diversity 13, no. 7 (July 18, 2021): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070330.
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Lichens are used in traditional medicine, food and various other ethnic uses by cultures across the Himalayas and southwestern parts of China. Evidence-based knowledge from historical and modern literatures and investigation of ethnic uses from 1990 proved that lichen species used as medicine in the Himalayas and southwestern parts of China totaled to 142 species; furthermore, 42 species were utilized as food. Moreover, some lichens are popularly used for lichen produce in ethnic and modern life. An understanding and clarification of the use of lichens in the Himalayas and southeastern parts of China can therefore be important for understanding uses of lichens elsewhere and a reference for additional research of lichen uses in the future.
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Hansen, Eric Steen. "Lichens from Three Localities in Central West Greenland with Notes on Their Climatic Preferences." Botanica Lithuanica 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2013-0004.
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Abstract A total of 165 lichen taxa collected from three localities in Central West Greenland in summer 2012 were reported and categorized toward their climatic preferences. Specimens of 68 lichen taxa were collected in Ilimanaq/ Claushavn, 62 specimens - in Oqaatsut/Rodebay and 159 - in Ilulissat/Jakobshavn. Thirty four lichen taxa were recorded for the first time from Ilulissat, while all recorded lichens from Ilimanaq and Oqaatsut are new to those localities. More than 70% of the 165 lichens are more or less equally distributed in continental and oceanic areas of Greenland. About 20% of the lichens occur most frequently in oceanic areas and more rarely in continental areas, while a little more than 7% of the lichens occur frequently in continental areas and more rarely in oceanic areas. Two lichens are distinctly oceanic and one is distinctly continental. The climate of the three localities is low arctic, continental. As regards the distribution of the lichens, the results are in good accordance with those obtained from similar investigations in more southern areas of West Greenland.
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BANIYA, Chitra Bahadur, Torstein SOLHØY, Yngvar GAUSLAA, and Michael W. PALMER. "The elevation gradient of lichen species richness in Nepal." Lichenologist 42, no. 1 (November 26, 2009): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282909008627.
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AbstractThis study of elevation gradients of lichen species richness in Nepal aimed to compare distribution patterns of different life-forms, substratum affinities, photobiont types, and Nepalese endemism. Distribution patterns of lichens were compared with elevational patterns shown by a wide range of taxonomic groups of plants along the Nepalese Himalayan elevational gradient between 200–7400m. We used published data on the elevation records of 525 Nepalese lichen species to interpolate presence between the maximum and minimum recorded elevations, thereby giving estimates of lichen species richness at each 100-m elevational band. The observed patterns were compared with previously published patterns for other taxonomic groups. The total number of lichens as well as the number of endemic species (55 spp.) showed humped relationships with elevation. Their highest richness was observed between 3100–3400 and 4000–4100m, respectively. Almost 33% of the total lichens and 53% of the endemic species occurred above the treeline (>4300m). Non-endemic richness had the same response as the total richness. All growth forms showed a unimodal relationship of richness with elevation, with crustose lichens having a peak at higher elevations (4100–4200m) than fruticose and foliose lichens. Algal and cyanobacterial lichen richness, as well as corticolous lichen richness, all exhibited unimodal patterns, whereas saxicolous and terricolous lichen richness exhibited slightly bimodal relationships with elevation. The highest lichen richness at mid altitudes concurred with the highest diversity of ecological niches in terms of spatial heterogeneity in rainfall, temperature, cloud formation, as well as high phorophyte abundance and diversity implying large variation in bark roughness, moisture retention capacity, and pH. The slightly bimodal distributions of saxicolous and terricolous lichens were depressed at the elevational maximum of corticolous lichens.
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Wani, Asma Hussan, Mukhtar Shiekh, and C. P. Kushwaha. "Lichen - rock interaction in a temperate environment: A case study from a Panzipora area, Kashmir, India." Tropical Plant Research 9, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2022.v9.i3.019.
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The diversity of Saxicolous lichens with their rock strata has been investigated in the rural area of Kashmir to enrich the lichen inventory in the region. The study also focuses on the quantification of the regional distribution of lichens. A total of 32 lichens belonging to 10 families and 15 genera, with each species having an average 60–70% of consistency, were found occurring on the sedimentary rocks. The diversity and relationship of particular lichen groups (e.g. Nitrophytic, Acidophytic, Neutrophytic) with growth forms (e.g. crustose, foliose, fructicose) and substratum, and with environmental variables in the habitat suggest that Lichens can act as an indicator of environmental quality in the given area. The significant variability in the spatiotemporal patterns of lichen diversity and growth indicates the crucial role of microhabitat conditions and associated micro-environmental conditions, which in turn drive the biodiversity of saxicolous lichens in the region.
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Crête, Michel, Claude Morneau, and René Nault. "Biomasse et espèces de lichens terrestres disponibles pour le caribou dans le nord du Québec." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 10 (October 1, 1990): 2047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-268.
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Following a two-stage sampling plan, 44 1-km2 primary units were systematically allocated between 53 and 59 ° latitude throughout northern Québec to estimate the biomass of terrestrial lichens. Lichens were collected in two secondary units (0.25 m2) located in parts of each primary unit where lichens were visible from a helicopter (lichen stratum). Overall, the lichen stratum covered 51% of the study area and lichen biomass averaged 1223 kg/ha (dry weight; SE = 201; n = 44). Almost 85% of the variance of this mean was attributable to variability between primary units. The biomass in the west was greater than in the east; it was the highest in the [Formula: see text]700-mm precipitation zone and the lowest in the 500- to 599-mm zone. Data on percent plant cover indicated mat mosses increased in importance over lichens in the east. There was a clear relationship between lichen biomass in secondary units on one hand and mat thickness and percent lichen ground cover on the other. Cladinia stellaris (Opiz) Brodo was the most common species; Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Mass. and Cornicularia divergens Ach. were typical of the north, whereas Cladina mitis (Sandst.) Hustich characterized the south of the study area. The annual consumption of lichens by caribou was probably 0.5-0.9% of the available biomass in 1987. Key words: biomass, caribou, Cladina, lichens, Quebec.
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Hauck, Markus, and Siegfried Huneck. "The putative role of fumarprotocetraric acid in the manganese tolerance of the lichen Lecanora conizaeoides." Lichenologist 39, no. 3 (May 2007): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282907006664.
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Hauck & Huneck (2007) and Hauck et al. (2007) established that lichen secondary chemistry is related to metal absorption in the apoplast of lichens. Depsidones occurring in the medulla of the Mn2+ and Cu2+-sensitive epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes were found to reduce the absorption of Mn2+ and Cu2+ at cation exchange sites (Hauck & Huneck 2007). Several lichen substances, belonging to the depsidones, depsides, anthraquinones, or pulvinic acid derivatives, are known to absorb Fe3+ (Engstrom et al. 1980; Hauck et al. 2007). Occurrence of such lichen substances in lichens of Fe-poor sites, but rarity in lichens from Fe-rich sites suggests that they promote the intracellular uptake of Fe3+ (Hauck et al. 2007). In Acarosporion sinopicae lichens specialized on Fe-rich rock and slag, only two efficient Fe3+ absorbers are known, viz. the depsidone norstictic acid and the pulvinic acid derivative rhizocarpic acid. Their occurrence in Acarosporion sinopicae lichens is attributed to the fact that they reduce the absorption of Fe2+ at cation exchange sites despite their high affinity to Fe3+ (Hauck et al. 2007). The observations by Engstrom et al. (1980), Hauck & Huneck (2007) and Hauck et al. (2007), which were made in experiments with isolated lichen substances, suggest that these secondary metabolites control metal homeostasis in lichens by reducing the absorption of selected metal ions in the apoplast and by promoting the uptake of Fe3+.
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Scheidegger, Christoph, and Silvia Stofer. "Bedeutung alter Wälder für Flechten: Schlüsselstrukturen, Vernetzung, ökologische Kontinuität." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 166, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2015.0075.
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The importance of old-growth forests for lichens: keystone structures, connectivity, ecological continuity In Switzerland, 621 lichen species are associated with forest habitats, of which 134 priority forest lichen species need special measures for their long-term conservation. Almost three-quarters of the forest species are considered old-tree dependent lichens because they depend on keystone structures, which are phenological traits of old trees. Threatened forest lichens (red list categories CR, EN and VU) require significantly larger stem diameters to establish compared to non-threatened species (LC and NT). Because of a limited dispersal capacity several lichen species also depend on a high ecological continuity, which characterizes them as oldgrowth forest lichens. The conservation of old-tree and oldgrowth forest dependent lichens in general and specifically the preservation of occurrences in managed forests by maintaining specific habitat trees is an urgent task for biodiversity conservation in forests. However, in order to ensure ecological continuity of keystone structures, future habitat trees must be fostered in close proximity to existing occurrences of rare and endangered lichen species.
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MUGGIA, Lucia, and Martin GRUBE. "Fungal composition of lichen thalli assessed by single strand conformation polymorphism." Lichenologist 42, no. 4 (June 3, 2010): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282909990752.
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AbstractFungi that are unrelated to the mycobiont species frequently colonize lichens. Some of these fungal colonists are described lichenicolous fungi, lichen parasites and pathogens that produce recognizable morphological characters, while others apparently produce no noticeable structures. Here we apply the single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique to directly assess the abundance of different fungi in lichens. Twenty-eight lichen thalli were chosen, some with and some without externally visible symptoms of parasite infection, and these were subjected to total DNA extraction. PCR was conducted with fungal-specific primers for the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. Single strands of the products were separated on native acrylamide gels. The majority of lichen specimens, both infected and those without symptoms, displayed more than one band in the stained gels. In one case, 14 bands were detected using SSCP. Some of these bands apparently represent other neighbouring lichens in the habitat, but many are apparently non-lichen-forming. Since few lichen-associated fungi have been cultured and sequenced, it is difficult to know if SSCP bands represent obligate lichenicolous fungi, other asymptomatic lichen parasites, or fungi not obligately associated with lichens, but our results indicate that large numbers of non-lichen-forming fungi commonly co-occur with lichens in nature. For specimens of the filamentous lichens Cystocoleus ebeneus and Racodium rupestre we used cloned sequences to compare the number of sequences obtained by the SSCP method to the number obtained by direct sequencing of thallus extracts, and we generally found that more sequences could be detected by SSCP than could be seen by direct sequencing.
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Silva, Joseph, Scott Nielsen, Clayton Lamb, Christine Hague, and Stan Boutin. "Modelling Lichen Abundance for Woodland Caribou in a Fire-Driven Boreal Landscape." Forests 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10110962.
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Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) are reliant on Cladonia spp. ground lichens as a major component of their diet and lichen abundance could be an important indicator of habitat quality, particularly in winter. The boreal forest is typified by large, stand-replacing forest fires that consume ground lichens, which take decades to recover. The large spatial extent of caribou ranges and the mosaic of lichen availability created by fires make it challenging to track the abundance of ground lichens. Researchers have developed various techniques to map lichens across northern boreal and tundra landscapes, but it remains unclear which techniques are best suited for use in the continuous boreal forest, where many of the conflicts amongst caribou and human activities are most acute. In this study, we propose a two-stage regression modelling approach to map the abundance (biomass, kg/ha) of Cladonia spp. ground lichens in the boreal forest. Our study was conducted in Woodland Caribou Provincial Park, a wilderness-class protected area in northwestern Ontario, Canada. We used field sampling to characterize lichen abundance in 109 upland forest stands across the local time-since-fire continuum (2–119 years-since-fire). We then used generalized linear models to relate lichen presence and lichen abundance to forest structure, topographic and remote sensing attributes. Model selection indicated ground lichens were best predicted by ecosite, time-since-fire, and canopy closure. Lichen abundance was very low (<1000 kg/ha) across the time-since-fire continuum in upland forest stands with dense tree cover. Conversely, lichen abundance increased steadily across the time-since-fire continuum in upland forest stands with sparse tree cover, exceeding 3000 kg/ha in mature stands. We interpolated the best lichen presence and lichen abundance models to create spatial layers and combined them to generate a map that provides a reasonable estimation of lichen biomass (R2 = 0.39) for our study area. We encourage researchers and managers to use our method as a basic framework to map the abundance of ground lichens across fire-prone, boreal caribou ranges. Mapping lichens will aid in the identification of suitable habitat and can be used in planning to ensure habitat is maintained in adequate supply in areas with multiple land-use objectives. We also encourage the use of lichen abundance maps to investigate questions that improve our understanding of caribou ecology.
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Hansen, Eric Steen. "Lichens from Sisimiut in West Greenland and their Climatic Preferences." Botanica 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2019-0012.
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AbstractA total of 165 lichen taxa collected from Sisimiut in West Greenland in summer 2017 were reported and categorized toward their climatic preferences. Almost 68% of the 165 lichens are more or less equally distributed in continental and oceanic areas of Greenland. More than 26% of the lichens occur most frequently in oceanic areas and more rarely in continental areas. Almost 5% of the lichens occur most frequently in continental areas and more rarely in oceanic areas. Two lichens are distinctly oceanic. No distinctly continental lichens were found in the present investigation. The results are in good accordance with those obtained from similar investigations in West Greenland. Two different climatic scenarios and their influence upon the lichen communities are discussed.
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Knudsen, Kerry, and Jana Kocourková. "Acarospora scottii and Sarcogyne paradoxa spp. nov. from North America." Mycotaxon 135, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/135.453.
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Acarospora scottii, a facultative lichenicolous lichen on crustose lichens, is described and typified from Minnesota. Sarcogyne paradoxa, which is described and typified from California, grows as an endolithic lichen or as a lichenicolous fungus endokapylic in crustose lichens.
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Nuryani, Eka, Melfa Aisyah Hutasuhut, and Zahratul Idami. "Keragaman Lumut Kerak (Lichenes) di Resort 6 Taman Nasional Batang Gadis (TNBG) Sumatera Utara." BIOEDUSAINS:Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi dan Sains 6, no. 1 (May 15, 2023): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/bioedusains.v6i1.5776.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the types of lichens, thallus types, and diversity index of lichens found in Resort 6 of Batang Gadis National Park. The method used in this study is an exploratory survey method with a squared plot technique using purposive sampling. The results of the study, there are 25 types of lichens from 13 families. The most commonly found family is the Parmeliaceae family and the most commonly found species is Lepraria sp. There are three types of thallus found in lichens, namely crustose, foliose, and fruticose types. There are 14 types of crustose-shaped lichens, 10 types of foliose shaped like leaves, and 1 type of fruticose shaped like dangling ribbons. The lichenes diversity index value is 2.96. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the diversity of lichens shows moderate diversity with a moderate distribution of individuals of each type. This also shows that the Batang Girls Resort 6 National Park area still has good air quality.
Keywords: Diversity, Lichens (lichenes), Batang Gadis National Park
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Sriwulan, Sriwulan, Dwi Oktafitria, and Eko Purnomo. "TIPE TALUS LICHEN PADA AREA GREENBELT PT. SEMEN INDONESIA (Persero) Tbk PABRIK TUBAN." Biology Natural Resources Journal 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55719/binar.2023.2.1.1-5.
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Lichens are organism resulting from symbiosis of algae and fungi. These organisms are often used for monitoring of air quality as bio-indicators. This relates to its ability to respond to the presence of pollutants in the air. Sensitive lichens type, will not be found in locations with polluted air conditions. On the other hand, in locations with polluted environmental conditions, the type of lichen commonly found is tolerant lichen. The response of lichens to environmental conditions can be seen from the lichen body itself which is known as the thallus. This study aims to identify the types of lichen thallus found in the greenbelt area of PT. Semen Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Tuban Factory. Sampling in this study was conducted at 4 locations, namely TLO, GRE, GTI, and VIE. The results showed that the lichens found in this study had thallus with crustose, fructicose, squamulose, and gelatinous types.
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PINOKIYO, Athokpam, Krishna Pal SINGH, and Jamuna Sharan SINGH. "Diversity and distribution of lichens in relation to altitude within a protected biodiversity hot spot, north-east India." Lichenologist 40, no. 1 (January 2008): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282908007214.
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Abstract:A study of the diversity and distribution of lichens at 10 sites within the Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh, India, revealed 177 species, belonging to 71 genera and 35 families. The Sanctuary exhibited almost all the habit and habitat groups of lichens within its climatically heterogenous and altitudinally (400–2700 m) varied landscape. Among the different habitat groups, obligately corticolous lichens were dominant (133 species), followed by facultatively corticolous lichens (occurring on both rock and bark; 25 species), saxicolous lichens (17 species) and terricolous lichens (2 species). The corticolous habitat group was dominated by crustose species while saxicolous and terricolous groups were made up of mostly fruticose species. A substantial number of species (77) occurred at single sites only, and each of the 10 sites supported a distinct lichen assemblage. Altitude and humidity were the putative key factors controlling the diversity and distribution of lichens within the Sanctuary. The mid altitude range 1400–1600 m had the greatest lichen diversity, which showed a unimodal pattern in relation to altitude.
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Daminova, Amina G., Anna E. Rassabina, Venera R. Khabibrakhmanova, Richard P. Beckett, and Farida V. Minibayeva. "Topography of UV-Melanized Thalli of Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm." Plants 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2023): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12142627.
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Lichens are unique extremophilic organisms due to their phenomenal resistance to adverse environmental factors, including ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Melanization plays a special role in the protection of lichens from UV-B stress. In the present study, we analyzed the binding of melanins with the components of cell walls of the mycobiont of the upper cortex in the melanized lichen thalli Lobaria pulmonaria. Using scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, the morphological and nanomechanical characteristics of the melanized layer of mycobiont cells were visualized. Melanization of lichen thalli led to the smoothing of the surface relief and thickening of mycobiont cell walls, as well as the reduction in adhesion properties of the lichen thallus. Treatment of thalli with hydrolytic enzymes, especially chitinase and lichenase, enhanced the yield of melanin from melanized thalli and promoted the release of carbohydrates, while treatment with pectinase increased the release of carbohydrates and phenols. Our results suggest that melanin can firmly bind with hyphal cell wall carbohydrates, particularly chitin and 1,4-β-glucans, strengthening the melanized upper cortex of lichen thalli, and thereby it can contribute to lichen survival under UV stress.
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Eufemio, Rosemary J., Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Todd L. Sformo, Gary A. Laursen, Valeria Molinero, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Mischa Bonn, and Konrad Meister. "Lichen species across Alaska produce highly active and stable ice nucleators." Biogeosciences 20, no. 13 (July 14, 2023): 2805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023.
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Abstract. Forty years ago, lichens were identified as extraordinary biological ice nucleators (INs) that enable ice formation at temperatures close to 0 ∘C. By employing INs, lichens thrive in freezing environments that surpass the physiological limits of other vegetation, thus making them the majority of vegetative biomass in northern ecosystems. Aerosolized lichen INs might further impact cloud glaciation and have the potential to alter atmospheric processes in a warming Arctic. Despite the ecological importance and formidable ice nucleation activities, the abundance, diversity, sources, and role of ice nucleation in lichens remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the ice nucleation capabilities of lichens collected from various ecosystems across Alaska. We find ice nucleating activity in lichen to be widespread, particularly in the coastal rainforest of southeast Alaska. Across 29 investigated lichen, all species show ice nucleation temperatures above −15 ∘C, and ∼30 % initiate freezing at temperatures above −6 ∘C. Concentration series of lichen ice nucleation assays in combination with statistical analysis reveal that the lichens contain two subpopulations of INs, similar to previous observations in bacteria. However, unlike the bacterial INs, the lichen INs appear as independent subpopulations resistant to freeze–thaw cycles and against temperature treatment. The ubiquity and high stability of the lichen INs suggest that they can impact local atmospheric processes and that ice nucleation activity is an essential trait for their survival in cold environments.
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Barbosa-Silva, Ana Márcia, Amanda Cosme da Silva, Eugênia Cristina Gonçalves Pereira, Maria de Lourdes Lacerda Buril, Nicácio Henrique Da Silva, Marcela Eugenia Da Silva Cáceres, André Aptroot, and Maria Avany Bezerra-Gusmão. "Richness of Lichens Consumed by Constrictotermes cyphergaster in the Semi-arid Region of Brazil." Sociobiology 66, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i1.3665.
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The consumption of lichens by Constrictotermes cyphergaster termites is suggested in the literature, but not yet with concrete evidence. We examined the use and richness of lichens consumed by C. cyphergaster during both the dry and rainy seasons in a semiarid environment in northeastern Brazil by monitoring the foraging of five termite colonies for ten consecutive days during each period. Twenty-nine species of corticolous lichens were consumed by C. cyphergaster, with seasonal variations in the richness of their ingestion. Chrysothrix xanthine, Pertusaria flavens, and Dirinaria confluens were the lichen species most consumed. TLC analyzes of termite gut contents revealed twelve secondary lichen compounds ingested in both seasons, while staining showed fragments of fungal hyphae, green algae, and typical lichen spores. This study represents the first systematic survey of the abundances of lichens that compose the diet of C. cyphergaster and indicates the seasonal selectivity of that resource related to the chemical compositions of the lichen stalks.
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Li, Yimeng, Yinzhi Huang, Torsten Wronski, and Manrong Huang. "Diversity of bacteria associated with lichens in Mt. Yunmeng in Beijing, China." PeerJ 11 (November 23, 2023): e16442. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16442.
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Lichens host highly complex and diverse microbial communities, which may perform essential functions in these symbiotic micro-ecosystems. In this research, sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to investigate the bacterial communities associated with lichens of two growth forms (foliose and crustose). Results showed that Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota and Acidobacteriota were dominant phyla in both types of lichens, while Acetobacterales and Hyphomicrobiales were the dominant orders. Alpha diversity index showed that the richness of bacteria hosted by foliose lichens was significantly higher than that hosted by crustose ones. Principal co-ordinates analysis showed a significant difference between beta diversity of the foliose lichen-associated bacterial communities and those of crustose lichen-associated ones. Gene function prediction showed most functions, annotated by the lichen-associated bacteria, to be related to metabolism, suggesting that related bacteria may provide nutrients to their hosts. Generally, our results propose that microbial communities play important roles in fixing nitrogen, providing nutrients, and controlling harmful microorganisms, and are therefore an integral and indispensable part of lichens.
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Gómez-Bolea, Antonio, Ana Rosa Burgaz, Violeta Atienza, Cristina Dumitru, Mª José Chesa, Salvador Chiva, Laura Force, et al. "Checklist of the lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Sierra Nevada (Spain)." Botanica Complutensis 45 (April 14, 2021): e74427. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/bocm.74427.
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A checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Sierra Nevada (Granada, southeast Spain) is presented, fruit of the collecting field trip carried out by the Spanish Lichen Society (SEL), complemented with literature references. The authors identified 194 taxa (171 lichens and 23 lichenicolous fungi). As a result of these identifications, 46 lichens and nine lichenicolous fungi are reported for the first time in Sierra Nevada. To date, the catalogue includes 551 taxa (528 lichens and 23 lichenicolous fungi). We confirm both the scarce presence of terricolous lichens in the cryoromediterranean belt and the absence of alpine belt terricolous lichens.
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HAUCK, Markus. "Eutrophication threatens the biochemical diversity in lichens." Lichenologist 43, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282910000654.
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AbstractLichens respond sensitively to ambient nitrogen levels. Global change, which includes the increase of nitrogen-polluted environments, causes the decline of species sensitive to eutrophication, whereas some species tolerant of high nitrogen levels increase. Lichens produce hundreds of carbon-based secondary substances (so-called lichen substances), most of which are unique to the lichen symbiosis. In the present paper, correlative patterns between the eutrophication tolerance of lichen species and their secondary chemistry are analyzed using two data sets, one classifying the eutrophication tolerance of more than 500 Central European lichen species, and another of epiphytic lichens from more than 1200 plots from the Netherlands. Analyses show that, in general, the diversity of lichen secondary metabolites decreases along with increasing tolerance to eutrophication. Most notable is the reduced diversity of depsides and depsidones, the two largest groups of lichen substances, but dibenzofurans and fatty acids are also generally found in lichens sensitive to eutrophication. Conversely, anthraquinones and pulvinic acids are found most frequently in lichens from nitrogen-rich environments that can result from eutrophication. A family-wide analysis of the datasets indicates that loss of chemical diversity is not due to a single species-rich lichen family, but a characteristic of many lichen families.
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Webb, Elizabeth T. "Survival, persistence, and regeneration of the reindeer lichens, Cladina stellaris, C. rangiferina, and C. mitis following clearcut logging and forest fire in northwestern Ontario." Rangifer 18, no. 5 (March 1, 1998): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.5.1440.
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The responses of the reindeer lichens (Cladina stellaris, C. rangiferina, and C. mitis) to logging and fire were compared in lichen-rich forest stands in northwestern Ontario. In the summer of 1992, reindeer lichen cover, in total and by species, was visually estimated and detailed notes were taken on reindeer lichen conditions, modes of reproduction, and substrate use on 34 undisturbed, burned, or logged sites. While virtually no reindeer lichens survived forest fire, much of the reindeer lichen cover remained after logging. Reindeer lichen cover increased with time since fire. Total reindeer lichen cover was not correlated with time since logging. Fragment growth was found to be an important mode of reproduction on logged sites, and occurred with greater frequency on logged sites than on burned sites. Colonization of organic substrates by reindeer lichens was observed on both logged and burned sites.
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Opdyke, Matthew R., Bryan E. Dolney, Laura L. Frost, and Joshua D. Roy. "A Study of Epiphytic Lichen Communities in Urban and Rural Environments in Southwestern Pennsylvania." Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 85, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0151.
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ABSTRACT Community analyses of epiphytic lichens were used to study the controlling factors of lichen abundance and diversity in urban and rural environments of Pittsburgh in southwestern Pennsylvania. Two urban sites included Schenley and Frick Parks in metropolitan Pittsburgh and two rural sites at Mingo Creek County Park in Washington County and Roaring Runs Natural Area in Westmoreland County. Community composition of lichens was measured at six intensive monitoring plots per site and site-wide species diversity surveys. The lichen diversity value, a statistical estimator of the environmental conditions at a site, was greater at the rural sites (20.8 ± 3.0) compared to the urban sites (11.3 ± 3.5) (± standard error), suggesting a less disturbed lichen community at Mingo and Roaring Runs. In the intensive monitoring plots, species richness was greater at Mingo and Roaring Runs compared to Schenley and Frick, averaging 5.2 ± 0.3, 4.7 ± 0.4, 3.7 ± 0.8 and 2.0 ± 0.4, respectively. The dominant lichens across all sites were Lepraria lobificans, an unidentified sterile crustose lichen and Cladonia ochrochlora. The dominance of nitrophilous and sulfur dioxide–tolerant lichens at all sites suggests that the lichen community within the larger geographical region is influenced by nitrogen and sulfur dioxide air pollutants. The differences between sampling sites are most likely driven by lichens responding to changes in urbanization, which include humidity and habitat fragmentation.
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Aptroot, André, and Matty P. Berg. "Collembola help lichens in competition with algae." Lichenologist 36, no. 2 (March 2004): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282904014082.
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Collembola are terrestrial arthropods that prefer humid environments, probably because their relatively thin chitinous carapace is vulnerable to dehydration. They feed primarily on algae, but certain Collembola may feed on lichens (Leinaas & Somme 1984). They are often found in lichen samples, but the lichens involved do not generally appear to be damaged. Microclimatic conditions within lichens may favour occupation by Collembola as the humidity in the interior of foliose lichen thalli may be relatively high compared to that of the surroundings (Prinzig & Wirtz 1997).
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Skugoreva, Svetlana Gennad'yevna, Lyudmila Ivanovna Domracheva, Anna Ivanovna Fokina, Elena Alexandrovna Domnina, Vasiliy Nikolayevich Kulakov, Anastasiya Igorevna Korotkikh, and Tamara Yakovlevna Ashikhmina. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FEATURES OF SURFACE MICROBIAL COMPLEXES OF LICHENS AND THEIR GROWTH SUBSTRATES." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.20220110122.
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The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the chemical composition and features of the surface microbial complexes of three species of epigeic lichens (Cladonia rangiferina (L.), Cetraria islandica (L.), Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.)), one species of epiphytic lichen (Hypogymni aphysodes (L.) Nyl.) and their growth substrates.
It was found that the accumulation of inorganic ions by epigeic lichens exceeds their content in the soil by 4–450 times. Maximum biochemical mobility is characteristic of nutrients (potassium ions, phosphate ions). P. horizontalis and C. islandica were characterized by high biochemical mobility of copper and zinc, and H. physodes of cadmium and lead, and therefore these species of lichens can be considered bioaccumulators of these elements. The epiphytic lichen H. physodes was characterized by a relatively high content of phenolic compounds, which indicates its good antioxidant properties.
Different physiological groups made the maximum contribution to the structure of microbial populations on the surface of lichens. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria dominated in the microbial complex in the epiphytic lichen H. physodes, and ammonifiers in the epigeic lichens. There is a direct correlation between the number of ammonifiers and the total number of microorganisms on the surface of epigeic lichens and their number in the soil under lichens.
The gram-positive spore bacterium Bacillus polymyxa was isolated from the surface of the leafy lichen C. rangiferina (L.) into a pure culture, for which a high antagonistic activity was established with respect to phytopathogenic fungi pp. Fusarium and Alternaria. In the future, this strain can become the basis for the creation of an environmentally friendly biological product to combat plant diseases.
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Skugoreva, Svetlana Gennad'yevna, Lyudmila Ivanovna Domracheva, Anna Ivanovna Fokina, Elena Alexandrovna Domnina, Vasiliy Nikolayevich Kulakov, Anastasiya Igorevna Korotkikh, and Tamara Yakovlevna Ashikhmina. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FEATURES OF SURFACE MICROBIAL COMPLEXES OF LICHENS AND THEIR GROWTH SUBSTRATES." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.20220110122.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the chemical composition and features of the surface microbial complexes of three species of epigeic lichens (Cladonia rangiferina (L.), Cetraria islandica (L.), Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.)), one species of epiphytic lichen (Hypogymni aphysodes (L.) Nyl.) and their growth substrates.
It was found that the accumulation of inorganic ions by epigeic lichens exceeds their content in the soil by 4–450 times. Maximum biochemical mobility is characteristic of nutrients (potassium ions, phosphate ions). P. horizontalis and C. islandica were characterized by high biochemical mobility of copper and zinc, and H. physodes of cadmium and lead, and therefore these species of lichens can be considered bioaccumulators of these elements. The epiphytic lichen H. physodes was characterized by a relatively high content of phenolic compounds, which indicates its good antioxidant properties.
Different physiological groups made the maximum contribution to the structure of microbial populations on the surface of lichens. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria dominated in the microbial complex in the epiphytic lichen H. physodes, and ammonifiers in the epigeic lichens. There is a direct correlation between the number of ammonifiers and the total number of microorganisms on the surface of epigeic lichens and their number in the soil under lichens.
The gram-positive spore bacterium Bacillus polymyxa was isolated from the surface of the leafy lichen C. rangiferina (L.) into a pure culture, for which a high antagonistic activity was established with respect to phytopathogenic fungi pp. Fusarium and Alternaria. In the future, this strain can become the basis for the creation of an environmentally friendly biological product to combat plant diseases.
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Hansen, Eric Steen. "Lichens from two inland localities in west Greenland and their climatic preferences." Botanica Lithuanica 18, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10279-012-0003-9.
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Abstract Hansen E. S., 2012: Lichens from two inland localities in West Greenland and their climatic preferences [Kerpės iš dviejų vidinių vakarinės Grenlandijos vietovių bei jų klimatinės preferencijos]. - Bot. Lith., 18(1): 19-26. In total, 143 lichen taxa collected from two inland localities in West Greenland are reported and categorized toward their climatic preferences in Greenland. Eighty three lichen taxa were collected in Eqaluit ilorliit in the Ameralik Fjord area in 2000 and 120 lichen taxa were collected in Utaap kuua, east of Sisimiut, in 1998. The two localities share 58 lichen taxa. Almost three fourths of the 143 lichens are more or less equally distributed in continental and oceanic areas in Greenland. About one sixth of the lichens occur most frequently in oceanic areas and more rarely in continental areas, while less than one tenth of the lichens occur frequently in continental areas and more rarely in oceanic areas. The climate of the two localities is low arctic, oceanic. Although they are situated at some distance from the outer coast and close to the continental zone, they are poor in lichens with a mainly continental distribution in Greenland compared to, for example, Kangerlussuaq, which is located in the continental inland region in the southernmost West Greenland.
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MANGELSON, NOLAN F., DYLAN C. ARGYLE, RYAN KELLY, WESLEY D. MORIN, SETH M. WASHBURN, BRETT M. CLARK, LARRY L. ST. CLAIR, and LAWRENCE B. REES. "ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF LICHENS FROM THE WESTERN UNITED STATES: DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHORUS AND CALCIUM FROM A LARGE DATA SET." International Journal of PIXE 12, no. 03n04 (January 2002): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083502000275.
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Lichen samples were collected and observations about lichen communities were recorded at sites in the intermountain western United States. Specifically the states of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico were included in this study. The minor and trace-element concentrations in many of the lichens collected were determined by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). These data are part of a base line assessment of current air pollution conditions in this region. These data also provide an opportunity to study some aspects of lichen physiology. Using the data from 508 foliose and fruticose lichens, frequency distributions for concentrations of phosphorus and calcium are considered. Phosphorus has a closely-spaced, bimodal distribution: one mode for foliose lichens and one mode for fruticose lichens. This suggests that all lichen genera in this study have similar requirements and absorption mechanisms for phosphorus. Calcium has a complex frequency distribution and concentrations that range from 450 mg/kg to 14 % dry weight. Contributions to this complex distribution pattern can be understood if the data are resolved into growth form, genera within each growth form, and in some cases species within a given genus. This complex dependence on calcium is strong evidence that lichens develop specific calcium-related adaptations in order to accommodate various habitat conditions.
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Дымова (Dymova), Ольга (Ol'ga) Васильевна (Vasil'evna), and Ольга (Ol'ga) Александровна (Аleksandrovna) Кузиванова (Kuzivanova). "THE OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACTION ROUTINE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS AND ITS CONTENT IN LI-CHENS THALLI." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (November 23, 2017): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018023013.
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In this study the way of photosynthetic pigments extraction (chlorophylls and carotinoids) from lichens thalli of two species (Lobaria pulmonaria and Cladonia rangiferina) was optimized. Use of dimethylsulphoxide : acetone (2 : 1) mix, without heating of the pigment extract at 65 °C was recommended. Previous rinsing of thallus by acetone depends on a lichen species and habitat conditions (pollution, etc.). By means of the developed technique the chlorophylls and carotenoids content was defined in 21 different lichen species growing in a middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic. There are folious and bushy lichens among these species. The lichens were divided into three groups according to photobionts: species with green algae, species with cyanobacteria, and tripartite species with green algal photobionts and cyanobacteria in cephalodia. Across species, significant differences on accumulation of photosynthetic pigments pool was revealed. Thallus chlorophyll concentration ranged 0.4–0.6 mg/g, carotenoids – 0.15–0.30 mg/g in the most of studied lichen species. Photosynthetic pigments, especially chlorophyll a, in the lichens thallus can serve as the important bioindicator on the changing environment conditions and criterion of ecological assessment of habitats. It is important for biomonitoring of the environment and use of lichens as medical materials because of their biochemical structure (pigments, polysaccharides, lichen acids, etc.).
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Kaium, Abdullah Al, Sarowar Hosen, and Shamim Shamsi. "Frequency, Abundance and Distribution of Lichen In National Botanical Garden, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 31, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v31i2.60885.
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An investigation was carried out to study lichen flora of National Botanical Garden, Dhaka, during the tenure of May 2018 to April 2019. Seven genera of lichens namely Chrysothrix, Cladonia, Cryptothecia, Herpothallon, Parmelia, Pertusaria and Usnea were recorded from 15 blocks of the Garden. Lichens were abundantly grown and their number increased from June to October, whereas from November to April the number of lichens gradually decreased. The maximum frequency percentage (36.52) of the association found in Parmelia while minimum frequency percentage was recorded 2.48 in Usnea. Among three different heights, the highest number of lichens was recorded within 2 to 4 feet. Most exclusively, Parmelia was found in all the studied blocks, whereas other identified lichens were observed randomly. The present investigation will be helpful to enrich the knowledge on lichen biota of Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 31(2): 273-280, 2022 (July)
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Van Der Veen, Cornelis J., and Bea M. Csatho. "Spectral Characteristics of Greenland Lichens." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 59, no. 1 (October 30, 2006): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013737ar.
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Abstract Spectral reflectance measurements conducted during two field campaigns in west Greenland, and in the laboratory using samples collected during those campaigns, are discussed to evaluate the spectral signature of lichens. Given the diversity in lichen species, colors, and appearance — ranging from crust-like (crustose) to almost like mini shrubs (fructicose) — it is not surprising that no single signature was found. Some of the brighter fructicose lichens have reflectance characteristics very similar to those of green vegetation, with a pronounced rise in reflectivity around 750 nm. However, the most abundant lichen species covering rocks in the ice-marginal zone of west Greenland are dark grey to black crustose and foliose ephilithic (rock-growing) lichens and the shape of the reflectance spectrum for these lichens is generally very different from that of other surface types and landcovers, with near-zero reflectance at visible wavelengths, and a maximum around 1 600 nm. This characteristic allows rock-covered lichen to be identified on multispectral satellite imagery.
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Murugesan, Priya. "Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Edible Lichen." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 2-s (April 15, 2020): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i2-s.4016.
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Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the phytobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. The morphology, physiology and biochemistry of lichens are very different from those of the isolated fungus and alga in culture. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on the Earth and may be useful to scientists in many commercial applications. Antibacterial, antifungal and phytochemical analysis of edible lichen, (Platismatia glauca) was studied in this work.
Keywords: Edible Lichen, Platismatia glauca, secondary metabolites, antimicrobial
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BECKETT, Richard P., Farida V. MINIBAYEVA, and Christiane LIERS. "On the occurrence of peroxidase and laccase activity in lichens." Lichenologist 45, no. 2 (February 25, 2013): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282912000771.
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AbstractIn our earlier work, we demonstrated that the oxidases tyrosinase and laccase occur widely in lichens from the Peltigerales. Recently, we discovered the occurrence of another oxidoreductase, a heme peroxidase, in the Peltigeralean ‘jelly lichens’ Leptogium and Collema. Here we present the results of a survey of peroxidase activity in a range of lichens. In addition to the jelly lichens, strong peroxidase activity also occurs within the Peltigeralean genera Lobaria, Pseudocyphellaria and Sticta. Significant activity occurs in the cell wall, and, unlike laccase activity, peroxidase activity increases considerably following the rehydration of dry thalli. However, activity is absent from Peltigera and from the non-Peltigeralean species tested here. Electrophoretic investigation showed that lichen peroxidases are oligomeric. Possible roles for peroxidases in lichen biology are discussed.
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Robison, Abigail, Mikele Baugh, Lucia Muggia, and Steven D. Leavitt. "Fruticose Lichen Communities at the Edge: Distribution and Diversity in a Desert Sky Island on the Colorado Plateau." Conservation 2, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 550–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation2040037.
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Subalpine habitats in sky islands in the Southwestern USA are currently facing large-scale transformations. Lichens have widely been used as bioindicators of environmental change. On the Colorado Plateau, fruticose lichens occur in patchy, disconnected populations, including unique lichen-draped conifer sites in subalpine forests in the La Sal Mountains in southeastern Utah. Here, we document the distribution and fungal diversity within these lichen communities. We find that lichen-draped conifer sites in the La Sal Mountains are restricted to only three known, small areas in Picea englemannii forests above 3000 m above sea level, two of which have recently been impacted by wildfire. We document 30 different species of lichen-forming fungi in these communities, several which represent the first reports from the Colorado Plateau. We also characterize mycobiont haplotype diversity for the fruticose lichens Evernia divaricata, Ramalina sinensis, and multiple Usnea species. We also report a range of diverse fungi associated with these lichens, including genetic clusters representing 22 orders spanning seven classes of Ascomycetes and fewer clusters representing Basidiomycetes. Our results provide a baseline for ongoing monitoring and help to raise awareness of unique lichen communities and other biodiversity in the region.
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Lakhnarayan Kumar Bhagarathi, Gyanpriya Maharaj, Phillip N. B. DaSilva, and Gomathinayagam Subramanian. "A review of the diversity of lichens and what factors affect their distribution in the neotropics." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 20, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 027–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.20.3.0348.
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The purpose of this paper is to review published literature on the diversity of lichens and the factors that affect its distribution in the neotropics. The systematic method was used to research works of literature on “Diversity of lichens and what factors affect their distribution in the neotropics.” A total of forty-nine research papers published between the years 1996 to 2021 was selected and utilized for this review. The results obtained was presented in tables. A subjective approach was then used to select the subtopics: lichens and their impact- benefits and importance. In this paper, twelve (12) neotropical countries were evaluated and a grand total of four hundred twenty-seven (427) lichens species of lichens from fifty-eight (58) lichen families were presented. Lichen distribution and habitats, diversity of lichens and factors that affect the distribution of lichens in the neotropics were also discussed. The published papers established that lichens have a rich diversity globally, they have many benefits and importance, they are widely distributed across the landscape and are found in a wide range of habitats. Many abiotic factors such as temperature, pH, humidity, moisture, latitude, topography, light availability and anthropogenic activities by human beings e.g., pollution and deforestation play a heavy influence on lichens and their distribution in the neotropics as well as globally. More studies should be done in the neotropics since data is limited and in demand.
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SCUTARI, Nora C., Mónica B. BERTILLER, and Analía L. CARRERA. "Soil-associated lichens in rangelands of north-eastern Patagonia. Lichen groups and species with potential as bioindicators of grazing disturbance." Lichenologist 36, no. 6 (November 2004): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282904014008.
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Soil-associated lichen species characteristic of north-eastern Patagonia are classified by cluster analysis into six groups using ecological and morphological characters. The constancy of species, the total number of species, the number of species per crust and the relative frequency of species are analysed at sites with different grazing levels: three non-grazed, three regulary grazed, and three heavily grazed. Using the results, the potential use of lichen groups as bioindicators of rangeland conservation and degradation are explored. Species of three lichen groups (group A: lichens growing on calcareous gravels; group C: terricolous lichens with pale, crustose non-areolate thalli; group F: terricolous lichens with pale, areolate thalli) are identified as sensitive to grazing, and most of the species forming these groups are suggested as potential bioindicators of grazing disturbance. Thus, Rinodina bischoffii, Caloplaca holocarpa, Catillaria lenticularis, Acarospora heppii (group A); Lecanora dispersa and Rinodina mucronatula (group C); and Psora decipiens (group F) are the species most sensitive to grazing disturbance. Conversely, species of group D (terricolous lichens with dark, foliose thallus: Collema coccophorum), and group B (lichens growing on siliceous gravels: Aspicilia contorta) may be indicated as the most resistant to grazing disturbance.