Journal articles on the topic 'Lichene'
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1
Cieślik, Stanisław, and Zygmunt Tobolewski. "The lichenized Ascamycetina of north-eastern Poland." Acta Mycologica 25, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 57–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1989.003.
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Farkas, E. "Notes and Schedae to Lichenes Delicati Exsiccati Editae in Memoriam Antonín Vězda (1920–2008), Fasc. 6." Acta Botanica Hungarica 63, no. 1-2 (April 19, 2021): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/034.63.2021.1-2.4.
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Lichenes Delicati Exsiccati Editae of little, fine, special lichens is edited in honour of Antonín Vězda (1920–2008). The sixth fascicle of the exsiccate is consisted of 20 species of lichens and lichenicolous fungi and distributed to 12 lichen herbaria of the world. Collectors are J. Halda, G. Kantvilas, L. Lőkös, Z. Palice, N. Varga and E. Farkas.
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Farkas, E. "Notes and schedae to lichenes delicati exsiccati editae in memoriam Antonín Vězda (1920–2008), Fasc. 5." Acta Botanica Hungarica 62, no. 1-2 (March 2020): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.3.
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Lichenes Delicati Exsiccati Editae of little, fine, special lichens is edited in honour of Antonín Vězda (1920–2008). The fifth fascicle of the exsiccate is consisted of 20 species of lichens and lichenicolous fungi and distributed to 12 lichen herbaria of the world. Collectors are K. Buaruang, D. Kalb, K. Kalb, G. E. Lee, L. Lőkös, A. Mertens, W. Polyiam, T. Pócs, W. Saipunkaew, D. Tang, N. Varga and E. Farkas.
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Sonina, Anzhella V. "Epilithic lichens and their morphological adaptations to the conditions of the White and Barents Seas coast (Russian Arctic)." Czech Polar Reports 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2012-2-11.
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The main aim of our work was to investigate the biodiversity of coastal lichens, conditions of lichen cover formation, and study the structural and functional adaptations of Lecanora intricata (Ach.) Ach. and L. polytropa (Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Rabenh. The investigation was carried out during 2008-2012 on cliffs both along the Murmansk (the Barents Sea) coast and the southern and western shores of the White Sea. For the evaluation of species composition, and ecotopic coenotical features of epilithic lichen growing on cliffs, the geobotanical methods have been used. In addition, the anatomical, morphological and biochemical studies of Lecanora intricata and L. polytropa have been made. 91 species have been included in the total list of lichens on the White Sea coast. On the Murmask coast of the Barents Sea, 36 lichen species had revealed. On the coastal territory, the epilithic lichens inhabit the upper littoral and supralittoral zone. The lichen cover is formed by two interacting factors: the water factor (sea) and the terrestrial vegetation. Four lichen zones were distinguished in the all studying territories. They differed by the lichen species composition and effect of the sea. The first lichen’s zone is the intrazonal structure in the complex coastal lichen cover. In Lecanora polytropa and L. intricata, structural and functional features of lichens for adaptation to unstable coastal conditions were identified. The crustose biomorphs were better adapted to temperature and degree of hydration of thalli. Formation of the smallest ascospores is reproductive strategy of epilithic lichens in extreme habitats. High content of usnic acid in the studied lichen thalli allows them to exist in the open areas exposed to solar radiation and provides the biotic regulation that affects the structure of lichen cover. Optimal ratio of algal to fungal components in the thalli of these species is necessary to maintain their life in extreme environments.
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Gordon, Catriona A., Rafael Herrera, and Tom C. Hutchinson. "The use of a common epiphytic lichen as a bioindicator of atmospheric inputs to two Venezuelan cloud forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 1 (February 1995): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000835x.
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ABSTRACTThe chemistry of epiphytic lichens was determined in two Venezuelan cloud forests adjacent to the Caracas Valley at Altos de Pipe and El Avila National Park. This is the second component of a two-part study examining the chemistry of fogs and their effects on sensitive biota in these forests. The widespread lichen Parmotrema madagascariaceum was chosen as an indicator of trace metal input. Background lichen collections and transplant experiments were carried out to evaluate spatial trends in atmospheric depositon of trace metals at different altitudes and exposures of the two montane locations. Elevated concentratons of metals including Pb and Zn were seen in lichen tissue and associated bark. Lead levels in lichens reached 190 μg g-1 dry wt. Lichens transplanted from relatively ‘clean’ to more polluted sites showed significant increases of metals, particularly Pb. Increases of up to 6.3 μg Pb g-1 mo-1 after 6 and 10 months were recorded relative to background and in situ lichen material. In contrast, when lichsens were reciprocally transplanted in nylon net bags from less to more exposed sites there was a significant decrease in Pb and Zn concentrations after 6 and 10 months. With long-term exposure to elevated concentrations of these trace metals epiphytic lichens, as well as other sensitive cloud forest biota, may be at risk of decline.
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KUSMORO, JOKO, IIN SUPARTINAH NOER, MUHAMAD FEISAL JATNIKA, RIRIN EKA PERMATASARI, and RUHYAT PARTASASMITA. "Lichen diversity in geothermal area of Kamojang, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia and its potential for medicines and dyes." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 6 (October 9, 2018): 2335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190643.
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Kusmoro J, Noer IS, Jatnika MF, Permatasari RE, Partasasmita R. 2018. Lichen diversity in geothermal area of Kamojang, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia and its potential for medicines and dyes. Biodiversitas 19: 2335-2343. The study of lichens diversity in Kamojang, West Java was conducted by survey in geothermal field area following the line transect 6 km along to the East, North West and south from the Power House of Geothermal Power Plant. The lichen samples were taken from bark, soil, and stone. Lichen identification was done by morphological, anatomy and chemical analysis. Dyes potency of Parmotrema and Usnea test using ammoniac fermentation was done in Plant Taxonomy Laboratory of Department Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Padjadjaran. The survey has successfully collected 133 species of lichens, belong to 62 genera and 17 families. Parmeliaceae was found as dominant groups, consisting of 33 species and other co-dominant groups are Graphidaceae and Lobariaceae with 24 species and 8 species, respectively. Most lichens in Kamojang geothermal area belong to Ascomycetes, only one Basidiomycetes such as Dictyonema sericeum (Sw.) which found at Kawah Manuk (Manuk crater) area. The rare species of lichens such as Usnea longissima Ach, was found at Pine forest in Arboretum 6 km south of Powerhouse of Kamojang geothermal. Chemical analysis and literature study for Lichenic acid contains was done and generally, atranorin, usnic acid, barbatic and lecanoric acid was found in lichens samples. Amoniac fermentation result showed that Parmotrema tinctorum produced brownish red, red and purple, which occurred within 1 week to 5 weeks after fermentation. While Usnea produced variety of brown color, which occurred within 5 days up to 4 weeks after fermentation. Lichen species containing some medical properties are Bulbothrix, Cladonia and Usnea. While lichens having dyes properties are Hypogymnia, Lobaria, Peltigera, Usnea, and Parmotrema.
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Noer, Iin Supartinah, Joko Kusmoro, Erwan Yudiar Darussalam, Dwi Nur Laksono, and Aan Abdul Hakim. "THE LICHENS DIVERSITY IN TRIANGULATION OF ALAS PURWO NATIONAL PARK, EAST JAVA." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.154.
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<p>The lichen flora of tropical areas is still much underworked Java in general and Alas Purwo in East Java for specially is no exception. Alas Purwo National Park is representative of a typical lowland tropical rain forest ecosystem in Java. . It is famous with peculiar and endemic species of plant include sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki) and manggong bamboo (Gigantochloa manggong). , beside among the other plants also ketapang (Terminalia cattapa), nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), kepuh (Sterculia foetida), and keben (Barringtonia asiatica). Moreover, in lowland tropical rain forest ecosystem have reported the lichens species diversity is very high and may include over 200 species in 1 ha. There is no reported have found concerning the lichens richness in Alas Purwo. Recently preliminary study of Lichens diversity have been done at triangulation Zone Alas Purwo National Park , East Java. The lichens of the study area have not been treated comprehensively. We explored the lichenological characteristics of putative”tropical lowland cloud forest” (LCF) in a lowland area (0–20ma.s.l.) near Triangulation using macrolichens (cortocoulous species) as indicator taxa We analyzed lichen diversity on 20 trees in two 0,25 ha plots. In tropical lowland forests, corticolous green algal lichens are abundant and highly diverse. This may be related to adaptation to prevailing microenvironmental conditions including, for example, high precipitation and low light intensities. In the understory of a tropical lowland rain forest in Alas Purwo , we studied the morphology and anatomy of corticolous lichens and microcristal test. We found that from Tetrasigma sp , Serbella otodans, Hemandia feltata Baringtonia aciatika Pandanaceae Manilcara cauci Swetinia mahagoni trees there are 30 species of lichens, dominated by Dyorigma sp Graphis and Glyphis from familia of Graphidaceae and Dirinaria Physcia Pyxine Ramalina from familia of Parmeliaceae. The thallus calour was variety from Green-grey, Green-bllue, green, light green, grey, brown, dark green to orange. They have vegetative as wel as generative reproduction such as isidia, soralia, soredia, chypellae, histerothecia, perithecia,and apothecia. The lichenic acids contain such as gyrophoric acid, barbatic acid, usnic acid, atranorin, acid, divaricatic acid and lecanoric acid, </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Alas Purwo, lichens and lichenic acid.</p>
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Petrzik, Karel, Igor Koloniuk, Hana Sehadová, and Tatiana Sarkisova. "Chrysoviruses Inhabited Symbiotic Fungi of Lichens." Viruses 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121120.
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A lichen body is formed most often from green alga cells trapped in a net of ascomycetous fungi and accompanied by endolichenic or parasitic fungi, other algae, and symbiotic or free-living bacteria. The lichen’s microcosmos is inhabited by mites, insects, and other animals for which the lichen is a source of food or a place to live. Novel, four-segmented dsRNA viruses were detected in saxicolous Chrysothrix chlorina and Lepraria incana lichens. Comparison of encoded genome proteins revealed classification of the viruses to the genus Alphachrysovirus and a relationship to chrysoviruses from filamentous ascomycetous fungi. We propose the names Chrysothrix chrysovirus 1 (CcCV1) and Lepraria chrysovirus 1 (LiCV1) as acronyms for these viruses. Surprisingly, observation of Chrysothrix chlorina hybridization with fluorescent-labelled virus probe by confocal microscope revealed that the CcCV1 virus is not present in the lichen body-forming fungus but in accompanying endolichenic Penicillium citreosulfuratum fungus. These are the first descriptions of mycoviruses from a lichen environment.
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Thakur, Monika, SP Pourush Shrikhandia, and Vinod Kumar. "A Lichens-Mediated Mechanism for Environmental Biodeterioration." Air, Soil and Water Research 15 (January 2022): 117862212211310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11786221221131004.
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As mediators in soil formation, lichens play an essential role in the physical and biological formation of the natural environment. A recent study showed that they are capable of biodegrading stone substrates in a little amount of time, despite being excluded in a geological setting. Many species, mainly those able to produce an oxalate at the thallus-substratum interface, can alter the surface, affecting it chemically. The oxalate remains a noticeable increase even after the lichen has faded, and it makes a major contribution to the structure and composition of the thallus itself. These severe oxalate deposits on historical sites have been alternatively attributed to the earlier as the consequence of air pollutants, prior mechanical/chemical renovation treatments, as well as environmental deterioration. Lichen growth on building materials and biodegradation are frequently based on environmental variables. The biogeophysical and biogeochemical weathering of the substrate by the lichens is the mechanism underlying biodegradation. For stone surfaces, lichens can endeavor bio protection by acting as a barrier against weathering, holding humidity, improving permeability, reducing heat stress and erosion, and absorbing contaminants. Lichen’s significance as a biodeteriorant, its colonization and impact on monuments, as well as bioprotection, are all discussed in the current review.
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Lawrey, James D. "The chemical ecology of lichen mycoparasites: a review." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-301.
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Lichenicolous fungi colonize lichens to form a variety of biotrophic associations, and while some 300 genera and 1000 species have been recognized, almost nothing is known about their biology. The lichenicolous habit is an unusual one because lichens produce a variety of antibiotic secondary metabolites that are assumed to protect them from parasitic attack. This may explain why lichens are rarely parasitized in nature while nonlichen-forming Ascomycetes are frequently and extensively parasitized. Recent field and laboratory studies of lichen parasites from a number of fungal groups indicate that chemistry is indeed involved in these interactions. These results indicate that (i) lichenicolous taxa are better able to degrade lichens than related nonlichenicolous taxa, (ii) lichen parasites are generally tolerant of lichen secondary metabolites, (iii) this tolerance seems to be based in part on the ability of cell wall degrading enzymes of parasites to remain active in the presence of these lichen secondary metabolites, and (iv) the host preferences of some lichen parasites reflect these tolerances. Therefore, it appears likely that lichenicolous fungi, which have presumably had lengthy coevolutionary histories with lichens, have evolved a unique mode of nutrition that is based in part on an ability to tolerate lichen defense compounds. Key words: Hobsonia, lichens, lichenicolous fungi, Nectria, parasites.
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Gogoi, Rupjyoti, Dipanjali Devi, Sanjeeva Nayaka, and Farishta Yasmin. "A checklist of lichens of Assam, India." Asian Journal of Conservation Biology `11, no. 1 (May 16, 2022): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53562/ajcb.73760.
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, Lichens not only play a major role in plant succession as pioneer species but also provide many ecosystem services. Various anthropogenic activities like habitat destruction, air pollution and over exploitation of lichens for economic uses seem to be the main threats for loss of lichen diversity. Hence, for in situ conservation of lichens, it is a prioritised need to document lichen species of a locality. Lichens of Assam are being extensively studied from a taxonomic point of view in recent years. An accurate and updated checklist of lichens is not available so far. Here we expand the knowledge of the lichen of Assam by critically surveyed the literatures and prepared an updated list of total 657 species of Assam.
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Dubay, S. A., G. D. Hayward, and C. Martínez del Rio. "Nutritional value and diet preference of arboreal lichens and hypogeous fungi for small mammals in the Rocky Mountains." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 8 (August 2008): 851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-054.
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Many small mammals consume lichen and fungi, but southern red-backed voles ( Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors, 1830)) and northern flying squirrels ( Glaucomys sabrinus (Shaw, 1801)) exhibit strong mycophagy compared with other North American taxa. We analyzed nutrient content of lichen and fungi and observed feeding preferences of voles and flying squirrels to understand the foraging behavior of these mammals and their strategy for surviving on relatively low-quality diets dominated by lichen and fungi. We analyzed nutrient characteristics of 10 hypogeous (fruiting belowground) fungi and four arboreal lichens eaten by red-backed voles and northern flying squirrels in the Rocky Mountains. Hypogeous fungi contained higher nitrogen, lipid, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, potassium, and phosphorous concentrations than arboreal lichens, but lichens were higher in calcium. To assess diet preferences, 10 pairwise feeding trials using four hypogeous fungi and two arboreal lichens were conducted with voles and seven trials using three hypogeous fungi and two lichens were conducted with squirrels. In general, squirrels and voles preferred hypogeous fungi over arboreal lichens. We then calculated dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities for flying squirrels and red-backed voles fed diets of arboreal lichen and hypogeous fungi. Overall mean dry matter digestibilities were ≥70% for all diets. For hypogeous fungi, nitrogen digestibility was 12.3% and 24.9% for squirrels and voles, respectively, suggesting that most nitrogen was indigestible. Animals maintained positive nitrogen balance when fed fungi but were unable to maintain positive nitrogen balance when fed lichens. Maintenance nitrogen requirements for flying squirrels were lower than predicted. Low requirements may allow for increased consumption of lichen in winter, but lichen diets must be supplemented with a source of nitrogen because animals were unable to maintain nitrogen balance when fed lichen alone. Consumption of numerous fungi and lichen taxa is necessary to sustain these animals year-round.
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He, Zichen, and Takeshi Naganuma. "Chronicle of Research into Lichen-Associated Bacteria." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112111.
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Lichens are mutually symbiotic systems consisting of fungal and algal symbionts. While diverse lichen-forming fungal species are known, limited species of algae form lichens. Plasticity in the combination of fungal and algal species with different eco-physiological properties may contribute to the worldwide distribution of lichens, even in extreme habitats. Lichens have been studied systematically for more than 200 years; however, plasticity in fungal–algal/cyanobacterial symbiotic combinations is still unclear. In addition, the association between non-cyanobacterial bacteria and lichens has attracted attention in recent years. The types, diversity, and functions of lichen-associated bacteria have been studied using both culture-based and culture-independent methods. This review summarizes the history of systematic research on lichens and lichen-associated bacteria and provides insights into the current status of research in this field.
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Silva, Joseph, Scott Nielsen, Clayton Lamb, Christine Hague, and Stan Boutin. "Modelling Lichen Abundance for Woodland Caribou in a Fire-Driven Boreal Landscape." Forests 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10110962.
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Woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) are reliant on Cladonia spp. ground lichens as a major component of their diet and lichen abundance could be an important indicator of habitat quality, particularly in winter. The boreal forest is typified by large, stand-replacing forest fires that consume ground lichens, which take decades to recover. The large spatial extent of caribou ranges and the mosaic of lichen availability created by fires make it challenging to track the abundance of ground lichens. Researchers have developed various techniques to map lichens across northern boreal and tundra landscapes, but it remains unclear which techniques are best suited for use in the continuous boreal forest, where many of the conflicts amongst caribou and human activities are most acute. In this study, we propose a two-stage regression modelling approach to map the abundance (biomass, kg/ha) of Cladonia spp. ground lichens in the boreal forest. Our study was conducted in Woodland Caribou Provincial Park, a wilderness-class protected area in northwestern Ontario, Canada. We used field sampling to characterize lichen abundance in 109 upland forest stands across the local time-since-fire continuum (2–119 years-since-fire). We then used generalized linear models to relate lichen presence and lichen abundance to forest structure, topographic and remote sensing attributes. Model selection indicated ground lichens were best predicted by ecosite, time-since-fire, and canopy closure. Lichen abundance was very low (<1000 kg/ha) across the time-since-fire continuum in upland forest stands with dense tree cover. Conversely, lichen abundance increased steadily across the time-since-fire continuum in upland forest stands with sparse tree cover, exceeding 3000 kg/ha in mature stands. We interpolated the best lichen presence and lichen abundance models to create spatial layers and combined them to generate a map that provides a reasonable estimation of lichen biomass (R2 = 0.39) for our study area. We encourage researchers and managers to use our method as a basic framework to map the abundance of ground lichens across fire-prone, boreal caribou ranges. Mapping lichens will aid in the identification of suitable habitat and can be used in planning to ensure habitat is maintained in adequate supply in areas with multiple land-use objectives. We also encourage the use of lichen abundance maps to investigate questions that improve our understanding of caribou ecology.
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MUGGIA, Lucia, and Martin GRUBE. "Fungal composition of lichen thalli assessed by single strand conformation polymorphism." Lichenologist 42, no. 4 (June 3, 2010): 461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282909990752.
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AbstractFungi that are unrelated to the mycobiont species frequently colonize lichens. Some of these fungal colonists are described lichenicolous fungi, lichen parasites and pathogens that produce recognizable morphological characters, while others apparently produce no noticeable structures. Here we apply the single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique to directly assess the abundance of different fungi in lichens. Twenty-eight lichen thalli were chosen, some with and some without externally visible symptoms of parasite infection, and these were subjected to total DNA extraction. PCR was conducted with fungal-specific primers for the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. Single strands of the products were separated on native acrylamide gels. The majority of lichen specimens, both infected and those without symptoms, displayed more than one band in the stained gels. In one case, 14 bands were detected using SSCP. Some of these bands apparently represent other neighbouring lichens in the habitat, but many are apparently non-lichen-forming. Since few lichen-associated fungi have been cultured and sequenced, it is difficult to know if SSCP bands represent obligate lichenicolous fungi, other asymptomatic lichen parasites, or fungi not obligately associated with lichens, but our results indicate that large numbers of non-lichen-forming fungi commonly co-occur with lichens in nature. For specimens of the filamentous lichens Cystocoleus ebeneus and Racodium rupestre we used cloned sequences to compare the number of sequences obtained by the SSCP method to the number obtained by direct sequencing of thallus extracts, and we generally found that more sequences could be detected by SSCP than could be seen by direct sequencing.
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HAUCK, Markus. "Eutrophication threatens the biochemical diversity in lichens." Lichenologist 43, no. 2 (February 1, 2011): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282910000654.
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AbstractLichens respond sensitively to ambient nitrogen levels. Global change, which includes the increase of nitrogen-polluted environments, causes the decline of species sensitive to eutrophication, whereas some species tolerant of high nitrogen levels increase. Lichens produce hundreds of carbon-based secondary substances (so-called lichen substances), most of which are unique to the lichen symbiosis. In the present paper, correlative patterns between the eutrophication tolerance of lichen species and their secondary chemistry are analyzed using two data sets, one classifying the eutrophication tolerance of more than 500 Central European lichen species, and another of epiphytic lichens from more than 1200 plots from the Netherlands. Analyses show that, in general, the diversity of lichen secondary metabolites decreases along with increasing tolerance to eutrophication. Most notable is the reduced diversity of depsides and depsidones, the two largest groups of lichen substances, but dibenzofurans and fatty acids are also generally found in lichens sensitive to eutrophication. Conversely, anthraquinones and pulvinic acids are found most frequently in lichens from nitrogen-rich environments that can result from eutrophication. A family-wide analysis of the datasets indicates that loss of chemical diversity is not due to a single species-rich lichen family, but a characteristic of many lichen families.
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Webb, Elizabeth T. "Survival, persistence, and regeneration of the reindeer lichens, Cladina stellaris, C. rangiferina, and C. mitis following clearcut logging and forest fire in northwestern Ontario." Rangifer 18, no. 5 (March 1, 1998): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.5.1440.
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The responses of the reindeer lichens (Cladina stellaris, C. rangiferina, and C. mitis) to logging and fire were compared in lichen-rich forest stands in northwestern Ontario. In the summer of 1992, reindeer lichen cover, in total and by species, was visually estimated and detailed notes were taken on reindeer lichen conditions, modes of reproduction, and substrate use on 34 undisturbed, burned, or logged sites. While virtually no reindeer lichens survived forest fire, much of the reindeer lichen cover remained after logging. Reindeer lichen cover increased with time since fire. Total reindeer lichen cover was not correlated with time since logging. Fragment growth was found to be an important mode of reproduction on logged sites, and occurred with greater frequency on logged sites than on burned sites. Colonization of organic substrates by reindeer lichens was observed on both logged and burned sites.
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BANIYA, Chitra Bahadur, Torstein SOLHØY, Yngvar GAUSLAA, and Michael W. PALMER. "The elevation gradient of lichen species richness in Nepal." Lichenologist 42, no. 1 (November 26, 2009): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282909008627.
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AbstractThis study of elevation gradients of lichen species richness in Nepal aimed to compare distribution patterns of different life-forms, substratum affinities, photobiont types, and Nepalese endemism. Distribution patterns of lichens were compared with elevational patterns shown by a wide range of taxonomic groups of plants along the Nepalese Himalayan elevational gradient between 200–7400m. We used published data on the elevation records of 525 Nepalese lichen species to interpolate presence between the maximum and minimum recorded elevations, thereby giving estimates of lichen species richness at each 100-m elevational band. The observed patterns were compared with previously published patterns for other taxonomic groups. The total number of lichens as well as the number of endemic species (55 spp.) showed humped relationships with elevation. Their highest richness was observed between 3100–3400 and 4000–4100m, respectively. Almost 33% of the total lichens and 53% of the endemic species occurred above the treeline (>4300m). Non-endemic richness had the same response as the total richness. All growth forms showed a unimodal relationship of richness with elevation, with crustose lichens having a peak at higher elevations (4100–4200m) than fruticose and foliose lichens. Algal and cyanobacterial lichen richness, as well as corticolous lichen richness, all exhibited unimodal patterns, whereas saxicolous and terricolous lichen richness exhibited slightly bimodal relationships with elevation. The highest lichen richness at mid altitudes concurred with the highest diversity of ecological niches in terms of spatial heterogeneity in rainfall, temperature, cloud formation, as well as high phorophyte abundance and diversity implying large variation in bark roughness, moisture retention capacity, and pH. The slightly bimodal distributions of saxicolous and terricolous lichens were depressed at the elevational maximum of corticolous lichens.
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KRIVOROTOV, Sergey B., Eduard Yu NAGALEVSKY, Tatiana A. VOLKOVA, and Ekaterina V. GOLUBYATNIKOVA. "The Study of the Structure of the Krasnodar Territory Contemporary Steppe Landscapes." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 12, no. 7 (December 1, 2021): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/jemt.v11.7(55).21.
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As a result of lichenological and lichenocenological studies in the steppe plant communities of the Taman Peninsula, 40 species of lichens from 19 genera and 11 families were identified. To determine lichens, traditional methods in lichenology were used. The taxonomic list of lichens is compiled taking into account the current nomenclature. Well-known geobotanical methods were used to study epigenic lichen groups and to account for their abundance and biomass. The occurrence of epigenic, epilithic, and epiphytic lichens in different plant associations was studied. The distribution of epigenic lichen groupings was studied in different plant communities of the Taman Peninsula, depending on soil conditions. Epigee lichens and their groupings can be used as indicators of soil conditions. The distribution of epigeic lichen groups is significantly influenced by the anthropogenic factor.
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Knudsen, Kerry, and Jana Kocourková. "Acarospora scottii and Sarcogyne paradoxa spp. nov. from North America." Mycotaxon 135, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/135.453.
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Acarospora scottii, a facultative lichenicolous lichen on crustose lichens, is described and typified from Minnesota. Sarcogyne paradoxa, which is described and typified from California, grows as an endolithic lichen or as a lichenicolous fungus endokapylic in crustose lichens.
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Yang, Mei-Xia, Shiva Devkota, Li-Song Wang, and Christoph Scheidegger. "Ethnolichenology—The Use of Lichens in the Himalayas and Southwestern Parts of China." Diversity 13, no. 7 (July 18, 2021): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070330.
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Lichens are used in traditional medicine, food and various other ethnic uses by cultures across the Himalayas and southwestern parts of China. Evidence-based knowledge from historical and modern literatures and investigation of ethnic uses from 1990 proved that lichen species used as medicine in the Himalayas and southwestern parts of China totaled to 142 species; furthermore, 42 species were utilized as food. Moreover, some lichens are popularly used for lichen produce in ethnic and modern life. An understanding and clarification of the use of lichens in the Himalayas and southeastern parts of China can therefore be important for understanding uses of lichens elsewhere and a reference for additional research of lichen uses in the future.
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Crête, Michel, Claude Morneau, and René Nault. "Biomasse et espèces de lichens terrestres disponibles pour le caribou dans le nord du Québec." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 10 (October 1, 1990): 2047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-268.
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Following a two-stage sampling plan, 44 1-km2 primary units were systematically allocated between 53 and 59 ° latitude throughout northern Québec to estimate the biomass of terrestrial lichens. Lichens were collected in two secondary units (0.25 m2) located in parts of each primary unit where lichens were visible from a helicopter (lichen stratum). Overall, the lichen stratum covered 51% of the study area and lichen biomass averaged 1223 kg/ha (dry weight; SE = 201; n = 44). Almost 85% of the variance of this mean was attributable to variability between primary units. The biomass in the west was greater than in the east; it was the highest in the [Formula: see text]700-mm precipitation zone and the lowest in the 500- to 599-mm zone. Data on percent plant cover indicated mat mosses increased in importance over lichens in the east. There was a clear relationship between lichen biomass in secondary units on one hand and mat thickness and percent lichen ground cover on the other. Cladinia stellaris (Opiz) Brodo was the most common species; Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Mass. and Cornicularia divergens Ach. were typical of the north, whereas Cladina mitis (Sandst.) Hustich characterized the south of the study area. The annual consumption of lichens by caribou was probably 0.5-0.9% of the available biomass in 1987. Key words: biomass, caribou, Cladina, lichens, Quebec.
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Hauck, Markus, and Siegfried Huneck. "The putative role of fumarprotocetraric acid in the manganese tolerance of the lichen Lecanora conizaeoides." Lichenologist 39, no. 3 (May 2007): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282907006664.
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Hauck & Huneck (2007) and Hauck et al. (2007) established that lichen secondary chemistry is related to metal absorption in the apoplast of lichens. Depsidones occurring in the medulla of the Mn2+ and Cu2+-sensitive epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes were found to reduce the absorption of Mn2+ and Cu2+ at cation exchange sites (Hauck & Huneck 2007). Several lichen substances, belonging to the depsidones, depsides, anthraquinones, or pulvinic acid derivatives, are known to absorb Fe3+ (Engstrom et al. 1980; Hauck et al. 2007). Occurrence of such lichen substances in lichens of Fe-poor sites, but rarity in lichens from Fe-rich sites suggests that they promote the intracellular uptake of Fe3+ (Hauck et al. 2007). In Acarosporion sinopicae lichens specialized on Fe-rich rock and slag, only two efficient Fe3+ absorbers are known, viz. the depsidone norstictic acid and the pulvinic acid derivative rhizocarpic acid. Their occurrence in Acarosporion sinopicae lichens is attributed to the fact that they reduce the absorption of Fe2+ at cation exchange sites despite their high affinity to Fe3+ (Hauck et al. 2007). The observations by Engstrom et al. (1980), Hauck & Huneck (2007) and Hauck et al. (2007), which were made in experiments with isolated lichen substances, suggest that these secondary metabolites control metal homeostasis in lichens by reducing the absorption of selected metal ions in the apoplast and by promoting the uptake of Fe3+.
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Scheidegger, Christoph, and Silvia Stofer. "Bedeutung alter Wälder für Flechten: Schlüsselstrukturen, Vernetzung, ökologische Kontinuität." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 166, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2015.0075.
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The importance of old-growth forests for lichens: keystone structures, connectivity, ecological continuity In Switzerland, 621 lichen species are associated with forest habitats, of which 134 priority forest lichen species need special measures for their long-term conservation. Almost three-quarters of the forest species are considered old-tree dependent lichens because they depend on keystone structures, which are phenological traits of old trees. Threatened forest lichens (red list categories CR, EN and VU) require significantly larger stem diameters to establish compared to non-threatened species (LC and NT). Because of a limited dispersal capacity several lichen species also depend on a high ecological continuity, which characterizes them as oldgrowth forest lichens. The conservation of old-tree and oldgrowth forest dependent lichens in general and specifically the preservation of occurrences in managed forests by maintaining specific habitat trees is an urgent task for biodiversity conservation in forests. However, in order to ensure ecological continuity of keystone structures, future habitat trees must be fostered in close proximity to existing occurrences of rare and endangered lichen species.
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Barbosa-Silva, Ana Márcia, Amanda Cosme da Silva, Eugênia Cristina Gonçalves Pereira, Maria de Lourdes Lacerda Buril, Nicácio Henrique Da Silva, Marcela Eugenia Da Silva Cáceres, André Aptroot, and Maria Avany Bezerra-Gusmão. "Richness of Lichens Consumed by Constrictotermes cyphergaster in the Semi-arid Region of Brazil." Sociobiology 66, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v66i1.3665.
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The consumption of lichens by Constrictotermes cyphergaster termites is suggested in the literature, but not yet with concrete evidence. We examined the use and richness of lichens consumed by C. cyphergaster during both the dry and rainy seasons in a semiarid environment in northeastern Brazil by monitoring the foraging of five termite colonies for ten consecutive days during each period. Twenty-nine species of corticolous lichens were consumed by C. cyphergaster, with seasonal variations in the richness of their ingestion. Chrysothrix xanthine, Pertusaria flavens, and Dirinaria confluens were the lichen species most consumed. TLC analyzes of termite gut contents revealed twelve secondary lichen compounds ingested in both seasons, while staining showed fragments of fungal hyphae, green algae, and typical lichen spores. This study represents the first systematic survey of the abundances of lichens that compose the diet of C. cyphergaster and indicates the seasonal selectivity of that resource related to the chemical compositions of the lichen stalks.
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Holub, Scott M., and Kate Lajtha. "Mass loss and nitrogen dynamics during the decomposition of a 15N-labeled N2-fixing epiphytic lichen, Lobaria oregana." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-068.
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We studied mass loss and nitrogen dynamics during fall and spring initiated decomposition of an N2-fixing epiphytic lichen, Lobaria oregana (Tuck.) Müll. Arg., using 15N. We developed a method of labeling lichens with 15N for use in a decomposition study that involved spraying lichen material with a nutrient solution containing 15N-enriched ammonium. Through the first 180 days of sampling, lichens placed in the field during the spring had a smaller decay constant (k = 1.24 year1) than the lichens placed in the field during the fall (k = 3.1 year1). However, both spring and fall lichen samples were decomposed beyond recognition after 1 year. Patterns in exogenous N uptake and N concentration did not differ by season. Both spring and fall lichens took up N from the surrounding environment during decay while simultaneously losing N to the environment. The N concentration in both sets of lichen additions increased during decay to a peak of around 2.8% N, equal to a C to N ratio of about 16, and then began to decrease. This indicates that early in decay, net N immobilization occurred in the remaining lichen, but this was followed by net N mineralization in later stages of decay.Key words: decomposition, nitrogen, Lobaria oregana, lichen, mineralization, immobilization.
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McMullin, Richard Troy, Ian D. Thompson, Brian W. Lacey, and Steven G. Newmaster. "Estimating the biomass of woodland caribou forage lichens." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 10 (October 2011): 1961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-108.
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Lichens are an important winter food source for woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus caribou ), but quantifying their abundance is difficult. Here, we present an efficient method for assessing lichen biomass at the stand level in boreal forests. We measured lichens occurring in high enough abundance to serve as a winter food source for woodland caribou in 51 boreal forest stands. Samples of each species or genus were collected from each stand and a mean abundance (cover) to biomass ratio was established. The method does not require samples to be collected or weighed, due to this predetermined relationship, and it also accounts for the variation in biomass among lichen species that are equally abundant. The variation in lichen growth between stands was assessed by means of five lichen abundance classes. The proposed method was tested in 34 stands with a wide range of ages and stem densities. The average time to complete a lichen biomass assessment was approximately 2 h. This method is an efficient and accurate tool that can assist forest managers and researchers with ecological studies on lichens or with monitoring changes in lichen biomass over time and with habitat assessments for organisms for which lichens are important, such as woodland caribou.
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Bajpai, Aahuti, Gaurav K. Mishra, D. K. Upreti, and P. K. Tandon. "Biodeterioration Activity of Lichens Communities on Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka World Heritage Zone, Madhya Pradesh, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 8, no. 01 (March 25, 2022): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i01.07.
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The study deals with lichen diversity on monuments of Bhimbetka rock shelters at Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh. The micro-climatic conditions of the monuments provide excellent habitat for lichens to colonize. A total of 40 species of lichens belonging to 10 lichen communities exhibit their occurrence on the rock shelters. The crustose and squamulose lichen communities with 21 species exhibit their dominance followed by eight Physioid and seven Teloschistacean communities. The ecology of lichen communities colonizing Bhimbetka rock shelters together with their deteriorating and bioprotecting role is also discussed.
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Robison, Abigail, Mikele Baugh, Lucia Muggia, and Steven D. Leavitt. "Fruticose Lichen Communities at the Edge: Distribution and Diversity in a Desert Sky Island on the Colorado Plateau." Conservation 2, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 550–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation2040037.
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Subalpine habitats in sky islands in the Southwestern USA are currently facing large-scale transformations. Lichens have widely been used as bioindicators of environmental change. On the Colorado Plateau, fruticose lichens occur in patchy, disconnected populations, including unique lichen-draped conifer sites in subalpine forests in the La Sal Mountains in southeastern Utah. Here, we document the distribution and fungal diversity within these lichen communities. We find that lichen-draped conifer sites in the La Sal Mountains are restricted to only three known, small areas in Picea englemannii forests above 3000 m above sea level, two of which have recently been impacted by wildfire. We document 30 different species of lichen-forming fungi in these communities, several which represent the first reports from the Colorado Plateau. We also characterize mycobiont haplotype diversity for the fruticose lichens Evernia divaricata, Ramalina sinensis, and multiple Usnea species. We also report a range of diverse fungi associated with these lichens, including genetic clusters representing 22 orders spanning seven classes of Ascomycetes and fewer clusters representing Basidiomycetes. Our results provide a baseline for ongoing monitoring and help to raise awareness of unique lichen communities and other biodiversity in the region.
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Opdyke, Matthew R., Bryan E. Dolney, Laura L. Frost, and Joshua D. Roy. "A Study of Epiphytic Lichen Communities in Urban and Rural Environments in Southwestern Pennsylvania." Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 85, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jpennacadscie.85.4.0151.
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ABSTRACT Community analyses of epiphytic lichens were used to study the controlling factors of lichen abundance and diversity in urban and rural environments of Pittsburgh in southwestern Pennsylvania. Two urban sites included Schenley and Frick Parks in metropolitan Pittsburgh and two rural sites at Mingo Creek County Park in Washington County and Roaring Runs Natural Area in Westmoreland County. Community composition of lichens was measured at six intensive monitoring plots per site and site-wide species diversity surveys. The lichen diversity value, a statistical estimator of the environmental conditions at a site, was greater at the rural sites (20.8 ± 3.0) compared to the urban sites (11.3 ± 3.5) (± standard error), suggesting a less disturbed lichen community at Mingo and Roaring Runs. In the intensive monitoring plots, species richness was greater at Mingo and Roaring Runs compared to Schenley and Frick, averaging 5.2 ± 0.3, 4.7 ± 0.4, 3.7 ± 0.8 and 2.0 ± 0.4, respectively. The dominant lichens across all sites were Lepraria lobificans, an unidentified sterile crustose lichen and Cladonia ochrochlora. The dominance of nitrophilous and sulfur dioxide–tolerant lichens at all sites suggests that the lichen community within the larger geographical region is influenced by nitrogen and sulfur dioxide air pollutants. The differences between sampling sites are most likely driven by lichens responding to changes in urbanization, which include humidity and habitat fragmentation.
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Hansen, Eric Steen. "Lichens from Three Localities in Central West Greenland with Notes on Their Climatic Preferences." Botanica Lithuanica 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2013-0004.
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Abstract A total of 165 lichen taxa collected from three localities in Central West Greenland in summer 2012 were reported and categorized toward their climatic preferences. Specimens of 68 lichen taxa were collected in Ilimanaq/ Claushavn, 62 specimens - in Oqaatsut/Rodebay and 159 - in Ilulissat/Jakobshavn. Thirty four lichen taxa were recorded for the first time from Ilulissat, while all recorded lichens from Ilimanaq and Oqaatsut are new to those localities. More than 70% of the 165 lichens are more or less equally distributed in continental and oceanic areas of Greenland. About 20% of the lichens occur most frequently in oceanic areas and more rarely in continental areas, while a little more than 7% of the lichens occur frequently in continental areas and more rarely in oceanic areas. Two lichens are distinctly oceanic and one is distinctly continental. The climate of the three localities is low arctic, continental. As regards the distribution of the lichens, the results are in good accordance with those obtained from similar investigations in more southern areas of West Greenland.
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Seminara, Agnese, Joerg Fritz, Michael P. Brenner, and Anne Pringle. "A universal growth limit for circular lichens." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 143 (June 2018): 20180063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0063.
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Lichens fix carbon dioxide from the air to build biomass. Crustose and foliose lichens grow as nearly flat, circular disks. Smaller individuals grow slowly, but with small, steady increases in radial growth rate over time. Larger individuals grow more quickly and with a roughly constant radial velocity maintained over the lifetime of the lichen. We translate the coffee drop effect to model lichen growth and demonstrate that growth patterns follow directly from the diffusion of carbon dioxide in the air around a lichen. When a lichen is small, carbon dioxide is fixed across its surface, and the entire thallus contributes to radial growth, but when a lichen is larger carbon dioxide is disproportionately fixed at the edges of an individual, which are the primary drivers of growth. Tests of the model against data suggest it provides an accurate, robust, and universal framework for understanding the growth dynamics of both large and small lichens in nature.
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Miral, Alice, Adam Kautsky, Susete Alves-Carvalho, Ludovic Cottret, Anne-Yvonne Guillerm-Erckelboudt, Manon Buguet, Isabelle Rouaud, Sylvain Tranchimand, Sophie Tomasi, and Claudia Bartoli. "Rhizocarpon geographicum Lichen Discloses a Highly Diversified Microbiota Carrying Antibiotic Resistance and Persistent Organic Pollutant Tolerance." Microorganisms 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091859.
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As rock inhabitants, lichens are exposed to extreme and fluctuating abiotic conditions associated with poor sources of nutriments. These extreme conditions confer to lichens the unique ability to develop protective mechanisms. Consequently, lichen-associated microbes disclose highly versatile lifestyles and ecological plasticity, enabling them to withstand extreme environments. Because of their ability to grow in poor and extreme habitats, bacteria associated with lichens can tolerate a wide range of pollutants, and they are known to produce antimicrobial compounds. In addition, lichen-associated bacteria have been described to harbor ecological functions crucial for the evolution of the lichen holobiont. Nevertheless, the ecological features of lichen-associated microbes are still underestimated. To explore the untapped ecological diversity of lichen-associated bacteria, we adopted a novel culturomic approach on the crustose lichen Rhizocarpon geographicum. We sampled R. geographicum in French habitats exposed to oil spills, and we combined nine culturing methods with 16S rRNA sequencing to capture the greatest bacterial diversity. A deep functional analysis of the lichen-associated bacterial collection showed the presence of a set of bacterial strains resistant to a wide range of antibiotics and displaying tolerance to Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Our study is a starting point to explore the ecological features of the lichen microbiota.
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Bates, Scott T., Garrett W. G. Cropsey, J. Gregory Caporaso, Rob Knight, and Noah Fierer. "Bacterial Communities Associated with the Lichen Symbiosis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 4 (December 17, 2010): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02257-10.
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ABSTRACTLichens are commonly described as a mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and “algae” (ChlorophytaorCyanobacteria); however, they also have internal bacterial communities. Recent research suggests that lichen-associated microbes are an integral component of lichen thalli and that the classical view of this symbiotic relationship should be expanded to include bacteria. However, we still have a limited understanding of the phylogenetic structure of these communities and their variability across lichen species. To address these knowledge gaps, we used bar-coded pyrosequencing to survey the bacterial communities associated with lichens. Bacterial sequences obtained from four lichen species at multiple locations on rock outcrops suggested that each lichen species harbored a distinct community and that all communities were dominated byAlphaproteobacteria. Across all samples, we recovered numerous bacterial phylotypes that were closely related to sequences isolated from lichens in prior investigations, including those from a lichen-associatedRhizobialeslineage (LAR1; putative N2fixers). LAR1-related phylotypes were relatively abundant and were found in all four lichen species, and many sequences closely related to other known N2fixers (e.g.,Azospirillum,Bradyrhizobium, andFrankia) were recovered. Our findings confirm the presence of highly structured bacterial communities within lichens and provide additional evidence that these bacteria may serve distinct functional roles within lichen symbioses.
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Hansen, Eric Steen. "Lichens from two inland localities in west Greenland and their climatic preferences." Botanica Lithuanica 18, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10279-012-0003-9.
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Abstract Hansen E. S., 2012: Lichens from two inland localities in West Greenland and their climatic preferences [Kerpės iš dviejų vidinių vakarinės Grenlandijos vietovių bei jų klimatinės preferencijos]. - Bot. Lith., 18(1): 19-26. In total, 143 lichen taxa collected from two inland localities in West Greenland are reported and categorized toward their climatic preferences in Greenland. Eighty three lichen taxa were collected in Eqaluit ilorliit in the Ameralik Fjord area in 2000 and 120 lichen taxa were collected in Utaap kuua, east of Sisimiut, in 1998. The two localities share 58 lichen taxa. Almost three fourths of the 143 lichens are more or less equally distributed in continental and oceanic areas in Greenland. About one sixth of the lichens occur most frequently in oceanic areas and more rarely in continental areas, while less than one tenth of the lichens occur frequently in continental areas and more rarely in oceanic areas. The climate of the two localities is low arctic, oceanic. Although they are situated at some distance from the outer coast and close to the continental zone, they are poor in lichens with a mainly continental distribution in Greenland compared to, for example, Kangerlussuaq, which is located in the continental inland region in the southernmost West Greenland.
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MANGELSON, NOLAN F., DYLAN C. ARGYLE, RYAN KELLY, WESLEY D. MORIN, SETH M. WASHBURN, BRETT M. CLARK, LARRY L. ST. CLAIR, and LAWRENCE B. REES. "ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF LICHENS FROM THE WESTERN UNITED STATES: DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHORUS AND CALCIUM FROM A LARGE DATA SET." International Journal of PIXE 12, no. 03n04 (January 2002): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083502000275.
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Lichen samples were collected and observations about lichen communities were recorded at sites in the intermountain western United States. Specifically the states of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico were included in this study. The minor and trace-element concentrations in many of the lichens collected were determined by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE). These data are part of a base line assessment of current air pollution conditions in this region. These data also provide an opportunity to study some aspects of lichen physiology. Using the data from 508 foliose and fruticose lichens, frequency distributions for concentrations of phosphorus and calcium are considered. Phosphorus has a closely-spaced, bimodal distribution: one mode for foliose lichens and one mode for fruticose lichens. This suggests that all lichen genera in this study have similar requirements and absorption mechanisms for phosphorus. Calcium has a complex frequency distribution and concentrations that range from 450 mg/kg to 14 % dry weight. Contributions to this complex distribution pattern can be understood if the data are resolved into growth form, genera within each growth form, and in some cases species within a given genus. This complex dependence on calcium is strong evidence that lichens develop specific calcium-related adaptations in order to accommodate various habitat conditions.
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Дымова (Dymova), Ольга (Ol'ga) Васильевна (Vasil'evna), and Ольга (Ol'ga) Александровна (Аleksandrovna) Кузиванова (Kuzivanova). "THE OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACTION ROUTINE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS AND ITS CONTENT IN LI-CHENS THALLI." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (November 23, 2017): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018023013.
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In this study the way of photosynthetic pigments extraction (chlorophylls and carotinoids) from lichens thalli of two species (Lobaria pulmonaria and Cladonia rangiferina) was optimized. Use of dimethylsulphoxide : acetone (2 : 1) mix, without heating of the pigment extract at 65 °C was recommended. Previous rinsing of thallus by acetone depends on a lichen species and habitat conditions (pollution, etc.). By means of the developed technique the chlorophylls and carotenoids content was defined in 21 different lichen species growing in a middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic. There are folious and bushy lichens among these species. The lichens were divided into three groups according to photobionts: species with green algae, species with cyanobacteria, and tripartite species with green algal photobionts and cyanobacteria in cephalodia. Across species, significant differences on accumulation of photosynthetic pigments pool was revealed. Thallus chlorophyll concentration ranged 0.4–0.6 mg/g, carotenoids – 0.15–0.30 mg/g in the most of studied lichen species. Photosynthetic pigments, especially chlorophyll a, in the lichens thallus can serve as the important bioindicator on the changing environment conditions and criterion of ecological assessment of habitats. It is important for biomonitoring of the environment and use of lichens as medical materials because of their biochemical structure (pigments, polysaccharides, lichen acids, etc.).
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Tsurykau, A. G. "Corticolous Lichens of Belarus. II. Obligate and Facultative Epiphytes." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Biology. Ecology 35 (2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3372.2021.35.51.
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The lichen biota of Belarus lists 406 corticolous species. Of these, 213 (35.7%) species are obligate epiphytes. Crustose lichens make up the majority of obligate epiphytes (157 species, or 73.7%). Apparently, this can indicate the decisive role of the morphology and chemistry of the substrate for the closely contacted lichen thallus. Facultative epiphytes are represented by 193 species, which are quite widely represented by foliose and fruticose life forms (51.3%). Facultative epiphytes inhabit rotting and processed wood, stony substrates, soil (including forest litter), mosses, leaves (needles), root turnouts and metal objects. Wood is inhabited by 154 facultative epiphyte species, of which 80 lichens are strongly epiphyticlignicolous. The lichen diversity of tree bark and wood is relatively similar; the value of the Sørensen-Dice index is equal to 0.51. Soil is the second most important substrate after wood for facultative epiphytes. It is inhabited by 55 lichens, most of which are represented by Cladonia and Peltigera species. 46 species of facultative epiphytes were found on mosses. These are represented mainly by cyanobiont-containing lichens, broad-lobed species, as well as many by the representatives of the genus Cladonia. The stony substrate is suitable for 43 facultative epiphytes species and is characterized by a high specificity of lichen biota. Its Sørensen- Dice index is equal to 0.13. Most of these representatives are common in urban environments. Fungi, lichens, root inversions, leaves, and metal are predominantly inhabited by multisubstrate lichen species.
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Sillett, Stephen C., and Matthew N. Goslin. "Distribution of epiphytic macrolichens in relation to remnant trees in a multiple-age Douglas-fir forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 8 (September 1, 1999): 1204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x99-081.
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Alternatives to clear-cutting are being implemented to increase biodiversity of managed forests in the Pacific Northwest. Lichens are an integral component of old growth, but lichen biomass develops slowly in forests. We evaluated the long-term potential of live tree retention for lichen conservation in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests. We sampled lichen litterfall in a 2-ha stand that contained 200- to 600-year-old remnant trees scattered in a forest composed mostly of 100-year-old trees that established following fire. We used association, principal components, and regression analyses to relate lichen litterfall biomass to the proximity of remnant trees. Two epiphytic lichens were strongly associated with remnant trees: the foliose cyanolichen Lobaria oregana (Tuck.) Müll. Arg. and the fruticose green algal lichen Sphaerophorus globosus (Hudson) Vainio. Biomass of both species was highest near remnant trees, and biomass was slightly higher within groves of remnant trees than it was at the edges of these groves or near isolated trees. Lichens appear to have persisted on remnant trees through the last fire and are slowly recolonizing younger trees from this source of propagules. Retention of live trees, maintenance of hardwoods, and longer rotation periods have great potential to maintain old-growth-associated lichens in at least some managed forests.
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Aptroot, André, and Matty P. Berg. "Collembola help lichens in competition with algae." Lichenologist 36, no. 2 (March 2004): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282904014082.
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Collembola are terrestrial arthropods that prefer humid environments, probably because their relatively thin chitinous carapace is vulnerable to dehydration. They feed primarily on algae, but certain Collembola may feed on lichens (Leinaas & Somme 1984). They are often found in lichen samples, but the lichens involved do not generally appear to be damaged. Microclimatic conditions within lichens may favour occupation by Collembola as the humidity in the interior of foliose lichen thalli may be relatively high compared to that of the surroundings (Prinzig & Wirtz 1997).
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Hansen, Eric Steen. "Lichens from Sisimiut in West Greenland and their Climatic Preferences." Botanica 25, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2019-0012.
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AbstractA total of 165 lichen taxa collected from Sisimiut in West Greenland in summer 2017 were reported and categorized toward their climatic preferences. Almost 68% of the 165 lichens are more or less equally distributed in continental and oceanic areas of Greenland. More than 26% of the lichens occur most frequently in oceanic areas and more rarely in continental areas. Almost 5% of the lichens occur most frequently in continental areas and more rarely in oceanic areas. Two lichens are distinctly oceanic. No distinctly continental lichens were found in the present investigation. The results are in good accordance with those obtained from similar investigations in West Greenland. Two different climatic scenarios and their influence upon the lichen communities are discussed.
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Bunnell, Fred L., Toby Spribille, Isabelle Houde, Trevor Goward, and Curtis Björk. "Lichens on down wood in logged and unlogged forest stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 5 (May 2008): 1033–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-206.
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Lichen communities of forests often appear to be negatively affected by timber harvest presumably because of reduction of suitable substrate and increased desiccation. We examined species richness and composition of lichens on wood of logs of the same decay class in unlogged stands (>140 years old) and logged, 20- to 30-year-old stands. There was no significant difference in species richness or mean lichen cover between logged and unlogged stands, but species composition differed, including species that were unique to either logged or unlogged stands. Crustose lichens accounted for 71% of rare species and all of the species occurring more commonly in unlogged stands; macrolichens accounted for 82% of common species and 60% of the species occurring more commonly in logged stands. Diameter at breast height and decay characteristics of down wood were the best predictors of lichen richness. Among lichen-rich, decay class 3 logs, relatively small amounts of retained down wood sustained lichen richness equivalent to unlogged stands. It appears important to ensure that decay classes favourable to lichens are retained after harvest.
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Greenfield, L. G. "Decomposition studies on New Zealand and antarctic lichens." Lichenologist 25, no. 1 (January 1993): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1993.1014.
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AbstractThe decomposition of ground, dead (oven-dried) lichens has been studied in laboratory experiments that aimed to simulate decomposition in nature. Enzymes, common in soil animal guts and soil microbes, solubilized 29% of the lichen weight and 25% of lichen nitrogen. Approximately 9% of lichen nitrogen was mobilized to mineral forms during 97 days' incubation in soil or sand. Low moisture levels reduced the amount of nitrogen mobilized. In short-term (30 days) incubation studies, lichens at optimum moisture but low temperature lost 9% of their initial dry weight due to microbial metabolism. In contrast, lichens incubated for 30 and 135 days at similar moisture levels but higher temperatures lost 19% and 30% respectively of their initial dry weight due to microbial metabolism.
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Murugesan, Priya. "Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Edible Lichen." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 2-s (April 15, 2020): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i2-s.4016.
Full textAbstract:
Lichens are composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic partner (the phytobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. The morphology, physiology and biochemistry of lichens are very different from those of the isolated fungus and alga in culture. Lichens occur in some of the most extreme environments on the Earth and may be useful to scientists in many commercial applications. Antibacterial, antifungal and phytochemical analysis of edible lichen, (Platismatia glauca) was studied in this work.
Keywords: Edible Lichen, Platismatia glauca, secondary metabolites, antimicrobial
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Van Der Veen, Cornelis J., and Bea M. Csatho. "Spectral Characteristics of Greenland Lichens." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 59, no. 1 (October 30, 2006): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/013737ar.
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Abstract Spectral reflectance measurements conducted during two field campaigns in west Greenland, and in the laboratory using samples collected during those campaigns, are discussed to evaluate the spectral signature of lichens. Given the diversity in lichen species, colors, and appearance — ranging from crust-like (crustose) to almost like mini shrubs (fructicose) — it is not surprising that no single signature was found. Some of the brighter fructicose lichens have reflectance characteristics very similar to those of green vegetation, with a pronounced rise in reflectivity around 750 nm. However, the most abundant lichen species covering rocks in the ice-marginal zone of west Greenland are dark grey to black crustose and foliose ephilithic (rock-growing) lichens and the shape of the reflectance spectrum for these lichens is generally very different from that of other surface types and landcovers, with near-zero reflectance at visible wavelengths, and a maximum around 1 600 nm. This characteristic allows rock-covered lichen to be identified on multispectral satellite imagery.
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ARCADIA, Linda in. "Lichen biogeography at the largest scales." Lichenologist 45, no. 4 (June 24, 2013): 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282913000170.
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AbstractA quantitative cluster analysis of lichen distribution data demonstrates that the main biogeographical subdivision in the world's lichen biota is into a Gondwanan and a Laurasian element. Patterns at smaller scales mainly reflect local climate. Wallace's line is not a significant boundary for lichens. The Gondwana / Laurasia split also applies to lichenicolous fungi. To a considerable extent, it applies to many of the larger families and orders of lichens too, though at these ranks the affinities of the lichen biota of eastern Asia and temperate North America are sometimes ambiguous.
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Eversman, Sharon. "Lichens of Grand Teton National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 19 (January 1, 1995): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1995.3237.
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Lichens are an important group when considering the biodiversity of a region. While not usually considered economically important, they are conspicuous parts of the flora of alpine rock and soil, contributing to rock weathering and providing habitat for small invertebrates. In the forest zones, large hanging fruticose species are food for deer and elk and are indicators of high air quality. Soil lichens at all elevations are important stabilizers, helping to prevent wind and water erosion. Since lichens have a very slow growth rate, a diverse lichen flora indicates stable undisturbed environments. The major objective of this project was to characterize the lichen flora of Grand Teton National Park, providing a species list as part of the ongoing lichen studies in the northern Rocky Mountains and as a contribution to the database for all national parks. Lichen specimens were also collected for element analysis to provide a baseline for air quality assessment.
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Paukov, Alexander, Anzhelika Teptina, Maria Morozova, Ekaterina Kruglova, Sergio E. Favero-Longo, Cora Bishop, and Nishanta Rajakaruna. "The Effects of Edaphic and Climatic Factors on Secondary Lichen Chemistry: A Case Study Using Saxicolous Lichens." Diversity 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11060094.
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Diversity of secondary lichen metabolites and their relationship to substrate and environmental parameters were studied in saxicolous lichens in the Middle and South Urals of Russia. Atranorin, usnic acid, gyrophoric acid, zeorin, norstictic acid, antraquinones and stictic acid were found in 73, 42, 41, 37, 36, 35 and 32 species, respectively, of 543 taxa collected. One hundred and ninety six species (i.e., 36% of total species documented) contained no secondary metabolites. Spectra of secondary metabolites of crustose lichens varied on different rock types, while in fruticose and foliose groups only those species without lichen acids were dependent on the substrate type. In Canonical Correspondence Analysis, secondary lichen metabolites were subdivided into groups depending on the concentration of Ca and metals in the substrate. Gyrophoric, lobaric, psoromic, rhizocarpic and stictic acids were common in crustose lichens in metal-poor habitats; species with antraquinones and lichens without any secondary metabolites were most abundant on limestone (alkalic and metal-poor), while other common lichen metabolites had no to minimal dependence on the chemistry of the substrate. The two additional abiotic factors affecting the composition of secondary metabolites were the maximum temperature of the warmest month and elevation. Our results suggest a range of possible relationships exist among lichen acids, rocks and climatic parameters. Furthermore, the same metabolite may affect both accumulation of metals and stress tolerance under unfavorable conditions.
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De Carolis, Roberto, Lucia Muggia, and Giovanni Bacaro. "Lichen and Lichenicolous Fungal Communities Tested as Suitable Systems for the Application of Cross-Taxon Analysis." Diversity 15, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15020285.
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Lichens are outstanding examples of fungal symbioses that form long-lived structures, the lichen thalli, in which a multiplicity of other microorganisms are hosted. Among these, microfungi seem to establish diverse trophic relationships with their lichen hosts. The most specialised of these fungi are the parasitic lichenicolous fungi, of which the diversity has hardly been explained as a proxy for the diversity of lichen species. Here, we used an exemplar dataset of a well-studied alpine lichen community composed of 63 lichen and 41 lichenicolous fungal species and tested it to verify the strength of the co-occurrences of the two species groups with predictive co-correspondence analyses. The results showed that the distribution of lichen abundances affects the abundance and variation of lichenicolous fungi and supports our hypothesis to use lichens as surrogates for lichenicolous fungi in surrogacy analysis.
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Skugoreva, Svetlana Gennad'yevna, Lyudmila Ivanovna Domracheva, Anna Ivanovna Fokina, Elena Alexandrovna Domnina, Vasiliy Nikolayevich Kulakov, Anastasiya Igorevna Korotkikh, and Tamara Yakovlevna Ashikhmina. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FEATURES OF SURFACE MICROBIAL COMPLEXES OF LICHENS AND THEIR GROWTH SUBSTRATES." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.20220110122.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the chemical composition and features of the surface microbial complexes of three species of epigeic lichens (Cladonia rangiferina (L.), Cetraria islandica (L.), Peltigera horizontalis (Huds.)), one species of epiphytic lichen (Hypogymni aphysodes (L.) Nyl.) and their growth substrates.
It was found that the accumulation of inorganic ions by epigeic lichens exceeds their content in the soil by 4–450 times. Maximum biochemical mobility is characteristic of nutrients (potassium ions, phosphate ions). P. horizontalis and C. islandica were characterized by high biochemical mobility of copper and zinc, and H. physodes of cadmium and lead, and therefore these species of lichens can be considered bioaccumulators of these elements. The epiphytic lichen H. physodes was characterized by a relatively high content of phenolic compounds, which indicates its good antioxidant properties.
Different physiological groups made the maximum contribution to the structure of microbial populations on the surface of lichens. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria dominated in the microbial complex in the epiphytic lichen H. physodes, and ammonifiers in the epigeic lichens. There is a direct correlation between the number of ammonifiers and the total number of microorganisms on the surface of epigeic lichens and their number in the soil under lichens.
The gram-positive spore bacterium Bacillus polymyxa was isolated from the surface of the leafy lichen C. rangiferina (L.) into a pure culture, for which a high antagonistic activity was established with respect to phytopathogenic fungi pp. Fusarium and Alternaria. In the future, this strain can become the basis for the creation of an environmentally friendly biological product to combat plant diseases.