Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Licensing'
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1
Levin, Theodore Frank. "Licensing without Case." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101451.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Linguistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2015.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 269-295).
Abstract Case is a conjectured syntactic property of noun phrases that accounts for aspects of their distribution and form that do not otherwise follow from their PF and LF content (Chomsky 1981, 1986; Chomsky & Lasnik 1995; Lasnik 2008). Traditionally, Case Theory consists of two core components: (i) noun phrase licensing - noun phrases must be licensed through syntactic dependencies, capturing their distribution; and (ii) noun phrase morphology - the licensing of noun phrases influences their morphological realizaiton, capturing their form. In work over the past decade or two, however, the distribution of noun phrases is largely ensured by the properties of clausal heads, independently of Case (e.g. Schütze 1993, 20001; Marantz 1991/2000; Chomsky & Lasnik 1995; Sigurðsson 1991, 2009). These considerations have led to, or been accompanied by, theories that shift the determination of case morphology to PF (e.g. Marantz 1991; McFadden 2004; Bobaljik 2008; Sigurðsson 2009, 2010). If these analyses are correct, there may be no role for C/case in syntax, at all. In this dissertation, I argue that nominals must indeed be licensed during the course of a well-formed derivation. However, nominal licensing does not require Case-feature valuation, as is commonly assumed (Chomsky 2000, 2001). I demonstrate that Case-features can survive the derivation unvalued (Preminger 2011, 2014; Kornfilt & Preminger 2015). This conclusion invalidates the common view that nominals are licensed through obligatory Case-feature valuation, and phenomena that have commonly received Case-theoretic explanations based on such obligatory valuation are accorded alternative anlyses. Nevertheless, I demonstrate that presence/absence of the functional head K0 in the nominal projection does affect the distribution of nominals in ways reminiscent of, but not identical to, traditional Case theory. I identify three groups of nominals that enter the derivaton without K⁰: the objects of Pseudo Noun Incorporation constructions, the objects of Antipassive constructions, and the in situ subjects of Balinese and Malagasy. In each case, those nominals which entirely lack KP, the locus of Case-features, display unique distributional constraints, not captured under previous analyses of these phenomena. I suggest that the conditions under which nominals can be licensed without Case (K⁰) demonstrate that K⁰ is relevant for nominal licensing. The result of this argumentation is a recasting of the core components of Case Theory. Noun phrase licensing is achieved by the K⁰ head itself (cf. Bittner & Hale 1996a,b). Its presence/absence accounts for aspects of a nominal's distribution and form that do not otherwise follow from its PF/LF content. Noun phrase morphology is (indirectly) determined by how Case-features, hosted at K⁰, are valued, if at all.
by Theodore Frank Levin.
Ph. D. in Linguistics
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Želvys, Arūnas. "Problems of Trademark Licensing." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110222_154716-87464.
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Analysis of dissertation is focused on problematic aspects of trademark license agreement that exist throughout the conclusion, validity and termination of a contract. Problematic aspects are understood as legal interpretation cases where common and special norms have to be interpreted taking into account specifics of a contract object (right to a trademark). Problematic aspects are conditioned by two reasons: non comprehensive regulation of trademark license and sui generis nature of a contract. Those aspects are related to registration of license in trademark register, legal status of parties of license agreement, right to a trademark (its validity and modifications), transfer of a right to trademark, competition law, delimitation of trademark license agreement from other types of agreements and other problematic aspects. It is concluded that trademark license registration system does not correspond to the tendencies of modern trademark law anymore and registration system should be transformed by refusing of license registration as a condition to use license against third parties, however, leaving a possibility to register license if any of the parties wish to do so; right to apply to a court should be broadened for a non-exclusive license; licensee should not be per se deemed acting unfairly if he takes an action to revoke a trademark that is being license to him because of non use or invalidate it is because of non compliance to absolute grounds; absence of quality... [to full text]Disertacijoje nagrinėjami prekių ženklo licencinės sutarties probleminiai aspektai, egzistuojantys licencinės sutarties sudarymo, jos galiojimo ir pasibaigimo metu. Probleminiai aspektai darbe suprantami kaip sutartį reglamentuojančių teisės normų aiškinimo atvejai, kuriems esant bendrąsias ir specialiąsias teisės normas būtina aiškinti atsižvelgiant į sutarties objekto (teisės į prekių ženklą) specifiką. Probleminiai aspektai yra sąlygojami dviejų priežasčių: neišsamaus licencinės sutarties reglamentavimo ir sui generis sutarties pobūdžio. Tai aspektai, susiję su sutarties registracija prekių ženklų registre, su sutarties šalių teisiniu statusu, su teise į prekių ženklą (jos galiojimu ar modifikavimu), šios teisės perdavimu, konkurencijos teise, licencinės sutarties atribojimu nuo kitų sutarčių ir bei kiti probleminiai aspektai. Darbe daromos išvados, jog prekių ženklų licencinių sutarčių registracijos sistema neatitinka šiuolaikinės teisės tendencijų ir licencinės sutarties registracijos kaip sąlygos sutartį panaudoti prieš trečiuosius asmenis turėtų būti atsisakyta, tačiau paliekant galimybę registruoti sutartį vienos iš sutarties šalių valia; siūloma išplėsti neišimtinio licenciato teisės kreiptis į teismą ribas; pažymima, kad licenciato veiksmai ginčijant jam licencijuojamą ženklą remiantis absoliučiais ženklo negaliojimo pagrindais ar dėl ženklo nenaudojimo neturėtų būti laikomi savaime nesąžiningais; licenciaro atliekamos kokybės kontrolės licencinėje sutartyje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Lochbihler, Bethany. "Aspects of argument licensing." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114331.
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This thesis reexamines the distribution of arguments in different languages, proposing that Case itself is not universal, but a realization of an underlying principle of Argument Licensing. I claim that arguments must be syntactically licensed (i.e. by Agree) but that the features by which arguments are licensed can vary between languages. I discuss in detail the realization of Person Licensing in Ojibwe in the absence of Case, as well as in other languages showing Person Restrictions. Argument Licensing facilitates a deeper understanding of the principles that underlie arguments and their behaviour in the syntactic derivation, without being restricted by the exact realization of Case alone.I first present a detailed analysis of Ojibwe verbal morphology, focusing on the complex Inverse System and verbal theme-sign suffixes that I claim encode the person (π) features of multiple arguments (see also Bloomfield 1957; Rhodes 1994; McGinnis 1999; Bruening 2001, 2009). I adopt the notion of Cyclic Agree of a π-probe on v with multiple arguments from Béjar & Rezac (2009), and posit morphosyntactic π-features (e.g. Harley & Ritter 2002) organized by entailment relations (see Cowper 2005). I revise the mechanics of Cyclic Agree to fully account for the Ojibwe data, including apparent intransitive morphology on a transitive verbal complex and the conjunct morphology found in embedded clauses. I claim that Person Restrictions (i.e. the Strong Person-Case Constraint, Bonet 1991) in Ojibwe ditransitives are accounted for by Cyclic Agree and the requirement of Person Licensing (i.e. π-features on arguments must enter an Agree relation). I argue that Person Restrictions are generally derived by a need for Person Licensing, and that similar restrictions in French, Spanish, Basque, Icelandic and other languages directly relate to the derivation of the Ojibwe Inverse System by Cyclic Agree with v (related approaches found in Anagnostopoulou 2003, 2005; Béjar & Rezac 2003; Adger & Harbour 2007; Heck & Richards 2010).I further claim that Ojibwe is a caseless language, indicated by a lack of Case phenomena (see Ritter & Rosen 2005; see also related work in Ritter & Wiltschko 2004, 2007, 2010), and that Ojibwe arguments are subject to Person Licensing in the absence of Case. I claim that Case and Person Licensing are distinct realizations of the underlying principle of Argument Licensing (a generalized version of the Case Filter), and that Person Licensing is identified by a bundle of properties relating to the checking of π-features that are not shared with a standard view of Case. My view of licensing allows for a three-way typology where a language may license arguments by Case, Person, or by both as in Romance languages that have Case phenomena as well as Person Restrictions. I discuss a range of data that fall under my view of Person Licensing centered on v, including the Person Case Constraint, psych verb constructions and split-ergativity by person. My main proposal is that Case itself is not a universal of human language but is instead a robust realization of an underlying universal of Argument Licensing. I claim that my approach to the distribution of arguments achieves better coverage of the data by allowing for greater cross-linguistic variation that is unified at a deeper level by the principle of Argument Licensing.Cette thèse examine la distribution des arguments dans différentes langues, en proposant que le Cas en soi n'est pas universel, mais la réalisation d'un principe sous-jacent de Licence d'Argument. Je maintiens que les arguments doivent être licenciés syntaxiquement (par exemple par Accord) mais que les traits par lesquels les arguments sont licenciés peuvent varier d'une langue à l'autre. Je discute en détail la réalisation de Licence de Personne en ojibois en l'absence de Cas, de même que dans d'autres langues qui font preuve de Restrictions sur Personne. La licence de l'argument facilite une meilleure connaissance des principes qui sous-tendent les arguments et leur comportement lors de la dérivation syntaxique, sans être restreint au seul Cas. Je présente d'abord une analyse détaillée de la morphologie verbale de l'ojibois dans le Système Inverse aussi bien que dans les intransitives et l'ordre conjoint, en me concentrant sur les suffixes thème–signe dont je maintiens qu'ils encodent les traits de multiples arguments de la personne (π) (voir également Bloomfield 1957; Rhodes 1994). Je révise la notion d' Accord Cyclique de Béjar et Rezac (2009) et je stipule des traits-π morphosyntaxiques (Harley & Ritter 2002) organisés par des rapports d'implication (Cowper 2005). Je maintiens que Accord Cyclique dérive également en ojibois de Restrictions sur Personne en conjonction avec Licence de Personne des arguments. Je soumets que Restrictions sur Personne en français. espagnol, basque et islandais peuvent également être dérivées par le système de Accord Cyclique et Licence de Personne (voir aussi Anagnostopoulou 2005; Adger & Harbour 2007; Heck & Richards 2010). Je maintiens en outre que l'ojibois est une langue sans cas, tel qu'indiqué par le manque de phénomène casuel (Ritter & Rosen 2005), et que les arguments en ojibois sont sujets à Licence de Personne en l'absence de Cas. Je maintiens que Cas et Licence de Personne sont des réalisations distinctes du principe sous-jacent de Licence d'Argument, et que Licence de Personne est identifié par un groupe de propriétés qui ne sont pas partagées par une vision standard de Cas. Ma façon de voir la licence permet une typologie tripartite dans laquelle une langue peut licencier les arguments par Cas, Personne, ou par les deux comme dans les langues romanes qui possèdent les phénomènes de Cas de même que Restrictions sur Personne. Ma proposition principale est que Cas en soi n'est pas un trait universel des langues humaines mais que, au lieu, il consiste en une réalisation robuste d'un trait universel sous-jacent de Licence d'Argument. Je maintiens que mon approche à la distribution des arguments s'applique à un plus grand nombre de données en permettant une plus grande variation translinguistique qui est unifiée à un niveau plus profond par le principe de licence d'Argument.
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Pagliero, Mario. "Essays on professional licensing." Thesis, London Business School (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427998.
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Harley, Heidi Britton. "Subjects, events, and licensing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11073.
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Low, Gregory Norman. "A software licensing framework." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
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Dementev, Kirill, Yuliya Lukyanchenko, and Cecilia Emilsson. "Brand Licensing : Once you pop you can’t stop: When brand licensing goes too far." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15697.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate consumer’s attitude towards licensed products in relation to the parent brand, with respect to perceived quality, likelihood to buy and associations’ transferability. Background: Brand licensing has become one of an increasingly popular ways of stretching a brand into new product categories to reach more consumers in new markets. Despite the fact that brand licensing is less risky than building a brand from scratch, the odds that licensed products will fail are still high. That is why, it is interesting to investigate consumers’ attitudes towards brand licensing in fast moving consumer goods sector and see how perceived quality, likelihood to buy and transferability of parent brand associations will impact the licensing strategy. Method: The authors will use quantitative approach; data will be gathered using self-administered questionnaires. Furthermore, the data will be analysed using SPSS, namely by employing Spearman’s correlation. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that perceived quality, likelihood to buy and associations of the parent brand have a positive impact on the licensed products only if there is a high degree of perceived fit between the two product categories. Consumers welcome new licensed product that is in the related product category, however, the consumers appear to be sceptical to the product that is outside of the core market of the parent brand.
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Lema, José. "Licensing conditions on head movement." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7612.
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Daines, Gregory P. "Patent citations and licensing value." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39530.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-71).
Innovation has become the dominant economic idea of our time and has resulted in a proliferation of innovation-oriented rhetoric, and policies. There is a great need to understand and harness innovation, but it has proven to be as difficult to measure as it is to define. At present, the quest to understand innovation hinges on finding reliable ways to identify and measure it, the most promising of which is the analysis of patent information. Patents have been increasingly used by economists to track inventiveness, the transmission of knowledge, and their economic impact. However, it is evident that the maiority of patents have little or no economic potential, and so merely observing the number of patents provides little insight on innovation. It has become important, therefore, to develop reliable methods for measuring the true economic potential of patents. Of all the solutions proposed, the analysis of patent citations is the most promising. This study examines the relationship between patent citations and the private economic value of patents, and makes both theoretical and empirical contributions.
(cont.) First, the previous literature is reviewed to further extend and clarify the theory of the economic meaning of patent citations. Second, a typology of patent value is proposed to contextualize the relevance of the theory under different appropriation regimes. Finally, this study tests the economic meaning of citations using a new dataset where the licensing value of a group of patents is observed directly. The findings confirm a consistent relationship between patent citations and two different measures of patent value.
by Gregory P. Daines.
M.B.A.
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Sandvick, Clinton. "Licensing American Physicians: 1870-1907." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/17881.
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In 1870, physicians in United States were not licensed by the state or federal governments, but by 1900 almost every state and territory passed some form of medical licensing. Regular physicians originally promoted licensing laws as way to marginalize competing Homeopathic and Eclectic physicians, but eventually, elite Regular physicians worked with organized, educated Homeopathic and Eclectic physicians to lobby for medical licensing laws. Physicians knew that medical licensing was not particularly appealing to state legislatures. Therefore, physicians successfully packaged licensing laws with broader public health reforms to convince state legislatures that they were necessary. By tying medical licensing laws with public health measures, physicians also provided a strong legal basis for courts to find these laws constitutional. While courts were somewhat skeptical of licensing, judges ultimately found that licensing laws were a constitutional use of state police powers.
The quasi-governmental organizations created by licensing laws used their legal authority to expand the scope of the practice of medicine and slowly sought to force all medical specialists to obtain medical licenses. By expanding the scope of the practice of medicine, physicians successfully seized control of most aspects of healthcare. These organizations also sought to eliminate any unlicensed medical competition by requiring all medical specialists to attend medical schools approved by state licensing boards. Ultimately, licensing laws and a growing understanding of medical science gradually merged the three largest competing medical sects and unified the practice of medicine under physicians.
This dissertation includes previously published material.2016-06-17
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Clendenning, Robert John. "The licensing of wireless technologies in Canada, an examination of the use of ministerial licensing." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0019/MQ54987.pdf.
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Clendenning, Robert J. "The licensing of wireless technologies in Canada : an examination of the use of ministerial licensing." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29822.
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Our examination of ministerial licensing under the Radio Act, attempts to first show that its use in the early 1980s was driven more by a desire within the Department of Communications to be dominant in setting policy than by necessity. The case studies we then discuss show that the argument advanced at the time of the Department's announcement to license cellular---that there is greater accountability in expanding elected officials' powers in regulatory affairs---fails to prove itself in practice. After careful examination of the two cases in which Ministerial licensing has been used in Canada, this paper points problems with ministerial licensing. First, as our case studies will clearly show, Ministerial licensing is apparently incapable of providing any of the policy leadership or public accountability. Second, and perhaps more important in the long term, Ministerial licensing in telecommunications contravenes all of Canada's own efforts to secure a fair and procedurally defined international regime for telecom regulation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Marzano, Maria Azzurra <1986>. "The Impact Of Inward Licensing On New Venture’s Performance. Is inward licensing a winning strategy?" Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6496/1/The_Impact_Of_Inward_Licensing_On_New_Venture%E2%80%99s_Performance.pdf.
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The original idea of the thesis draws on interrelated assumptions: 1) among the tools used, in the markets for technology, for the acquisition of external knowledge, the licensing agreements are acknowledged as one of the most important contractual mechanisms; 2) the liabilities of newness and the liabilities of smallness force new venture to strongly rely on external knowledge sources. Albeit the relevance of this topic, little attention has been paid so far to its investigation, especially in the licensing context; 3) nowadays there is an increasing trend in licensing practices, but the literature on markets for technology focuses almost exclusively on the incentives and rationales that foster firms’ decisions to trade their technologies, under-investigating the role of the acquiring firm, the licensee, overlooking the demand side of the market. Therefore, the thesis investigates the inward licensing phenomenon within the context of new ventures. The main questions that new venture licensee has to address if it decides to undertake an inward licensing strategy, can be summarized as follows:
1) Is convenient for a new venture to choose, as initial technology strategy, the implementation of an inward licensing ?
2) Does this decision affect its survival probabilities?
3) Does the age, at which a new venture becomes a licensee, affect its innovative capabilities? Is it better to undertake a licensing-in strategy soon after founding or to postpone this strategy until the new venture has accumulated significant resources?
The findings suggest that new ventures licensees survive less than their non-licensee counterparts; the survival rates are directly connected to the time taken by firms to reach the market;being engaged in licensing-in deals some years after its inception allows a new venture licensee to increase its subsequent capacity to produce innovations.
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Marzano, Maria Azzurra <1986>. "The Impact Of Inward Licensing On New Venture’s Performance. Is inward licensing a winning strategy?" Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6496/.
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The original idea of the thesis draws on interrelated assumptions: 1) among the tools used, in the markets for technology, for the acquisition of external knowledge, the licensing agreements are acknowledged as one of the most important contractual mechanisms; 2) the liabilities of newness and the liabilities of smallness force new venture to strongly rely on external knowledge sources. Albeit the relevance of this topic, little attention has been paid so far to its investigation, especially in the licensing context; 3) nowadays there is an increasing trend in licensing practices, but the literature on markets for technology focuses almost exclusively on the incentives and rationales that foster firms’ decisions to trade their technologies, under-investigating the role of the acquiring firm, the licensee, overlooking the demand side of the market. Therefore, the thesis investigates the inward licensing phenomenon within the context of new ventures. The main questions that new venture licensee has to address if it decides to undertake an inward licensing strategy, can be summarized as follows:
1) Is convenient for a new venture to choose, as initial technology strategy, the implementation of an inward licensing ?
2) Does this decision affect its survival probabilities?
3) Does the age, at which a new venture becomes a licensee, affect its innovative capabilities? Is it better to undertake a licensing-in strategy soon after founding or to postpone this strategy until the new venture has accumulated significant resources?
The findings suggest that new ventures licensees survive less than their non-licensee counterparts; the survival rates are directly connected to the time taken by firms to reach the market;being engaged in licensing-in deals some years after its inception allows a new venture licensee to increase its subsequent capacity to produce innovations.
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Holzer, David. "Out-Licensing in der Biotech-Industrie." St. Gallen, 2007. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/03603552001/$FILE/03603552001.pdf.
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Munteanu, Radu. "Three essays on licensing university inventions." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3268347.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed August 7, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Kende, Michael 1964. "Essays on strategic standardization via licensing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13164.
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Halpert, Claire. "Argument licensing and agreement in Zulu." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77875.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 295-307).
In this thesis, I examine some core grammatical phenomena - case licensing, agreement, the EPP - through the lens of the Bantu language Zulu. Zulu has a number of remarkable and puzzling properties whose analysis affords us new insight on the interaction between these components. Despite a number of unusual-looking properties in the domain of nominal distribution, I propose that Zulu has a both a system of asbtract structural case and a system of morphological case. This conclusion is notable because it has long been assumed that Bantu languages lack both of these types of case (e.g. Harford Perez, 1985). Though the type of case system that I propose for Zulu is at its core similar to our current understanding of case, there are a number of differences between the case system I argue for in Zulu and more familiar case systems. In particular, I demonstrate that the positions in which structural licensing occur in Zulu are not the familiar positions of structural licensing: none of the heads that function as structural licensers in a language like English - T0, v0 , and P0 - are licensers in Zulu. The absence of licensing from these positions gives rise to a system in which case-licensing and phi-agreement have no syntactic overlap. I show that the interactions between phi-agreement and morphological case in Zulu provide a novel argument in favor of treating phi-agreement as a syntactic process. I also argue that Zulu has a novel type of morphological case: the augment vowel functions as a freely-applying case-licenser for nominal that lack structural case. The existence of such a morpheme is notable because this type of element has been explicitly ruled out by various theories (e.g. Schutze, 2001) on the grounds that it would render the Case Filter vacuous. Finally, I build on this system of case in Zulu to analyze constructions that involve a puzzling agreement pattern: complex NPs and raised subjects appear to allow optional agreement in positions where Zulu otherwise requires it. I argue that the optional agreement effect in these constructions arises from the possibility for T to agree with a CP. From these construction, we gain insight into the properties of agreement and the EPP in Zulu. Specifically, these constructions demonstrate the inadequacy of a theory of "reverse agree" to capture the patterns in Zulu and the primacy of a syntactic EPP to Zulu syntax.
by Claire Halpert.
Ph.D.
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Tavares, Jorge Manuel Martins. "Riscos do licensing na indústria biofarmacêutica." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15438.
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Mestrado em Ciências EmpresariaisO licensing ou contrato de licenciamento, representa uma das estratégias contratuais para a entrada em novos mercados utilizada pelas empresas que visam iniciar o seu processo de internacionalização. Devido a um deficit de produtividade em investigação e desenvolvimento, associado aos elevados custos dos mesmos e às recentes crises económicas, a actividade de licensing nas suas diferentes formas na indústria farmacêutica adquiriu particular importância. No entanto, e apesar da sua ampla utilização e escrutínio, subsistem percentagens consideráveis de resolução nestas parcerias. A presente pesquisa tem por objectivo identificar, relevar e mesmo confirmar quais os factores de risco e prováveis fontes de conflito para a resolução e cessação prematura dos contratos de licenciamento de produtos na fase pós-lançamento e comercialização, (co-marketing, co-promoção), entre empresas do sector bio-farmacêutico. A abordagem metodológica de pesquisa a utilizar será a de estudo de caso múltiplo por entender-se que é a mais adequada à investigação de um fenómeno que é real e dentro do seu próprio contexto (Yin 2009), tendo como base a nível de dados a pesquisa na literatura existente e a implementação de protocolo de entrevistas semi-estruturadas (Roos & Roos 1997, Saunders et al. 2008, Yin 2014). Nos resultados finais podem observar-se os aspectos considerados fulcrais para a existência de risco, como: erros de avaliação do verdadeiro potencial dos segmentos de mercado, falhas importantes nos canais de comunicação entre empresas, a inexistência de equipas de acompanhamento mútuo dos projectos entre empresas e a sub-alocação dos meios devidos para o sucesso das parcerias.
Licensing represents one of the contractual strategies for entering new markets used by companies that intend to start their internationalization process. Due to a lack of productivity in research and development, associated with high costs and the recent economic downturns, the licensing activity in its different forms in the pharmaceutical industry has become particularly important. However, despite their wide use and scrutiny, considerable percentages of resolution remain in these partnerships. The present research aims at identifying, highlighting and even confirming the risk factors and probable sources of conflict for the resolution and premature termination of product licensing agreements in the post-launch and marketing phase (co-marketing, co-promotion ), among companies in the bio-pharmaceutical sector. The methodological research approach to be used will be that of a multiple case study because it is understood to be the most adequate for the investigation of a phenomenon that is real and within its own context (Yin 2009), based on the research data in the existing literature and the implementation of semi-structured interviews protocol (Roos & Roos 1997, Saunders et al., 2008, Yin 2014). In the final results, we can observe the aspects considered to be central to the existence of risk, such as: errors of estimation of the true potential of market segments; major failures in communication channels between companies; lack of mutual monitoring teams for projects between companies and sub-allocation of the due means to the success of the partnerships.
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Saldsieder, Kai Alexander. "Erfolgsfaktoren des licensing in der deutschen Spielwarenindustrie." München Mering Hampp, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987000454/04.
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Tourville, José. "Licensing and the representation of floating nasals." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39274.
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It is commonly agreed that phonological elements must be prosodically licensed in order to be interpreted phonetically (cf. Ito, 1986). The licensing of segments is generally assumed to follow from the Universal Association Conventions. The licensing of phonological units smaller than the segment, however, has not been fully addressed. There is no agreement on the exact licensing mechanisms at play and on what constitutes a proper anchor for the initial association of floating subsegmentals. This thesis proposes a principled account of subsegmental licensing within the theory of segmental structure known as feature geometry, as modified by Piggott (to appear). It is shown that the manifestation of nasality in Maukaka, Koyaga, Jula, and Terena result from the way licensing operates. It is argued that, universally, floating subsegmental units are licensed through mapping, which associates a unit to an available position. It is also proposed that whenever there is no proper position for the mapping of a subsegmental element, this element may be licensed by Chomsky-adjunction. This type of adjunction has played a role in syllabification but not in the organization of feature.
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Tellier, Christine. "Universal licensing : implications for parasitic gap constructions." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75902.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation investigates, within a Government-Binding framework, the licensing mechanisms which regulate the distribution of sentence-internal constituents. It is proposed that the licensing requirements apply across components, in the spirit of the Projection Principle of Chomsky (1981). Under the extended view of licensing proposed here ("Universal Licensing"), maximal projections must comply with the appropriate licensing requirements at every syntactic level of representation.This allows for a more constrained model of grammar, under which a number of facts follow in a principled way; this is the case particularly with respect to constructions involving null operators. Thus, from the D- and S-Structure conditions on null operator licensing, we derive the cross-linguistic as well as the language-internal distribution of resumptive pronouns. Furthermore, some of the well-known, but so far stipulated, constraints on parasitic gap (PG) constructions are shown to follow from general principles: we explain for instance the fact that PGs must be sanctioned at S-Structure, as well as the inability of adjunct movement to license PGs.
The consequences of Universal Licensing on the distribution of PGs are examined with particular reference to adnominal PGs in French genitival relatives. It is shown that the properties displayed by these little-studied ("double dont") constructions, in conjunction with the Universal Licensing Principle, shed significant light on a number of issues, among which the thematic structure of nominals, and the nature of the locality constraints on null operator identification.
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Howard, Edwin Martin. "Superlative degree clauses : evidence from NPI licensing." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87489.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: S.M. in Linguistics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, February 2014."February 2014." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 57).
This paper concerns itself with the superlative morpheme -est and its ability to license Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) such as any or ever, and in particular the compositional analysis of a puzzling type of utterance which incorporates these grammatical elements. Specifically, an embedded clause structure which appears at first glance to be a restrictive relative clause modifier will be argued to be an argument of the superlative morpheme, and an analysis will be presented that brings superlatives in line with comparatives in finding its semantic restrictor in the overt syntax, in the form of a degree clause. The first puzzle comes from an observation about the predictions of von Fintel's 1999 theory of NPI licensing when combined with those of a scope theory of ambiguities in superlative utterances: when -est takes scope at the VP level or higher, it fails to license the particular logical inference (Strawson-Downward Entailment) that von Fintel argues is necessary for NPI licensing. However the target data this paper focuses on seem to present counterevidence to this prediction, as they exhibit NPI licensing by the superlative within what appears to be a relative clause modifier. This puzzle evaporates under the assumption that the embedded clause in question is the degree clause argument of the superlative. Further puzzles arise from unexpected contrasts in felicity and acceptability between minimal pairs of sentences instantiating the superlative degree clause structure. These contrasts are explained under the semantic analysis presented in the paper. It is also demonstrated that the environment where NPIs are interpreted is Strawson-Downward Entailing, in line with von Fintel 1999. NPIs are analysed here as introducing alternatives to create a nontrivial set of degree properties, which provides -est's restrictor, assuming the denotation proposed in Heim 1999.
by Edwin Martin Howard.
S.M. in Linguistics
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Churchill, Jason. "Valuation of Licensing Agreements in Agriculture Biotechnology." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28250.
Full textAbstract:
As demand for agricultural commodities expands throughout the world, competitors are finding it advantageous to form strategic partnerships. Firms seek to collaborate in an organized effort to advance technology as quickly as possible. This thesis develops a discounted cash flow model embedded with real options and Monte Carlo simulation to value the most common rights, restrictions, and options found in agriculture biotechnology license agreements. Due to the complexity and uncertainty involved in the incubation of new technology, the incorporation of flexibility provided through real options is paramount to the analysis. Implications from changes in critical variables are analyzed as to how they may affect decision making. This thesis establishes an extensive background and analysis of licensing intellectual property in agriculture biotechnology, valuation techniques for intellectual property licenses, as well as tactics for quantifying specific terms. Thus creating a framework for the valuation of agriculture biotechnology licensing agreements.
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Raska, David. "Licensing and fluency of sacrosanct experience recall." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2009/d_raska_031009.pdf.
Full text
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Nevis, Kathleen Rae Cordeiro-Stone Marila Cook Jeanette G. "Molecular characterization of a replication licensing checkpoint." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2426.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 3, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine." Discipline: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Department/School: Medicine.
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Simbrunner, Philipp, and Bodo B. Schlegelmilch. "Moral licensing: a culture-moderated meta-analysis." Springer, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11301-017-0128-0.
Full textAbstract:
Moral licensing is a cognitive bias, which enables individuals to behave immorally without threatening their self-image of being a moral person. We investigate this phenomenon in a cross-cultural marketing context. More specifically, this paper addresses the questions (i) how big moral licensing effects typically are and (ii) which factors systematically influence the size of this effect. We approach these questions by conducting a meta-analysis and a meta-regression. Based on a random effects model, the point estimate for the generalized effect size Cohen's d is 0.319 (SE = 0.046; N = 106). Results of a meta-regression advance theory, by showing for the first time that both cultural background and type of comparison explain a substantial amount of the total variation of the effect size of moral licensing. Marketing practitioners wishing to capitalize on moral licensing effects should therefore consider cross-cultural difference, since marketing measures building on this effect may lead to different revenues in different countries.
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Caballero, Sanz Francisco. "Licensing and diffusion in open asymmetric economies." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/109310/.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this thesis is to provide some simple theoretic insights that could help to design a technology policy for a "latecomer" country such as Spain. The thesis focuses on two major topics that can be considered as central for these countries: the acquisition of foreign technology through licensing and other contractual means and the adoption and diffusion of new process technologies. The thesis is divided in four major parts. The introductory part is dedicated to the discussion of the main characteristics and technological profile of these kinds of countries. This is done in order to provide stylized facts which can help to build up the most suitable analytical framework for the study of these countries. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the study of two major issues concerning the licensing of innovations in an international context. It examines questions relative to the impact of ex-ante licensing on the incentives for technologically different firms to carry out R&D and on the rate and direction of technological change. Particular attention is paid to the consequences derived from differences between the private and the social value of the licenses. The study of these questions reveals the existence of important market failures that arise in the international transfer of technology. The third part deals with the relative incentives for the introduction of a process innovation in countries with asymmetric cost structures. The impact of different directions of technological change, sequences of innovations and different forms of market competition is taken into account. This part includes some consideration of international trade and supply-side issues. The conclusions of the analytical chapters are discussed in chapter IX.
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Siddiqi, Daniel. "Distributed morphology without secondary exponence: a local account of licensing thematic licensing of vocabulary items and strong verb alternations." University of Arizona Linguistics Circle, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/126631.
Full textAbstract:
This paper provides a Distributed Morphology (DM) approach to the thematic licensing of verbs and extends that approach to the licensing of strong verb alternations such as eat/ate. These verbal behaviors have been
captured in the DM literature by limiting the morphological environments that condition the insertion of Vocabulary Items (c.f. secondary exponence). In this paper, I show that the verbs in question gain the
features of the environment they appear in by undergoing fusion with the relevant heads. In this way, DM does not need to rely upon conditioning the insertion of irregular verbs, but need only rely upon the Subset
Principle to license the insertion of these verbs.
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Tonciulescu, Keren C. "Licensing Conditions for Indefinite Pronouns in Modern Hebrew." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19941.
Full textAbstract:
The dissertation investigates syntactic and semantic aspects of the indefinite pronoun system in Modern Hebrew and consists of an experimental part and a theoretical part.
The experimental part presents the grammaticality judgment task conducted to test three theoretical questions: (1) the relation between negation and the licensing of AF `any' and KOL `any'; (2) the contrast between EYZE `some' and EYZESEHU `some' in terms of specificity; and (3) the correlation between syntactic position and free choice readings.
Three main theoretical findings are contributed by this work. First, it is shown that from a typological viewpoint, Hebrew, a Semitic language, patterns with Romance and Germanic languages, rather than Japanese-type languages, in having indefinite pronouns specialized for particular operators available in the discourse. Second, the thesis proposes a novel unified syntax-semantics for KOL which accounts for its interpretational variability. Working with the Kratzer and Shimoyama (2002) framework where indefinite pronouns generate sets of individual alternatives, the semantics of a KOL--modified noun phrase is formalized as a variable and containing a restriction. When this restriction ranges over kinds, KOL receives a generic reading; when the restriction is over a contextually specified set of entities, KOL has an episodic reading. In these cases, the KOL--phrase moves to the argument position of a universal quantifier which binds the individual alternatives generated by the KOL--phrase. If KOL stays in situ, the individual alternatives are allowed to expand into propositional alternatives, resulting in the free choice reading. Third, I discuss the DP-internal structure of [eyze(N)se-hu (N)] and [(N) kol(N)se-hu], treating 'se-hu' as a CP. I propose that there is a correlation between the postnominal position and the free choice readings of these pronouns, suggesting that domain restrictions, usually derived in the semantics-pragmatics, may also be encoded in the syntax. If this hypothesis is on the right track, it could provide us with a better understanding of how and when in the process of language acquisition domain restrictions found with indefinite pronouns are acquired.
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Yasukawa, Michiko. "A licensing system for reuse of web contents." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148776.
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Agouraki, Yoryia. "Spec/head licensing : the scope of the theory." Thesis, UCL Institute of Education (IOE), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.703109.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is a study of Spec-head Licensing within the Principles and Parameters framework. I examine Spec-head Licensing in three configurations, namely Polarity Item Licensing, Focussing and the Clitic-Construction. The language providing most of the data is Modem Greek (MG). I also discuss English and Romance data. In chapter II, I examine Existential Polarity Items (EPI's). I argue that there is a cluster of properties that can be attributed to propositional operators, the operators modifying the proposition in the philosopher's sense of the term. Namely, propositional operators license EPI's and give rise to inner island effects. The claim is advanced for MG and English. It is further suggested that there are interpretational differences between EPI anyone and someone. In chapter III, I consider properties of foci. I claim that the Focus-Criterion is different from the Wh-Criterion. It is also argued that foci always have scope over Neg. Finally, I present some evidence against Quantifier Raising. It is suggested that scope ambiguity between quantifiers is an epiphenomenon bearing crucially on the Focus-Criterion. In chapter IV, I look at the Clitic-Construction (CLC), the construction involving a DP and a matching clitic. I argue that the position occupied by the object DP in MG CLC is both an A- and A'-position. Clitic Doubling is claimed generally to involve syntactic verb-focussing. Complex Inversion in French is analysed as subject CLC. The parametrization of CLC is addressed next. MG has only object CLC while French has only subject CLC. I suggest that the presence versus absence of object CLC correlates with the Class 1 / Class 2 distinction of languages (Koopman and Sportiche (1991)). In chapter V, I attempt some generalizations on the previous discussion. The following seem to be the basic properties of Spec-head mechanisms: licensing of extraction, licensing of A-properties and licensing of operators.
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De, Vries Milan A. "Coordination of origin licensing and cell cycle entry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46813.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, September 2008.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
"October 17, 2007." Also issued printed in leaves.
Includes bibliographical references.
The faithful duplication of the genome is a fundamental requirement for cellular propagation. To ensure successful transmission of genetic material to progeny, the preparation for, initiation, and completion of DNA replication are closely coordinated with cell growth. Central to this coordination is the regulated assembly and activation of the pre-Replicative Complex (pre-RC) at specific sites of future initiation, or origins of replication. In cycling cells, pre-RC formation can only occur in G1 when cyclin-dependent kinase activity is low, whereas activation of assembles pre-RCs can only occur as cells exit G1 and enter S-phase. The focus of my research has been investigating the parameters that regulate the selection of potential origins and their subsequent activation. My initial insights into the coordination between licensing and cell cycle progression came through the examination of origin usage during the first cell cycle as cells return to growth from quiescence. Surprisingly, I found that yeast retain a subset of pre-RCs at origins in G0. Although these origins are sufficient to duplicate the genome, additional pre-RCs are normally assembled as cells exit G0 and use of these additional licensed origins increases viability. Finally, this additional licensing is monitored by a checkpoint that is dependent on the Rad53 checkpoint kinase, but is distinct from other cellular surveillance mechanisms that Rad53 is involved in. I have gained further understanding of the control of origin usage through a genetic approach that identified novel factors that enhance the replication of weak origins. One factor that I investigated in more detail, acts by redistributing pre-RC formation amongst origins of replication. This perturbation of origin licensing appears to particularly affect replication when cells re-enter the cell cycle from quiescence, by perturbing the re-formation of pre-RCs.
by Milan A. de Vries.
Ph.D.
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Hawkins, Paul Allen. "Regression analysis of oncology drug licensing deal values." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37980.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, September 2006."August 2006."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-38).
This work is an attempt to explain wide variations in drug licensing deal value by using regression modeling to describe and predict the relationship between oncology drug deal characteristics and their licensing deal values. Although the reasons for large variances in value between deals may not be immediately apparent, it was hypothesized that objective independent variables, such as a molecule's phase, its target market size and the size of the acquiring/licensor company could explain a significant portion of variation in cancer drug values. This model, although not predictive when used independently, could be used to supplement other discounted cash flow and market based techniques to help assess the worth of incipient oncology therapies. Using regression analysis to study drug licensing deals is not novel: a study was published by Loeffler et al in 2002 that attempted to assess the impact of multiple variables on deal value in a wide range of pharmaceutical indications. The independent variables in Loeffler's work could explain less than 50% of differences in deal values. It was expected that refining the model could lead to improved regression R squared coefficient and, potentially, be a useful tool for managers. This current work is based on the 2002 Loeffler paper, but differs significantly by: * Focusing on just oncology licensing deals instead of deals covering many indications, * Incorporating a measure of the assets of the larger licensee company, * Accounting for the licensing experience of the smaller licensor company, * Factoring in inflation and the years the deals were signed; and * Assessing the impact of primary indication market size. The goal of the thesis was to advance the art of estimating the value of drug licensing deals by assessing the impact of the aforementioned factors.
by Paul Allen Hawkins.
S.M.
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Hotaling, Mary. "Effect of clinical laboratory practitioner licensing on wages." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/860.
Full textAbstract:
Professional licensing directly affects about 29% of U.S. workers and is considered a primary means to establish and maintain health care practitioner competence. Clinical laboratory practitioner licensing was largely ignored in the literature with only 2 studies 30 years apart that provided conflicting conclusions regarding wage effects. This research provided the first study of clinical laboratory practitioner licensing effects on wages after controlling for human capital and individual characteristics wage determinants. This nonexperimental correlational study extended the literature on licensing effects on wages, including women's wages and professions not uniformly licensed across 50 states. The theoretical foundation relied on the human capital wage model that wages vary according to human capital investment, namely education and experience. Census 2000 5% Public Use Microdata Sample provided wages and control variable data, including educational attainment, experience, gender, marital status, and children. Using hierarchical regression analysis, this study found clinical laboratory practitioner wages were significantly higher (5.8%) in licensing states compared to nonlicensing states after controlling for these human capital and individual characteristics, R 2change (p < .001). Female clinical laboratory practitioners working in licensing states earned significantly higher wages (5.0%) compared to those in nonlicensing states, R 2change (p < .01). This study has potential for positive social change in clinical laboratory practitioner licensing policy development, implementation, and analysis by providing urgently needed empirical wage data for legislators to make informed decisions on costs to adopting such legislation.
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Jiang, Shibing (Marshall). "Technology licensing as a market entry strategy : empirical investigations on licensing exclusivity and licensing duration /." 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR29498.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2006. Graduate Programme in Business Administration.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-131). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR29498
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Wang, Yi-Jie, and 王羿傑. "Optimal Licensing Contract: Entry Mode, Financial Structure, and Licensing with Equity." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g3k923.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立東華大學
經濟學系
103
In Chapter 1, we introduce motivations and purposes of this dissertation and propose literature review. In Chapter 2, we explore the strategic influence of international licensing on a multinational firm’s choice between exporting and FDI by taking into account either the informational advantage or both the informational and tariff-jumping advantages of FDI. The main findings are as follows. First, international licensing can foster FDI, when only the informational advantage is considered. Second, when the two advantages of FDI are involved, the effect of international licensing on FDI is ambiguous, depending upon the fixed setup cost of FDI and the variance of demand. In Chapter 3, in a seminal paper on patent licensing, Kamien and Tauman (1986) show that fixed-fee licensing is always superior to royalty licensing for the outsider patentee under Cournot competition. However, empirical studies demonstrate that royalty licensing is much more popular than fixed-fee licensing in practice. This paper attempts to reconcile this controversy by taking into account the financial structure. In particular, this paper focuses on an important feature of the financial structure of the firm in the modern corporation that has not received any attention in the patent licensing literature. The main contribution of the paper is that when the leveraged firms produce a homogeneous product and engage in Cournot competition, the optimal licensing contract for the outsider patentee is royalty licensing if the mean-preserving variance of demand is large in the presence of debt financing, while it is non-exclusive fixed-fee licensing otherwise. In Chapter 4, the existing literature for an insider patentee indicates that the optimal licensing contract is royalty licensing under Bertrand competition. This paper explores licensing by means of royalty licensing and equity licensing in a Hotelling linear city model. Given a covered market, this paper shows that the insider patentee would like to choose equity licensing when the transport rate relative to the innovation size is large, while selecting royalty licensing otherwise. Next, provided that the market is uncovered post licensing, this paper finds that equity and fixed-fee licensing are indifferent to the patentee and are both superior to royalty licensing. Chpater 5 concludes the dissertation and provides some extensions from this research.
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Yu-Chin, Tseng, and 曾宇嫀. "Vertical Integration or Licensing." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53295117376177456444.
Full textAbstract:
碩士佛光人文社會學院
經濟學研究所
92
ABSTRACT This paper studies patent-holding firm when the innovation is non-drastic. A licensing game includes two stages. If the patent-holding firm combines the downstream market, it can stretch the market power. Is the merger harmless if vertical integration? And will market foreclosure harm downstream competitors? The patent-holding firm sets its fixed licensing fee or royalty rate to maximize its total income which is the sum of the profit from its own production and the licensing revenue. The purpose of this study is to examine vertical integration or licensing is good for patent-holding firm. There are upstream firms producing a homogenous input and downstream firms producing homogenous goods to final consumers. First, the upstream firms choose quantities which results in a market clearing input price, . Second, the downstream firms choose quantities taking the input price as given. There is a vast literature on vertical integration. Closest in spirit to this study is Salinger (1988) where firms compete in quantities using constant returns to scale technologies. Salinger (1988) discusses market foreclosure and Ordover (1990) continuous Salinger's study. Salinger (1988)、 Hackner (2003) and Linnemer (2003) analyze welfare aspects of vertical integration. Wang (1998) analyzes royalty licensing can be superior to fixed-fee licensing for the patent-holding firm when the cost-reducing innovation is non-drastic. The main findings are the following. Vertical integration is the best strategy of patent-holding. When the price of the input increases, market foreclosure will happen. But if the number of the downstream firms is large, the demand of input will be elastic. Consumer surplus will increase.
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Liang, Shu Yun, and 梁書云. "Licensing Mandarin Complex Sentences." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97075125754290301991.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
語言學研究所
104
This thesis investigates certain types of complex sentences in Mandarin Chinese. They are jishi/jiusuan concessive conditionals, suiran/jinguan concessives, and yinwei reason constructions. They correspond to sentences introduced by even if, although, and because in English respectively. First, we propose that Mandarin complex sentence constructions are actually licensed by elements in the consequence clauses, which is different from the phenomenon in English. Each licensing element, depending on its property, restricts the type of its antecedent clause. Jiu ‘then ’and cai ‘only if’, due to their relationality, suffice to form ruguo conditionals and yinwei constructions. Ye ‘also’ and haishi/rengran ‘still’ license concessives introduced by elements like jishi/jiusuan ‘even if’ or suiran/jinguan ‘even though/although’. These licensing elements in the second clause assert an extreme case from a set of alternatives. We also find jishi/jiusuan concessive conditionals can be divided into concessive event-conditionals and concessive premise-conditionals. Our analysis shows that apart from ye/haishi/rengran, non-indicative mood in a consequent clause license concessive premise-conditionals. Moreover, ye/haishi/rengran are also the crucial elements in conjunctive concessive-conditionals. For each construction, we adopt the tests from Comrie (2008) to investigate the syntactic properties of the antecedent clauses and consequent clauses. The tests in Lin (2012) are also adopted to show different adjuction positions of concessive event-conditionals and concessive premise-conditionals. Keywords: concessive-conditional clause, concessive clause, reason clause, licensing element, jiu, cai, ye, haishi/rengran, relationality, alternatives
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Fang, Liang Yuan, and 方亮淵. "International Brand Licensing Strategy." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08026215951675356678.
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LING, WANG CHIA, and 王家玲. "Licensing Strategy under Cournot Competition." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73171796864488602285.
Full textAbstract:
碩士佛光人文社會學院
經濟學系
94
This thesis is to discuss under the Cournot duopoly in homogeneous-good market, if the innovator is also the produce competitor, what strategy will the innovator choose to get the maxima profit? There are three kinds of licensing method, non-licensing, royalty licensing and fixed-fee licensing. There are drastic innovation and non-drastic innovation. When the innovation is drastic innovation, firm will not do any licensing. At the same time, other competitors will be out of the market automatically and the succeed of innovation will monopoly the market and get excess profit. The focus of this thesis is non-drastic innovation. Main research model is focused on the profit of firm. Total profits include profit of product、income of licensing and innovation fee. The conclusion is to the succeed of innovator who is also the produce competitor, fixed-fee licensing is better than royalty licensing, royalty licensing is better than non-licensing.
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Wu, Yi-Cian, and 吳宜謙. "Process Licensing under Asymmetric Information." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90992602173251000272.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
經濟學系
101
This paper studies patentee's optimal licensing contract under asymmetric information. In this paper, asymmetric information means that the licensor does not know licensee's marginal cost after licensing whose process innovation. Given Cournot competition and asymmetric information, this paper discusses two cases. In case 1, we assume that licensee's marginal cost after licensing is great than or equals licensor's marginal cost; in case 2, we assume that licensee's marginal cost after licensing is less than or equals licensor's marginal cost. In case 1, we obtain that the pooling strategy and licensing one-type licensee equilibrium coexists, and the optimal contract offered by patentee is always with pure royalty. In case 2, we obtain that, all the pooling, separating and licensing one-type licensee equilibrium can exist, and licensor will only choice the two-part tariff licensing in the separating equilibrium. This result also shows that the licensor can offer menus of contract to separate the real type of licensee to get much licensing revenue under symmetric information if the marginal cost of licensee after licensing is relatively low.
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Huang, Wan-Ting, and 黃婉婷. "Upstream Pricing and Technology Licensing." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62586609943930661989.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
經營管理研究所
100
This paper compares the welfare effect of pricing strategies of an upstream supplier which sells its input to downstream duopoly market where one firm transfer a process innovation technology to another firm. By the model, we want to compare the welfare effect of uniform pricing and discriminatory pricing strategies of the upstream monopolistic supplier. We have found result as the following. First, if the total output under discriminatory pricing is lower than under uniform pricing, then the social welfare under discriminatory pricing will be lower than under uniform pricing. Secondly, if the total output under discriminatory pricing equals to under uniform pricing, then the social welfare under discriminatory pricing will be lower or higher than under uniform pricing. Thirdly, if the total output under discriminatory pricing is higher than under uniform pricing, then the social welfare under discriminatory pricing will be lower or higher than under uniform pricing. And such results differ from the literatures of DeGraba (1990) and Inderst and Shaffer (2009).
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Runner, Jeffrey Thomas. "Noun phrase licensing and interpretation." 1995. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9606556.
Full textAbstract:
The central claim of this thesis is that direct objects in English move overtly to a Case position external to VP. This proposal differs from the standard GB (e.g. Chomsky 1981) approach in which the verb assigns Case to the direct object within VP. This proposal also differs from the current Minimalist (Chomsky 1993) approach in which the direct object is in VP in the overt syntax only moving to a VP-external Case position at LF. The first four chapters outline this basic hypothesis, concentrating on standard direct objects in English. The evidence is of various sorts: (1) at LF, objects asymmetrically c-command VP and other VP-internal material; (2) overtly the main verb and the direct object are external to a constituent containing the remainder of the VP material, analyzed as VP itself; (3) adverb placement distinguishes between functional and lexical projections providing further support for the present proposal over a VP shell account (Larson 1988). The subsequent two chapters examine other types of "object" construction: ECM and the double object construction. The sorts of evidence adduced for the preceding claims show the ECM subject as well as both objects of the double object construction to appear overtly in VP-external AGRo specifiers, further supporting a Case-checking account invoking functional specifiers. The final two chapters explore the differences between LF and PF NP positions. There various LF "lowering" phenomena are explained by exploiting the copy and delete strategy for movement (Chomsky 1993). This account leads to an examination of copying and deleting and a proposal for the mechanics of such an account. There insertion and stylistic inversion are provided a new account by putting together the parts of the analysis proposed here. An interesting conclusion reached in this thesis is that there is no A-movement at LF in English. In fact, if copying is interpreted as proposed here (following Marantz 1994), there can be no A-movement at LF universally. The differences between pre-SPLIT and LF "movement", then, follow from the different strategies exploited at these levels, only the former exhibiting "reconstruction" effects due to using the copy and delete strategy.
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Yan, Yi-Li, and 顏以理. "Cross Licensing and Social Welfare." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50490452895702378773.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
產業經濟學系碩士班
99
This paper develops a duopoly model, in which both firms have a process innovation, respectively, that can reduce the rival’s marginal production cost and engage in Cournot competition in the commodity market, to explore the equilibrium licensing contract combination and the impact of licensing contract to the social welfare. We show that (1) the dominant strategy combination is that both firms will definitely choose licensing strategy, i.e., cross-licensing is the equilibrium licensing contract combination. (2) If both firms choose cross-licensing and there is no restriction that the fixed-fee must be non-negative, firms will charge a royalty rate so as to produce the monopoly output. However, if the fixed-fee is required be non-negative, both firms are unable to produce the monopoly output as the innovation size is small. (3) The optimal licensing contract is mixed licensing. Moreover, the optimal royalty rate would be greater than (be equal to) the innovation size, if the innovation size is small with no restriction (with restriction) on the non-negative value of fixed fee. (4) If the fixed-fee is required be non-negative, social welfare would improve by choosing cross-licensing as the innovation size is large while worsen, otherwise. However, social welfare would definitely improve by choosing cross-licensing if the fixed-fee is required be non-negative. This provides the rational for the government to enact an anti-trust law for confining to a non-negative value of fixed fee. It is worth noting that the second conclusion mentioned above is the most crucial in this thesis.
46
Tsai, Ming-Che, and 蔡銘哲. "Licensing strategy and financial structure." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80592632062702259276.
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碩士淡江大學
產業經濟學系碩士班
100
This paper discusses homogeneous products quantity competition or heterogeneity products price competition in two firms in the market and financial strategy, optimal licensing strategy of outside licensing patentee. When the two firms on the market proceed homogeneous products quantity competition, the following conclusions: (1) Technological innovation to a lesser extent, outside licensing patentee will choice royalties licensing. (2) Technological innovation to a larger extent, outside licensing patentee license to give two firms to use a mixed licensing. When the two firms on the market proceed heterogeneity products price competition, the following conclusions: (1) When technological innovation to a lesser extent and products closer to a completely homogeneous, outside licensing patentee will choice royalties licensing. (2) When technological innovation to a larger extent and products closer to a completely homogeneous, outside licensing patentee choice royalties licensing and fixed fee licensing of single firm, the expected profit of the patentee are the same. In conclusion of this paper, the most important conclusion is homogeneous products quantity competition.
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CHUNG, SANG-YU, and 鍾尚宇. "Technology Licensing and Trade Policy." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7dza3f.
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碩士東吳大學
國際經營與貿易學系
106
This paper uses a three-country model to explore the relationship between foreign firms’ licensing decisions and trade policies. There are three firms in the model, two foreign firms and one domestic firm. One of the foreign firms has a process innovation, and can license the innovation to another foreign firm through fixed-fee licensing and royalty licensing. The Foreign firms produce homogenous products and at the same time export the product to the domestic market where the domestic firm is located. All firms engage in Cournot competition. We first assume that the choice of technology licensing is given exogenously, and discuss the profit and social welfare under no licensing, fixed licensing and royalty licensing, and then analyze the case where the licensing choice is endogenously determined. This paper finds that under fixed licensing the tariffs imposed by governments of the third country is larger than that under no licensing. In addition, given that the royalty rate is an interior solution, the licensor firm will choose royalty licensing when the trade cost and innovation size are sufficiently small. Nevertheless, in the case where the royalty rate is a corner solution, the licensor firm will choose a fixed-fee licensing.
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HUNG, CHOU-CHING, and 洪舟璟. "Vertical Separating and Technology Licensing." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9dmsfn.
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Peng, Hung-jiun, and 彭鴻鈞. "A Study on the Warranty Clause of Patent Licensing Agreement－Emphasizing on the Biotechnological Patent Licensing." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84712100834042563080.
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碩士世新大學
法律學研究所(含碩專班)
101
Acquirement of advanced technology by patent licensing is a common way to improve technology level and to shorten the period of getting profit. The terms of the patent licensing agreement will affect the rights and obligations between the licensor and licensee. However, the terms of the agreement have defects in sometimes. When the terms of the agreement have the defects, the agreement will be unfavorable to one of the parties. If the warranty clause of civil laws could be applicable mutatis mutandis to the patent licensing agreement, the defects in the agreement might be repaired by the warranty clause so as to counterpoise the rights and obligations between the parties in accordance with the equity theory. This dissertation put emphasis on the biotechnological patent licensing which is based on the liability for warranty against defects of goods, to further discuss the difference between the Civilian law and the Common Law, and then, investigate the liability for warranty against defects of the patent licensing agreement focused on the biotechnology. Though the rights and obligations between the parties can be counterpoised by the warranty clause, the patent right is an intangible property. It leads to the risks in different cases with different comments by courts if the party claims rights relying only on civil laws. The good way to avoid disputes is drafting contract carefully so as to maintain the patent licensing agreement stably, instead of using the warranty clause to against to each other.
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Lo, Hsin-Jung, and 羅心榮. "International Technology Licensing: Agency Theory Explanation." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82171132923923063816.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
國際企業學系
88
Agency theory has spawned a large amount of recent research in accounting, finance, marketing, organizational behavior and so on. But agency theory hasn’t been applied to international technology licensing, so, based on agency theory, this paper attempts to explore the keys of international technology licensing model. This paper chooses Taiwanese firms to verify the model utilizing statistics method, multiple regression. The result shows that the complexity of the licensing technology, the licensee’s dependence of key resources on the licensor, the licensor’s belief in the licensee, the licensee’s belief in the licensor and the organizational culture difference between the licensor and the licensee are the key factors in the international technology licensing model.