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Journal articles on the topic 'Licences'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Skeffington, Patricia Sheehy. "The limited rights of residential licensees in Ireland: A case for carefully targeted legal reform." Administration 66, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/admin-2018-0020.

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AbstractIncreasing numbers of people live under residential licences as a result of pressure on the housing market. Residential licences arise in disparate circumstances, including in house shares, under the rent-a-room scheme and where people live in their parents’ home. This paper outlines the legal construct of licences: at base, a permission to reside. It sets out factors that distinguish licences from tenancies, in particular the absence of exclusive possession. While licences are subject to minimal regulation in comparison to tenancies, this paper presents licensors’ and licencees’ rights in their constitutional, common-law and statutory context, including standards of accommodation and ‘packing-up’ periods. It reflects on the constitutional position presented by a licensee under a licensor’s tenancy obtaining the right to become a tenant under the Residential Tenancies Act, 2004–16. In particular, it probes whether constitutional rights to the inviolability of the dwelling may be balanced in favour of augmenting licensees’ rights. In this context it posits potential for reform while highlighting the regulatory challenge presented by heterogeneous forms of licences.

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2

Bernelin, Margo. "The compatibility of open/free licences: a legal imbroglio." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 28, no. 2 (2020): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaaa010.

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Abstract Thirty years ago, in February 1989, the first ‘free licence’ was created: the GNU-GPL licence. Since then the number of free and open licences has grown exponentially with both private and public actors publishing their own legal document. In plain language, a licence is a document that grants a permission to do something, to perform an action. When it comes to licences covering a creation (eg a software), such a document is a contract listing the permissions and prohibitions, ie the rights and obligations of both the licensor and the licensee with regard to the creation. Usually, such licences include an extensive list of permissions and some prohibitions. However, this list of authorizations and prohibitions might defer from one licence to another, creating thus compatibility issues among them. Moreover, some licences might contradict the licensee’s domestic law. As a result, the reliance on open/free licences covered content for Big Data analysis is in a legal jeopardy. This article will review those difficulties and critically analyse the legal and technical remedies to it.

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3

Hill, Jonathan. "The Termination of Bare Licences." Cambridge Law Journal 60, no. 1 (March 2001): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197301000630.

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IN principle, the law relating to the termination of bare (or gratuitous) licences should be relatively simple. Bare licences do not enjoy statutory protection and a bare licence cannot impose contractual obligations on the licensor. There are, however, four elements which complicate the law. First, through the operation of the doctrine of proprietary estoppel, the licensor may be estopped from revoking a bare licence. Second, a licence which has been acted upon is not revocable. Third, on revocation of a bare licence, the licensee must be given a reasonable “period of grace” or “packing-up period”. Fourth, it is sometimes said that a bare licence may be revoked only “on reasonable notice.” These four elements overlap (in part) and, in the case law and academic literature, there is some degree of confusion. The difficulties which exist can be resolved by more rigorous analysis.

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4

Spichtinger, Daniel. "Uncommon Commons? Creative Commons Licencing in Horizon 2020 Data Management Plans." International Journal of Digital Curation 17, no. 1 (September 20, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v17i1.840.

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As policies, good practices and mandates on research data management evolve, more emphasis has been put on the licencing of data, which allows potential re-users to quickly identify what they can do with the data in question. In this paper I analyse a pre-existing collection of 840 Horizon 2020 public data management plans (DMPs) to determine which ones mention creative commons licences and among those who do, which licences are being used. I find that 36% of DMPs mention creative commons and among those a number of different approaches towards licencing exist (overall policy per project, licencing decisions per dataset, licencing decisions per partner, licensing decision per data format, licensing decision per perceived stakeholder interest), often clad in rather vague language with CC licences being “recommended” or “suggested”. Some DMPs also “kick the can further down the road” by mentioning that “a” CC licence will be used, but not which one. However, among those DMPs that do mention specific CC licences, a clear favourite emerges: the CC-BY licence, which accounts for half of the total mentioning of a specific licence. The fact that 64% of DMPs did not mention creative commons at all is an indication for the need for further training and awareness raising on data management in general and licencing in particular in Horizon Europe. For those DMPs that do mention specific licences, 60% would be compliant with Horizon Europe requirements (CC-BY or CC0). However, it should be carefully monitored whether content similar to the 40% that is currently licenced with non- Horizon Europe compliant licences will in the future move to CC-BY or CC0 or whether such content will simply be kept fully closed by projects (by invoking the “as open as possible, as close as necessary” principle), which would be an unintended and potentially damaging consequence of the policy.

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5

Mimura, Carol. "Technology Licensing for the Benefit of the Developing World." Industry and Higher Education 21, no. 4 (August 2007): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000007781698310.

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In the years since the passage of the Bayh–Dole Act of 1980, university technology transfer success has been measured primarily by traditional metrics such as numbers of patents filed, revenue obtained from licensed patents and numbers of start-up companies founded to commercialize university intellectual property. Intellectual property (IP) managers have often responded to these metrics and expectations by attempting to maximize revenue from commercial IP licences. In recent years the University of California at Berkeley has acknowledged that, while licence revenue generation and local economic development are important goals, it is equally important to maximize the social impact of research. It has therefore adopted several IP management strategies, including a Socially Responsible Licensing Program (SRLP). Several types of agreements have been executed under the SRLP, including IP licences, sponsored research agreements and collaborative research agreements. All are structured to provide an economic incentive to licensees to develop and distribute goods and services to low-income and middle-income countries and/or other target groups as they are defined in each contract.

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6

Fillery, Ben. "Licence to thrill: selecting successful licences." Young Consumers 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17473610610681261.

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7

Jakubowski, Aleksander. "Patenty uprawniające do uprawiania turystyki wodnej na jachtach żaglowych – zagadnienia prawne." Studia Prawa Publicznego, no. 2(18) (December 4, 2019): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2017.2.18.3.

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The article considers the issue of sailing licences which include: a sailor licence, a steersman licence and a captain licence. The legal character of sailing licences and the procedure in which they are issued is analysed. The judicial control of sailing licences is also considered. The granting of a sailing licence is an act confi rming that a person indicated therein has certain qualifi cations required for sailing. The legal character of the licence is similar to an administrative certifi cate. Granting the sailing licence can be conditional upon passing a formal examination by a person requesting the licence to be issued. The examination itself is regarded as an administrative act in law. The study proves that the Polish Sailing Association performs a function of a public administration unit issuing sailing licences. This means that it acts as a an administrative body in a functional dimension.The sailing licence is granted in the form of a declarative decision issued by the Polish Sailing Association. The proceeding for issuing such a decision is an administrative proceedings governed by the Code of Administrative Proceedings. The actions of the Polish Sailing Association as well as its failure to act are controlled by administrative courts.

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8

Casey, John. "Creative Commons licences: are they right for you?" Art Libraries Journal 37, no. 2 (2012): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200017442.

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This article provides an introduction to the use of the Creative Commons licence system, and sets it in a historical, economic and political context. It is written from the perspective of involvement in open educational projects in an arts university that has used the licences. A description of the fundamental features of the licences and their uses is given, together with an outline of how the Creative Commons organisation works and its strategic aims. An assessment of the usefulness of these licences is provided, together with a description of the challenges faced in dealing with low levels of legal awareness amongst academics. Practical advice and sources of further information and guidance are offered to help readers implement the licences locally.

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9

Graf, Thomas, and Romano Subiotto. "Analysis of the Principles Applicable to the Review of Exclusive Broadcasting Licences Under EC Competition Law." World Competition 26, Issue 4 (December 1, 2003): 589–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2003030.

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This article discusses the Commission's review of exclusive broadcasting licences under EC competition law. It concludes that the Commission's practice suffers from a number of inconsistencies both as concerns market definition and substantive analysis. The authors submit that exclusive licensing is a legitimate and recognised practice for the commercial exploitation of broadcasting rights. There should therefore be a presumption in favour of the validity of such licences. Market definition and substantive analysis should be consistent with the competitive issue under examination. If the competitive issue is foreclosure, then competition authorities need to acknowledge the existence of alternative content that serves the needs of competing broadcasters equally well, regardless of the existence of dedicated viewer groups. A particular content's share of the relevant content market should serve primarily as a filter to eliminate licences involving low market shares from further scrutiny. Such licences a priori cannot raise competition issues, irrespective of their duration or scope. High market shares, on the other hand, do not automatically translate into an appreciable restriction of competition. Even in the case of high market shares, right-holders retain the right to grant licences on an exclusive basis. However, in such cases the duration and scope of the licence may need to be assessed in more detail, taking into account the full economic and legal context of the licence. An obligation for right-holders to license their content or to grant licences on a non-exclusive basis can only be contemplated in exceptional cases. Refusal to license, as such, even by a dominant undertaking cannot warrant such an obligation. The assessment of licences for new media rights should follow the same principles as the assessment of licences for traditional broadcasting rights. EC competition law should not be used as an instrument to make media policy. Competition law is platform neutral and does not provide a legal basis to favour or promote certain media platforms over other platforms. Indeed, using competition law as a media policy instrument would distort free competition and create serious legal uncertainties.

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10

Mangiaracina, Silvana, Ornella Russo, and Alessandro Tugnoli. "To each his own: how to provide a library user with an article respecting licence agreements." Interlending & Document Supply 43, no. 4 (November 16, 2015): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilds-07-2015-0022.

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Purpose – This paper aims to describe the state of the art of the Italian Archivio Licenze Periodici Elettronici (ALPE) project which aims to improve the understanding of the issues raised by licence agreements of electronic resources in the Inter-Library Loan Service and to support librarians in the implementation of the right policies. Design/methodology/approach – ALPE – (E-Journals Licenses Archive) is a national archive of interlibrary loan (ILL) clauses, extracted from standard and negotiated licences, to manage, to publicly share and to check the permitted uses of e-resources for ILL and document delivery. Findings – The ALPE archive facilitates public and free access to a remarkable amount of information and data about ILL conditions granted by the most important commercial and academic publishers, and responds to the practical problems of managing and understanding ILL clauses in e-licences. Originality/value – The solutions adopted by ALPE effectively solve many of the problems reported in the literature. These should help ILL librarians in dealing with the problems associated with ILL and licensing.

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11

TUMMERS, LIDEWIJ. "Book Review." Town Planning Review: Volume 93, Issue 5 93, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2022.17.

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12

Wei, Rining. "Editor’s note." International Journal of English for Academic Purposes: Research and Practice: Volume 2022, Issue Autumn 2022, Autumn (September 1, 2022): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ijeap.2022.9.

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13

Xia, Ling Angela, and Ivana Vulic. "Book review." International Journal of English for Academic Purposes: Research and Practice: Volume 2022, Issue Autumn 2022, Autumn (September 1, 2022): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ijeap.2022.11.

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14

Long, Paul. "Across the Universe." Journal of Beatles Studies: Volume 2022, Issue Autumn 2022, Autumn (September 1, 2022): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jbs.2022.7.

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15

Mills, Richard, Holly Tessler, Paul Long, and Christine Feldman-Barrett. "80 at 80." Journal of Beatles Studies: Volume 2022, Issue Autumn 2022, Autumn (September 1, 2022): 131–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jbs.2022.8.

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16

Bumsted, Allison, Luis Díaz-Santana Garza, Taran Harris, and Michael R. Fisher. "Reviews." Journal of Beatles Studies: Volume 2022, Issue Autumn 2022, Autumn (September 1, 2022): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jbs.2022.9.

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17

Tessler, Holly, and Paul Long. "Introduction." Journal of Beatles Studies: Volume 2022, Issue Autumn 2022, Autumn (September 1, 2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jbs.2022.2.

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18

Shmidt, Victoria. "Review article." Romani Studies 33, no. 2 (December 12, 2023): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/rost.2023.16.

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19

Kyuchukov, Hristo, Anna Clara Viana de Oliveira, and Hristo Kyuchukov. "Reviews." Romani Studies 33, no. 2 (December 12, 2023): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/rost.2023.13.

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20

Grant, Rhiannon. "Editorial." Quaker Studies 28, no. 2 (December 4, 2023): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/quaker.2023.28.2.1.

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21

Caust-Ellenbogen, Celia, Erin Bell, Pink Dandelion, and Stephen W. Angell. "Book Reviews." Quaker Studies 28, no. 2 (December 4, 2023): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/quaker.2023.28.2.9.

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22

Kershner, Jon R. "John Woolman Special Issue." Quaker Studies 28, no. 2 (December 4, 2023): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/quaker.2023.28.2.10.

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23

Csomay, Eniko. "Editor’s note." International Journal of English for Academic Purposes: Research and Practice 4, no. 1 (March 6, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ijeap.2024.1.

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24

DOCKERILL, BERTIE. "Book Review." Town Planning Review 94, no. 6 (November 9, 2023): 701–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2023.26.

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25

Hajnáczky, Tamás. "Így muzsikáltunk, Déki Lakatos Sándor cigányprímás élet- és családtörténete [That’s how we made music. The life and family history of the Gypsy first violinist Sándor Déki Lakatos]." Romani Studies 34, no. 1 (June 5, 2024): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/rost.2024.7.

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26

Hajnáczky, Tamás. "Ifj. Munczy Béla, I. világháborús naplói [Béla Munczy Jr.’s World War I war diaries]." Romani Studies 34, no. 1 (June 5, 2024): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/rost.2024.9.

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27

SHMIDT, VICTORIA, and BERNADETTE NADYA JAWORSKY. "Editorial: Epistemologies in Romani studies: Moving beyond othering otherness." Romani Studies 34, no. 1 (June 5, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/rost.2024.1.

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28

Tessler, Holly, and Paul Long. "Introduction." Journal of Beatles Studies 2024, Spring (May 2024): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jbs.2024.2.

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29

Thiellement, Pacôme. "Poppermost." Journal of Beatles Studies 2024, Spring (May 2024): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jbs.2024.8.

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30

Wilson, Andrew. "Thinking with the Beatles." Journal of Beatles Studies 2024, Spring (May 2024): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jbs.2024.7.

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31

Pádua, José Augusto. "Notes from the Icehouse: Facing Environmental Denialism: Lessons from the Bolsonaro Nightmare." Global Environment 17, no. 2 (June 8, 2024): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/whpge.63837646622498.

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32

Coudreau, Marin, and Céline Pessis. "Introduction: Silent Springs. Global Histories of Pesticides and our Toxic World(s)." Global Environment 17, no. 2 (June 8, 2024): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/whpge.63837646622488.

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33

Cho, Eun Sun. "Glyphosate Bonding (2020)." Global Environment 17, no. 2 (June 8, 2024): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/whpge.63837646622496.

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34

Mokros, Thilo. "‘Field Pieces’ (‘Ackerstücke’) and ‘Transects’ (‘Transekte’). Two Photographic Attempts to Capture Biodiversity in Agricultural Crop Land." Global Environment 17, no. 2 (June 8, 2024): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/whpge.63837646622497.

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35

Arnold, Gina, Marlie Centawer, Christian Lloyd, and Ben Winsworth. "Reviews." Journal of Beatles Studies 2024, Spring (May 2024): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jbs.2024.9.

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36

Dockerill, Bertie, Daniel Baldwin Hess, Alexander Lord, and John Sturzaker. "Longer-term perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for urban planning." Town Planning Review 95, no. 4 (June 17, 2024): 339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2024.23.

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37

Vince, Rebekah. "Editorial." Francosphères 12, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/franc.2023.8.

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38

Qadiri, Sura. "Not all its seams (an extract from Toi, ma sœur étrangère by Karima Berger)." Francosphères 12, no. 2 (December 22, 2023): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/franc.2023.15.

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39

Herington, Sky, and Orane Onyekpe-Touzet. "(Re)thinking (post)colonial landscapes of the French-speaking world." Francosphères 13, no. 1 (June 2024): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/franc.2024.1.

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40

Schröder, Meinhard. "Mutual Recognition of Driving Licences in the EU – Current State of Integration and Perspectives." Review of European Administrative Law 13, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/187479820x16007576818780.

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A driving licence is a document and an administrative act, which is, according to the principle of territoriality, only valid in the territory of the issuing State. This is incompatible with practical needs of international traffic, and mutual recognition helps to overcome the problem. This article presents the development of mutual recognition of driving licences in the EU, from pre-existing public international law to current harmonising legislation and the relevant ECJ jurisprudence. It finds that once there was sufficient harmonisation, the ECJ promoted mutual recognition, while the EU legislator had to close the loopholes for 'driving licence tourism' by amending the directives. Unlike in other areas of the internal market, primary law never played an important role for the mutual recognition of driving licences. Determining the current state of integration, the article identifies a lack of information exchange between Member States and a lack of harmonisation of sanctions as main obstacles for full, unconditional recognition, and proposes ways leading towards an 'internal market of driving licences'.

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41

Sattin, Jean-François. "La licence défensive." Revue internationale P.M.E. 26, no. 3-4 (April 23, 2014): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024518ar.

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À partir de l’étude d’une base de 297 licences internationales collectées auprès des membres de la « Licensing Executive Society », nous montrons que les stratégies de licence défensive sont déployées principalement par de petites entreprises qui n’ont pas les ressources nécessaires pour exclure seules les contrefacteurs potentiels. Par ailleurs, nous mettons en évidence la nature paradoxale de ces stratégies pour le bien-être du breveté. Nous montrons notamment que l’implication du licencié dans la défense des brevets concédés va généralement de pair avec une augmentation des risques contractuels pour le concédant.

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42

Baughen, Simon. "Estoppels over land and third parties. An open question?" Legal Studies 14, no. 2 (July 1994): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1994.tb00496.x.

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The proprietary status of the contractual licence has long been a matter of dispute. In Arnold v Ashbum–Anstult the obiter remarks of Fox LJ signalled a return to orthodoxy in this area of the law. Unless a contractual licence can be supported by facts sufficient to support a constructive trust (and these, too, were restrictively defined by Fox LJ), it will not bind third parties. However, Fox W did not discuss rights over land arising by way of estoppel ( ‘estoppel rights’). The proposition that these can bind third parties has never attracted the controversy that surrounded the proprietary status of contractual licences. Nonetheless, due to the potential overlap between the two types of licence, it is a proposition that needs urgent re-evaluation in the light of Fox W’s views on contractual licences.

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43

Leslie, G. "Dog licences." Veterinary Record 118, no. 23 (June 7, 1986): 647–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.118.23.647.

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44

Marshall, David. "Software licences." Computer Law & Security Review 2, no. 5 (January 1987): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3649(87)90005-7.

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45

Ogilvie, Margaret H. "The Failure of Proportionality Tests to Protect Christian Minorities in Western Democracies: AlbertavHutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 12, no. 2 (April 30, 2010): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x10000074.

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In 1974, the province of Alberta began to issue drivers' licences with photographs of the licence holder but exempted persons who objected to having their photographs taken for religious reasons from the photograph requirement. At that time the Muslim population of Canada was tiny and it was an unspoken assumption that the exemption was created for the Hutterian Brethren who have long had a number of colonies throughout the Prairies. In 2003, the province made photographs mandatory for all licence holders and created a provincial facial recognition data bank for the photographs. The Wilson colony of Hutterites objected to having their photographs taken on the ground that photographs constitute an infringement of the second commandment concerning idols (Exodus 20.4) as they understand it. Without drivers' licences, the colony is unable to make off colony trips to take their produce to market, or their ill members for medical treatment, or to be volunteer firefighters in their surrounding area, that is, the absence of licensed drivers makes it much more difficult for them to sustain their largely self-sufficient agrarian communal way of life which is also a matter of belief (Acts 2.44) without the expense of hiring taxis or outside drivers on an as-needed basis. The province offered a compromise that Hutterite drivers be issued with photograph-free licences but that photographs would still be required for the data base. The colony suggested a photograph-free licence bearing the words, ‘Not to be used for identification purposes’. Neither side accepted the other's proposal and the colony initiated litigation on the ground that the freedom of religion of the Hutterites pursuant to section 2(a) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the ‘Charter’) had been infringed. The colony succeeded at trial and by a 2–1 decision in the Alberta Court of Appeal but lost in a 4–3 decision in the Supreme Court of Canada because in the view of the majority, written by McLachlin CJC, the photograph requirement was a ‘reasonable limit’ on religious freedom and ‘demonstrably justifiable in a free and democratic society’ under section 1 of the Charter.

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46

Hultkrantz, Lars, and Reza Mortazavi. "Landowner Participation in the Regulation of Outdoor Recreation: Some Problems in Snowmobiling Regulation." Tourism Economics 4, no. 1 (March 1998): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669800400103.

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This paper focuses on some important choices that have to be made in the design of an environmental regulation system of a recreational activity that is exercised on private property and causes external effect on outsiders. Many types of tourist and recreational uses of private property exhibit these features, such as sport fishing; mountain biking; hiking; motorized and non-motorized boating, road or off-road driving; camping; caravans and mobile-homes parking; etc. Under a licence regulation of snowmobile driving that has been proposed in Sweden, a limited number of zonal licences would be sold at predetermined prices. We develop a ‘classic-style’ regulation model and show that a socially efficient solution can be obtained in a licence system where landowners are allowed to sell licences but not to collect penalty charges.

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47

Szydło, Marek. "EU Legislation on Driving Licences: Does It Accelerate or Slow Down the Free Movement of Persons?" German Law Journal 13, no. 3 (March 2012): 345–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200020538.

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Driving licences, understood as an official authorisation issued by a State permitting a person to drive power-driven vehicles, belongs to those kinds of legal documents that can potentially significantly facilitate and enhance the free movement of persons (EU citizens) between Member States. Provided that a driving licence is duly recognized by Member States other than the State issuing the licence, the holder of the licence can move to those other Member States using his/her individual means of transport, and is entitled to use power-driven vehicles there while pursuing a large number of occupations as an employed or self-employed person. Thus, a driving licence duly recognized by the host Member State enables its holder to move, work, or conduct an economic activity there more effectively and gives the holder some additional options in that regard. Moreover, the driving licence recognized by the host Member State may be used by its holder while there to prove his/her identity and nationality as a Union citizen, and, consequently, it may serve as an equivalent of a passport or identity card. This is important insofar as the requirement to hold those latter documents (or their equivalents) is a formal prerequisite under the relevant EU legislation for Union citizens exercising their rights to enter and to reside in other Member States. The practical importance of driving licences and of the legislation concerning those issues in the EU, especially in the context of free movement of persons, is additionally reinforced by the fact that a valid driving licence is held by an estimated 60% of the Union's population, which means 300 million citizens. The EU and national legislation on driving licences has an undisputed direct impact on their lives.

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48

Watt, Graeme. "Irish rights of residence: the anatomy of a phantom." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 71, no. 4 (January 18, 2021): 635–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v71i4.285.

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The present law on rights of residence relies heavily on a licence-based analysis resting in large part on the seminal work of Professor Harvey. However, since the 1970s, the law of licences, and in particular their proprietary effect, has been in retreat. This has left the licence approach exposed and rights of residence in need of a reappraisal.

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49

Healy, David, and David Nutt. "Prescriptions, licences and evidence." Psychiatric Bulletin 22, no. 11 (November 1998): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.22.11.680.

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Aims and methodThere is considerable confusion at present among clinicians as regards the appropriateness of prescribing off-licence. Because of the nature of the registration process it is likely that a considerable proportion of prescribing will always be off-licence. This paper seeks to clarify when it is appropriate to prescribe off-licence. We convened a workshop on behalf of the British Association for Psychopharmacology involving clinicians and regulators from a variety of countries to explore this issue both generally and for specific childhood and learning disability clinical situations. Recent statements from the defence unions and consumer groups were also scrutinised.ResultsAcross senior clinicians and regulators from a number of European countries and North America there is a consensus that prescribing off-licence is a necessary part of the art of medicine.Clinical implicationsCurrent advice to clinicians on the issue of off-licence prescribing can sometimes overemphasise the hazards and neglect the benefits that may stem from appropriate off-licence prescribing. Good prescribing involves specifying treatment goals and monitoring outcomes and it is more important to share this with the patient than it is to communicate the licensed status of the drug being prescribed.

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50

DANKU, J. C. "Exploring the Concept of Social Licence in the Construction Industry of a Developing Country." Journal of Construction Business and Management 4, no. 2 (December 4, 2020): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jcbm.4.2.851.

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A construction company must acquire regulatory permits and licences before granting project approval. The formal processes do not embrace all the stakeholders. While regulatory permits or licences are granted by government, local and statutory authorities, there is also the need for the hosting or local community to consent to a firm’s activities to complete the symbiotic relationship. This commitment of residents towards acceptance, approval and support for a project to exist within their community is known as a social licence. This paper investigates the application of the concept of social licence in the Ghanaian construction industry. A total of 102 questionnaires were used in the analysis. Findings based on the questionnaire survey of contractors, project managers, quantity surveyors, engineers and architects indicate that social licence is an emerging concept in the Ghanaian construction industry. The result also shows the limited grasp and restricted application of the concept. Only 37% of the professionals with some level of familiarity with the concept admitted to using the term social licence or its concept in the construction industry. There is a need for industry sensitisation and education to harness the benefits a company derives from acquiring a social licence. Keywords: Community; Construction industry; Construction professionals; Ghana; Social licence.

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