Journal articles on the topic 'Libyan economy'
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1
Kreiw, Rwida. "IMPACT OF THE POLITICAL INSTABILITY ON THE LIBYAN ECONOMY." Knowledge International Journal 31, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij310161k.
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Regarding the Libyan macroeconomic framework, the petroleum sector returns caused to the government and the need to support civil service job opportunity and preserve the widespread funding system. In 2006, the increasing of the price of the Libyan price oil, around US $63.05, had a significant and positive influence on the Libyan economic situation. The price increased around 65 % compared to the corresponding value in 2004 which was in averaged around US $38.In the same context, the favorable enhancement in the oil sector donated to an observable development in balance of payment surplus, which achieved around 15.4 % of gross domestic product. Also, international reserves improved to be around 19 billion US dollars. Moreover, the Libyan authorities have decreased the bank the percentage of interest rates across the board to enhance the demand in the private sector for credit and established a strategy to update the payment system. All these monetary policies and strategies affect positively on the Libyan macroeconomic and financial situations to be satisfactory in 2004.In 2005, the performance of the macroeconomic stayed comparatively strong. The gross domestic product achieved approximately about 3.5 %. Moreover, the inflation stayed 2.5 %. On the other hand, the economic development is assessed to have been created mainly 4.5 % in the non-oil sectors. In details, the non-oil sectors such as hotels and transportation, construction and services, agriculture and manufacturing sector with respectively values 7%, 5%, 2.5 % and 1.8%. unfortunately, all these sectors showed weak performance recently because of the unstable political situation in the country.Regarding to the banking sectors, according to (Murugiah and Akgam, 2015), Libyan banking sector has realized especially after the issuance of laws. In 2005, this Central Bank of Libya has significant impact on establishing banks and reorganization assets inducing them to look for new investment chances. In our model, the variables Stock Capital, Libyan Oil PriceNumber of population in Libya and dummy variable for the political instability have significant impact on the Libyan gross domestic products at 5% significance level. The heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation tests are checked in the model.Finally, we conclude that increasing (decreasing) the oil and gas prices has a significant influence on the economic development generally in Libya and on the macroeconomic indicators, such as gross domestic product, monetary policy, the unemployment rate, and the inflation rate in the country.
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A.N., Emad, and Kalim S. "Public Policies to Support Entrepreneurship and SMEs Growth: The Case of Libya." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation 5, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ijebi_rv1codey.
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This study explored the role of government policies to support entrepreneurship and the growth of Small - Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Libyan economy. Due to the current situation of the business in Libya, urgent policies need from the Libyan government to focus on several aspects of SMEs for entrepreneurship and economic growth. Because of these challenges, the objective of this study is to establish a solid foundation for understanding the government's role in promoting entrepreneurship, also creating business for SMEs. The study found some circumstances that promote entrepreneurship and the environment of SMEs in the Libyan economy, such as investigating the impact of various types of recent government policies, identifying difficulties and challenges, improving the higher education system, and analysing Libyan decision-makers perspectives. As a result, the study indicated that Libyan government policies for entrepreneurship play a positive and crucial role in the development and growth of SMEs.
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Mahmoud, Masouda, and Randa M. A. Shallouf. "The Impact of government spending on economic growth in Libya (The relationship between public spending and economic growth in the Islamic economy, and the traditional economy)." Al-Jabal Academy Journal of Social and Humanitarian Sciences 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2022): 60–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.58309/aajssh.v1i1.2.
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The study explained the impact of government spending on economic growth in Libya. Public spending is one of the tools of financial policy, where the government spends, to achieve its economic and social objectives. Public spending in Islam aims to advance production, increase investment, and its regulation of production allows more investments. The Libyan economy achieved a financial surplus in the period from 2000-2012 AD through measures taken by Libya in economic legislation in order to reduce the burdens on the public budget, and the Islamic economy treated public spending by adhering to the principle of moderation in every type of consumer spending, the investment, and the honest. It is possible to provide the necessary resources to carry out other types, to achieve the interests of the spenders and the deserving alike. Islam, and government spending raises growth rates in the gross domestic product, and addresses the imbalance in economic cycles. The Libyan economy works on government spending to enhance economic growth. This study recommended working to reduce dependence on the oil sector creating other alternative sources of local income by supporting economic sectors and increasing investment spending.
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Oji, Okey, Raymond Adibe, Chukwuemeka Ejiofor, Ikemefuna Nwoke , and Chikwado Ezugworie. "Neoliberal Democratic Reforms in Post-Gaddafi Era: Implications for Political Stability in Libya, 2011-2016." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 12, no. 2 (May 30, 2018): 2680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v12i2.7447.
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This study investigates the neoliberal democratic reforms in post-Gaddafi era and its implications for political stability in Libya. Specifically, the study examined the contradictions of the ruling class project of democratization in Libya and their implications for political instability in the post-Gaddafi era. The study found that the democratic project as propagated by the ruling class in post-Gaddafi’s Libya is an intrinsic feature of modernization, a transition from authoritarian to more open political systems, a process linking economic reform and political liberalization perceived as not expressing an organic unity, but separate and either consecutively or concurrently linked. By viewing political instability as an inevitable pendulum of the cyclical transition from authoritarian to more democratic system, neoliberal democracy in post-Gaddafi’s Libya legitimizes authoritarianism in so far as it promotes modernization and liberal system of free market economy. The implication of the study is that the adoption of a new economic system, as well as western-style political institutions in post-Gaddafi Libya, relegating the consultation and active participation of the Libyan people undermined the democratic project. The exclusion of Libyans in the democratization process ultimately gave rise to political instability in post-revolution Libya. We therefore, recommended a referendum as a preferred option for Libyans to decide economic and political organization of Libya.
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Bonga, Wellington Garikai, and Puruweti Siyakiya. "A Miniscule Exploration of the Libyan Stock Market." Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance 6, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2022.v06i11.001.
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The formation of the Libyan Stock Market (LSM) has been greatly affected by instability in the country. The stock market has been active, inactive, active and inactive since its inception in 2006. On the other end, there has been a growing concern and existence of constant pressure to activate the stock market for the benefit of the economy. The factional disagreements and a weak security environment that persist pose heavy challenges for developing and re-activating the stock market. The economic outlook for Libya remains uncertain. It remains difficult to forecast economic outcomes with any degree of confidence because of high uncertainty linked to political and security developments. The times when the stock market was active, significant contribution was brought to the economy, and such has been confirmed by many stakeholders. If re-activated the LSM is expected to play vital role in capital supply for investment, which in turn drive economic development in Libya. For effective contribution, LSM should be established on strong and stable foundations.
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CAVUSOGLU, Behiye, and Mariam ALSABR. "An ARDL Co-Integration Approach to Inflation, FDI and Economic Growth in Libya." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 8, no. 8 (September 3, 2018): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v8.8(30).07.
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Despite the different economic systems that are prevalent around the world, inflation and foreign direct investment (FDI) are two important instruments to attain economic objectives. It is apparent that the inflation rate is an important indicator of the economic performance of any country and this has necessitated the urgent need to measure, study and analyze this phenomenon. FDI is another important factor affecting economic growth, which plays an essential role in the economies of host countries, particularly those that are developing economies, including Libya. The Libyan economy has many characteristics and features that make it attractive to the foreign investors. The main aim of the study is to analyze the relationship between inflation, foreign direct investment and economic growth in Libya. In order to investigate the relationship between the variables, the ARDL Bound test was used along with necessary statistical tests. The obtained results showed that there is a continual correlation between inflation, foreign direct investment and economic growth in Libya. Further observations showed that foreign direct investment policies being implemented by the Libyan government have had an adverse effect on economic growth.
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Al-Maghadmi, Saham Muhammad, JM Muslimin, and Lathaif M. Ghazali. "Al-Qur’an wa al-Dirasah al-Iqtisadiyah: al-Azmah fi Libya wa Mu’alajatuha Hasb Nadzariyah Sayyidina Yusuf as." Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 21, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v21i2.8090.
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The study aims to describe the plan and solution for economic crisis in the era of Prophet Yusuf and to find out how the economic crisis in Libya was and the implementation of the plan in order to solve Libyan economic crisis. The researcher employed descriptive analysis as the research method. The data were collected using scientific documents and interviews. The study result shows that economic crisis in the era of Prophet Yusuf included fifteen years of food crisis and the budget planning consisted of three stages namely: early warning stage and the preparation for the crisis called as the seven first phase and phase facing the crisis called as the seven second phase and the reactivity phase is called as annual cycle. The Libyan economic crisis was due to the decrease of its macroeconomy and the weak condition of state institutions leading to significant oil production decrease and the shutdown of the harbors, the increase of the unemployed due to drastic decrease of non-oil sector, liquidity in financial sector without state assistance further weakened Libyan economy both in the trade and industrial activities contributing to high inflation. The implementation of resolution for Libyan economic crisis: the use of agricultural cycle strategy, budget planning strategy, production distribution strategy using legalization knowledge, limited speculation, the planning of social relationship and price stabilization
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Etelawi, Abdulrazag Mohamed, Keith A. Blatner, and Jill McCluskey. "Crude Oil and the Libyan Economy." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 4 (March 12, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n4p95.
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Oil is the primary source of income in the Libyan economy; hence, it is important to more fully understand the economic factors associated with this sector of the economy. We applied a recent growth theory model to develop a better understanding of the relationship among capital, labor, domestic consumption of oil, oil exports and gross domestic product (GDP) in the Libyan economy. A log linear model was estimated using annual data for the period 1980 to 2012. All of the coefficients were significant at the 0.05 level except the log of labor, which was significant at the 0.0613 level. The signs associated with the variables were consistent with economic theory. The adjusted R square was 0.912 indicating that approximately 91 percent of variation in GDP was explained by the independent variables. There was only limited multicollinearity in the model as all Variance Inflation Factors (VIF) values were less than 10. Breusch Pagan and Anderson-Darling test results indicated a constant variance and that the errors were normally distributed, respectively. Similarly, the Durbin-Watson statistic indicated an absence of autocorrelation at the 0.05 level. The resulting elasticities were positive and strongly inelastic, indicating that large changes in each of the variables would be required to dramatically increase GDP. Nevertheless, it is clear that oil will continue to play a leading future economic growth and development.
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Etelawi, Abdulrazag Mohamed, Keith A. Blatner, and Jill McCluskey. "Sustainability and Depletion Accounting: A Case Study of Oil in Libya." Environment and Natural Resources Research 7, no. 1 (February 3, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v7n1p34.
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There is a strong need to study sustainability and depletion accounting of oil in the Libyan economy because oil production and export is the single largest source of national income in the country. This study covers the time period from 1990 to 2009. Throughout this period, the Libyan national economy used its oil and petroleum industries to increase national income. Development sustainability can be defined as investment divided by GDP. This measure provides an indication of the low level of sustainable development in Libya over the period of analysis, which is 0.38 on average. It is important that the Libyan government develop and implement plans and strategies for achieving sustainability and the maintenance of oil resources.Carbon dioxide emissions provide another indication of the presence or absence of sustainability. The ratio of carbon dioxide ranged from a minimum of 8.50 metric tons per capita in 1990 to 10.00 metric tons per capita in 2009 and average 9.07 metric tons per capita over the course of the study period. CO2 emissions were also much higher than other countries in the Middle East and North Africa. This suggests there was relatively little interest in the sustainable development of the Libyan economy during this period. The Environment Domestic Product (EDP) increased sharply from the beginning of the study at $24.23 billion in 1991 to $45.87 billion in 2009 in constant dollars. Again, one can infer that policy makers did not consider the depletion of oil resources and the environment in their planning process, or at least did not place a high level of concern on this issue.
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Ali, Ashraf, and Chukwunonye Ezeah. "Framework for Management of Post-Conflict Waste in Libya." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n5p32.
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An important aspect of the Libyan conflict since the 2011 Arab Spring is the generation and management of huge volumes of construction and demolition (C&D) type waste, arising from conflict-related damage to the built environment. Estimates put the amount of Post-Conflict Waste (PCW) at about 82 million tonnes, much of which comprises potentially useful materials that could be reused or further processed and used in construction and other sectors of the economy. This paper presents and discusses the challenges that affect the use, reuse and recycling of such materials. To validate findings from literature, a pilot questionnaire survey of 70 professionals working in the waste management sector was carried out to identify the barriers constraining sustainable management of solid waste stream in three major Libyan cities. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20.0. Based on the identified barriers, a framework for sustainable management of post-conflict waste arising in Libya has been designed in line with the medium-term infrastructure development objectives of the Libyan government. The paper recommends an urgent revision of applicable legislation and the formulation of new ones to address identified gaps in sustainable waste management. It is envisaged that results from this study will help underpin post-conflict sustainable development goals in Libya.
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St John, Ronald Bruce. "The Changing Libyan Economy: Causes and Consequences." Middle East Journal 62, no. 1 (January 15, 2008): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/62.1.14.
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Agteit, Sulaiman. "State of economy and possibilities for Libyan economic development today." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 11, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.11.04.2021.p11235.
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Abdulsaleh, Abdulaziz M. "The introduction of Islamic finance in Libya: Capturing the opportunities for SMEs development." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v5i1.8795.
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In most countries, especially the developing ones, SMEs have a dynamic role as engines through which the growth objectives can be accomplished. This is very true in the case of Libya where the economy has been over-reliant on oil and gas as well as inefficient public sector. Unfortunately, SMEs in Libya are not playing their expected role as access to finance remains to be a formidable challenge. While banks remain the major external financier, if not the only one, many studies found that Libyans in general avoid dealing with conventional banks mainly due to religious beliefs. However, the recent introduction of Islamic banking and finance in the country could be a game changer. As such, this paper attempts to assess the opportunities for SMEs development in Libya following the recent introduction of Islamic finance. The study is exploratory; therefore the relevant literature is sourced and reviewed. The review shows that there is a strong demand for Islamic finance products from Libyan businesses including SMEs. Coupled with a strong enabling environment in which political stability and regulatory clarity are maintained Islamic finance is viable and has the ability to significantly contribute to the development of SMEs sector.
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Barker, Graeme. "Libyan landscapes in history and prehistory." Libyan Studies 50 (October 22, 2019): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2019.24.
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AbstractAs a contribution to the Society for Libyan Studies’ 50th anniversary, the paper discusses three projects in which the author has been involved, with a focus on their different contributions to our understanding of Libya's landscape prehistory and history. The deep stratigraphy of the Haua Fteah cave in three projects are described in chronological order, but they contribute in reverse order to our understanding of how Libyans have changed and been changed by their landscapes. The deep stratigraphy of the Haua Fteah cave in Cyrenaica represents an intermittent history of landscape use, and the way people dealt with climate change impacts, from some 150,000 years ago to the Graeco-Roman period. The faunal assemblage from Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi, provides insights into how Graeco-Roman city-dwellers interacted with the people of the countryside. The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey changes the perspective, showing how tribal people in the pre-desert were drawn into the ambit of the coastal cities and the economy of imperial Rome, before returning to semi-mobile pastoral/arable lifeways not so dissimilar to the lives of many Libyans before the oil revolution. The principal linking finding is that there are no simple stories from the past in terms of people's relations to their landscape: the mix of structure and agency embodied in the archaeological record can be a record of failures, misguided decisions, bad luck etc. as much as of successful responses and adaptations to opportunities and challenges.
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Aimer, Nagmi M. Moftah. "The Effects of Oil Price Volatility on the Economic Sectors of Libya." International Journal of Business and Social Research 6, no. 12 (January 28, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v6i12.1017.
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<p>Fluctuations in oil price and its impact on economic development is an important issue facing a growing number of world economies. A simple changes in oil prices lead to negative or positive effects on all the economic sectors. This paper seeks to investigate the impact of oil price volatility on economic sectors in the Libyan economy context on the basis of annual data spanning from 1968-2012. The Johansen based Co-integration technique is applied to examine the sensitivity of economic sectors to volatility in oil prices in the long-run. And the short-run relationship is tested by Vector Error Correction Model. Through examining the results, that there is a long-term relationship of oil prices on the agriculture, construction, manufacturing and transport sectors. Finally, this study concludes that increases in oil price did not significantly affect the manufacturing sector in aggregate terms. Moreover, the negative impact on the sector of manufacturing and agriculture. Thus, this study has a significant impact in the Libyan economy in policy development on oil prices. The Libyan government needs to control the price to make sure that price volatility will not harm the manufacturing, agriculture, construction and transport sectors.</p>
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Mustafa Abodher, Fareg, Zaimah Zainol Ariffin, and Natrah Saad. "Religious factors on tax non-compliance: evidence from Libyan self-employed." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(1).2020.24.
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Tax non-compliance phenomenon has become a key issue for developing countries such as Libya because it hinders taxpayers from contributing effectively to the economy. Previous literature refers to diverse socio-psychological factors that influence tax non-compliance behavior. Nevertheless, there is a lack of study on the influence of religious factors on tax non-compliance. Therefore, the current study empirically examines the impact of Islamic perspective and Islamic religiosity on tax non-compliance behavior among self-employed taxpayers in Libya. A quantitative method using a questionnaire is utilized to collect the data. Structural equation modeling was employed using PLS. This study provides empirical evidence that Islamic perspective and Islamic religiosity have a significant positive relationship with tax non-compliance among Libyan self-employed. Theoretically, the findings have extended the body of knowledge by providing empirical evidence on the effect of religious factors on tax non-compliance. Practically, the study provides fruitful insights for policymakers and government officials to consider these factors as crucial while formulating taxation policies to minimize the phenomenon of tax non-compliance among Libyan individual taxpayers and, hence, increase government revenue.
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Ilhusady, Iman Kassem, and Yavuz Demirel. "The role of employees’ empowerment on risk management." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 4 (July 3, 2020): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i4.709.
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The Libyan economy under the influence of current political risks that is resulted in a sudden halt in petroleum products following the revolution followed by a halt in major economic activities. The banking sector was not immune to these current economic risks therefore, the banking sector faced non-financial and financial risks. Our study focuses on human resources with a high level of talent and skills and their role to overcome the banking risks faced by the Libyan banking sector. This is of great importance as the first study addressing the empowerment of human resources in effective risk management in the banking sector, especially in Libya. To a chive the objective of the study the questionnaire method was used to collect data, the survey was distributed to 320 employees and six banks operating in the eastern part of Libya were selected as targets to investigate the risks faced by the banking system as a result of the current political crisis. The result of the research demonstrated there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the dimensions of employees’ empowerment and effective risk management. It was seen that issues such as training, incentives, and participation, sharing of authority, teamwork for employees are important in risk management. In addition, the risk management and strengthening of human resources among the banks in Benghazi and Al Bayda have been found to differ in their dimensions. The findings in this study seem to be consistent with many findings in the literature.
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Alferjani, Mansour, Soheila Mirshekary, Steven Dellaportas, Dessalegn Getie Mihret, and Ali Yaftian. "Development of accounting regulatory institutions in Libya (1951-2006)." Accounting Research Journal 31, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-01-2015-0007.
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Purpose This study aims to explain the driving forces behind the development of accounting regulatory institutions in post-colonial Libya. Design/methodology/approach The historical method is used to interpret relevant documentary evidence in the development of accounting in Libya vis-à-vis developments in the country’s post-colonial political-economic history. Findings The development of accounting regulation in Libya is traced to post-colonial political-economic history that occurred independent of the country’s colonial past. The immediate aftermath of colonialism (1951-1968) showed that Western accounting practices used by Western businesses operating in Libya were imbued by pro-Western ideology. Basic legislative requirements for accounting and auditing emerged during this period through legislation. Two distinct epochs surfaced during Muammar Gaddafi’s rule: initially, the state advocated a centrally planned economy, but in the 1980s, an ideological shift occurred, which opened the Libyan economy to the global market. The first epoch saw the formation of accounting regulatory agencies consistent with the state-centred organisation of society, and the second epoch engendered the development of accounting standards consistent with the developments in market-centred societies during the era of globalisation. Originality/value The study offers unique historical evidence on the development of accounting regulation in a developing country independent of its colonial history. The study enhances our understanding of how the interplay between the political economy and the ideological basis of the state determines the historical path of accounting as a basis for predicting the possible future direction of accounting development.
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Alhasadi, Aza Yousef, and Yavuz Demirel. "The role of the knowledge economy in the development of banking services in Libya." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i4.711.
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The study focuses on the basic variables of the knowledge economy, where aims to know the role of the knowledge economy in the banking sector and solving the problems facing Libyan commercial banks in the development of banking services. In order to achieve the main purpose of the study, we used the descriptive-analytical method, by using the questionnaire. Where we surveyed a total of 320 employees at six commercial banks operating in the eastern region of Libya. Through incoming questionnaires, we have analyzed 299 questionnaires. The results of the analysis showed a positive relationship between the knowledge economy and the development of banking services and that the knowledge economy plays an active role in the development of banking services, as the sub-variables of the knowledge economy are knowledge, skills, education, IT infrastructure, speed, access to service, research and development, Innovation, institutional regime, economic incentives as well as the sub-dimensions of the developing of banking services that represented in online banking, data transfer services, the use of technology, and customer relations. all of them show a high positive relationship among them. Also, the study includes information on whether there are differences between the knowledge economy and the development of banking services in the banks included in the research. The results of the study showed that knowledge, skills, training, economic incentives, and institutional regime vary according to banks
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Tolba, Adly S., and Joma A. Ifhima. "Privatization Policy in Libyan Economy Motivation - Positivisty and Negativity." Fayoum Journal of Agricultural Research and Development 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/fjard.2005.197808.
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Elammari, Ezzedin Mohammad Mansor. "Libyan Islamic Banks and their Importance in Achieving Development." Al-Rashad Journal of Islamic Finance 1, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46722/ajif.1.4.21a.
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This research paper seeks to highlight the role of Islamic banks in achieving development and its importance in Libya. These financial institutions are a humanitarian and social development message aimed at collecting funds and achieving the optimal use of resources in accordance with the rules and provisions of Islamic law to build an Islamic solidarity community, as well as employing money in investment projects that help achieve Economic and social development in Libya and thus achieving sustainable development through various Islamic financing formulas. This study reached a set of results, including that Islamic banking financing for economic projects is good and is increasing in recent times and that economic development is the goal of every country to develop its weak economy.
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زقاغ, عادل, and سفيان منصوري. "الاقتصاد السياسي للأزمة الليبية = The Political Economy of Libyan Crisis." سياسات عربية, no. 25 (2017): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0040874.
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Thomas, Sebastian, and Paul Dargusch. "Engaging with carbon markets: the Libya case." Journal of Political Ecology 18, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v18i1.21704.
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Climate change and the emerging carbon-constrained economy of the 21st Century present new challenges and opportunities for countries of the Middle East and North Africa. This paper discusses the potential for Libya to participate in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), the main flexibility mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, which is designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development. The paper considers the interaction of Libya's history and socio-cultural characteristics with global policy dynamics and economic forces. Libya's geography presents considerable potential in terms of CDM project opportunities, yet key developments would be required before these could be exploited. The nature of Libya's political system and social structures suggest that these developments are unlikely to occur while the Qadhafi regime endures, and therefore that Libya will not be able to engage successfully with the CDM and international mitigation activities in the short term. However, the CDM represents a means to implement capacity building and technical development programs, which will be integral components of reconstruction strategy in the aftermath of the dramatic events of early 2011.Keywords: Libyan energy policy; Clean Development Mechanism; political ecology; socio-economic reform; Kyoto Protocol.
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Abokaresh, Mohamed Saad Mohamed, Badrul Hisham Kamaruddin, and Rohani Mohd. "Privatization and Efficiency: Once Upon a Time in Libya." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v1i1.9116.
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This efficiency assessment of Libyan manufacturing firms is unique as efficiency is assessed on a developing country that undertakes privatization primarily for political and organizational reasons. Moreover, the state of mixed results in the literature with regards to production efficiency between state-owned and private-owned firms motivated the conduct of this study. Despite deliberate implementation of programs to improve efficiency, the situation in Libya was such that firms were able to improve their performance through internal efforts even in a negative environment. This has made the results of this study differ for developed and developing countries. For instance, from 1978-2002, the socialism-oriented economy replaced the capitalism system, transferring private ownership to the state. This has resulted in low levels of labour productivity, and weak structure of production in terms of acquisition of new technology. Moreover, both the United States and United Nation Security Council imposed sanctions on Libya from 1992-2003 which have restricted foreign direct investments. During these periods, the Libyan manufacturing sector suffered from increasing inefficiencies resulting in slowing down of growth of output following decline in labour productivity and financial capital. The objective of this study is to compare the technical efficiency of firms before and after privatization to be able to differentiate between state control and privatized firms, as well. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was used to compute the efficiency scores of firms. The average efficiency score before privatization was 49.5 per cent, but the score improved to 62.3 per cent after privatization. However, this minor improvement was not statistically significant as verified by the Mann-Whitney U test. These results have verified the situations in Libya which suggest that firms in Libya have not been prepared for real privatization. Consequently, almost all firms faced difficulties in optimizing their own resources economically.
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Abuazza, Wahid Omar, Dessalegn Getie Mihret, Kieran James, and Peter Best. "The perceived scope of internal audit function in Libyan public enterprises." Managerial Auditing Journal 30, no. 6/7 (July 6, 2015): 560–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-10-2014-1109.
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Purpose – The aim of this exploratory study is to examine the perceptions of stakeholders regarding the scope of internal audit (IA) work in Libyan state-owned enterprises. Design/methodology/approach – Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with chief executive officers, IA directors, administrative affairs managers, financial affairs managers and external auditors, which were supplemented with a review of relevant documentary evidence. Findings – The results of the study show that the scope of IA in Libyan organizations may not be sufficiently wide ranging to be considered as a value-adding service. The scope of the IA function may need to be expanded to cover a broader range of organizational functions if internal auditors are to offer value-adding services to their stakeholders. Practical implications – The IA profession has received scant attention in the literature, especially in the context of developing countries such as Libya. Therefore, such settings offer the potential to enhance the understanding of IA practices. As a study on a developing economy, it enhances understanding of the IA profession’s global configuration beyond the predominantly market-driven, industrialized Western economies. Originality/value – In contrast to most previous studies, this study covers a broad range of IA stakeholders’ views on the role of internal auditors. This coverage enabled an in-depth investigation of the factors affecting IA scope and understanding of stakeholder perceptions on the IA function.
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Muhamed, Osama Hassan Abulkasim, and Siti Nurazira Binti Mohd Daud. "Impact and determinants of the foreign direct investment on the Libyan economy." International Journal of Trade and Global Markets 15, no. 3 (2022): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtgm.2022.124058.
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Ahmed, Aboagila Otman. "A Study of the Factors Influencing Inflationary Pressure in the Libyan Economy." IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance 1, no. 6 (2013): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/5933-0163543.
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Daud, Siti Nurazira Mohd, and Osama Muhamed. "Impact and determinants of the foreign direct investment on the Libyan Economy." International Journal of Trade and Global Markets 14, no. 4 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtgm.2021.10027981.
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Solty, Ingar. "Krieg gegen einen Integrationsunwilligen?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 41, no. 163 (June 1, 2011): 295–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v41i163.355.
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The article contextualizes the current NATO intervention into the Libyan civil war in the debates about the new imperialism and the crisis of global capitalism. It poses the question as to whether it can be interpreted as an act of militarily locking up an oil state which is immune to IMF/World Bank types of structural adjustment. Based on an analysis of the political economy of Libya from decolonization to the contemporary Gadhafi regime, it argues that the integration of Libya into the world order of global capitalism had already occurred as an act of free will. Therefore other reasons must have led to the hesitant decision to go to war. Denouncing the idea of humanitarian interventions, the article argues that in the context of the global crisis mainly three goals are being pursued: Guaranteeing the free flow of cheap oil; reestablishing control over a geopolitically essential region that as a result of the toppling of friendly dictators has been at the verge of slipping away; and reconstructing the indispensable ideology of „humanitarian interventions“ after their seeming demise in the quagmires of Iraq and Afghanistan.
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Aljbiri, Atia Milad. "Opportunities for establishment of financial market in Libya." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 6 (2007): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755060009.
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The main purpose of this paper is to show the importance of financial markets to the Libyan economy. At present, the country is preparing to establish a financial market as a requirement of economic reform with its goal to achieve economic stability and improve the volume of investment, as well as raising the growth rate. As the analysis in this paper shows, there are achievements with respect to the financial indicators, but it is limited with respect to the volume of investment and the level of incomes. This leads to the importance of establishing the financial market which is one of the primary requirements to achieve these goals.
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McLachlan, K. "Libya's Oil Resources." Libyan Studies 20 (January 1989): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006749.
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Libya is by most definitions an oil-based economy. Yet academic study of the national oil industry is at best fragmentary. The reasons for the poor showing of the Libyan oil industry in the literature stem partly from the relative decline in its international importance since the mid-1970s and partly from the ambiguity over acknowledgement of the role of the oil industry within Libya.The growth of the Libyan oil industry dates from 1951 and the coming of national independence. There had been surveys of a small scale and technologically limited kind in Libya in the Italian period. Some shows of oil had been discovered in Tripolitania as early as 1914 when water wells were drilled to supply Tripoli city (Waddams 1980, 27). Other oil was discovered in Tripolitania in the 1930s and a full scale exploration programme was prepared in the years 1937–1940 by the Italian national oil corporation under the geological guidance of Professor Ardito Desio, but never fully implemented due to the onset of war. Indeed, Desio was to return as a consultant to the oil companies working in Libya in the 1950s.In 1953 a mineral law was issued which paved the way for the grant of concessions to foreign oil companies to explore and develop oil resources. A petroleum law was promulgated in 1955 which offered rather more favourable terms on fees, rents, royalties and expensing to the oil companies than were available in other longer established oil producing states of North Africa and the Middle East (cf. Waddams, 1980, 57–70). At the same time, the assets of the oil companies in Libya were given far reaching protection under amendments of the petroleum law. The consequence of the generous operating terms of this and subsequent revisions of the law (1961 and 1965) was a rapid growth in the number of concessionaries exploring for oil within the country. The open-door policy pursued by the government was much criticised at a later period. Undoubtedly, however, it did succeed in attracting a wide spectrum of oil companies into Libya, including the major ones, such as Esso, Royal Dutch/Shell, Texaco, Gulf, BP and Mobil, together with many small independent interests. The best international techniques for exploration and development were put to work in Libya within a very short space of time, bringing the country rapidly into the ranks of the main oil-exporting states. Oil exports began on a commercial scale in September 1961 from Esso's Zelten fields in the Sirtican area, concession No. 6.
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Masoud, Najeb. "Libya’s IAS/IFRS Adoption and Accounting Quality: What Lessons from the European Union Experience." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 4, no. 1 (April 5, 2014): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v4i1.5477.
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This study provides a review of the literature on adoption of IAS/IFRS in Libya, the time the IFRS standards decision is made in EU countries and the time IAS/IFRS adoption becomes undertaking in Libyan economy. The adoption of IAS/IFRS in Europe on the quality of financial reporting is an example of accounting standardisation among countries with different institutional frameworks and implementation rules. Impacts of this adoption in Libya will gain many benefit include the improve quality of financial reporting, less earnings management, more comparability, and provide more reliable, accurate, transparency, and high relevance for stock price determination of financial accounting information. These findings could be fruitful and helpful for outside users of accounting reports and also for regulators and legislators in their attempts to constrain the incidence of earnings accounting practises and to enhance the quality of accounting information. To explore the relevance (applicability) of international accounting standards to developing countries such as Libya is a topic of significant interest amongst disclosure (non-accounting information) users. This is a key subject for standard setting purposes as IAS/IFRS have been adopted in many different nations all over the world, and many others are likely to adopt them in the near future (including, Libya). Finally the main limitations of this study are outlined and opportunities for future research are discussed, particularly in relation to this study’s findings about the requirement to reconsider the usefulness of the relationship between accounting practices and framework adoption of IAS/IFRS in Libya.
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A., Mandour,, Al-Mahdy, A., and Soliman, H. "THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL POLICY IN TREATING THE UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM IN THE LIBYAN ECONOMY." Journal of Environmental Science 42, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 211–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jes.2018.22673.
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Macheka, Eustina, and Kurebwa Jeffrey. "NATO’s Military Intervention in Libya: Implications on Regional Security." International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, no. 53 (March 20, 2019): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861//ijwpds.53.18.27.
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The study sought to understand the justification of NATO’s intervention in Libya and implications on regional security. Qualitative research methodology was used in the study. Primary and secondary data sources were used to collect data. The findings of the study indicated that NATO’s military intervention in Libya was not justified and failed to promote peace and security. Research findings further showed that the intervention was based on self-interest. The intentions of NATO in Libya were far-fetched and heavily undermined the doctrines of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and humanitarian intervention. The research findings indicated that NATO intervened in Libya for regime change, imperialism and to benefit from the oil resource. Libyan citizens benefitted nothing from the intervention. The study argues that Libyans suffered economic, socio-political and religious effects. The intervention by NATO fuelled civil wars, violence, religious conflicts and terrorism.
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Zubi, Ramadam Yousif. "The Important Role of Manpower Planning, Education and Training in the Economic Development of Libya." Libyan Studies 23 (1992): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900001771.
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AbstractLibya has enjoyed a considerable growth of its national economy since its crude oil was produced and exported in the early 1960s and Libyan society has achieved a higher standard of living than in the 1950s. But despite the increasing and rapid expansion in the education system, the rising figures for enrolment and well-equipped buildings, the country still suffers from acute shortages of the well-qualified and skilled human resources that should meet the country's socio-economic development and transformation plans, and run the increased number of large industrial establishments like the oil industry, where a large number of foreign personnel still occupy core functions.This paper shows that a number of practical and theoretical problems are responsible for inaccurate manpower planning, and also for the retardation of the development of Libya's manpower education and training, needed to ensure the country had the necessary well-qualified personnel who would perform their employment duties properly in order that the country achieves its planned socio-economic development targets.For real control of Libya's natural resources, mainly oil and gas, the paper calls for urgent action to be taken for a well-planned and properly executed Libyanisation policy and more effective use of the most necessary non-Libyan personnel. It outlines the scientific and practical factors needed to improve labour productivity, describes the procedure and methodology of manpower forecasting currently in use, and calls for action to correct its deficiencies.The paper also attempts to point out the major role that the university and other educational institutions have to play in the education and training of the country's people. It also suggests that more effort should be made to link and involve the educational institutions, and the university in particular, with the industrial and other economic sectors in the country. Also required is a variety of good services which can be employed in consultative work and collaborative involvement, based on a thorough understanding of the requirements both of industry and the university as a consultative and research centre, in addition to its educational functions. These and other aspects are fully discussed and a call is made for better planned and strategic reform of the education and training systems in Libya, so that the country can truly adjust to changes in its students and the workforce.
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Bouthahab, Iman Elsalhen, and Mariam Hassan Khaled. "Effect of Customer Lifestyles on the Awareness of “MobiCash” Banking Services of Wahda Bank in Libya." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v9i1.11210.
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The 2013-2014 liquidity crisis in Libya has resulted in many Libyans' difficulties accessing their banking accounts and managing their financial standing. In place of this, many commercial banks have developed new mobile payment techniques, particularly the 'MobiCash' Service offered by Wahda Bank to assist Libyan customers in accessing their accounts and carrying out their financial transactions. This paper intends to examine the effect of lifestyle changes on mobile banking services or 'MobiCash' and their awareness of this novel service. Also, this study investigates the more profound understanding of Libyan customers. It highlights customers' socio-economic characteristics using 'MobiCash' services offered by Wahda Bank in the city of Derna in Libya. The questionnaires were distributed online, and a sample of 149 was obtained. SPSS was used to analyse the data and regression analysis to test the significant effect of customers' lifestyles and their awareness of 'MobiCash'. The results showed that Libyan customers were accepting of this form of mobile banking. The findings indicated that age and academic degrees do not influence awareness of 'MobiCash'. However, customer lifestyles affect awareness of the banking service of 'MobiCash'. Socio-Economic factors do not mediate the relationship between lifestyle and awareness of banking services of 'MobiCash'. This study's outcomes have increased the current knowledge on the behaviours and awareness of novel banking service features like 'MobiCash'. Moreover, the study may provide a more in-depth understanding of what is needed for Libyan banking customers to accept further this technological service and, thus, permit the improvement of banking strategies to attract potential users. Future researchers can extend the understanding of this study in other contexts and service environment.
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Ahmed Al ebeid, Hisham, and Saber Saleh Zagrat. "The role of foreign trade in the GDP in the Libyan economy during the period (2000-2012)." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 9, no. 4 (April 6, 2019): p8826. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.9.04.2019.p8826.
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Buzaian, A., and J. A. Lloyd. "Early Urbanism in Cyrenaica: New Evidence from Euesperides (Benghazi)." Libyan Studies 27 (1996): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900002454.
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AbstractExcavations by the Department of Antiquities, Benghazi, Garyunis University, Benghazi and the Society for Libyan Studies took place at the site of Euesperides for a total of seven weeks in 1995 and 1996. Work was concentrated on the northern margins of the city, where much new evidence for its topography and development came to light. The discoveries include successive fortification walls (the earlier of which may belong to c. 600 BC), part of a necropolis, and a large extramural kiln complex of the fourth/third centuries. Evidence bearing on the infrastructure, economy, diet and cultural life of this early Cyrenaican city, which was abandoned by the mid third century BC, was also recovered.
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Pelling, Ruth, and Saleh al Hassy. "The Macroscopic Plant Remains from Euesperides (Benghazi): an interim report." Libyan Studies 28 (1997): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900002570.
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AbstractRecent excavations at the Greco-Libyan site of Euesperides, Benghazi, have included a sampling programme for the retrieval of macroscopic plant remains. Preliminary results are now available and help to shed some light on the economy of the site between the sixth and the third centuries BC. Barley is the principal cereal crop recorded, while both hulled and free-threshing wheats are present. Fruit remains generally dominate the samples and include frequent seeds of grape and fig. The grape pips are of interest in that they appear to be morphologically more wild than cultivated. It is thought that they may be of a variety which does not conform with the characteristics of better known northern Mediterranean varieties of grape.
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Attir, Mustafa Omar. "The Role of Armed Conflict in Developing a Subculture of Hate and its Consequences." Contemporary Arab Affairs 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/caa.2021.14.2.62.
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When Libyan youth took to the streets in a populist uprising in 2011, which became known as the 17 February 2011 revolution, many Libyans thought they were on the verge of removing one of the most vicious dictators of the twentieth century, Muammar Gaddafi, and building a new democratic state. Gaddafi responded forcefully, hoping to eliminate the movement in its infancy. But clashes between Gaddafi’s forces and those who took to streets soon turned into a civil war, during which Libyan society was split into two major groups: one supporting the uprising, the other the regime. In addition to armed conflict, these warring groups regarded each other with contempt, generated slander, and accused each other of betrayal, using words and phrases in a discourse of hate speech. This vocabulary of hate manifested in demonstrations and social media. Eight months later Gaddafi was dead, and the political system he built over four decades collapsed. But the war did not stop: yesterday’s allies became enemies, competing for political and economic gains. The number of contesting groups expanded as different clans, tribes, and cities joined the fray for personal gains. Strategies and techniques first used during the Libyan uprising were applied in the civil war, and are still manifest today. Every militia has a Facebook page, owns a television station, or has access to one. These media have been widely used to spread hate speech and to widen the rift between neighbors, creating refugees and internally displaced people. At least five cities became ghost towns during the uprising. When the concept of subculture first appeared in the sociological literature, it referred to members of a group that behaved according to a set of values and norms that deviated from those of mainstream society. Reviewing the language of militia members and their supporters that is articulated in social media or on television, it becomes obvious that such language has devolved into hate speech, creating social fragmentation among Libyans. This language has created a new set of values and norms in Libya that are different from preexisting mainstream Libyan culture. The new language has created a subculture of hate, which serves to sustain and accelerate continuing divisions within Libya, while further fragmenting the social fabric of the country.
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Troug, Haytem Ahmed, and Matt Murray. "THE ASYMMETRIC EFFECTS OF FLUCTUATIONS IN OIL PRICES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE LIBYAN ECONOMY: A VAR APPROACH." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 10, no. 5 (September 10, 2020): 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10269.
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Zakari, Mohamed Abulgasem. "Challenges of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Adoption in Libya." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 1, no. 1 (November 2, 2014): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v4i2.6302.
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This study investigates the challenges that face implementing of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by Libyan firms. In particular, this paper analyses the effect of legal, economic, accounting education and culture structures on adopting of IFRS in the Libyan context. A questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the effect of some selected challenges on IFRS adoption in Libya. The results of the study indicate that IFRS adoption by Libyan companies has faced some obstacles such as accounting education and economic issues. This research extends accounting literature by studying the challenges of IFRS in Libya (a developing country), focusing on the impact of legal, accounting education, economic and culture in IFRS implementation.
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Cremaschi, Mauro, and Savino di Lernia. "Environment and settlements in the Mid-Holocene palaeo-oasis of Wadi Tanezzuft (Libyan Sahara)." Antiquity 75, no. 290 (December 2001): 815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089390.
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Past research in the Acacus mountains has been mostly concerned with studies of rock art (Mori 1965) and site-oriented investigations, particularly rock-shelters in the central and northern Acacus (Uan Muhuggiag: Mori 1965; Barich 1987; Ti-n-Torha North: Barich 1974; 1987; Wadi Athal: Barich & Mori 1970). This important research disclosed the astonishing archaeological richness of the area. Particular emphasis was given to data suggesting the existence of early forms of pastoral economy in the region (Mori 1961; 1965; Barich 1987). This led to the hypothesis, differently and repeatedly formulated, of a Saharan focus for the emergence of food-producing activity, based on cattle herding, independent from the Nile Valley and the Near East (Mori 1961; Barich 1987). This is not the place to discuss in detail this interesting, but now largely discarded, hypothesis; what is important to underline, however, is the limited database used in its formulation. The results of only three excavations, all located in the mountain ranges, provided the basis of the evidence presented without any attempt to place these sites in a broader regional framework.
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Jarad, Ali, Almokhtar Attwairi, Tarek Elaswed, and Elhadi Elmghirbi. "The role of the southern Libyan Saharan cities in building their relations with neighbouring countires." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 102, no. 1 (2022): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd2201141j.
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The southern Libyan cities (Ghat, Murzuq, and Al-Kufra) played their political, economic, and social role in Libyan relations with neighbouring countries during various historical phases. These cities paved the way for building economic relations, especially the exchange of goods between North and South Africa through Mediterranean ports to Europe. The main goal of the research is to stress the role of the Saharan towns and cities in building relations between Libya and neighbouring countries and to tracking the political, economic and social impacts on Saharan cities, but also their effects between the northern African region and southern Libya towards African Sub-Saharan region. Additionally, it is important to explain the role of southern cities geographically in the influx of illegal migration of temporary transit and settlement areas and crossing north to Europe and studying the impact of instability and insecurity after 2011 in the tribal and ethnic conflict in southern Libyan region. The importance of the study is based on identifying the political, economic, and social conditions of southern Libyan region and its important historical cities.
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Benomran, Naser Abdusalam, Mohd Hassan Che Haat, Hafiza Binti Hashim, and Nor Raihan Binti Mohamad. "Influence of Corporate Governance on the Extent of Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Reporting." Journal of Environment and Ecology 6, no. 1 (June 24, 2015): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v6i1.7442.
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<p class="1"><span lang="EN-GB">This study examines the influence of corporate governance on the extent of corporate social responsibility and environmental reporting (CSER) in Libyan companies according to legitimacy theory, using quantitative and qualitative methods. The variables used in this study are government ownership, chief executive officer duality, board independence, and board size. The study was conducted in Libya because this country has a unique political and economic system. Moreover, the regime in Libya has influenced the nature of CSER, as has Islamic factor. The quantitative data consist of 162 annual reports derived from 42 Libyan companies. The qualitative data are obtained from 31 financial and information managers from the largest Libyan companies, who expressed their perceptions regarding the influence of the study variables on the extent of CSER. Results confirm that corporate governance generally has no influence on the extent of CSER in Libyan companies, with the exception of board size.</span></p>
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Ihnissi, Ragab, and Alhadi Klaib. "Barriers Preventing to Reap the Benefits of E-commerce in Libya Prior and During COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences 20, no. 2 (August 19, 2021): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51984/jopas.v20i2.1351.
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Abstract: In Libya, there are a various barrier to developing e-commerce, and the COVID-19 pandemic has emphasised the importance of overcoming these hurdles in the shortest possible timeframe. This paper stems from a review of the studies which have focussed on the obstacles which preclude Libya reaping the benefits of e-commerce, at a time when many businesses are moving online, as a result of the lockdown introduced in response to COVID-19. This study has discussed and inspected the problems facing Libyan e-commerce. As a result of these problems, e-commerce has not taken hold in Libya or brought the country its considerable economic advantages. This paper suggests a range of recommendations which will contribute to adopt e-commerce in Libya and advance its popularity, among individuals, organisations and the government institutions, so that Libyan society can begin, and continue, to benefit from e-commerce.
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Battaglia, Francesco. "Peacebuilding and Statebuilding in Libya: An Analysis on the Role of the European Union." African Journal of Legal Studies 10, no. 2-3 (December 7, 2017): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340020.
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Abstract The Libyan crisis is the largest and closest crisis on the southern borders of the EU. It is therefore reasonable that the stabilization of this country and the engagement of international relations and partnership with an independent and effective government of Libya is a central point of the EU’s foreign policy since the outbreak of the crisis in 2011. The consolidation of peace in Libya is of primary importance not only because of political and economic reasons. The engagement with Libya is essential for the EU even to strengthen its role as global actor in the field of foreign and security policy. Finally, the Libyan crisis is closely connected with the migration emergency that is weakening European political cohesion. The purpose of this article is thus to carry out a legal analysis on the role of the EU in promoting peace/state-building in Libya, to make some considerations on the main lesson learned.
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Bennett, Paul. "Notes from Libya." Libyan Studies 47 (September 14, 2016): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2016.12.
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Abstract‘Notes from Libya’ is a new regular feature of Libyan Studies and follows the reports of the Society's Head of Mission. These reports were previously concerned with the organisation of fieldwork and administrative matters connected to obtaining permissions, visas, and so on, and were recorded in the minutes of the Council meetings. However, they have recently taken on a new form, outlining the alarming developments in Libya, largely focusing on its heritage but also on the political and economic situation, which impacts on the management of Libya's ancient monuments and artefacts. The importance and historical interest of these reports now, however, merit a wider audience and a more formal record, so these accounts are now published in Libyan Studies.
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Bennett, Paul. "Notes from Libya." Libyan Studies 48 (September 15, 2017): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2017.2.
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Abstract‘Notes from Libya’ is a new regular feature of Libyan Studies following the reports of the Society's Head of Mission. These reports were previously concerned with the organisation of fieldwork and administrative matters connected to obtaining permissions, visas and so on, and were recorded in the minutes of the Council meetings. However, they have recently taken on a new form, outlining the alarming developments in Libya, largely focusing on its heritage but also on the political and economic situation, which impacts on the management of Libya's ancient monuments and artefacts. The importance and historical interest of these reports now, however, merits a wider audience and a more formal record, so these accounts are now published in Libyan Studies.
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Bennett, Paul. "Notes from Libya." Libyan Studies 49 (October 16, 2018): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2018.23.
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Abstract‘Notes from Libya’ is a new regular feature of Libyan Studies following the reports of the Society's Head of Mission. These reports were previously concerned with the organisation of fieldwork and administrative matters connected to obtaining permissions, visas and so on, and were recorded in the minutes of the Council meetings. However, they have recently taken on a new form, outlining the alarming developments in Libya, largely focusing on its heritage but also on the political and economic situation, which impacts on the management of Libya's ancient monuments and artefacts. The importance and historical interest of these reports now, however, merits a wider audience and a more formal record, so these accounts are now published in Libyan Studies.