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1
Elmabrouk, Elmabrouk A. Ambarik. "Quality of banking services in Libyan banks." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2011. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3285/.
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Against the background of growing competition in the global marketplace, understanding customers, is a significant aspect of marketing. In the search for competitive advantage, there is a need to measure service quality to better understand its antecedents and consequences, and establish methods for its improvement. In the Libyan economy, the banking sector is one of the most important. Its significance increased after the 2003 lifting of the United Nations sanction. This was followed by entry to the sector of a number of domestic and multinational firms. Despite this increased competition, domestic banks are still widely considered to suffer from low levels of service quality. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the actual level of service quality provided by Libyan public commercial banks as perceived by their customers. A modified SERVQUAL model was developed to measure service quality in Libyan commercial public banks. The resulting instrument is intended to help these banks to measure their service quality and focus on the service quality dimensions of most importance to their customers. It also aimed to gain an understanding of cultural and environmental influences on service quality in the Libyan banking sector, and their effect on banking management practices. It is also expected that this instrument, and its results, will contribute to future research into service quality. The findings of the present study have produced some important results. Firstly, the level of service quality offered by the Libyan public commercial banks as it was perceived by their customers was relatively high. Secondly, the theoretical five-factor structure of the SERVQUAL model was not confirmed in the Libyan banking context, and the service quality structure in the Libyan context appears to be four-dimensional. Furthermore, the study offers suggestions to banking managers to allocate their resources more efficiently to the most important dimensions, i. e. reliability and tangibles, to improve service quality, since the factor analysis indicates that these are the most important dimensions to customers. Finally, reflections on the methods used to modify SERVQUAL to make it more sensitive to a particular cultural context have implications for future researchers in terms of methodology, method and data analysis.
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Alwaddan, Abubaker. "Banking reforms and banking efficiency in Libyan commercial banks : a non-parametric approach." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416066.
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Kridan, A. B. "A knowledge management implementation framework for the Libyan banking sector." Thesis, University of Salford, 2006. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2258/.
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The principles of knowledge management (KM) are widely acknowledged and have been developed over the last 50 years, especially in such disciplines as management science, sociology, and construction. Whilst knowledge management (KM) is still an evolving practice, specific emphasis is now taking place on securing leverage through knowledge-context, interpretation, transfer, and reflection. Knowledge-based economies are increasingly reliant upon their intellectual capital (IC) cognisant of: the Information Technology (IT) revolution; expanding information society; the increased importance of knowledge; and the congruence and emergence of innovation through the application of KM practices. However, little work in the remit of KM has been evidenced in the Libyan financial sector the omission of which is the focus of this research. This research uses a case-study approach using an interpretive perspective to develop a knowledge management implementation (KMI) framework for the Libyan banking industry. The framework was developed and tested using three Libyan banks (LBs) and one bank from the United Kingdom (UK). Domain expertise was selected from the financial sector and academia to validate all results and findings. Research findings identified that the body of literature surrounding KM (from a Western perspective), could be applied to the Libyan context with a high degree of congruence. Moreover, the Libyan banking industry has now reached a level of maturity to embrace this framework as part of its core business practices. Several critical KM implementation areas were identified for incorporation (linked to organisational maturity). However, no definitive measurable leverage could be ascertained from this study, the aspect of which would need to form part of a larger study using cross-case analysis and multiple replications.
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Ehtawish, Salem. "Effectiveness of regulation and supervision in the Libyan banking system." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423893.
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Mohamed, Ahmed E. A. "Improving the Libyan customers' trust and acceptance for online banking technology." Thesis, University of Salford, 2013. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/29451/.
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The technology of online banking for customers refers to several types of banking activities through which bank customers can get information and carry out most retail banking services. Libyan banks continue to conduct most of their banking transactions using traditional methods. Given the prevalence of online technology adoption by the banking industry in developed countries, reasons for the lack of such innovation in developing countries such as Libya is of interest in any consideration of technological innovation. The online banking technology usage rate in Libya is at present very minimal, despite the fact that Libya is one of the wealthiest countries in Africa as it is a major oil producer and one of the Europe’s biggest North Africa oil suppliers (Touati, 2008). The Libyan banking industry is now lagging behind and in extreme need of essential change to enhance its banking system, as it has been continuously criticised for its inadequate and inefficient services. Unreliable national telecommunications infrastructure, lack of education between bank customers, lack of technological knowledge among bank staff and customers, and the distance between bank branches and their headquarters were slowing the development of Libyan banking system. These processes require extensive and comprehensive study of online banking related factors in order to achieve customers’ trust and acceptance in online banking technology. The aim of this research is to develop a framework to guide government official for increasing customer trust and acceptance for online banking. After providing literature on online banking, this study considers a framework and tests various factors that might act to determine whether a given technology is likely to be trusted and accepted by the customers of the banking industry in a developing country such as Libya. Data was collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. The questionnaire survey was distributed to more than 200 Libyan customers of the Bank of Commerce and Development (BCD) and they were analysed quantitatively by descriptive and statistical (correlation and regression) analysis. The data was qualitatively validated with interviews and content analysis. The data was based on customers’ perceptions of factors that might affect their decisions as to whether or not to trust online banking technology in Libya. The study thus addresses the question: How can the level of Libyan bank customers’ trust of online banking be improved? The results of the analysis of this enquiry and findings from a comprehensive literature review enabled the theoretical framework for customers’ trust and acceptance improvement to be developed. As the main outcome of the study, this framework consists of acceptance which includes (relative advantages, ease of use), trust and risk, and online banking issues which includes (security issues, technical and legal support issues, reputation issues, privacy issues, transactional/operation issues). Moreover, technology readiness and demographic characteristics (age, gender) are proposed as having a moderating effect on the relationship between intention and the challenges that might affect customers’ trust and acceptance. These components of the framework have been subject to necessary validation. Thus, if implemented with a conscious effort to address all the mitigating factors, online banking has the potential to bring substantial corporate benefits to both banks and their customers. This research also has significant implications for other research and practical analysis of online banking customers by providing a comprehensive database and established knowledge based on essential theory; this could be used as a resource for practitioners and potential more detailed research, the government officials will also be of interest to the framework for their banking future policies regarding customers’ trust and acceptance. In conclusion, while the aim and objectives of this research were accomplished by providing a framework for the improvement of trust and acceptance of online banking technology by Libyan bank customers, the study has identified the potential limitations of the research and recommendations for future research.
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Abida, Saleh Rajab. "The impact of the World Trade Organisation on Libyan banking sector." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2011. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6023/.
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The main aim of this study is to identify and analyse, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the potential effects of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the Libyan Banking sector using DEA and Panel data regression methods. Libya has not gained its full membership of the WTO yet. However, Libya has gained observer status since 2004. Since Libya has not yet joined the WTO, it is not possible to know its impact by addressing the period pre and post joining the WTO. Therefore, to know the final expected impact of the WTO on the Libyan banking sector, two ways are selected. The first one is by assessing the rules of the WTO and review the existing literature regarding the impact of the WTO on banking sector to draw some conclusions on the Libyan banking sector. The other one is by using the efficiency of banks as a means to know the impact of the WTO on the Libyan banking sector. The efficiency was empirically measured using DEA method and two types of comparison: Common Efficient Frontier (CEF) and National Specific Frontier (NSF). The using of DEA method allows the comparison of efficiency of Libyan banks to those in existence in countries similar to Libya (Gulf countries) that have already gained membership of the WTO .Also, to check whether there have been any changes in the general trend of efficiency since these countries have joined the WTO. Finally, in order to find out how to improve the bank efficiency, the determinants of bank efficiency were investigated using panel data regression and the WTO was used as one of the determinants of bank efficiency. The main finding from a sample inclusive of GCCs banks with Iwithout Libyan banks under CEF comparison, reveal that the mean efficiency score of the Libyan banking industry is not dissimilar to the GCC country's mean. Since these results are different to those obtained in the existing literature and also to know the implication of WTO on GCC countries as more homogeneous countries, the analysis was repeated without Libya using the CEF comparison. However, the type of comparison (NSF) produced significantly different results, in particular the ranking of the countries. Overall, The results of DEA which were supported and complemented by using the Panel data regression method show that there is no clear evidence that the efficiency of Gulf countries has been improving since joining of the WTO. The reason behind this might be the decreasing level of efficiency in these countries relative to developed countries When the Gulf countries joined the WTO. Furthermore, the Gulf countries have not yet completely opened their banking sectors and still discriminate against foreign banks. Also, they still enjoy the exemption given to developing countries. Therefore, Libya's joining the WTO as a full member- at the present time -might affect the banking sector negatively. Regarding to the impact of banking reform on Libyan banks efficiency, although the results were ambiguous and depending on using CEF or NSF type, the results of NSF which is supported by previous literature showed that there was progress, therefore, efficiency was improved after the reform had started.
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Kribat, Musa M. J. "Financial disclosure practices in developing countries : evidence from the Libyan banking sector." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/a91f500c-6c85-49f8-b02c-e0876aab5c33.
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The main aim of this study is to assess both: (i) perceptions regarding: and (ii) the nature financial disclosure practices in Libyan banks' reports. As regards the former. the focus was placed on both preparers and users of the documents. In terms of the latter. the level of disclosure is examined and its relationship with certain firm-characteristics (such as: bank size; age of bank; profitability; and ownership structure) and the overall level of Libyan banks' financial disclosure analysed. A decision-usefulness framework underpinned the research which was carried out via a questionnaire survey and a disclosure index analysis. The findings suggest that preparers considered management and the board of directors to be the most important users, of Libyan banks' annual reports and the most influential in terms of disclosure practices and accounting policies choice. The evidence also illustrates that, from the users' perspective, the annual reports of Libyan banks are frequently employed, and are the most important source of information for decision-making process. The main purpose of these documents is perceived by both preparer and user groups as being the provision of information to assist the Central Bank of Libya (CBL) in its monitoring and supervision activities. The perceptions of preparers were consistent with those of users regarding the quality of financial disclosures in Libyan banks' annual reports, but views differed in terms of the quantity of the information and the degree of compliance with mandatory disclosure requirements; in the latter cases, preparer groups were more satisfied than users. However, both groups are pinning strong hopes on the newly-formed Libyan Stock Market's role and on-going economic reforms -to play a key role in improving disclosure practices. Finally. Libyan banks failed to comply fully with mandatory disclosure requirements in any of the sample years (2000-2006); on average the level of compliance was 89% (with a range of 74~ 0 to 97%). In terms of overall levels (i.e. mandatory plus voluntary) of financial disclosure in Libyan banks' annual reports, the figures were low; only 54% of information items were disclosed on average by sample banks (with a range of 39% to 670/0). Multivariate panel regression analysis showed that both profit and age appear to have a positive impact on the overall financial disclosure level whereas size has a negative influence. However, the first of these effects proved to be significant. The findings are shown to be of interest to regulators, users and providers of financial information in the Libyan banking sector
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Abouzkeh, Abdalnasr. "A critical perspective on social accounting in banking : the case of social accounting in the Libyan commercial banking sector." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/a3791ea4-f15b-45bf-9b7a-ac0a3dab6c53.
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Ftes, Nagah Abdulaziz M. "The process of strategic decision-making in Libyan commercial banks." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2013. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/2789/.
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The thesis describes an exploration and analysis of the nature of strategic decision-making processes (SDMP) in Libyan Commercial Banks. The role of 'rationality‘, 'intuition‘ and 'political behaviour‘ in five strategic decisions of very high importance were explored in this study, by conducting sixteen face-to-face interviews with senior decision-makers, all closely involved with the decisions, from three commercial banks. Other observations of SDM behaviour and documentary information were also recorded. Field work enabled analysis and interpretation of the perceived influence of `decision importance` on the process, as well as an exploration of the three key influencing factors on the SDMP. Consistent findings for the nature of the process were found for all five decisions. Rationality was a key factor of the process. Considerable efforts were made by key staff to gather and analyse information, discuss issues, as well as engage consultants and seek advice from Commercial Banks outside Libya. This finding appeared to reflect the high importance of the decisions coupled with the inexperience of the senior management group. This lead to some anxiety and, as a consequence, risk-reducing activities. The SDs were based on analysis, advice and past experience, rather than on personal judgement. None of the banks exhibited strong political or intuitive behaviour in their DMPs. Instead there was constructive consultation in making decisions. DM was driven by clear decision motives, the importance attached to the decision, and a committed effort to minimize uncertainty and risk. Other factors considered were that the decisions were financially rewarding, delivered customer satisfaction and employee welfare, as well as being socially acceptable. Analysis of the data has enabled the development of a model which is consistent with an interpretation that places 'anxiety‘ in the senior management group as the dominant factor driving the adoption of a rational approach to DM, with low intuitive or political activity. Anxiety is derived from the crucial importance of the decision, the relative inexperience of the senior management group, and some policy pressure from the Central Bank of Libya to change and modernize banking methods. The availability of resources and time to the senior group, in a generally munificent environment, also made it feasible for senior staff to adopt rational methods of analysis for DM, and as a consequence reduce their degree of anxiety.
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Elfazani, Fawzi Milad Mohammed. "An investigation of training and development programmes in Libyan banking organisations: A case study approach." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540076.
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El-Shukri, Aisha Salem. "Non-financial performance measurement in the Libyan commercial banking sector : four grounded theory case studies." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2007. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/a0852724-f302-4476-bc26-df1b795d3296.
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The use of non-financial performance measurements (such as quality, delivery and customer satisfaction) has received a lot of attention from practitioners and academics over the last two decades in developed countries. This research project is an exploratory study in Libya to investigate the use of non-financial performance measurements (NFPMs) in a developing country's commercial banking sector. The Libyan service sector is the second contributor to the Libyan Gross Domestic Product (GDP) after the oil sector. Within the service sector, the commercial banking sector has been playing a significant role in the development of the Libyan economy. This research project aims to: 1) explore the current use of NFPMs in the Libyan commercial banking sector (LCBS); 2) determine the environmental factors influencing the use of NFPMs in the LCBS; and 3) explore the impact of NFPMs on financial performance measurements (FPMs) in the LCBSA grounded theory methodology was adopted and four case studies (two State owned banks and two private banks) were conducted. Each case study was analysed according to a structured set of coding procedures (based on the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin, 1990) and substantive hypotheses emerged for each case study. A cross-case analysis of the four case studies gave rise to the following nineteen formal hypotheses which (together with the model developed from the four case studies) are the main findings of this study: H1 The limitations of FPMs are one of the major motives leading to a bank's use of NFPMs H2 A more competitive environment is one of the main motives for managers in a bank using NFPMs. H3 Management's knowledge of the relationship between NFPMs and FPMs is one of the major motives leading to the use of NFPMs in a bank. 11 H4 Demanding customers are one of the major motives leading to the use of NFPMs in a bank. H5 The nature of the banking industry as a service oriented industry is one of the major motives leading to the use of NFPMs in a bank. H6 Lower level managers in a bank tend to use NFPMs more than middle and higher level managers do. H7 Operational experience of management, competence of management, management with more authority, top management's interference, stability of management, and collective working group positively affect a bank's use of NFPMs. H8 New regulations and strategies of the Central Bank and the uncertainty of the economic environment positively affect a bank's use of NFPMs. H9 Some of the Central Bank's old regulations, over-control and interference of the Central Bank, information shortage, weakness of infrastructure, traditional educational system, State ownership and the general public's lack of banking knowledge negatively affect a bank's use of NFPMs. H10 The development of human resource strategies to be more service-oriented is associated with a bank's use of NFPMs. H11 The development of the reward system to be linked with non-financial performance and to be more service-oriented is associated with a bank's use of NFPMs. H12 The development of the banking system (operating, information and reporting system) is associated with a bank's use of NFPMs. H13 The development of a bank's management accounting information is associated with its use of NFPMs. H14 The development of a bank's organisational structure is associated with its use of NFPMs. H15 The adoption of advanced management practices is associated with a bank's use of NFPMs. H16 Use of NFPMs encourages a bank to diversify and improve its range of services. H17 Use of NFPMs encourages a bank to adopt advanced technology. H18 Use of NFPMs improves a bank's profitability, customers' deposits and other FPMs in the long-term. H19 Use of NFPMs leads to an increase in a bank's capital expenditure.
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Fakhri, Gumma M. Y. "The analysis of the factors affecting performance measurement in Libyan banking industry : a contingency approach." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5995/.
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Academics and professionals have paid attention mainly to performance measurement systems that have implemented financial and non financial measures. However, the majority of previous studies were conducted in developed countries, but very little had been carried out in developing countries. Therefore, this study aims to investigate performance measurement systems in developing countries in twofold. Firstly, examine the existing uses of financial and non financial measures in Libyan banking industry and, secondly, analyze the contextual factors that may affect the use of these measures. In order to fulfill this study's aim managers from top and middle managerial levels have participated to the survey. Data were collected through a series of quantitative and qualitative approaches while obtained data were analyzed by employing numerous statistical methodologies. The study findings indicate that most of the Libyan banks use a mixture of performance measurement systems that include a combination of financial and nonfinancial measures. However, the Libyan banks are still relying on more financial measures than non financial measures as important information used for various purposes. In addition, several contextual factors represent the core of the study and they are of great importance for the use of performance measures according to banks' size within the banking industry in Libya. This study contributes to bridge the gap in the literature of performance measurement by providing theoretical and empirical evidences of how performance measures could be used more proficiently in developing countries. Furthermore, the study's findings offer an overview of the performance measures used currently in Libyan banking industry and suggest the implementation of the outcome of this study that will instigate important improvements to the current performance measurement systems.
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Elsakit, Omer M. "The Disclosure and Use of Social and Environmental Information by Libyan Banks." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366430.
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There is increasing interest in social and environmental issues throughout the world, especially in developed countries, where governments, organizations, and society well recognise the impact of business activities on the environment and society. Consequently, companies have potentially no alternative but to behave in a responsible manner, socially and environmentally, and to prove this by disclosing information about their related conduct. In this regard, banks play two important roles: first, as providers of social and environmental information in much the same manner as nonfinancial companies; and second, as providers of finance, by encouraging—if not obliging—bank customers to consider society and the environment in their bank-financed projects. Banks fulfil the latter role by requiring social and environmental information from companies when making lending decisions. Only a few Libyan studies have examined social and environmental issues in relation to economic activity, and these have generally revealed low levels of disclosure practice by organisations, including banks, in these areas. In addition, many changes have taken place in the Libyan economy and banking sector in recent years, including the establishment of a market exchange; decreased government participation in economic activities; and increased growth of the private sector that results, especially in the banking sector, with the entrance of foreign investors. These changes have placed a new emphasis on bank operations and the participation of banks in the Libyan economy. Thus, studying Libyan banks, in terms of their role in the environment and society, has attracted growing interest. As such, the core objective of this thesis has been to investigate the position of Libyan banks in relation to social and environmental issues and disclosure by considering their dual role as both providers and users of such information.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Abusafrita, Fthia Ramdan M. "The rate of adoption of formalised strategic marketing planning (FSMP) by the Libyan commercial banks (LCBs) : an exploratory study." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2011. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3255/.
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The purpose of this thesis is to understand and explore the foundations of FSMP process in the banking industry. The primary research objectives are: to identify the managerial and performance related benefits of an FSMP approach; to understand the process of FSMP practice in the LCBs; to analyse the impact of contextual factors (internal and external factors) on the current state of development of an FSMP approach in the LCBs; and to conclude as to the potential benefits of an enhanced rate of FSMP adoption and recommend how it would best be achieved. It is important here to confirm that the research was carried out prior to the events in Libya in February 2011. Since the ideas for this research were based on the reality within the largest commercial banks situated in Libya, an interpretive approach was considered the appropriate option to address the research questions posed. Therefore, this study opted for a realistic approach because of its exploratory power and its adequacy to reveal the underlying causes of FSMP within this industry. To address the research objectives the survey strategy has chosen to answer the research questions. The combination of qualitative, quantitative techniques and archival data suggested by the interpretive philosophy and deductive approach is used for the reasons given above. The descriptive statistic analysis is used to analyse the structured questionnaires, and the pattern matching and coding analysis is utilised in order to analyse the semi-structured interviews. The major findings revealed that comprehensive strategic plans are in place, but that the processes by which they are created have significant limitations. In addition, FSMP in the LCBs is still evolving and that it is, currently, in growth. In terms of marketing lifecycle, marketing in LCBs is in its infancy stage, it was found, contrary to expectations that marketing departments have only been established recently. For this reason a number of barriers to FSMP were found. Based on these results, LCBs need to be aware of the strengths that they have and consider how to take advantage of them to capture the current opportunities in the Libyan market, without allowing their weaknesses and limitations to threaten their future and impede the banks' full potential. The main contributions of the current research are: understanding of the process of FSMP that is being introduced into LCBs; determining the contextual factors that affect the implementation of FSMP; identifying the major barriers to the success of the implementation of FSMP and providing a practical framework for FSMP in the LCBs in order to enhance its success.
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Sharkasi, Omar A. "The impact of investment in accounting information systems on business performance : the case of the Libyan commercial banks." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2011. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3282/.
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This study aimed to explore investment in accounting information system (AIS) in the commercial banks in Libya. It focuses on the extent and nature of AIS investment in the Libyan commercial banks, resultant changes in business processes and the significance of training and up-skilling of the workforce in delivering systems benefits. Following an initial literature review, the research reviewed AIS investment in all Libyan commercial banks and established top line profiles of nine of the thirteen existing banks (the other four being close to merger with, or acquisition by, other banks). Three banks were selected for detailed case study analysis, representing a cross-section in terms of size, staff, age profile, and ownership of the banks. Three methods were adopted to collect data - individual questionnaires with key bank personnel, semi-structured interviews and review and analysis of pertinent bank documents. The study researched and analysed the recent investment in advanced IT in the case study banks, where AIS packaged software and communications infrastructure had been implemented. The banks that use developed global systems have more efficient and effective systems than the banks that use local systems, and in general there are no adequate policies or plans in place for training and up-skilling of staff using these new systems. The study also found that investment in AIS and associated technological infrastructure had impacted on all main business processes, bringing about significant process improvement in some cases. Contributions to knowledge include a qualitative assessment of AIS in Libyan banks, which has not been done before, and the identification of some of the benefits and problems that result from major systems deployment. The study has also shown that models formulated for application in the developed world can be adapted and applied to assess information systems in a developing world commercial environment.
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Shalba, A. "An investigation of the roles and responsibilities of the board of directors in the Libyan banking sector." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2016. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/28281/.
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Since the financial crisis of 2008, corporate governance (CG) has been the focus of much attention in the developed countries. One of the main priorities of governments in these countries has been to implement CG mechanisms that will improve the practice and effectiveness of boards of directors. But while much has been written about CG in developed countries, developing countries represent relatively untravelled territory in terms of CG research. Libya is the largest oil producer in Africa and its oil revenues form a steady stream of income for the country. However, the country ranks low in terms of international measures of governance. As an Islamic state, with a population that is approximately 97 per cent Sunni Muslim, the prevailing culture, systems, rules and regulations are all profoundly influenced by Islamic precepts. Indeed, the Central Bank of Libya (CBL) has taken steps towards developing a dual system of conventional and Islamic banking. As such, CG and boards of directors (BODs) in the banking sector are highly influenced by Shari’ah law and Shari'ah supervisory boards (SSBs). This research aims to examine the practices, roles and responsibilities of BODs in the Libyan banking sector (LBS) and to identify the factors that facilitate or hinder boards in carrying out these roles and responsibilities. Achieving this overarching aim will help bridge a gap in knowledge in terms of the roles and functions of Libyan boards of directors. To this end, the research investigates boardroom norms in the banking sector in the context of the board’s strategic, service and control and monitoring roles. The main goals of this research are to contribute to current literature and to provide insights that can be applied to corporate governance practice in Libya and, more broadly, the country’s economic development. The study adopts a pragmatic paradigm to address its central research questions. A mixed-method approach was employed: quantitative data was collected by means of a questionnaire survey, while semi-structured interviews were conducted to qualitatively explore the social processes that shape the roles of boards. 227 questionnaires were distributed to 16 Libyan banks (6 public, 6 private and 4 Libyan/foreign). 24 semi-structured, in-depth interviews were then conducted with board members from each bank in the sample; interviewees included chairmen, CEOs and independent non-executive directors. The analysis revealed that a number of key international CG regulations and structural features are already in place in the LBS. Drawing on the work done by other researchers in developed economies and the results from this research, the researcher developed a framework to explain board roles in general and how they operate in practice in the LBS. The findings indicate that BODs are perceived as playing an important strategic role and that most Libyan directors enjoy this role more than the control and service roles. The framework pays particular attention to the internal and external factors that impact upon board performance such as board size, CEO duality, board independence and board diversity. The impact of SSBs is also explored, shedding more light on the roles and responsibilities of the BOD in the context of the Islamic banking system. This study contributes to both theory and practice, providing some useful insights that will bolster the CG literature on developing countries and improve our understanding of BOD roles. The findings also support the Libyan government’s reformist agenda, the aim of which is to create a more attractive and effective investment environment.
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Elmayar, Ashraf. "Assessing the perceived service quality levels in the Libyan private and public banking sectors : a customer perspective." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2011. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/4421/.
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It is increasingly being recognised that service quality has a strong correlation with customer satisfaction. Researchers have debated the topic of private banking sector versus public banking sector in both Western and Far East countries, and found that the private banking sector outperforms the public banking sector in many areas, including productivity, efficiency, and profitability. However, literature and empirical studies on banking service quality in Libya are scarce, and this potentially impacts on organisation performance. This research aimed to assess and compare the levels of service quality provided by the Libyan private and public banking sectors to identify if there are significant differences between the private and public banking sectors in terms of service quality levels, as perceived by bank customers. The research adopted a survey questionnaire based on the amended Banking Service Quality Scale. It included six service quality dimensions, broken down into 31 statements, for capturing the wide range of services offered by banks. A total of 2000 questionnaires were administered to customers of the two banking sectors (public and private) and 740 (370 from each sector) were returned, which amounts to a 37% response rate. The research findings show that there are significant differences between the Libyan private and public banking sectors in terms of customer perceptions of service quality and the degree of importance attached to various dimensions of service quality. The results also suggest there is a relationship between bank status and customers’ age, occupation, number of branch visits, and period of relationship with a bank. The study has revealed, however, that there is no relationship between customer gender and bank status. The research has significant implications for Libyan banks in terms of developing operational, marketing and human resource strategies, and can help Libyan banks to incorporate service quality issues into their strategic planning. The study may be useful for application in countries with a similar banking culture as Libya. This study contributes to the understanding of service quality in terms of the Libyan banking context. The added value of this study emanates from the fact the research was conducted in Libya (a developing country with an extremely limited amount of service quality research conducted therein), and the fact it measured and assessed the service quality in both Libyan private and public banking sectors which form, along with the central bank, the entire Libyan banking system.
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Enpaya, Adel Alkaseh A. "The impact of financial liberalisation on the efficiency and productivity of the Libyan banking system 1998-2009." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.630471.
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In the early 2000s, the Libyan government, in response to the economic adjustment program of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB), undertook a series of steps towards financial liberalisation and deregulation, reducing government control over economic institutions in order to create a favourable environment for improving the performance of the Libyan banking system. This study aims to investigate the impact of financial liberalisation on the efficiency and productivity of the Libyan commercial banks over the period 1998-2009. A two-stage method is employed in order to do so. In the first stage, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method is employed to estimate the technical efficiency of Libyan commercial banks using two inputs and two outputs. In addition, the Malmquist Productivity Index based on the DEA is used to estimate the changes in productivity of the Libyan banks over the entire period. In the second stage, the Tobit regression model is used to examine the potential determinants of efficiency of the Libyan banking system, and to explain variations in bank efficiency. The findings indicate that, in general, the technical efficiency of the Libyan banks was not high during the period of study. They have great potential to produce the same amount of outputs with fewer inputs than they actually employed. The technical efficiency of the Libyan banks declined during deregulation period due to the failure of management to adopt new environment in Libya and also due to the inability of Libyan bank managers to exploit available resources to produce outputs. A Grand Frontier analysis of efficiency indicates that there was a significant decline in their average technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency during the liberalisation period. In general, state banks outperformed their counterparts, while the efficiency of large banks and small banks was higher than that of medium sized banks. A weak positive relationship between efficiency measures and size is also observed. Finally, the productivity of the Libyan banking sector slightly improved during liberalisation. The improvement in productivity during financial liberalisation was due to heavy investment in computerisation, new banking technology, information technology and internet banking. This helps to reduce costs and improve banking services. An interesting finding is that regional banks who transformed into private banks achieved higher productivity growth compared to their counterparts, while small banks and large banks achieved the highest productivity progress compared to medium banks.
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Eljaaidi, Nabil M. "Commitment and organisational citizenship behaviours in the Libyan banking sector : insights from managerial and non-managerial employees : an interpretivist exploration." Thesis, University of Hull, 2012. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:6886.
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This study explores empirically insights into two organisational phenomena; commitment and Organisational Citizenship Behaviours (OCBs). This exploration includes identifying interpretations of them, perceptions of their antecedents, views of management attitudes towards them and awareness of connections between them and individual performance. This study argues that individual experience, perceptions and views construct various meanings of concepts. Thus, it explores how employees in the Libyan banking sector make sense of the meanings of both concepts. Accordingly, taking a subjective qualitative research approach, this study offers empirical insights of 20 managerial and 20 non-managerial employees in the workplace at the banking sector in Libya. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis was applied to construct networks of themes, sub-categories and categories. Commitment is interpreted as a performance-related concept, which represents both attitudinal and behavioural aspects. It refers to having positive emotions, feelings and values attached to the organisation as well as practising positive behaviours, such as adhering to work regulations, obeying orders, and being punctual. However, OCBs are interpreted as social collaborative, intangibly rewarded, two-edged and mutable behaviours. These behaviours could be seen as in-role or extra-role behaviours based on the perceptions, experiences and views of the individuals. This study contributes to theory and practice of both phenomena by highlighting characteristics of commitment and OCBs in the Libyan cultural context. Theoretically, it provides a different understanding from the mainstream conceptualisations of both phenomena, as similarities and differences were highlighted. It contributes to the theory by reaffirming the debate that commitment is an attitudinal-behavioural concept. Interestingly, this study gives evidence that commitment is directed towards performance, not just directed towards maintaining membership with the organisation. With regard to OCBs, this study supports the claim that such behaviours are social, collaborative interactional behaviours, which spontaneously occur among employees. It reaffirms the debate that OCBs are voluntary, discretionary and individual-related behaviours. Moreover, this study adds to the theory by highlighting that participants interpret OCBs as intangibly rewarded and two-edged behaviours, which could be directed towards the interest of organisation or towards the interest of individuals. However, these understandings of commitment and OCBs are deeply rooted in the social, cultural and organisational aspects of participants, which reaffirm the debate that different individuals, institutions and contexts interact differently and then produce and construct different meanings and different interpretations of phenomena. Further, this study provides details for researchers who are interested in refining measurements of commitment and OCBs in cross-cultural contexts by highlighting similarities and differences among different meanings of those phenomena. On the other hand, in practice, this study provides details for influencing the overall organisational performance of local, private and foreign investors in the banking sector in Libya. Accordingly, this study provides guidelines for increasing organisational performance through in-role and extra-role performance. It highlights different organisational antecedents, management attitudes and connections with individual performance, which could be used to increase both commitment and OCBs, as both are seen as performance-related phenomena. Thus, it provides guidance for better management of human resources of those banks, which supports the privatisation strategy introduced in 2005 by the Libyan government in order to increase productivity of the banking sector. This in general will help in improving the current situation in the banking sector, consistent with the recent political and social change in the country.
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Zaltom, Mohamed M. "Service quality in Libyan commercial banking sector from customers' and bankers' standpoints : a comparative study between the public and private sector." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5980/.
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Kumati, Amal. "Commercial banking in Libya and the potential for Islamic banking." Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1341/.
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Islamic banking and finance is considered a novel way of conducting financial matters for growth and social inclusion. It has expanded in an unprecendented manner since its initial appearance in the mid-1970s. Since then, Islamic banking has earned recognition worldwide which has paved the way for a rapid growth in the Islamic banking services industry. With this background, this study focuses on the potential for Islamic banking in Libya. Since the 1970s the Libyan banking sector has witnessed remarkable changes especially after the state introduced the nationalisation programmes and socialist system. Under public ownership, the banking industry, however, has underperformed due to various problems such as the high level of non-performing loans. Therefore, the state has recently initiated a reform and deregulation policy to enhance the performance of the sector. This study aims to analyse the developments which have taken place in the Libyan banking sector not only to evaluate performance but also to discuss the reasons for underperformance. However, importantly, this research explores the potential demand for Islamic financial services in Libya by also questioning relevant issues. The methodology of the study includes a literature review, data collection, analysis of available banking system statistics and semistructured interviews with experienced bankers. The empirical research in this study is based on a survey conducted in the city of Benghazi, one of the largest financial centres in the country. The empirical findings on Libyan banking demonstrate that the sector is plagued by problems which weaken its con 1 to the economy. The second part of the empirical results proved that there is a significant demand for Islamic banking in Libya. Although the respondents and interviewees were less familiar with Islamic banking products, services and principles, the study has proved Islamic banking in Libya is developing tangible roots.
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Habara, Mohamed A. "Credit Risk Modelling in a Developing Economy: The Case of Libya." Thesis, Griffith University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366734.
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This thesis reviews, applies and evaluates the ability of credit scoring models to quantify the credit risk of personal loans in Libya. After discussing the various theoretical and practical issues involved in credit risk modeling, the thesis first provides an overview of the main characteristics of the evolving consumer banking system in Libya, with a particular emphasis on the procedures currently applied by Libyan commercial banks when making decisions granting personal credit. Attention is especially given to the limitations of the credit assessment process currently employed by Libyan banks and its impact on successful credit risk management. This is followed by a comprehensive international survey of the extant empirical work on credit scoring models. This provides a comprehensive methodological framework for the parametric and nonparametric modeling of consumer credit risk, including variable specification. In the empirical part of the thesis, confidentialised personal loan records provided by Libya‘s Al-Wahada Bank are randomly sampled and used along with discriminant analysis, logistic regression and survival analysis to construct and evaluate the competing credit scoring models. While the results identify a small common set of independent variables that could be considered as the most important variables affecting the probability of the default of personal loans, including the loan amount, the borrower‘s income, whether the guarantor‘s salary is ongoing, whether the borrower guarantees another borrower, and whether the guarantor guarantees another borrower, the findings also indicate that logistic regression performs significantly better than either discriminant or survival analysis in consumer credit scoring models in the chosen context.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Baej, Yahia Mohamad A. H. "A Comparison of Key Dimensions in Conventional and Islamic Banking: An International Perspective with Implications for the Bank Transformation Process in Libya." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366756.
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Shariah-compliant or Islamic banking is new one of the fastest growing financial services sectors worldwide. While Muslims view this banking model as providing a religious-based alternative to the financial products and services offered by conventional banks, they are also an alternative banking system either fully or partially adopted by banks in more than fifty countries. The premise of Islamic banking is entirely based on the principles of Shariah (Islamic) law that prohibits contracts that involve interest (Riba), uncertainty (Gharar), gambling (Maysir), injustice (Dhulm) as well as the practice of other noncompliant products and services. Nevertheless, despite these apparent restrictions on their activities, the number of international institutions converting their operations in full or in part to Islamic banking is steadily growing.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Ezzeddine, Soraya. "Religiosité et acceptation/refus des e-services : Cas du e-banking et du e-ticketing au Liban." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR1011.
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Les études montrent que la pénétration des e-services continue à progresser dans la majorité des pays. Mais ce n’est pas le cas du Liban. En effet, le e-commerce n’a jamais réussi à vraiment décoller dans ce pays atypique. Cette thèse s’intéresse à ce cas particulier. Elle présente une recherche qui a été effectuée sur les antécédents de l’acceptation / rejet des e-services au Liban. Deux e-services ont été choisis: le e-banking et le e-ticketing. L’objectif de cette recherche est donc de souligner l’importance des variables culturelles locales dans le processus d’acceptation du e-banking et du e-ticketing au Liban. Ainsi, pour réussir cet objectif nous avons choisi un positionnement post-positiviste et un design de recherche mixte. Ainsi dans une première phase exploratoire qualitative, nous sommes partis des modèles généraux d'adoption des innovations et d’acceptation/rejet des technologies de l'information et de la communication et nous les avons adaptés au contexte du Liban en ajoutant les spécificités culturelles locales. Ainsi, dix-sept entretiens semi-directifs centrés ont été effectués auprès des professionnels spécialistes du e-banking et du e-ticketing, des consommateurs potentiels choisis au hasard et des hommes de religion. Durant cette première phase qualitative, des questions ouvertes ont été posées sur les e-services et leur acceptation/refus et sur les raisons d'une telle acceptation ou refus. A partir des résultats des entretiens et de le revue de la littérature, nous avons pu proposer un modèle spécifique que nous avons baptisé e-servac (e-services acceptation). Une des particularités de ce modèle est qu'il prend en compte la religion/la religiosité, un concept qui a été rarement étudié en gestion. En effet, la religiosité est la première caractéristique du contexte culturel libanais. Dans une deuxième phase quantitative confirmatoire, le modèle e-servac a été testé empiriquement à partir des données recueillies auprès de 288 libanais utilisateurs potentiels des e-services. Les résultats montrent que les facteurs traditionnels, comme les facteurs cognitifs, affectifs, les influences sociales et les e-compétences techniques sont déterminants et influencent l'intention d'acceptation/rejet des e-services. Les résultats soulignent également l'ancrage culturel de l’acceptation puisque la religiosité intrinsèque et la religiosité extrinsèque ont un rôle saillant dans le processus d'acceptation. Notre thèse détaille, commente et interprète ces résultatsStudies show that the penetration of e-services continues to increase in most countries. But this is not the case of Lebanon. Indeed, e-commerce has never been able to really take off in this uncommon country. This thesis focuses on this particular case. It presents research that was conducted on the history of the acceptance / rejection of e-services in Lebanon. Two e-services have been selected : the e-banking and e-ticketing. The objective of this research is to highlight the importance of local cultural variables in the acceptance of e-banking and e-ticketing process in Lebanon. Thus, to accomplish that goal, we have chosen a post-positivist position and design of joint research. Thus in a first exploratory qualitative phase we went general models of innovation adoption and acceptance / rejection of information technology and communication and we have adapted to the context of Lebanon by adding local cultural specificities. Seventeen semi-structured centered interviews were conducted with professional specialists in e-banking and e-ticketing, potential consumers randomly selected and men of religion. During the first qualitative phase, open-ended questions were asked about the e-services and their acceptance / rejection and the reasons for such acceptance or rejection. From the results of the interviews and the literature review, we were able to propose a specific model we have called e-Servac (e-services acceptance). One feature of this model is that it takes into account the religion / religiosity, a concept that has rarely been studied in management. Indeed, religiosity is the first characteristic of the Lebanese cultural context. In a second confirmatory quantitative phase, e-Servac modal was empirically tested using data collected from 288 Lebanese potential users of e-services. The results show that traditional factors, such as cognitive, emotional factors, social influences and techniques e-kills are critical and influence the intention of acceptance / rejection of e-services. The results also emphasize the cultural roots of acceptance since the intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity have a salien role in the acceptance process. Our thesis details, comments and interpreting these results
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Choueiri, Maya. "Fiscal sustainability and Central Banking independence : the case of Lebanon." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010IEPP0077.
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Tout gouvernement fait face à une contrainte intertemporelle, la valeur actuelle de ses passifs nets devant correspondre par définition à la valeur actualisée de ses excédents primaires futurs. Un régime est dit « à dominance monétaire » s'il satisfait la contrainte budgétaire intertemporelle de l’État définie ci-dessus. La politique fiscale est alors soutenable et la banque centrale est indépendante dans la mesure où elle peut librement déterminer et poursuivre les objectifs de politique monétaires, notamment la stabilité des prix. En revanche, un régime « à dominance fiscale » ne satisfait pas la contrainte budgétaire intertemporelle de l’État. Les déficits primaires sont dans ce cas déterminés indépendamment de la valeur réelle de la dette du gouvernement. Dans ce contexte, la politique fiscale est insoutenable et un niveau de dette plus élevé peut être appelé à financer le déficit budgétaire. La thèse tente de définir les notions soutenabilité des déficits budgétaires, ainsi que de dominance monétaire et fiscale. Elle fournit pour ce faire les fondements microéconomiques théoriques nécessaires à l’analyse de la notion de soutenabilité fiscale, utilisant un modèle de monnaie dans la fonction d’utilité. Par la suite, la thèse propose une évaluation théorique et empirique de la soutenabilité des finances publiques au Liban. Enfin, utilisant une approche en coupe transversale sur un groupe de 149 pays sur la période 1972–2006, la thèse se base sur le cadre théorique défini pour analyser la relation entre la performance budgétaire et les mesures institutionnelles et opérationnelles d’indépendance des banques centralesAll governments face an inter-temporal constraint as the current real value of their net liabilities corresponds by definition to the present discounted value of future primary surpluses. A regime is said to be monetary dominant if it respects the government’s present value budget constraint above. Fiscal policy is then sustainable and the central bank is independent provided it is free to set and pursue monetary goals, namely price stability. By contrast, under a fiscal dominant regime, the government’s present value budget constraint is violated and primary deficits are set independently of real liabilities. In this context, fiscal policy is unsustainable and further debt may finance budget deficits. The thesis proposal attempts to define fiscal sustainability and fiscal versus monetary dominance, by providing the micro foundations for the analytical framework of fiscal sustainability, based on a Money-in-Utility function Model. It then introduces both a theoretical and empirical assessment of fiscal sustainability in Lebanon. Using a cross-sectional approach of a group of 149 countries over the period 1972–2006 it finally builds on the theoretical framework provided to document the relationship between fiscal performance and the institutional and operational measures of central bank independence
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Alhajam, Abdalwahab Salem. "Exploring and analysing the demand and supply conditions for the institutionalisation of Islamic banking and finance in Libya." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9410/.
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Exploring and Analysing the Demand and Supply Conditions for the Institutionalisation of Islamic Banking and Finance in Libya Abdulwahab Alhajam Abstract Islamic banking and finance has made important inroads into the financial systems of many countries including the major industrialised countries. However, in some other countries, such as in Libya, where there has been political unwillingness towards Islamic banking and finance (due its connotation with Islam as a religion) either there had not been any developments or very sluggish developments took place. The change in the political regimes in some of the Arab countries, including in Libya, in recent years following the so-called Arab Spring, shifted the balance of powers resulting in a certain degree of Islamisation of their respective financial systems; the Libyan transitional government adopted full Islamisation of the banks in the country indicating a radical change in the strategy compared to the previous regime. This study, hence, aims to explore and empirically examine the demand and supply conditions for Islamic banking and finance in Libya and also for the institutionalisation of Islamic finance through participants’ perceptions, opinions and understanding. In doing so, a questionnaire survey aimed at collecting data from ordinary people, business circles as well as professional bankers and financiers was administered in the early months of 2012 shortly after the i new political phase was initiated in the country. With the primary data collected, the aim has been to (1) gauge participants’ perceptions and opinions on the past performance of the Libyan economy and financial system, (2) measure individual’s awareness, understanding and expectations of Islamic finance and banking and (3) measure individuals’ understanding and support for an alternative type of institutionalisation. In addition, since this study aims to explore the supply side conditions as well, a number of individuals with various supply-related stakeholder groups were interviewed in early 2012 in relation to their understanding and expectations of Islamic banking and finance as well as its potential role in Libya alongside the potential obstacles perceived. The results of the interviews and questionnaires have shown that the people of Libya support the implementation of the Islamic banking and finance system in the country, since most of the Libyan people prefer to avoid interest-based banking transactions. However, the majority of respondents believe that the former regime has been responsible for the underdevelopment of the Islamic banking and finance sector in Libya. Although a number of studies have highlighted the social failure of Islamic banks, the results of this study on that matter can be described as inconclusive. Accordingly, some of the participants in the survey believe that Islamic banks in Libya will make a significant contribution towards social development as expressed through corporate social responsibility activities. Thus, some of the participants believe that the government should also regulate the Islamic banks in terms of their delivery on social programmes with the objective of ensuring that Islamic banking can contribute to the future socio-economic development in Libya. As part of an alternative institutionalisation, therefore, this study explored the idea of institutionalisation of Islamic social banking in Libya to serve the socially and financially excluded groups in achieving developmental and social objectives. However, the results show that only a small fraction of the participants are familiar with the concept of social banking; the majority of respondents, nonetheless, would prefer Islamic social banking and commercial banking to remain separate entities, and believe that the former should receive funding from government, NGOs and commercial banks.
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Masli, Abdulhakim M. "The role of the audit committee as a corporate governance mechanism : the case of the banking sector in Libya." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2018. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/35005/.
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Financial scandals in developed countries such as the USA and the UK have highlighted the need for greater transparency and credibility in order to protect shareholders and stakeholders alike. It has been argued that the audit committee (AC) is a key mechanism for achieving this transparency and protecting shareholders' interests. While there have been numerous attempts to investigate AC practice and effectiveness in developed countries, little is known about how these committees operate in developing countries such as Libya. Therefore, this research aims to: (1) explore the current role of ACs in the Libyan banking sector, (2) investigate the factors that affect their performance and (3) identify actions to enhance their effectiveness. To achieve these aims, the study employed a combination of quantitative (questionnaire survey) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews) methods to understand how five groups of actors within Libya's banking sector (i.e. board and AC members, executive managers, and internal and external auditors) perceive the role and practice of ACs. The questionnaire survey was designed to collect initial data, while follow-up interviews sought to gain an in-depth understanding of all relevant aspects of the subject. In total, 218 survey responses were analysed, and 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with senior directors and managers. Although the findings broadly support agency theory's assumption that ACs play a vital role, they also indicate that ACs in the Libyan banking sector are not performing to a satisfactory standard; they play too limited a role in monitoring financial statements and enhancing the external audit process, and their effectiveness is too dependent on the strength of their relationship with the internal audit department. Institutional theory provides one possible explanation for this: ACs may be primarily designed to create legitimacy outside the organisation rather than to protect the interests of shareholders. The findings also show that a number of factors variously enable (e.g. independence, financial expertise and size) or inhibit (e.g. weak board governance and Government intervention) AC effectiveness. Finally, a number of actions were identified that could be taken to enhance the effectiveness of these committees (e.g. the proposal to strengthen the accounting and auditing profession in Libya). The study contributes to the ongoing debates about the AC's role by being the first to investigate how this role is performed in Libyan banks, which are in the early stages of implementing corporate governance. It addresses an information gap by providing new evidence from a developing country regarding the AC's role in corporate governance and discussing the impact of fourteen enabling and inhibiting factors on AC effectiveness. Finally, it is the first step towards identifying ways of enhancing the effectiveness of these committees and encouraging regulators and shareholders in Libya to pay greater attention to corporate governance mechanisms, including ACs.
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Al, Arja Rabih. "La fiscalité directe au Liban : Histoire et processus d'une modernisation." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30046/document.
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Plusieurs cultures se sont mêlées à la conception du système fiscal actuel au Liban. Ce système cédulaire, inchangeable depuis les années cinquante, se caractérise par la prédominance des impôts indirects reflétant une difficulté à atteindre l’assiette des impôts directs.C’est dans cette perspective qu’une révision intégrale du système fiscal Libanais s’avère cruciale. Cette révision doit tenir en compte les spécificités de l’économie libanaise basée sur les secteurs du tourisme et des finances et caractérisée par un secret bancaire très développé, des finances publiques rongées par le poids de la dette publique et du déficit budgétaire, et de la situation géopolitique du Liban, situé dans une région objet de conflits permanents.Dans ce cadre, plusieurs réformes ont déjà été mises en place; l’introduction de la TVA en 2002 constituait la réforme majeure des impôts indirects, la création de la DASS, de la DGE du côté des impôts directs.Toutefois la réforme en cours traite l’unification des impôts cédulaires en un impôt global; cela peut établir une meilleure justice entre les contribuables et engendrer une augmentation des recettes fiscales. Le secret bancaire constitue un important défi à ce type d’imposition. A noter que l’abolition du secret bancaire n’est pas envisageable actuellement considérant son rôle majeur dans l’attraction des capitaux étrangers. Pour cela, la nouvelle loi doit essayer de trouver des solutions pour parvenir à la bonne application de l’imposition globale. A ce niveau, les expériences égyptienne (contrôle fiscal des revenus des capitaux mobiliers, des activités commerciales et industrielles et des professions libérales) et tunisienne (l’application des « acomptes provisionnelles » et de « la retenue à la source ») peuvent constituer des sources d’inspirationMany cultures contributed to draw the current Lebanese tax system. This system, where taxes differ according to the source of income, haven’t been reformed since the fifties. The predominance of indirect taxation is the main characteristic reflecting the disability to reach the tax base within the direct taxation.Under this perspective, a full revision of the taxation system seems to be crucial. This revision should take into consideration the specificity of the Lebanese economy based on tourism and financial sectors and where banking secrecy is very developed, the public finance gnaw at by the public debt burden and the budget deficit, and the geopolitical situation where Lebanon is located in the heart of a conflict region.Many reforms had been already undertaken; the VAT implementation in 2002 is the main indirect tax reform; the introduction of DASS and DGE are the reform undertaken on the direct taxes side.Moreover, the current reform aim to unify the different income tax under one global tax; this can lead to a better justice among taxpayers and therefore to an increase in tax revenues.The banking secrecy is an important challenge to this taxation. In fact, due to its major role attracting the foreign capitals, the abolition of this system is not currently considered. For this reason, the new law should figure out the appropriate conducts for a better application of the global tax.At this level, the Egyptian and the Tunisian experiences could be sources of inspiration. The first one regarding the tax audit on the revenues from movable capitals, commercial and industrial activities and the liberal professions. The second one related to the application of the “forecasted installments” and the “stopping at source”
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Faraj, Mohammed Abukhzam. "The development of a framework to aid the identification of factors inhibiting bank staff's attitude towards e-banking adoption in Libya." Thesis, University of Salford, 2011. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26671/.
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The use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the delivery of banking products and services has triggered a new wave of financial innovation electronic banking technology; more commonly referred to as e-banking technology. A review of banking literature has revealed that it is gaining widespread adoption in the banking industry across developed countries. The case, however, is different in less developed nations, such as Libya, where despite recently acknowledging the benefits of e-banking technology in improving their services, banks have not adopted this innovation within their banking delivery strategy. Instead, they continue to provide most of their banking services and products using traditional banking delivery channels, notably paper-based branch networks. According to recent Libyan governmental reports, bank staffs resistance to banking technologies has been a major barrier preventing the adoption of e-banking projects in Libyan banks. A critical appraisal of the literature on adoption and diffusion of banking ICTs shows that various factors have emerged as influential in the perception of bank staff regarding the adoption of new banking systems. However, critics argue that the factors identified are only valid in Western countries where e-banking is a commonplace. Consequently, the absence of any observable evidence regarding the applicability of these factors in developing countries, such as Libya, initiated the need for this study to identify the potential influences that may prevail. This study has helped to bridge this gap by addressing the question of how bank staff in developing countries such as Libya, perceive the adoption of e-banking strategy, and what factors inhibit them from developing a positive attitude towards the adoption of this strategy, a step necessary to understand what will make the introduction of e-banking projects in Libya effective. A combination of research strategies (literature review and case study design) was used to meet the aim of this study. The literature review was undertaken to identify the key factors affecting bank staffs attitude towards the adoption of banking technologies, with the aim of developing a conceptual base for the study. Two case studies were used to further investigate and evaluate those factors in the Libyan context. Drawing on the findings from the literature review and the case study organisations, a framework of factors inhibiting bank staffs adoption of e-banking technology in Libya was developed that can guide future e-banking implementation projects in Libyan banks. Moreover, the framework has applicability for other Arab countries as they share the same culture and banking infrastructures.
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Chaar, Abdel-maoula. "La structuration des stratégies au sein de champs en voie d’institutionnalisation : Le cas des banques islamiques au Liban." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0048/document.
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Quel lien existe-t-il entre la formation des stratégies et le contexte institutionnel au sein duquel les stratèges opèrent? Pour tenter de répondre à cette question, ce travail doctoral met en œuvre un design de recherche interprétativiste qui permet d'explorer les caractéristiques de la finance islamique avant d'analyser la façon dont les banques islamiques libanaises élaborent et mettent en œuvre leurs stratégies. L'étude révèle que les possibles institutionnels du champ naissant de la finance islamique restent ouverts et que les firmes qui y opèrent peuvent se positionner au sein d'amorces institutionnelles qui se distinguent par l'importance qu'elles accordent aux facteurs technique, religieux et socioéconomique ainsi que par la relation qu'elles prônent avec la finance dite conventionnelle. En adoptant la configuration qui leur semble la plus à même de faciliter la mise en œuvre de stratégies qui assurent leur pérennité, les organisations choisissent ainsi un ordre cognitif spécifique qui influence à la fois leur agir stratégique et l'ensemble des situations de gestions auxquelles elles peuvent être confrontées. Par la même occasion, elles participent à la diffusion d'un modèle institutionnel spécifique et contribuent, donc, indirectement à son institutionnalisation. C'est ainsi que le champ de la finance islamique est, non seulement, l'arène d'une « lutte » concurrentielle entre institutions financières islamiques mais aussi le théâtre d'un conflit symbolique qui oppose les futurs potentiels de la finance islamique et qui a pour enjeux la forme finale du champ ainsi que sa relation avec la finance dite conventionnelleHow does the institutional context impact the formation of strategies? This PhD thesis tries to answer this question using an interpretative research design while utilizing Islamic finance as a field of study. It analyzes the methods used by Lebanese Islamic banks to set up and implement their strategies locally and abroad. The thesis reveals that the field of Islamic finance is still in a pre-institutionalization phase. It uncovers the parameters of three possible institutionalization paths according to the importance given to technical, religious or socioeconomic factors as well as the way the banks define their relationship to conventional finance. By choosing one of these options, Lebanese Islamic banks opt for a specific cognitive framework that influences their strategies and organizational behavior altogether. In turn, these firms also contribute to the diffusion of the principles underlying their choice and therefore, indirectly, to their institutionalization. Hence, instead of being just an arena for a traditional inter-firm competitive war, Islamic finance becomes the ground of a symbolic struggle that opposes the different potential futures of the field, and one that will shape the final form of the industry and its relationship with conventional finance
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Lmshate, Khaled. "Le rôle du facteur culturel dans la qualité de service dans le secteur bancaire libyen." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF10463/document.
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Le rôle des banques dans l’économie est suffisamment important pour constituer un pilier central de l’économie nationale, et donc, un de leurs objectifs majeur doit être de servir la communauté dans laquelle elles opèrent, de financer et d’encourager l’investissement afin de créer des richesses. Compte tenu de l’importance de ce secteur, il convient de mesurer ses rendements, d’évaluer son efficacité et de tester la qualité de ses services, afin de l’améliorer et de le développer. Notre recherche vise à tester l’effet des facteurs culturels de la société dans le niveau de qualité des services bancaires du point de vue des clientsThe role of banks in the economy is very important to be a central pillar of the national economy, and therefore, one of their major objectives must be to serve the community in which they operate, fund and encourage investment to create wealth.Given the importance of this sector, it is necessary to measure its performance, evaluate its effectiveness and to test the quality of its services, in order to improve and develop. Our research aims to test the effect of cultural factors of the society in the quality of banking services from the perspective of customers
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Halawi, Ali. "L'engagement organisationnel des managers de banque au Liban : une modélisation de la performance dans le poste." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020048.
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Cette thèse vise à étudier conjointement deux thèmes de recherche habituellement traités séparés par la littérature académique : les caractéristiques des directeurs généraux et l'engagement des employés au travail. La problématique peut se définir ainsi : quel est l'impact des caractéristiques des dirigeants sur leur engagement au travail ? ou autrement dit, comment les caractéristiques managériales influencent la nature et le degré d'implication des dirigeants au travail? Les dirigeants dans notre travail de recherche seront les dirigeants des banques au Liban : on va essayer de leur créer une typologieOrganizational commitment has been studied comprehensively along with varied professional groups. The concept that commitment is essential for the apprehension of organizational and professional goals mainly in the Banking organizations has remained unexploited by researchers. The study of employee commitment should be important to Banking organizations receiving large amounts of community savings and playing an important role in the development of the economical sector as a whole.No previous studies have tackled the Lebanese bank managers’ subject in relevance to their organizational commitment and its relation with their biographical traits and their Job perforamance; therefore the study of organizational commitment will particularly be relevant to Lebanese bank managers, as those represent the leading power for the future of the Lebanese banking sector
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Hammoud, May. "La protection du consommateur des services bancaires et des services d'assurance." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA020015/document.
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Une des conséquences de la crise économique et financière de 2008 réside dans des tentations incessantes et continues de récupérer la confiance ébranlée du consommateur vis-à-vis des professionnels du secteur des services financiers. Alors que la protection du consommateur constitue un thème fréquent en droit français -et récent en droit libanais- une telle recherche fait défaut en matière spécifique aux services bancaires et aux services des assurances en droit comparé. En effet, le sujet est souvent présenté sous des angles séparés de la protection du consommateur dans chacun des deux services, dans chacun des deux droits. Il en découle qu’un approfondissement global, mais non exhaustif, sur « la protection du consommateur des services bancaires et des services d’assurance » dans une perspective comparative entre les deux droits, français et libanais, nous permettrait de mieux connaître les caractéristiques d’une telle combinaison. Ainsi, une série de questions se pose : Quels sont les contours des protections octroyées à ces consommateurs ? Comment leurs intérêts collectifs et individuels sont-ils défendus par les gouvernements, les législateurs, les juges, et la société civile ? Quelles sont les conséquences juridiques d’une telle protection qui s’avère être parfois « irrationnelle » ? Cette recherche a donc pour finalité de tenter de répondre à toutes ces questions, à travers deux parties. Dans la première, il s’agit d’analyser la protection octroyée aux intérêts collectifs et individuels des consommateurs des services bancaires et d’assurance. Dans la seconde, l’attention sera portée sur la mise en oeuvre d’une protection curative, parfois « déraisonnable » des consommateurs des services bancaires et d’assuranceOne consequence of the 2008 economical and financial crisis is the constant and continuous temptations to recover the shaken confidence of the consumer towards the professionals of the financial services sector. While consumer protection is a common theme in French law, and a recent one in Lebanese law, such research is lacking in specific banking and insurance services in comparative law. Indeed, the subject is often presented in separate angles of consumer protection in one of these two services, in one of these two rights. It follows that a global, but not exhaustive deepening in “the protection of consumer banking and insurance services” through a comparative perspective between the French and Lebanese Laws allow us to better understand the characteristics of such a combination. Therefore, a series of questions flush: What are the frameworks of the protections granted to these consumers? How do their governments, legislators, judges, and civil society defend their individual and collective interests? What are the legal consequences of such protection that sometimes proves to be unreasonable? This research seeks to try to answer all these questions, through two parties. The first, analyses the protection granted to individual and collective consumers interests in banking and insurance services sector. The second focuses on the implementation of such a curative, sometimes unreasonable protection of banking and insurance services consumers
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El, Daccache Georges. "La Banque de Syrie et du Liban, levier de développement ou instrument de l’impérialisme français ? (1919-1945)." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL110.
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La Banque de Syrie et du Liban a été créée le 2 janvier 1919 par la Banque Impériale ottomane. Étant une banque commerciale, elle s’est vue attribuer, suite à la signature de la Convention du 23 janvier 1924 avec les États du Levant, le privilège de l’émission de la nouvelle livre libano-syrienne. Cette monnaie est rattachée directement au Franc français afin de faciliter le fonctionnement administratif de la France au Levant et le commerce avec la Métropole. Forte de cette position, la Banque n’a pas hésité d’exercer parallèlement son activité de banque commerciale et en tirer profit. Son activité principale est axée vers le crédit et les avances aux États du Levant et aux particuliers. En plus d’être l’agent financier des États du Levant, elle a été connue aussi pour être une banque de dépôt. Sa position d’une banque émettrice du billet local a inspiré confiance à la population locale pour y venir déposer leurs économies. Sa connaissance du territoire a poussé les capitaux français à s’allier avec elle pour l’exécution de leurs investissements au Levant. Tout au long de son existence, la BSL sera un acteur incontournable de la place financière en Orient. Son histoire est considérée comme indissociable de l’histoire économique du Levant et de la FranceThe Bank of Syria and Lebanon was created on January 2, 1919 by the Imperial Ottoman Bank. Being a commercial bank, it has been attributed, following the signature of the Convention of January 23, 1924 with the States of the Levant, the privilege of the issue of the new Lebanese-Syrian bank-note. This currency is directly attached to the French Franc to facilitate the administrative operation of France in the Levant and trade with the Metropolis. In this position, the Bank has not hesitated to simultaneously carry out its commercial banking activity and profit from it. Its main activity is focused on credit and advances to the Levant States and individuals. In addition to being the financial agent of the Levant States, it has also been known to be a deposit bank. Its position as a bank issuing the local bank-note has inspired confidence to the local population to come and deposit their savings. Its knowledge of the territory has pushed French capital to ally with it for the execution of their investments in the Levant. Throughout its existence, BSL will be a key player in the financial market in the East. Its history is considered inseparable from the economic history of the Levant and France
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Azzi, Elie. "Le secteur bancaire libanais face aux crises : un essai de modélisation de la résilience." Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOE007.
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Le secteur bancaire libanais constitue, à côté du tourisme et de l’immobilier, le socle et la clé de voûte de l’économie libanaise. Ce secteur donne l’apparence d’avoir survécu, sans grands dégâts, aux destructions des différentes guerres et crises politiques qui ont détruit une grande partie de l’infrastructure du pays. Cette résilience apparente est clamée dans les discours des dirigeants qui affirment une dichotomie entre les perturbations de l’environnement politique et la stabilité et la performance du secteur bancaire libanais. Après avoir présenté les concepts théoriques nécessaires pour l’analyse de la résilience, cette thèse a analysé la résilience de ce secteur à plusieurs niveaux : d’abord au niveau des banques libanaises, à travers un modèle à deux régimes ayant pour échantillon l’ensemble des grandes banques, en distinguant entre la performance des banques cotées et non cotées ; ensuite à travers une étude VAR, reliant les variables bancaires aux variables macroéconomiques, et estimant leur réaction aux impulsions simulant les chocs. Les résultats ont confirmé la résilience du secteur bancaire libanais face aux crises. Cependant, des renforcements aux conditions qui améliorent la résilience sont à apporterThe Lebanese banking sector is the cornerstone of the Lebanese economy, next to tourism and real estate. This sector gives the impression of having harmlessly survived the numerous destructions of different wars and political crisis that have battered the Lebanese environment. This apparent resilience is omnipresent in the speeches of political leaders of Lebanon, who claim a dichotomy between the perturbations of political environment and the performance and stability of the Lebanese banking sector. Once the study has been situated in its Lebanese context, and the theoretical concepts necessary for the study of resilience have been presented, this research studies this sectors’ resilience at multiple levels: First, at the level of the Lebanese banks, through a 2 stages model, distinguishing between the performances of the listed and non-listed Lebanese banks. Once the resilience of the banking sector was proven, the second step is to confirm it at the level of the macroeconomic determinants of the banking performance through a study using the VAR methodology, testing the interaction between the banking variables and the macroeconomic data, and their reaction to impulsions, simulating exogenous shocks. Our results confirmed the resilience of the Lebanese banking sector to shocks; although numerous measures are still to be taken to improve the governance and the resilience of the sector
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Badreddine, Ayman. "Les effets de la multibancarisation sur le financement des PME par les banques." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30018/document.
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La théorie bancaire récente a bien mis en évidence l'avantage comparatif des banques dans l'octroi du crédit aux petites et moyennes entreprises. La dépendance des PME vis-à-vis du financement bancaire est caractérisée par une asymétrie d'information due à l'opacité des firmes. Afin d'échapper à la surveillance de la banque prêteuse, les entreprises se dirigent vers une multibancarisation comme étant d'une part un contrat d'assurance implicite contre le risque de rationnement et d'une autre part une stratégie de diversification des sources de financement. Cette stratégie élimine également le risque de capturation (Hold-up problem) provenant de l'avantage informationnel détenu par la banque prêteuse et assure des conditions de crédits plus favorables. Ce travail de recherche teste et analyse les effets de la relation durable et de la multibancarisation sur les conditions de crédits. Après une présentation des fondements théoriques nous testons, sur un échantillon de 150 PME libanaises, l'effet du financement relationnel multibancaire respectivement sur le coût du crédit, le rationnement du crédit et les garanties demandées. Nous testons de même l’effet de la consolidation bancaire sur la propension des PME à diversifier leurs relations bancairesThe recent banking theory highlights the comparative advantage of banks in financing SME (Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. The dependence of the SME from the banking financing is mainly due to their information opacity. To escape the permanent control of the banks, companies go to a multi-banking relationship as an implicit insurance contract against the availability risk but also as an efficient way to diversify sources of funding. This strategy also eliminates the risk of capturation (Holdup Problem) resulting from the informative advantage detained by banks and insures more favorable credit terms. This research tests and analyzes the effects of the long-lasting relation and the multi-banking relationships on credit terms. After a detailed presentation of the literature review when we developed the main theoretical concepts we tested our hypothesis on a sample of 150 Lebanese SME firms. Our empirical works was focused on the effect of the multi-banking financing respectively on the credit cost, on credit availability and on collaterals. We also tested the effect of banking Mergers and acquisitions on SME’s intention to diversify their banking relations
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Arej-Saade, Nadim. "L'autonomie de la volonté et ses limites en droit patrimonial de la famille : analyse de droit comparé franco-libanais." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO30037/document.
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La théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté est une théorie philosophique et juridique ancienne qui intéresse toutes les matières du droit. Elle est comparée par Gounot à « la pierre angulaire de tout l’édifice juridique ».Notre étude porte sur sur le principe d’autonomie de la volonté, ses effets et ses limites en droit patrimonial de la famille. Le droit patrimonial de la famille, qui se trouve à l’intersection du droit des contrats, du droit des biens et du droit de la famille, est concerné de près par cette théorie. Si le mouvement actuel du droit tend vers l’octroiement, aux familles et aux individus, de plus de liberté dans la gestion de leurs biens, se pose alors les questions de savoir quelles sont les limites actuelles a cette théorie après les dernières réformes en France, notamment celle du 23 juin 2006 ? Quels sont les composants actuels de l’ordre public familial ? Et que reste-t-il des anciennes limites et prohibitions ?La comparaison, sous l’angle de l’autonomie de la volonté, de deux systèmes juridiques parents mais différents nous offre une vue plus objective des besoins des familles au Liban et en France.Il s’agit à notre sens de ne plus penser et baser les réformes nécessaires dans chacun de ces deux pays sur la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté ou sur celle de l’utile et du juste, mais plutôt de penser et baser les réformes nécessaires sur les vrais besoins des familles et des individus selon chaque sociétéAutonomy of the will – French-Lebanese comparative law – Autonomy of the will in the patrimonial family law – Autonomy of the will's reach – French patrimonial family law – Lebanese patrimonial family law – Donations in Lebanese law – Donations in French law – Estate law – French estate law – Lebanese estate law – estate law for the non-Muslims in Lebanon – estate law for Muslims in Lebanon – Matrimonial regimes law – French matrimonial regimes law – Lebanese matrimonial regimes law – Change of matrimonial regimes – Marriage – Marriage in France – PACS – Concubinage – Marriage in Lebanon – Religious marriage in Lebanon – Civil marriage in Lebanon – Lebanese personal status – the limits of the autonomy of the will – French estate public order – French matrimonial public order – Lebanese estate public order – Lebanese matrimonial public order – Inheritance reserved portion in French law – Inheritance reserved portion in Lebanese law – Prohibition of pacts on future succession in French law - Prohibition of pacts on future succession in Lebanese law – Gradual end residual donations – Banking secrecy in Lebanon – TRUST – Disguise – Life-insurance – Matrimonial benefits – Irrevocable mandate in Lebanese law – Posthumous mandate – Civil real estate company
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(9775976), Wessam Abughalia. "The impacts of international economic embargoes on Libyan banks, financial institutions and its economy." Thesis, 2014. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/The_impacts_of_international_economic_embargoes_on_Libyan_banks_financial_institutions_and_its_economy/21359448.
Full textAbstract:
International economic embargoes (IEEs) against nation states have become one of the most contested issues in the world because of the complex relationship between global politics and national economic systems. Such embargoes have been imposed six times on Iran, Iraq, North Korea and Cuba and eight times on Libya by the United States (US) from 1981 to 1991, and from the United Nations (UN) from 1992 to 2003. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of the IEEs on the Libyan economy in general, with special reference to Libyan banks and financial institutions over the last three decades (1980 to 2010). This research answers two main questions. First, have the IEEs achieved their intended goals? Second, given Libya's position as a Third World nation that was under IEEs for 12 years, have such economic restrictions had any significant effects on the activities and performance of the Libyan banking sector and Libyan financial institutions, and if so, what strategies has Libya used to deal with such embargoes?
In this study, empirical research was conducted to investigate the effects of IEEs on Libyan banks and the Libyan economy. In general, the IEEs had a negative effect on the exchange of modern technology and services in the Libyan economy. This implies that most of the transactions between the local banks were very slow due to weak infrastructure and inadequate communication systems during economic sanctions. Moreover, the sharp decline in oil prices during 1993 to 1998 had an overall negative effect on the Libyan economy during the IEEs. To cope with the crisis, many positive monetary and financial policies were implemented by the former Libyan government-including attempts to reform the banking sector, such as controlling the interest rate, encouraging privatisation and controlling the exchange rate.
More specifically, the key findings indicated that the effect of United Nations sanctions had direct negative effects on the Libyan banking sector, including the areas of the banking staff experts, technological equipment, and foreign business. In terms of the impact of IEEs on the Libyan economy, it had more adverse effects on other sectors of the economy, such as education, health, tourism, and agriculture.
With regard to coping strategies used by the Libyan government against the IEEs, these strategies reduced the harmful effects of embargoes on the Libyan banking sector and its economy. It can be said that during international embargoes, there were successful trading relations between Libya, the European Union (EU) and neighbouring countries.
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Mansour, Charbel. "The determinants and the forms of foreign direct investment : the case of lebanese banking sector." Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3745/1/M11684.pdf.
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Dans mon étude, j'ai visé la question concernant les déterminants de l'investissement Direct à l'étranger, dans le secteur bancaire libanais couvrant la période d'après-guerre. Pourquoi le secteur bancaire libanais? Il faut savoir que l'activité bancaire au Liban a vu son essor depuis l'indépendance (les années 40 du siècle dernier) quand tous les mouvements des capitaux et les opérations d'échanges furent légalisés. La promulgation de la loi du secret bancaire en 1956 avait souligné un évènement de la plus haute importance, ce qui se répercuta positivement sur l'évolution du secteur bancaire libanais. Le Liban est alors devenu un asile sûr pour les capitaux qui affluèrent du monde arabe, en l'an 1965 une centaine de banques libanaises et étrangères étaient en activité dans le pays des cèdres. Dans l'étude des documents, j'ai identifié un groupe de variables qui ont leur effet sur l'(IDE). Ces variables sont classifiées en trois groupes ; la motivation du pays hôte, les risques du pays hôte, et les déterminants des firmes de l'(IDE). En se basant sur l'étude des documents, j'ai développé un cadre conceptuel qui consiste à étudier les effets de certaines variables sur l'acte de percevoir le risque, selon les investisseurs étrangers, durant la procédure de la décision prise pour l'investissement en la comparant avec la perception du risque que les investisseurs possèdent au temps présent. Ces variables furent classifiées selon quatre groupes: les spécificités de la firme-mère, le contexte social et économique du pays, les risques politiques, les sources financières locales. Puis j'ai développé onze hypothèses pour l'utilisation d'un questionnaire-test. Tandis que pour l'enquête, j'ai sélectionné trente et une banques actuelles, choisies de la liste des banques commerciales actives, donnée par la banque centrale. Parmi ces banques il existe des banques commerciales étrangères (arabes et non arabes), et les banques commerciales libanaises sous un contrôle étranger (arabe, et non arabe). Le questionnaire fut dirigé vers des individus ayant des postes de cadre supérieur dans les banques, et jouent le rôle majeur dans les décisions radicales de prise de position dans l'investissement. Dans l'analyse, j'ai utilisé des procédures d'univariante et de bivariante pour tester l'hypothèse, ceci me laissa conclure les résultats suivants:
-Les banques arabes sont toujours en tête de liste des banques étrangères, car le secteur bancaire dériva vers Beyrouth la majorité des capitaux arabes provenant du Crelfe.
-Le Liban possède heureusement une culture vivace d'entrepreneur, innée et naturelle.
-La loi du secret bancaire, consiste un facteur essentiel dans les décisions d'investissement dans le secteur bancaire libanais, cette loi est devenue la pierre angulaire dans l'attraction d'un grand nombre de capitaux étrangers.
-La plupart des banques étrangères a clairement souligné son mécontentement de la lenteur de la procédure administrative libanaise, pour obtenir des permis des autorités étatiques.
-La force ouvrière libanaise hautement éduqués constitue un facteur important dans l'attraction des (IDE), elle continue son training continuel, et son éducation de mise à jour.
-Le secteur bancaire utilise le Hi-tec intensivement et s'améliore progressivement.
-La majorité des banques étrangères adoptent le système de « la subsidiaire possédante en majorité » comme mode de travail en tant que : implication première.
Ceci réduit en premier lieu le risque de perdre le contrôle, et en second lieu ce système donne à la banque une gérance serrée des opérations qui se font dans des pays différents.
-Le pays d'origine et la densité de la firme-mère n'ont aucun effet signifiant sur l'(IDE) dans le secteur bancaire libanais.
-L'expérience internationale de la firme-mère a un effet positif sur l'(IDE).
-La taille du marché et la croissance sont positivement en relation avec le niveau du (IDE).
-Les conditions économiques ne possèdent aucun effet sur (IDE) dans le secteur bancaire libanais.
-Les risques politiques ont un effet négatif sur (IDE).
-Les qualités et le niveau d'éducation chez les employés de ce secteur, influent le volume des revenus de (IDE).
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