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Academic literature on the topic 'Librarians United States Attitudes'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Librarians United States Attitudes"

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Julien, Heidi. "Information Literacy Instruction in Canadian Academic Libraries: Longitudinal Trends and International Comparisons." College & Research Libraries 61, no. 6 (November 1, 2000): 510–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.61.6.510.

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A national survey of information literacy instruction in Canadian academic libraries revealed that trends in teaching objectives, methods, and content have changed little in the past five years. Instructional librarians continue to face numerous challenges, particularly with regard to limited resources and faculty and student attitudes. Although more than half of the libraries believe they are meeting their instructional objectives, only a minority actually record their objectives formally and evaluation of instructional success remains mostly informal. Findings from the survey are compared with an earlier Canadian study and with similar work done in the United States and New Zealand.
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Costello, Laura. "Survey Confirms Strong Support for Intellectual Freedom in Public Collection Development Librarians." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 14, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29577.

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A Review of: Oltmann, S. M. (2019). Important Factors in Midwestern Public Librarians’ Views on Intellectual Freedom and Collection Development: Part 1. The Library Quarterly, 89(1), 2-15. https://doi.org/10.1086/700659 Abstract Objective – The article sought to explore whether librarian attitudes regarding intellectual freedom conform to the stance of the American Library Association (ALA). Design – Electronic survey. Setting – Public libraries in the Midwestern United States. Subjects – Subjects were 645 collection development library professionals employed in public libraries. Methods – An electronic survey was distributed to public library directors in nine Midwestern states and was completed by the library professional primarily responsible for collection development. The survey focused on community information and probed the participants for their stances on several intellectual freedom topics. Main Results – The survey was sent to 3,018 participants via each state’s librarian and had a response rate of 21.37%. The first section of the survey focused on broad strokes statements representing the ALA’s stance on intellectual freedom for public libraries. The results revealed widespread agreement on these issues. More than 88% of participants agreed with statements like “public libraries should provide their clients with access to information from a variety of sources.” Despite strong agreement among participants, particular demographic characteristics were more likely to lead to disagreement with all statements including working in rural communities and not holding a master’s degree in library science. The next section of the survey focused on how strongly participants’ personal beliefs conformed to the intellectual freedom statements in the ALA’s Library Code of Ethics. Again, there was widespread agreement, with 94.9% of participants indicating that they agreed with the statement “we uphold the principles of intellectual freedom and resist all efforts to censor library materials.” Only one participant disagreed with the statement “it is the right of every individual to both seek and receive information from all points of view without restriction.” When asked whether the ALA’s stance on intellectual freedom ever conflicted with their personal beliefs, 39.8% of participants indicated that it did, 22% were unsure, and 40% had never experienced conflict. Participants holding a master's degree in library science and librarians in large cities were less likely to experience conflict between their personal beliefs and the ALA’s stance on intellectual freedom. In the free text comments, several participants indicated that they experienced conflict when the ALA’s stance did not reflect their personal beliefs or community values. Conclusion – While the overwhelming majority of respondents indicated that they agreed with the ALA’s stance on intellectual freedom, a minority of participants experienced some conflict. Respondents indicated that personal belief could create conflict when librarians committed to intellectual freedom were required to make choices in their professional work that conflicted with their own views. Conflict could also arise when collection choices made to support intellectual freedom were not supported by patrons in the community.
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Krueger, Stephanie. "Academic Librarians in Canada Concerned About Online and Patron Privacy but Lack Knowledge About Institutional Procedures and Policies." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 14, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29555.

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A Review of: Tummon, N., & McKinnon, D. (2018). Attitudes and practices of Canadian academic librarians regarding library and online privacy: A national study. Library and Information Science Research, 40(2), 86-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2018.05.002 Abstract Objective – To assess attitudes of Canadian academic librarians regarding online privacy issues and to gauge their knowledge of related procedures and policies at their institutions. Design – Attitudinal online survey in English. Setting – English-language academic libraries in 10 Canadian provinces. Subjects – English-speaking academic librarians across Canada. Methods – Survey, based on Zimmer’s 2014 study of librarians in the United States of America, announced via email to 1,317 potential participants, managed using LimeSurvey, and available from April 7 to May 5, 2017. In 28 optional multiple choice or Likert scale questions, the survey prompted participants to express their attitudes regarding online privacy scenarios and privacy-related library practices, including patron data collection. Results were analyzed in Microsoft Excel and SPSS. Main Results – The survey response rate was 13.9% (183 respondents). Job position, age, or geographic location did not appear to influence attitudes towards privacy, with almost all respondents strongly agreeing or agreeing that individuals should control who sees their personal information (96.2%) and that companies collect too much such information (97.8%). Respondents voiced slightly less concern about government information collection, but nearly all respondents agreed that governments should not share personal information with third parties without authorization and that companies should only use information for the purposes they specify. When asked if privacy issues are more important today than five years ago, 69.9% of respondents said they were more concerned and 78.1% noted they knew more than five years before about privacy-related risks. Regarding online behaviour, 53.3% of respondents felt web behaviour tracking is both beneficial and harmful, with 29.1% considering it harmful, and 13.7% finding it neither beneficial nor harmful. Online shopping and identify theft, social media behaviour tracking, search engine policy display, and personal information sharing were also areas of concern for respondents, with the majority noting they were somewhat or very concerned about these issues. In terms of library practices, most respondents strongly agreed that libraries should not share personal information, circulation records, or Internet use records with third parties unless authorized, though 33% of respondents noted they could neither agree nor disagree that libraries are doing all they can to prevent unauthorized access to such information. The majority of respondents strongly agreed or agreed that libraries should play a role in educating patrons about privacy issues. Many respondents (68.9%) did not know if their libraries had practices or procedures for dealing with patron information requests from law enforcement or governmental representatives. The majority of respondents did not know if patrons at their libraries had inquired about privacy issues, 42.3% did not know if their libraries communicate privacy policies to patrons, and 45.4% noted their libraries did not inform patrons about library e-resource privacy policies. Many respondents (55.2%) had attended educational sessions about online privacy and surveillance in the past five years, while 52.2% noted their libraries had not hosted or organized such sessions over the same period. Conclusion – Survey participants showed concern about online and patron privacy, though their lack of knowledge about local procedures and policies highlights a potential need for enhanced privacy education.
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Sonke, Jill, Kelley Sams, Jane Morgan-Daniel, Nancy Schaefer, Virginia Pesata, Tasha Golden, and Heather Stuckey. "Health Communication and the Arts in the United States: A Scoping Review." American Journal of Health Promotion 35, no. 1 (June 18, 2020): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117120931710.

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Objectives: Guided by the hypothesis that the arts can play a role in changing attitudes, beliefs, and health behaviors, the objectives of the study were to (1) overview artistic practices, interventions, and research being conducted at the intersection of the arts and health communication and (2) identify desired and observed outcomes and variables measured in these studies. Data Source: The search strategy was developed iteratively with 2 health science librarians and conducted using 8 databases (Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Art and Architecture Source, CINAHL, Communication and Mass Media Complete, ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science) and hand searching. Articles included were published between 2014 and 2018. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria include US nonclinical setting and use of the arts (broadly defined) to change health knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, or awareness. Any articles not meeting inclusion criteria were excluded. Data Extraction: Covidence’s data extraction tool exported to MS Excel. Data Synthesis: This final set of results was analyzed and synthesized by research design, population, sample size, health issue, purpose, variables measured, and findings. Results: In all, 78 articles met inclusion criteria. Number of participants ranged from 4 to 2140 (mean = 179); 61 (78.2%) outcome studies, including 8 experimental studies; 17 (21.79%) formative research or reports. Many different health topics were addressed and different art forms used. Conclusion: The arts can help build knowledge and awareness of health issues. The authors highlight the need to build an evidence base for arts and public health.
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Muellenbach, Joanne M. "A Pilot to Initiate Research Data Management Services Within Academic Libraries Helps Librarians to Learn About, Engage With, and Enhance Skills Within Their Research Communities." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 16, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29879.

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A Review of: Read, K. B, Koos, J., Miller, R. S., Miller, C. F., Phillips, G. A., Scheinfeld, L., & Surkis, A. (2019). A model for initiating research data management services at academic libraries. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 107(3), 432–441. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2019.545 Abstract Objectives – To initiate or expand research data management (RDM) services within the participating libraries serving health sciences populations. Design – Case report. Setting – Six institutions consisting of three academic health sciences and three university libraries within the National Network of Libraries of Medicine Middle Atlantic Region in the United States of America. Subjects – Between two and eight librarians participated from each institution, for a total of twenty-six librarian participants. Methods – Pre-pilot phone interviews were conducted and included open-ended questions about RDM services, the library’s motivation for participating, and their degree of institutional commitment. To deepen their understanding of RDM, the participants were required to complete eight educational modules that included text, videos, and quizzes. The participating institutions received data interview questions to connect with their research community to be better informed about their attitudes, language, and practices. The participants also received a Teaching Toolkit, complete with slides, a script, and an attendee evaluation form. The participants were provided with a data series, consisting of branded classes for teaching over a designated period with instructors from within and outside of the library. Collaboration with library partners was encouraged as was the use of a focused marketing plan. In fact, a major component of the pilot was the expert support, provided through biweekly meetings that included marketing tips and presentations on such topics as clinical research data management and data visualization. Finally, post-pilot program interviews were conducted, and the open-ended questions covered the pilot program as a whole and its individual components. Main Results – Of the six participating institutions, five institutions rated the RDM educational modules very positively. Conducting data interviews was valuable for all six institutions because it allowed the librarians to meet with researchers, build relationships, and use what they learned to develop RDM services for the future. The Teaching Toolkit was rated positively by the six institutions, especially for its adaptability, the time saved over developing the content from scratch, and its usability. Finally, the two institutions that held the data series courses stated that the series succeeded in further marketing the RDM services developed by the library. Conclusion – The pilot project met its objectives: the librarians at the participating institutions completed the educational modules, administered the data interviews, and taught an RDM foundations class based on the Teaching Toolkit. In addition, a data series was hosted at two institutions. The components of the pilot project had the intended results at each institution, and the classes were reviewed favorably. Based on the pilot participants’ positive outcomes, the authors are certain that the freely available program materials would achieve success elsewhere.
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Costello, Laura. "Survey Applies Public Collection Development Librarians' Support for Intellectual Freedom to Collection Process." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 15, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29686.

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A Review of: Oltmann, S. M. (2019). Important factors in Midwestern public librarians’ views on intellectual freedom and collection development: Part 2. The Library Quarterly, 89(2), 156-172. https://doi.org/10.1086/702203 Abstract Objective – To explore how librarian attitudes regarding intellectual freedom and demographic factors influence collection development decisions. Design – Online survey. Setting – Public libraries in the Midwestern United States. Subjects – 645 collection development library professionals employed in public libraries. Methods – An electronic survey was distributed to 3,018 public library directors in nine Midwestern states and completed by the library professional primarily responsible for collection development (Oltmann, 2019, p. 6). The survey had a 21.37% response rate. The survey focused on intellectual freedom in the management of collections and probed the participants for their experiences and influences in making collection development decisions. The survey also asked participants to make hypothetical purchasing and holdings decisions for library materials based on a short description of the material. Main Results – Participants indicated that they used a variety of different tools for the selection of materials including patron requests. Of the participants, 45.7% indicated that their library had a policy, practice, or metric to assess the balance of their collections, while 54.3% indicated that their libraries did not have policy or method in place for ensuring that their collection was balanced. Of the respondents, 73.4% felt that local community values should be considered in collection development decision, but 62.3% said that this should not be the most important factor in decisions. Overall, the political leaning of the community did not have an impact on participants’ alignment with the ALA's stances on intellectual freedom. Most respondents (73.4%) felt that government library funding bodies should have an influence over collection development decisions. Some respondents indicated they felt internal pressure from other library staff or the library board to purchase particular materials (28.1%) or relocate materials (14.1%). Respondents also indicated that they felt external pressure from their communities to purchase (32%) or restrict or withdraw (19.1%) materials. In the hypothetical purchasing scenario, most librarians indicated that they would purchase the majority of items. Some participants (39.8%) felt tension between their personal and professional views on intellectual freedom. Conclusion – The first part of this article found that holding an MLS degree had a significant impact on participants' stance on intellectual freedom and alignment with the American Library Association (ALA) principles. This part indicated that they also felt greater pressure to withdraw, acquire, and manage particular materials in their collections and felt more tension between their personal and professional stances on intellectual freedom. Age, gender, duration of work, and community political affiliations significantly impacted only some of the participants' responses. Overall, there was general support for intellectual freedom and alignment with the ALA principles; however, 40% of respondents indicated tension between their personal and professional beliefs about intellectual freedom.
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Badia, Giovanna. "Faculty Knowledge of Information Literacy Standards Has an Impact in the Classroom." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 8, no. 2 (June 10, 2013): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8w03z.

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Objective – To discover how faculty perceives information literacy and examine whether professors in different disciplines view and approach information literacy differently. Particularly, the study seeks to address the following questions: • “How do faculty members define or understand information literacy? Are they familiar with existing standards such as [those from the Association of College and Research Libraries] ACRL? Does the development of a local definition of information literacy impact faculty understanding? • How important do instructors believe information literacy to be for their students? How do they address information literacy, or expect it to be addressed within the curriculum? • Are there disciplinary differences in faculty attitudes toward and approaches to information literacy?” (p. 227) Design – Survey, i.e., an online questionnaire followed by interviews. Setting – Colleges and universities in the United States. Subjects – 834 faculty members in anthropology, the natural sciences, computer science, English literature, psychology, and political science from a sample of 50 American colleges and universities with undergraduate degree programs. Methods – An email, containing a link to a brief online survey, was sent to 834 professors from academic institutions across the United States. Three faculty members from each department in six different disciplines from each institution were contacted. The survey contained a mix of closed and open-ended questions and could be completed in less than 10 minutes. Respondents were asked to supply their contact information if they agreed to be phoned for a follow-up interview. The interview consisted of six questions that were posed to all participants, with some changes depending on the answers given. Main Results – Regardless of discipline, the majority of faculty members who responded to the survey thought that information literacy competencies were important for their students to master. The majority also rated their students as only “somewhat strong” in “identifying scholarly materials, identifying reliable/authoritative information, finding relevant information, citing sources properly, synthesizing information, and searching databases” (p. 229). Professors’ answers differed within different disciplines when it came to showing their own knowledge of information literacy standards, such as those of ACRL, and assessing the abilities of their students. For example, biology students’ web searching skills were rated higher than students in English literature and anthropology. When faculty were asked their opinions about who should be responsible for information literacy instruction, there was no straight answer. Many professors agreed that it is the responsibility of both faculty and librarians. Those faculty members who were knowledgeable about information literacy standards were also among the ones who included information literacy instruction in their courses and thought it was important for their students to learn. Conclusion – According to the author, the study results show that possibilities continue to exist for librarians to be part of information literacy endeavours, but it is still up to the librarians to start and maintain conversations with faculty on this topic. Because faculty members have not yet found systematic methods for integrating information literacy into the curriculum, they might be open to librarians’ suggestions and ideas on this topic. “Perhaps the most important finding of this study is that knowledge of and familiarity with information literacy standards is more closely associated with whether faculty address information literacy in their courses than any other variable including disciplinary area” (p. 232). Therefore, it is the librarian’s responsibility to engage in discussions with faculty about information literacy.
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Rosen, Hannah, Celeste Feather, Jill E. Grogg, and Sharla Lair. "LYRASIS Research and an Inclusive Approach to Open Access in the United States." LIBER Quarterly: The Journal of the Association of European Research Libraries 32, no. 1 (February 9, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53377/lq.11078.

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In 2020, LYRASIS Research conducted a member survey of predominantly United States (U.S.) higher education libraries to understand the spectrum of attitudes and actions related to Open Access (OA). The results indicated that the U.S. approach to OA is decentralised, lacking the focused trends that are apparent in other areas of the world. The diversity among types of colleges and universities in the U.S. is revealed through discussions about support or lack thereof for APCs, crowdfunding models, preprint repositories, the Subscribe to Open approach, and more. The array of OA approaches that garner support in the U.S. may appear confusing as we strive for scale in our efforts. LYRASIS has used its research findings, in combination with our deep understanding of U.S. higher education libraries, to develop a collaborative approach towards OA that provides multiple incentives and opportunities for libraries serving all types of institutions to engage. This article, expanding on the LIBER 2021 Conference Presentation of the same name, will outline the results of the survey, the conclusions LYRASIS has drawn, and our work to develop an inclusive approach to a variety of OA initiatives. Our understanding of the landscape of U.S. higher education has led us to develop or support several significant recent OA initiatives, including a fund for OA ebooks focused on United Nations Sustainable Development Goals topics and the establishment of the LYRASIS Open Access Community Investment Program (OACIP).
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McNicol, Sarah. "The shape and state of gaming in UK libraries." Library and Information Research 35, no. 110 (August 7, 2011): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/lirg262.

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This article describes the results of a survey to ascertain the current state of gaming provision in UK libraries. The online survey was completed by a self-selecting sample of libraries from mainly public and school libraries. The questions were based on similar surveys carried out by the Library Game Lab at Syracuse in the United States. The results show that, despite little mention of gaming in library policy documents, there is evidence considerable support for gaming in UK public and school libraries. A number of benefits for libraries and gamers are identified, but there are barriers to greater involvement in gaming such as resources and negative attitudes within the profession
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Miller, Robin E. "Public Library Users are Challenged by Digital Information Preservation." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 8, no. 1 (March 14, 2013): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8gk67.

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A review of: Copeland, A. J. (2011). Analysis of public library users’ digital preservation practices. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62(7), 1288-1300. doi:10.1002/asi.21553 Objective – To discover the factors that influence digital information preservation practices and attitudes of adult public library users. Design – Mixed methodology combining matrix questionnaires, interviews, and visual mapping. Setting – Urban public library on the East Coast of the United States. Subjects – 26 adult members of a public library’s Friends group. Methods – The researcher conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 participants. All participants drew maps to indicate the types of information they value and why, and their preferences for information storage and maintenance. Qualitative data were supplemented by a matrix questionnaire on which 22 participants identified the types of digital information they maintain, and modes of storage. Main Results – Some public library users may store and organize information inconsistently, utilizing a variety of digital devices. Technical, social, and emotional context influences choices about organization, sharing of information, and short- and long-term preservation. Users reported placing a higher value on born digital information, and information that they had shared with others. Conclusion – Public librarians may have a role in facilitating growth of patron knowledge about creation, storage, preservation, and sharing of personal digital information.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Librarians United States Attitudes"

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Hook, Czarnocki Susan A. (Susan Amy) 1942. "Attitudes towards desegregation in the United States 1964-1978." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61995.

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Zuke, Janice E. "The teaching of information literacy by public community college librarians in the United States /." Available to subscribers only, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1068208791&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2005.
"Department of Educational Administration and Higher Education." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-78). Also available online.
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Altareb, Belkeis Y. "Attitudes towards Muslims : initial scale development." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1063195.

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This investigation examined attitudes towards Middle-Eastern Muslims held by non-Muslim undergraduate students and was conducted in three phases. Phase one explored these attitudes through focus groups and found that although participants had little information about Muslims, they had definite attitudes. Focus group participants reported that Muslim men and women possessed particular characteristics and that much of their information was learned through movies and/or media sources. During phase two of the study, all measures utilized in the present study were examined for reliability of at least .70. In addition, the ATMS was developed from a review of the literature and of focus groups. All measures were shown to be reliable except the cognitive complexity measure. During phase three, factor analyses were conducted to address the validity of the ATMS. A final five-factor, 25-item scale resulted. The five factors were interpreted as Positive Feelings about Muslims, Muslims as Separate or Other, Lack of Personal Choice/Freedom, Fear of Muslims, and Dissimilarity with Muslims. Correlation analyses supported initial evidence of construct validity. A discussion of the results and its implications are provided.
Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services
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Berg, Justin Allen. "Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/j_berg_030110.pdf.

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Gray, Elizabeth Kelly. "American attitudes toward British imperialism, 1815--1860." W&M ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623404.

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This dissertation explores American attitudes toward British imperialism between 1815 and 1860 to determine what Americans thought of imperialism before the United States became an imperial power. It addresses the debate of whether the United States's acquisition of an empire in the 1890s was intentional or was, as many historians have characterized it, an accidental acquisition by a people long opposed to empire. This study also explores the benefits of incorporating American culture and society into the study of American imperialism.;This era connects the time when Americans re-established their independence from Great Britain---with the War of 1812---to the eve of the Civil War, which solved the sectional crisis and thus put the nation in a position to pursue overseas expansion unimpeded. America changed rapidly during this era. New Protestant denominations challenged the church's authority, industrialization made workplaces more hierarchical and caused greater awareness of class, and a print revolution brought many more Americans into the reading public.;During the era under review, many Americans commented on episodes throughout the British empire. their views on issues including religion, war, and slavery strongly influenced their attitudes toward foreign events. Meanwhile, the often sketchy nature of accounts from abroad enabled writers to accept some accounts and doubt others.;The variety of American experiences partly explains the varying attitudes toward imperialism. Many Americans praised the British for spreading Protestant Christianity, a rigorous work ethic, and British governance, and for bringing new producers and consumers into international trade. They tended to accept the means to these ends, such as high mortality among natives and British suppression of native insurrections. But others lambasted the British for introducing diseases, weapons, and alcohol that decimated native populations and for reaping profits by exploiting natives.;Almost all Americans agreed that the British imperial system was flawed, but few concluded that imperialism was inherently wrong or unworkable. Although most considered the acquisition of a territorial empire unnecessary, they believed that a commercial American empire could benefit all parties involved.
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Villagran, Michele A. L. "Examination of cultural intelligence within law firm librarians in the United States| A mixed methods study." Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3739435.

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The purpose of the research is to explore the cultural intelligence (CQ) of law firm librarians in the United States. This dissertation is motivated by three research questions: (a) What is the overall level of CQ of participating law firm librarians? (b) What variations among participating law firm librarians, if any, exist among the four capabilities of CQ?; and (c) What viewpoints do the librarians have about the value and importance of CQ within their law firms? This research contributes to the limited amount of empirical literature on CQ. Officially defined in early 2000s, the CQ framework is what guides this study. The research extends the application of the CQ framework by applying it to an area not formerly studied, law firm libraries.

A concurrent nested strategy model was used in order to gain a broader perspective of CQ. The researcher conducted a mixed-methods study using a web-based survey process incorporating the CQS, an instrument that measures CQ level, demographic and open-ended items. The target population consisted of librarians within the United States who currently work in private law firm libraries. Of the initial 170 individuals who responded to the request, 70 provided survey responses. The sample was based on self-selection from those that were members of two professional associations.

Based on a triangulation of the findings, four conclusions were made: (a) law firm librarians have a strong sense of value and importance of CQ to their law firms, (b) law firm librarians have varying levels of CQ within each of the four CQ factors, (c) the librarian's feel valued and appreciated within their law firm, and (d) law firm librarians cope with cultural challenges and have to adapt to unfamiliar environments. The findings support the research questions and prompt thinking of how to incorporate CQ into training, maximize the benefits of CQ with stakeholders that utilize the library services, and how law firms may use CQ to help with industry changes. This research provides a glimpse into CQ and additional important issues to law librarians within law firms in the United States including their value within a law firm.

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Erarslan, Mustafa Cenk. "Attitudes of international students in higher education: Implications for educators." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2764.

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The purpose of this study was to determine international students satisfaction with regards to the education, services, and facilities at an institution of higher education. Results showed that most of the students were satisfied with the quality of programs at their institution.
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Lesselbaum, Jenny E. "A study of environmental reporters' attitudes toward the stories they cover." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1277063.

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This study examined environmental reporters and their attitudes toward the stories they cover. Sixteen journalists, from across the United States, who reported either full-time or part-time were asked to participate in a Q study by sorting fifty-four statements. On an 11point distribution grid from most disagree (-5) to most agree (+5).The statements were selected from a model of short term and long-term problems facing the environmental reporter. Issues raised in the statements included topics surrounding the beat. For example, do journalists who report on the environment feel frustrated by the short-term vision of reporting? Do they feel they are watchdogs for their community when reporting about environmental issues?Research revealed three factors that were labeled the "Watchdogs", the "Company People," and the "Frustrated Reporter." This study revealed that environmental reporting has emerged into a legitimate "beat" in the past thirty years. There is also a large gap between scholarly research has found and what the environmental reporter faces on a day-to-day basis while out in the field.
Department of Journalism
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Plesa, Claudia. "Race, Ethnicity and Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Unions in the United States." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/242.

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Recent political and cultural trends have led to an evaluation of the meaning of marriage within American society, and especially marriage as it concerns couples of the same sex. However, little research has been done to find out how attitudes toward same-sex marriage might vary according to race and ethnicity. Drawing on data from the 2004 National Politics Study, the author investigates same-sex marriage attitudes and tests hypotheses concerning the attitudes of various American race-ethnic groups. This study employs multinomial logistic regression analysis to compare attitudes of African Americans, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Results indicate that even when socio demographic factors such as education and gender are controlled for, ethnic groups still differ in their attitudes toward this topic. Analyses also indicate that the relationship between race/ethnicity and attitudes toward same-sex unions does not vary by gender and that foreign birth explains the relationship between Hispanic ethnicity and attitudes toward same-sex marriage.
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O'Bryhim, Jason. "Public knowledge, attitudes, and behavior towards sharks and shark conservation." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4571.

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Thesis (M.S.)--George Mason University, 2009.
Vita: p. 127. Thesis director: Chris Parsons. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science and Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 11, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-126). Also issued in print.
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Books on the topic "Librarians United States Attitudes"

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Young Adult Library Services Association, ed. Answering teens' tough questions: A YALSA guide. Chicago: Neal-Schuman, an imprint of the American Library Association, 2012.

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McDonald, Frances Beck. Censorship and intellectual freedom: A survey of school librarians' attitudes and moral reasoning. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press, 1993.

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Not seeing red: American librarianship and the Soviet Union, 1917-1960. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 2002.

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Saffady, William. Introduction to automation for librarians. 4th ed. Chicago: American Library Association, 1999.

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Saffady, William. Introduction to automation for librarians. 3rd ed. Chicago: American Library Association, 1994.

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H, Bowman Karlyn, ed. Attitudes toward economic inequality. Washington, D.C: AEI Press publisher for the American Enterprise Institute, 1998.

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Saffady, William. Introduction to automation for librarians. 2nd ed. Chicago: American Library Association, 1989.

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1928-, Steinberg David I., ed. Korean attitudes toward the United States: Changing dynamics. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2005.

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Alderks, Cathie E. PERSTEMPO: Its effects on soldiers' attitudes. Alexandria, Va: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1998.

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Alderks, Cathie E. PERSTEMPO: Its effects on soldiers' attitudes. Alexandria, Va: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Librarians United States Attitudes"

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Ivaldi, Gilles, and Oscar Mazzoleni. "Economic Populist Attitudes in Western Europe and the United States." In The Faces of Contemporary Populism in Western Europe and the US, 165–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53889-7_8.

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Hays, Sean A., Clark A. Miller, and Michael D. Cobb. "Public Attitudes Towards Nanotechnology-Enabled Cognitive Enhancement in the United States." In Nanotechnology, the Brain, and the Future, 43–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1787-9_3.

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Himmelfarb, David, John Schelhas, Sarah Hitchner, Cassandra Johnson Gaither, Katherine Dunbar, and J. Peter Brosius. "Perceptions of and Attitudes Toward Climate Change in the Southeastern United States." In Climate Change Management, 287–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04489-7_20.

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Patterson, Mark W., Nancy Hoalst-Pullen, and W. Blake Pierson. "Sustainability Attitudes and Actions: An Examination of Craft Brewers in the United States." In Urban Sustainability: Policy and Praxis, 153–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26218-5_10.

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McDowell, Kate. "Understanding Children as Readers: Librarians’ Anecdotes and Surveys in the United States from 1890 to 1930." In The History of Reading, Volume 1, 147–62. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230316782_10.

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Maddox, Keith B., Chelsea S. Crittle, Samuel R. Sommers, and Linda R. Tropp. "Confronting Conflicting Attitudes About Racial Bias in the United States: How Communicator Identities Shape Audience Reception." In Peace Psychology Book Series, 85–102. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44113-5_6.

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Jiang, Zhiqiu, and Max Zheng. "Public Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Driverless Technologies in the United States: A Text Mining of Twitter Data." In Urban Informatics and Future Cities, 109–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76059-5_7.

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Gatrell, Caroline Jane. "Breastfeeding Under the Blanket: Exploring the Tensions Between Health and Social Attitudes to Breastfeeding in the United States, Ireland and the United Kingdom." In Infant Feeding Practices, 109–23. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6873-9_7.

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Jedwab, Jack. "Measuring Holocaust Knowledge and Its Relationship to Attitudes towards Diversity in Spain, Canada, Germany, and the United States." In As the Witnesses Fall Silent: 21st Century Holocaust Education in Curriculum, Policy and Practice, 321–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15419-0_18.

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Wentz, B., and J. Lazar. "Inclusive Design of a Web-Based Resource to Assist Public Librarians with Providing Government Information to Library Patrons in the United States." In Inclusive Designing, 259–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05095-9_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Librarians United States Attitudes"

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Lyke, Austin. "College Student Attitudes Toward Welfare in the United States." In 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1428727.

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Hou, Xiaoli. "Overview to the Research on Codes of Professional Ethics for Librarians of China and United States." In 5th International Symposium on Social Science (ISSS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200312.002.

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Leng, Dihao. "Latent Class Analyses of Students' Attitudes Toward Mathematics in the United States, Singapore, and Korea (Poster 13)." In 2022 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1887147.

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Kim, Junyong. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES AND ECO-FRIENDLY CONSUMER BEHAVIORS OF CONSUMERS IN KOREA AND THE UNITED STATES." In Bridging Asia and the World: Globalization of Marketing & Management Theory and Practice. Global Alliance of Marketing & Management Associations, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15444/gmc2014.08.08.02.

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Leng, Dihao. "Latent Class Analyses of Students' Attitudes Toward Mathematics in the United States, Singapore, and Korea (Poster 13)." In AERA 2022. USA: AERA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/ip.22.1887147.

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Banegas, Matthew P., Yelena Bird, John Moraros, Ernesto A. Moralez, and Beti Thompson. "Abstract 983: United States (US)-Mexico border Latinas: Breast cancer knowledge, attitudes, and factors associated with early detection practices." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-983.

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Van Bossuyt, Douglas, Lucila Carvalho, Andy Dong, and Irem Y. Tumer. "On Measuring Engineering Risk Attitudes." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47106.

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Theories of rational decision making hold that decision makers should select the best alternative from the available choices, but it is now well known that decision makers employ heuristics and are subject to a set of psychological biases. Risk aversion or risk seeking attitude has a framing effect and can bias the decision maker towards inaction or action. Understanding decision-makers’ attitudes to risk is thus integral to understanding how they make decisions and psychological biases that might be at play. This paper presents the Engineering-Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (E-DOSPERT) test to measure the risk aversion and risk seeking attitude that engineers have in four domains of engineering risk management: identification, analysis, evaluation and treatment. The creation of the instrument, an analysis of its reliability based on surveying undergraduate engineering students in Australia and the United States, and the validity of the four domains are discussed. The instrument is found to be statistically reliable to measure engineering risk aversion and risk seeking, and to measure engineering risk aversion and risk seeking to risk identification and risk treatment. However, factor analysis of the results suggest that four other domains may better describe the factors in engineers’ attitude to risk.
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Mont’Alvãoa, Claudia, and Soyun Kimb. "A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Safety Beliefs about Products and Warnings: Brazil vs. United States." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001299.

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Concerns about safety have generated considerable research on warnings in recent years. A number of factors that influence warning effectiveness have been investigated. One factor is perceived hazard, which is a belief about how dangerous a product, environment or activity may be. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a cross-cultural investigation between the beliefs and attitudes about the safety of consumer products, the roles of product manufacturers and government in product safety, and aspects regarding warnings by participants in Brazil and in the United States (U.S.). A total of 282 individuals (including college students and adult volunteers) were recruited from these two countries. Participants in both countries believed that government would act to protect them by recalling or banning unsafe products and that manufacturers are more concerned with profits than safety. U.S. participants believed that the products in the U.S. were safer at a level that was significantly higher than what Brazilians believed about their products. Interestingly Brazilians reported that they read warnings more than the U.S. participants reported but Brazilian participants believed their warning labels were of poorer quality than what the U.S. participants reported. Other results show additional differences between the two populations. The results are discussed in terms of acknowledging that cultural background can affect safety-related beliefs.
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Yance, Nelybeth Santiago, Rafael E. Rios McConnell, Mildred Vera Rios, and Vivian Colón López. "Abstract C091: Racial/ethnic disparities in awareness and attitudes towards the HPV vaccine among women living in the United States and Puerto Rico." In Abstracts: Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; September 20-23, 2019; San Francisco, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp19-c091.

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Salimi, Nahal, Bryan Gere, and Sharo Shafaie. "POLICE OFFICERS' KNOWLEDGE OF, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS, MENTAL ILLNESS AND THE MENTALLY ILL INDIVIDUALS." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact059.

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"Police officers are some of the first professionals that might have direct interaction with individuals with mental illnesses. Statistics show that from 2017 to 2020 about 3986 individuals in the United States were fatally shot by police officers (Statista, 2021). These reports indicate that at least 25% and as many as 50% of all fatal shootings involved individuals with untreated severe mental illness. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the effectiveness of a five-day psycho-educational mental health awareness training in enhancing law enforcement officers’ knowledge about mental illness, and their perceptions towards mentally ill individuals using a pretest-posttest design. The Community Attitudes Towards the Mentally Ill (CAMI) scale was used to measure participants’four mental health attitudinal domains - authoritarianism, benevolence, social restrictiveness, and community mental health ideology. The results indicate that at the completion of the training there was an increase in participants’ confidence about their knowledge of the mentally ill individuals and mental illness conditions. However, the results also indicate a slight decrease in participants' mental illness social restrictiveness sentiment after the completion of the training. Additionally, the results also show a correlation between demographic variables and some of the domains. Implications for practice are discussed."
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Reports on the topic "Librarians United States Attitudes"

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Plesa, Claudia. Race, Ethnicity and Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Unions in the United States. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.242.

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Shiller, Robert, Maxim Boycko, and Vladimir Korobov. Popular Attitudes Towards Free Markets: The Soviet Union and the United States Compared. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3453.

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Boycko, Maxim, and Robert Shiller. Popular Attitudes towards Markets and Democracy: Russia and United States Compared 25 Years Later. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22027.

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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Elizabeth Benninger, Tabitha Hrynick, and Santiago Ripoll. Youth COVID-19 Vaccine Engagement in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.040.

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Despite overall progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates in Cleveland, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minority communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is not just an issue of misinformation or lack of information. Vaccine hesitancy among young people is reflective of wider issues such as mistrust in the state or the medical establishment and negative experiences during the pandemic. This report is based on case study research conducted among minority youth (ages 12-18) in Cleveland, Ohio. While public discourse may label young people as “vaccine hesitant,” we found that there were hesitation differences based on social location and place. We found the greatest vaccine hesitancy among older youth (15+ years old), particularly those from minoritized communities. Unvaccinated youth were also more likely to be from families and friend groups that were unvaccinated. While some expressed distrust of the vaccines, others reported that COVID-19 prevention was not a priority in their lives. Instead, concerns over food security, livelihood, and education take precedence. Minority youth were more likely to report negative experiences with authorities, including teachers at their schools and police in their communities. Our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is embedded in a context that drives relationships of mistrust between minority communities and authorities, with implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Young people’s attitudes toward vaccines are further patterned by experiences within their community, school, family, and friend groups.
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Schulte, Jillian, Megan Schmidt-Sane, Elizabeth Benninger, Tabitha Hrynick, and Santiago Ripoll. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Minoritised Youth in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. SSHAP, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.009.

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Despite progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates overall in Cleveland, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minoritised communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. Despite being over-represented in COVID-19 case counts and fatalities, Black residents were under-represented in COVID-19 vaccination during the first year and half of the pandemic. In Ohio, while roughly 60% of Cuyahoga County residents are fully vaccinated, just 45% of Cleveland residents are fully vaccinated. Lower-income, majority Black, east side neighbourhoods have markedly lower vaccination rates compared to higher-income, mostly white neighbourhoods. Young people ages 16-40 became eligible for the COVID-19 vaccine on March 29th, 2021, and individuals aged 12 and above were able to get vaccinated from May 2021 onward. However, large disparities exist based age, race, and zip code. This brief illustrates underlying reasons shaping COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among minority (especially Black and Latinx) youth (ages 12-18) and offers key considerations for how young people can be better engaged within Cleveland, Ohio. This brief is based on research, including in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 61 young people across 16 neighbourhoods through a Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) approach in Cleveland to contextualise youth perspectives of COVID-19 vaccination and highlight areas of hesitancy and confidence. In this brief, we share findings from the study and key considerations for addressing youth ‘vaccine hesitancy’ around the COVID-19 vaccine are presented. This brief was authored by Jillian Schulte (Case Western Reserve University), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), Elizabeth Benninger (Cleveland State University), Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), and Santiago Ripoll (IDS), and includes contributions from Elizabeth Davies (Cleveland State University), Diane Mastnardo, Brenda Pryor (MyCom), Brinda Athreya (Case Western Reserve University), Ivis Maldonado (MyCom) and reviews from Elizabeth Storer (LSE) and Annie Wilkinson (IDS). The research was funded through the British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: USA and UK fund (CRUSA210022). Research was based at the Institute of Development Studies. This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick, Elizabeth Benninger, Janet McGrath, and Santiago Ripoll. The COVID-19 YPAR Project: Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) to Explore the Context of Ethnic Minority Youth Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines in the United States and United Kingdom. Institute of Development Studies, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.072.

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Despite progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates overall in the US and UK, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minoritised and/or deprived communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 ‘vaccine hesitancy’ is not just an issue of misinformation or lack of information. ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among young people is reflective of wider issues such as mistrust in the state or the medical establishment and negative experiences during the pandemic. This report is based on case study research conducted among young people (ages 12-18) in Cleveland, Ohio, US and the London borough of Ealing, UK. Whilst public discourse may label young people as ‘vaccine hesitant,’ we found that there were differences based on social location and place and this labelling may portray young people as ‘ignorant.’ We found the greatest vaccine hesitancy among older youth (15+ years old), particularly those from minoritised and deprived communities. Unvaccinated youth were also more likely to be from families and friend groups that were unvaccinated. While some expressed distrust of the vaccines, others reported that COVID-19 prevention was not a priority in their lives, but instead concerns over food security, livelihood, and education take precedence. Minoritised youth were more likely to report negative experiences with authorities, including teachers at their schools and police in their communities. Our findings demonstrate that COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is embedded in a context that drives relationships of mistrust between minoritised and deprived communities and the state, with implications for COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Young people’s attitudes toward vaccines are further patterned by experiences within their community, school, family, and friend groups.
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Qin, Hua, Yanu Prasetyo, Christine Sanders, Elizabeth Prentice, and Muh Syukron. Perceptions and behaviors in response to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) : reports on major survey findings. University of Missouri, Division of Applied Social Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32469/10355/79261.

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The United States has been affected by an extensive novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak since March 2020. On March 9, 2020 we started an online survey of people’s perceptions and behaviors related to this issue in Missouri and adjacent states (Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, and Arkansas). The survey was ended on June 9, 2020 and in total 7,392 surveys were completed. In order to assess how attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 may change over time, two follow-up surveys were conducted with those respondents who indicated interest in the re-surveys and provided an email address. These two working reports summarize major results of the initial survey and three survey waves, including respondents’ perceived severity of the COVID-19 outbreak, sources of information, knowledge about COVID-19, perceptions of COVID-19 risk, satisfaction with management entities, and preventive actions.
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Dutra, Lauren M., Matthew C. Farrelly, Brian Bradfield, Jamie Ridenhour, and Jamie Guillory. Modeling the Probability of Fraud in Social Media in a National Cannabis Survey. RTI Press, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.mr.0046.2109.

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Cannabis legalization has spread rapidly in the United States. Although national surveys provide robust information on the prevalence of cannabis use, cannabis disorders, and related outcomes, information on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KABs) about cannabis is lacking. To inform the relationship between cannabis legalization and cannabis-related KABs, RTI International launched the National Cannabis Climate Survey (NCCS) in 2016. The survey sampled US residents 18 years or older via mail (n = 2,102), mail-to-web (n = 1,046), and two social media data collections (n = 11,957). This report outlines two techniques that we used to problem-solve several challenges with the resulting data: (1) developing a model for detecting fraudulent cases in social media completes after standard fraud detection measures were insufficient and (2) designing a weighting scheme to pool multiple probability and nonprobability samples. We also describe our approach for validating the pooled dataset. The fraud prevention and detection processes, predictive model of fraud, and the methods used to weight the probability and nonprobability samples can be applied to current and future complex data collections and analysis of existing datasets.
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Zilberman, David, Amir Heiman, and Yanhong Jin. Use of Branding and Sampling in Agricultural Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7697116.bard.

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The original proposal has three main objectives: a conceptual framework on willingness to pay (WTP) for fruits and vegetables, the introduction of branding and sampling in fresh food, and empirical applications to the United States and Israel. We modified our research plan over time based on availability of data and emergence of new problems. We expanded the range of products to include poultry and the range of techniques to use real experiments as well as more traditional surveys. We expanded the range of problems to understand attitudes toward genetically modified (GM) food. There is a growing interest in introduction of marketing tools like demonstration sampling, money-back guarantees, labeling, and brands in agriculture. These marketing tools are important for enhancing demand for agricultural products and food safety. However, the methodology needed to assess the effectiveness of these tools and understand their performance in different agricultural sectors is limited. Our analysis demonstrated the importance of brands as a marketing tool in agriculture. In particular, we showed conceptually that strong brands can be substitutes for other marketing tools like sampling or demonstration. We were able to conduct real experiments for the demand for safe chicken and show that consumers are willing to pay significantly more for products branded as more safe. Yet, using experiments in Israel and the United States, we found that WTP for brands of fresh fruits and vegetables is smaller than in other product categories. Warning labels are a sort of negative branding. The GM-free labeling is particularly important since it serves as a trade barrier to U.S. crops exports. Our analysis of acceptance of GM products found that WTP for GM products in Israel and the United States depends on framing of information about the impact ofGM and the quantity of information disclosed. Finally, in analyzing the evolution of support for Proposition 37 that aimed to introduce mandatory labeling of GM in California, we found that support for mandatory labeling ofGM products is broad as long as it is not perceived to be costly. Our project demonstrates the feasibility of conducting real experiments to assess consumer demand in agriculture. When looking at interdisciplinary groups, one can design new products and assess the WTP for their characteristics. We also show that, while branding is a very strong marketing tool, its use in fresh fruit and vegetables is likely to be limited. However, brands can be important with processed food. Furthermore, we have proven that, while some consumers strongly object to GM products, most consumers in the United States and Israel would be willing to buy them for a discount, and some would pay extra if they are associated with improved characteristics. Finally, we expanded the notion of warning labels to calorie information and showed that the response to calorie information depends on gender, education, and how the information is presented.
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.

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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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