Academic literature on the topic 'Liberty National Life Insurance Company'
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Journal articles on the topic "Liberty National Life Insurance Company"
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Bach, Peter, and Kimani Gichuhi. "CUSTOMER RETENTION STRATEGIES AND PROFITABILITY AMONGST INSURANCE COMPANIES IN KENYA: A CASE OF LIBERTY LIFE ASSURANCE CO. LTD." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 06 (June 30, 2022): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14854.
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This study sought to investigate the influence of customer retention on profitability of insurance companies in Kenya using Liberty Life Assurance Company Ltd as a proxy. The Specific objectives of the study were to examine the effect of product quality assess the effect of quality customer service, and to establish the influence of firms service/product pricing on profitability. The theories of Assimilation, Contrast, and Assimilation-Contrast guided this current study. Descriptive and correlational design were used on a target population of 2, 653 customers who have held life policies since 2010 with Liberty Life Assurance Co. The sample of the study consisted of 347 respondents. A questionnaire was used to collect primary data from customers while a structured interview schedule was used to collect qualitative data from 10 managers. Validity of instruments was ensured by consulting experts from Business Administration Department, Africa Nazarene University. Reliability of instruments was achieved through test-retest method on randomly selected 39 customers, whereby Cronbachs Alpha of 0.849 was calculated from the obtained data. Qualitative data was analyzed through thematic analysis while correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship between customer retention strategies and profitability in Liberty Life Ltd, Kenya. The study findings showed that 40.4% changes in profitability at Liberty Life Assurance is attributed to the customer retention strategies investigated by the study (R2 =0.4042). Findings also showed that product quality (β=0.428) quality of services (β=1.188) and product pricing (β=0.601) all are significant predictors {F (1, 338) =88.495, P<0.05} of profitability at Liberty Life. It is concluded that product quality, quality of services, and product pricing are critical customer retention strategies for enhancing firm profitability. The study therefore recommends insurance should adopt corporate social responsibility practices as well as flexibility mode of premium payment to improve and stabilize their customer base. Further research should be done on the influence of expanded benefits in insurance product packages on customer retention and profitability.
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Wise, William. "Life insurance company efficiency: best method and proxies." Insurance Markets and Companies 9, no. 1 (May 10, 2018): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ins.09(1).2018.02.
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Life insurance is a very important segment of the economy of most countries as demonstrated by the investments, premium revenue and numbers employed. Hence, it is paramount to determine accurately how well life insurance companies (LICs) perform and how viable they are for the benefit of both other industries and national economies.Three papers that investigate LIC efficiency directly analyze how efficiency affects LIC profits. One critical feature is that they show that the inefficiency of LICs can greatly affect their (financial) outcome and ultimately their survivorship. Thus, said research clearly indicates that life insurer efficiency is a crucial area to investigate and assess and that it could greatly enhance the ability to properly monitor and inspect the life insurers.This article co-ordinates information regarding life insurance efficiency studies to help researchers learn which approaches, methods and output/input proxies to use. While some papers do so for some of the aspects that are important and necessary for life insurance efficiency studies, this is the first to deal with said aspects together. More specifically, this paper especially considers and evaluates the different methods and output proxies used in life insurance efficiency studies, as they seem to be the elements where the most disagreement exists between researchers. In addition, this article is unique in examining how input (proxy) prices are used in life insurance efficiency studies.
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I Nyoman Winata. "EFEKTIFITAS DUPONT ANALYSIS UNTUK MENILAI PROFITABILITAS PERUSAHAAN ASURANSI JIWA NASIONAL." Premium Insurance Business Journal 10, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35904/premium.v10i1.48.
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This research aims to analyze the description of the financial condition of the DuPont analysis of national life insurance companies, and to analyze the impact of the financial condition of DuPont analysis on the performance of national life insurance companies. The data is taken from financial reports for 4 (four) years from 2016 - 2019, which have been published which are data before the Covid-19 pandemic, via the website of each company. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach on 10 (ten) national life insurance companies that have assets of more than IDR 1 trillion. The research samples are Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Assets (ROA), Total Assets Turn Over (TATO), Net Profit Margin (NPM), and Debt Ratio (DR). Meanwhile, data analysis was carried out by: tabulating data, performing calculations and grouping DuPont analysis, interpreting to determine the level of company profitability, and drawing conclusions on the results achieved. The results of the study show that the financial condition of national life insurance companies using DuPont analysis is generally less effective and efficient. The company has not utilized its resources fully, effectively and efficiently in terms of achieving maximum sales results, and the company still uses a lot of debt for its investment.
Keywords: Effectiveness, DuPont Analysis, and Profitability
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Zubchenko, V. P., and A. V. Tkachenko. "Mathematical model of financial dynamics of an insurance company." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Physics and Mathematics, no. 3 (2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1812-5409.2022/3.3.
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This paper is devoted to the construction of a mathematical model of financial dynamics of life insurance company. The methods of calculating insurance amounts, payments, net premium reserve are studied, their generalization is carried out taking into account various types of insurer's expenses for ensuring the activities of the insurance company, the sensitivity of the financial dynamics of the insurance company depending on the input parameters of the model is analyzed. The results of the work are of great practical importance for modeling the work of the insurance company, because the National Bank of Ukraine implements mandatory monitoring of the solvency of the insurance company on the basis of the insurer's reporting data.
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Nyoman Winata, I. "Analysis Leverage to Anticipate The Risk of Financial The National Life Insurance Company." International Journal of Science, Technology & Management 4, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v4i1.757.
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This study aims to (1) analyze the condition of the application of financial leverage and operational leverage of PT. Asuransi Jiwa XYZ; (2) analyze the impact of the condition of applying financial leverage and operational leverage on the company's financial risk. This research method uses a quantitative descriptive method with a case study approach at PT Asuransi Jiwa XYZ. The type of research data used is secondary data, namely quantitative data in the form of financial report data for 2018-2020 obtained from the company's website. Data analysis techniques are performed by calculating financial leverage ratios and operational leverage, then interpretation is carried out. Then an analysis of the impact of the condition of the company's leverage on its financial risk is carried out. The results achieved are that in general financial leverage and operational leverage indicate poor performance. Meanwhile, the impact of financial leverage and operational leverage on the company's financial risk also indicates poor performance, this is possibly due to the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic which has hit the country and even the whole world. However, data from the previous two years had shown indications of a significant decline in the company's financial performance.
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Sobarna, Nanang, and Abdul Hakim. "Kritik Atas Pelaksanaan Asuransi Syariah Pada Pt Allianz Life Indonesia." Eco-Iqtishodi : Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah 1, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32670/ecoiqtishodi.v1i1.38.
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This study aims to criticize the application of sharia principles at the operational level of sharia insurance companies which are conventional insurance units, namely the Allianz Life Indonesia Insurance. The study was conducted using primary data, both observations and use of records and reports owned by the company. Data obtained and analyzed by descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The results obtained from this study are that the operational mechanism of Allianz Life Indonesia's insurance in general is in accordance with Islamic principles, but it needs some further research on the tabarru of premium payments on allisya protection products, which payments begin on the 13th month, while based on national fatwas Tabarru Islamic Premium Payment is carried out since the first month of membership.
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Zhang, Xiaoxiao, Kang Pil Cho, Seong Moon Yang, and Yipeng Sheng. "Insuring Cultures: Unveiling Diverse Paths of National influences on insurance in Developed and Developing Realms." GLOBAL BUSINESS FINANCE REVIEW 29, no. 2 (March 30, 2024): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17549/gbfr.2024.29.2.17.
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Purpose: Our research aims to delve into the influence of diverse national cultures on the consumption of life insurance across various countries. We will conduct a comprehensive analysis, drawing on Hofstede's cultural dimensions, to understand how national cultural dimensions shape life insurance consumption's landscape in developed and developing nations. Design/methodology/approach: This study utilized data from 57 countries from 1996 to 2020 and employed a comprehensive set of regression models in our analysis, encompassing pooled Generalized Least Squares (GLS), Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) after accounting for autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity, random GLS with control for country-specific autocorrelation, the Fama-MacBeth model, and cross-sectional analysis employing means of time series. Findings: Uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence significantly influence life insurance demand. The impact of uncertainty avoidance and indulgence varies between developed and developing countries. Variables such as dependency ratio, the percentage of the Muslim population, tertiary education, and world governance indicators display differing effects in developed and developing nations. Conversely, national income, social security, bank development, stock market development, inflation, individualism, and power distance consistently impact life insurance demand in both contexts. Research limitations/implications: Limitation of this study lies in the utilization of static national cultural dimensions, without considering their gradual fluctuations. Our findings are useful for life insurance managers to formulate product launch plans tailored to countries with distinct cultural characteristics. Our findings remind investors in insurance companies to exercise caution once the insurance company tends to enter into developed countries which score high in IVR or MAS, or developing countries with high PDI or UAI scores. Originality/value: This paper provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of the determinants of life insurance expenditures in developed and developing countries, which fills a gap in the literature and helps scholars, insurance practitioners, and policymakers to understand more comprehensively the insurance needs of people in different cultures.
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Sokil, Bohdan. "Insurance company «Dnister» and Ukrainian language issues." Linguistics, no. 1 (45) (2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2631-2021-1-45-5-12.
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After the so-called «Spring of Nations», Ukrainians in Halychyna tried to revive their national life. In addition to the political party «Main Ruska Rada», the educational organization «Halytsko-Ruska Matytsa», and some others, Halychynians set up the Ukrainian insurance company «Dniester», which was to protect the economic interests of Ukrainians in Halychyna. While communicating with local governments, the Society drew their attention to the implementation of current laws on the use of the Ukrainian language. The Society «People's Council» paid special attention to the functioning of the language in the main state local bodies, in particular in the Lviv City Hall and the Finance Directorate. It is with these institutions that the insurance company most often dealt, defending the daily needs of the local population. The Society «People's Counsil» considered these bodies to be political institutions that, in their relations with citizens, had to comply with the current regulations on the Ukrainian language as the government language. Local governments neglected the Ukrainian language, and this gave «Dniester» grounds to complain to higher authorities, including the High Tribunal in Vienna, the Lviv Governorate and so on. Despite the fact that these institutions issued orders in favor of the Ukrainian language, local governments did not comply with them.
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Gong, Yikai, Zhuangdi Li, Maria Milazzo, Kristen Moore, and Matthew Provencher. "Credibility Methods for Individual Life Insurance." Risks 6, no. 4 (December 11, 2018): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks6040144.
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Credibility theory is used widely in group health and casualty insurance. However, it is generally not used in individual life and annuity business. With the introduction of principle-based reserving (PBR), which relies more heavily on company-specific experience, credibility theory is becoming increasingly important for life actuaries. In this paper, we review the two most commonly used credibility methods: limited fluctuation and greatest accuracy (Bühlmann) credibility. We apply the limited fluctuation method to M Financial Group’s experience data and describe some general qualitative observations. In addition, we use simulation to generate a universe of data and compute Limited Fluctuation and greatest accuracy credibility factors for actual-to-expected (A/E) mortality ratios. We also compare the two credibility factors to an intuitive benchmark credibility measure. We see that for our simulated data set, the limited fluctuation factors are significantly lower than the greatest accuracy factors, particularly for low numbers of claims. Thus, the limited fluctuation method may understate the credibility for companies with favorable mortality experience. The greatest accuracy method has a stronger mathematical foundation, but it generally cannot be applied in practice because of data constraints. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) recognizes and is addressing the need for life insurance experience data in support of PBR—this is an area of current work.
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Dolghi, Vladimir. "Role of Accounting Information in the Decision-making Process of the Insurance Company." Economica, no. 3(125) (December 2023): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/econ.2023.125.103.
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The insurance industry has multidimensional functions in a modern economy, interacting with many aspects of business activities and daily human life. Insurance is also an important mechanism for redistributing funds in economy, providing compensation for unplanned losses that are the subject of insurance. At the same time, generally speaking, the insurance sector contributes to strengthening and stabilizing the business of other entities in the general economy. The issue of the quality of information presented to the decision-making process is studied at various levels and remains topical, as the relevance of managerial decisions is significantly influenced by the information provided by the managerial accounting information system. The research methodology of the article includes the study of materials published on the subject at national and international level, the analysis of the regulatory framework in the field, the study of business processes specific to the activity of the insurance company and the application of own experience in the managerial and financial field.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Liberty National Life Insurance Company"
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Lo, Pai-An, and 樓沛安. "The Study on the Relationship Between Trade Union and Corporate Governance:A case study of National Life Insurance company." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19448083195556951920.
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碩士淡江大學
保險學系保險經營碩士在職專班
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On January 2nd, 2008, the Life Insurance Dept. of BANK OF TAIWAN has received the instructions of autonomy according to the financial policy of Taiwan government and changed into BankTaiwan Life Insurance Co., Ltd., one private daughter company of TAIWAN FINANCIAL HOLDING. The new company is also the only life insurance company in Taiwan established with government investment. From one department belongs to BANK OF TAIWAN to one public company, this research intents to estimate and forecast the next possible business model of the entity when the financial policy of Taiwan government changes again. The former organization of Industry Union of BankTaiwan Life Insurance Co., Ltd. was the Industry Union of Central Trust of China. On July 1st, 2007, Industry Union of Central Trust of China was merged with Industry Union of BANK OF TAIWAN. However, in order to protect the rights of the union members in two different companies, Industry Union of BankTaiwan Life Insurance Co., Ltd. was formally established on July, 23rd, 2008. And because the two unions are actually under one mother company, Taiwan Financial Holding, therefore, how to properly participate in the company management and protect the rights of the union members is one of the topics of this research. Some Suggestions Base on This Research: Group contract between national business entity and industry union should be prepared and finalized to protect the rights of existing employees during the process of privatization. 2. Before national business entity initiating the process of privatization, one detail execution proposal should be presented to the responsible committee of Executive Yuan for further investigation. This proposal should be including the details regarding labor rights protection and compensation during the whole privatization process. 3. According to the government regulation, employees of the national entity should be receiving the complete job training for future career change before the privatization process. 4. The current government regulations does not include the stock ratio between the government and employees when proceeding the privatization process. The national entity should finalize the plans for stock options and yearly bonus system for the existing employees before initiating the privatization process.
Books on the topic "Liberty National Life Insurance Company"
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Fogel, Richard L. Insurance regulation: The Financial Regulation Standards and Accreditation Program of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners : statement of Richard L. Fogel, Assistant Comptroller General, General Government Programs, before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.
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Fogel, Richard L. Insurance regulation: The failures of four large life insurers : statement of Richard L. Fogel, Assistant Comptroller General, General Government Programs, before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1992.
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United, States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust Monopolies and Business Rights. NAIC oversight of the Executive Life Insurance Company: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Monopolies, and Business Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, on the adequacy and effectiveness of state regulation of the insurance industry in America, July 31, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Antitrust, Monopolies, and Business Rights. NOLHGA bails out a healthy insurance company: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Monopolies, and Business Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, on examining the current system the state guaranty fund system uses to pay off insurance policyholders, June 29, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.
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Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to incorporate the National Bank. Toronto: J. Lovell, 2003.
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Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act for more effectually securing the liberty of the subject. Quebec: Hunter, Rose & Lemieux, 2003.
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Liberty Life Insurance Company Petitioner. Gale, U.S. Supreme Court Records, 2011.
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Statement of the National Life Insurance Company of the U.S. made May 31, 1856: Cash assets $151,326 21 .. [Montpelier, Vt.?: s.n., 1985.
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Inside the Japanese company. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
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Inside the Japanese company. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Liberty National Life Insurance Company"
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Weems, Robert E. "Racial Desegregation and Black Chicago Business." In Building the Black Metropolis. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041426.003.0012.
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Using Edward Franklin Frazier’s important 1947 essay “Human, All Too Human: How Some Negroes Have Developed Vested Interests in the System of Racial Segregation” as a reference point; this chapter examines how racial desegregation affected two black Chicago insurance companies, the Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company and Chicago Metropolitan Assurance Company. Frazier predicted that if racial segregation were eliminated, it would ultimately result in the decline and disappearance of African American enterprises. As the evidence indicates, Professor Frazier proved to be a fairly accurate prophet in this regard. Some of the city’s long-standing African American firms, including the Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company and the Chicago Metropolitan Assurance Company, have, indeed, been removed from the landscape of American business.
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Weems, Robert E. "Business Titan." In The Merchant Prince of Black Chicago, 79–117. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043062.003.0005.
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This chapter examines how Anthony Overton dramatically diversified his financial interests during the 1920s. In 1922, Anthony Overton assumed the presidency of Chicago’s Douglass National Bank (the second black-owned bank to receive a national charter). Two years later, Overton started the Chicago-based Victory Life Insurance Company. In 1927, Victory Life became the only black-owned insurance company granted the right to conduct business in New York State. Following this business coup, Overton, in some circles, became regarded as “the merchant prince of his race.” To further enhance his growing status as a business magnate during the 1920s, Overton built two major commercial structures in the heart of black Chicago’s commercial district (the Overton Building and the Chicago Bee Building).
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Weems, Robert E. "What Goes Up Must Come Down." In The Merchant Prince of Black Chicago, 118–42. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043062.003.0006.
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In late 1929, Anthony Overton was perceived to be the nation’s most successful black businessman. Yet, by the mid-1930s, the public’s perception of Overton had shifted dramatically. The Great Depression’s negative impact on African American real estate values negatively impacted the profitability of both the Douglass National Bank and the Victory Life Insurance Company. Also, disclosure of Overton’s long-standing, unauthorized funneling of Victory Life funds into Douglass National resulted in his ouster as president of Victory Life. Moreover, despite creative efforts to keep it afloat, the Douglass National Bank ultimately became a casualty of the Depression. In the end, Anthony Overton retained control of the Overton Hygienic Manufacturing Company and the Chicago Bee newspaper but had lost the honorific moniker “the Merchant Prince of his Race.”
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Gershenhorn, Jerry. "No Man Is Your Captain." In Louis Austin and the Carolina Times. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469638768.003.0002.
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Born in 1898, Louis Austin came of age in rural Halifax County in eastern North Carolina, during an era of increasing oppression of African Americans. Raised in the African Methodist Episcopal church, Austin was greatly influenced by his father, a barbershop owner, who taught his children that all people were equal before God. Austin moved to Durham in 1921 to attend the National Training School, now North Carolina Central University. In Durham, Austin encountered a black community with a thriving black middle class and many successful black businesses, notably North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company and the Mechanics and Farmers Bank, two of the largest black-owned financial institutions in the nation.
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Cottingham, Marion. "Diet Monitoring Software." In Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems, 452–64. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch058.
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Obesity has been a known problem for over 60 years. As early as 1943, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company declared “Overweight is so common that it constitutes a national health problem of the first order.” In 1952, the American Heart association identified obesity as a cardiac risk factor (AHA, 1952). In 1974, obesity was identified as “the most important nutritional disease in the affluent countries of the world” (LANCET editorial, 1974). Over a few decades, the obesity epidemic has continually been creeping up in all developed countries around the world; this has accelerated rapidly in the last decade, and it appears to have reached a crisis level with unprecedented numbers, particularly in America, joining the overweight or obese categories (Anderson, Konz, Frederich, & Wood, 2001; Mokdad, Serdula, Dietz, Bowman, Marks, Koplan, 1999).
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Baldwin, Peter. "How the West Was One." In The Narcissism of Minor Differences. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391206.003.0020.
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When Americans Compare Their Country to others, it is almost invariably to find fault with it. Of course, there are tub-thumpers on the right wing, for whom the United States is the greatest nation and comparisons are drawn merely to underline that preeminence. But they are a predictable lot, and intellectually of no consequence. Comparisons with abroad are of little use when preaching to the choir if the choir does not care. Most conservative Americans are too uninterested in Europe to sit still for comparative explanations of U.S. superiority. Mitt Romney got very little traction from attacking French health care and other things Gallic during his abortive run for the Republican nomination in 2007. The vast majority of Americans’ comparisons are undertaken by social scientists with liberal leanings who hope that the United States will some day approximate Europe when it comes to family allowances, universal health insurance, parental leave, and the like. For them, Europe means northern Europe. They either ignore the south or see it too as aspiring to north European status. Stockholm is the mecca toward which the social science faithful pray. Because of their political reform agenda—fervent but unfulfilled—the tone they strike is wistful. Take as a recent example the American Human Development Report, published by a preeminent institution, the Social Science Research Council, and prefaced by multiple well-wishes from the great and the good. It is modeled on the UN’s attempt to sum up economic and human well-being in a single number, to compare nations and progress over time. Its wealth of information lays bare the sometimes dramatic disparities within the United States and shows where it is lagging in relation to peer comparison countries. That is all well and good, and who could fault it? It is when sight is lost of the larger picture that worries begin. Thus, the report presents a chart (Figure 1.2) showing an apparently precipitous decline in America’s human development ranking. The United States stood in second place, after Switzerland, in 1980. This held steady until 1995, when it plummeted over the next 15 years to land at the 12th spot in 2005. America’s numerical score has increased steadily, we are reassured. But the scores of other countries have risen even faster. As a result, the United States has fallen behind its more efficient competitors.
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Sanderson, Lee M. "Fires." In The Public Health Consequences of Disasters, 373–96. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195095708.003.0018.
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Abstract Since ancient times, fires have had an adverse impact on public health. With time, that impact has changed. The scientific literature suggests many criteria for defining disasters, including cause, duration, extent of damage, and number of casualties. Organizations such as the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MLIC) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) consider a catastrophe (disaster) to be an event that causes at least 5 casualties-five people must die, according to MLIC; 5 people must either die or be hospitalized, according to OSHA. The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) currently defines catastrophic fires as residential fires that result in 5 or more deaths and nonresidential fires that result in 3 or more deaths. Causal patterns vary with time, and the risks that contemporary America faces are quite different from those faced 30, 50, or 100 years ago. A basic understanding of how these risks have changed assists us in identifying prevention measures that were efficacious in the past or that may be useful in the future.
Conference papers on the topic "Liberty National Life Insurance Company"
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Kostrzewski, Mariusz. "FREIGHT RAIL TRANSPORT IN JAPAN – NOT LESS EXCITING THAN PASSENGER ONES." In Súčasné problémy v koľajových vozidlách. VTS pri Žilinskej univerzite v Žiline, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/spkv.z.2023.1.28.
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Japanese National Railways (JNR) has been privatized in 1987. As Kurosaki [45] stated, during the era of JNR, it accumulated heavy debts, especially in the freight operating area as railways in Japan are passenger-dominated. The conglomerate of Japanese domestic railway operators consists of 6 passenger companies and the seventh one is dedicated to freight operations and transport. Passenger rail transport companies are divided regionally and certainly operate passengers’ trains only. These companies are Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido), East Japan Railway Company (JR East), West Japan Railway Company (JR West), Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tokai), Shikoku Railway Company (JR Shikoku), Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) and additionally Shinkansen Holding Corporation for high-speed rail transport [40]. By the way, it also includes the Railway Communication Company, Rail Information Systems Company, Railway Technical Research Institute, and Japanese National Railways Settlement Corporation [41]. Each of these transportation companies has in disposal their infrastructure and facilities in contrast to Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight), the company which operates freight transport. According to [45], JR Freight forms a vertically separated structure, while all the JR passenger companies comprise a vertically integrated structure. JR Freights consists of 6 branches: Kyushu, Kansai, Tokai, Kanto, Tohoku, Hokkaido [40]. JR Freights rents infrastructure from other companies [45], which makes freight transport dependent on time windows between passengers’ transport (more information related to that topic is mentioned hereafter). It does not have own its tracks; however, it has in disposal its own stations, yards, and facilities for freight trains. JR Freights, as many other companies in Japan (e.g. Shizutetsu, Suzuyo – sample companies are mentioned after discussions on the topic during grant in Japan with Prof. Koichi Shintani – private correspondence) is carrying about several different kinds of business, i.e. freight services, warehousing, car park operation, advertising, indemnity and other non-life insurance agency services, vehicle services, general civil engineering and construction design, project execution and management, incidental and related business operations
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Ebaugh, Helen Rose, and Dogan Koc. "FUNDING GÜLEN-INSPIRED GOOD WORKS: DEMONSTRATING AND GENERATING COMMITMENT TO THE MOVEMENT." In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/mvcf2951.
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The projects sponsored by the Gülen-inspired movement are numerous, international and costly in terms of human and financial capital. Critics of the movement often question the fi- nancing of these initiatives – with some convinced of collusion with Middle Eastern govern- ments, others (within Turkey) suspicious that Western governments are financially backing the projects. Aware of these criticisms, in a recent comment to a group of visiting follow- ers, Fethullah Gülen indicated greater financial transparency must become a priority for the movement. This paper addresses the financing of Gülen-inspired projects, based on interviews with busi- ness leaders in Turkey, as well as local businessmen throughout Turkey who constitute the financial infrastructure of the movement. In addition, the paper presents data from one local Gülen movement organisation in Houston, Texas, that collects thousands of dollars annually from local members, mostly students on small educational stipends. The paper is framed sociologically in terms of organisational theories of commitment. Beginning with Kanter (1972;1977) and including subsequent major figures in the organi- sational field (e.g. Reichers 1985; Meyer and Allen 1991; Hall 2002; Scott 2003), scholars have demonstrated a positive correlation between sacrifices asked of members and degree of commitment to the goals of the organisation. Using this perspective, the paper argues that the financial contributions made by members in the Gülen movement both demonstrate commit- ment to the ideals espoused by Fethullah Gülen and generate commitment to the movement. The paper presents empirical evidence, based on interviews with financial supporters both in Turkey and the U.S., of how financial resources are generated, the initiatives being supported and the impact of financial giving on the commitment of supporters. The Gülen movement is a civil society movement that arose in the late 1960s in Turkey, initially composed of a loose network of individuals who were inspired by M. Fethullah Gülen. As a state-approved mosque preacher, Gülen delivered sermons in cities throughout Turkey, beginning with a handful of listeners and gradually drawing tens of thousands of people. His sermons focused not only on religious texts but included a broad array of such topics as religion and science, social justice, human rights, moral values and the importance of education. Gülen repeatedly stressed the importance of educating the youth of society by establishing first-rate schools that expose students to the latest scientific knowledge in an at- mosphere of moral values. The projects sponsored by Gülen-inspired followers today number in the thousands, span international borders and are costly in terms of human and financial capital (Woodhall 2005). These initiatives include over 2000 schools and seven universities in more than ninety countries in five continents (Yavuz and Esposito 2003; Baskan 2004; Tekalan 2005), two modern hospitals, the Zaman newspaper (now in both a Turkish and English edition), a television channel (Samanyolu), a radio channel (Burc FM), CHA (a ma- jor Turkish news agency), Aksiyon (a leading weekly news magazine), national and interna- tional Gülen conferences, Ramadan interfaith dinners, interfaith dialog trips to Turkey from countries around the globe and the many programs sponsored by the Journalists and Writers Foundation. In addition, the Isik insurance company and Bank Asya, an Islamic bank, are af- filiated with the Gülen community. In 1993 the community also established the Business Life Cooperation Association (ISHAD) which has 470 members (Baskan 2004). Questions regarding the financing of these numerous and expensive projects are periodically raised by both critics of the Gülen Movement and newcomers to the movement who are invited to Gülen related events. Because of the large amounts of money involved in these projects, on occasion people have raised the possibility of a collusion between the movement and various governments, especially Saudi Arabia and/or Iran, and including the Turkish government. There has even been suspicion that the American CIA may be a financial partner behind the projects (Kalyoncu, forthcoming). Aware of these criticisms, in a recent comment to a group of visiting followers, Fethullah Gülen indicated that a priority must be proactive financial transparency. In this paper, we address directly the issue of the financing of Gülen inspired projects based on the little that is available in published sources, including an interview with Gülen himself, and supplementing that information with interviews with business leaders in Turkey who constitute the infrastructure of the movement. In addition, we present data from one local Gülen organization in Houston, Texas, that regularly collects over half a million dollars from local members, mostly students on small educational stipends. Our analysis is framed socio- logically in terms of organizational theories of commitment. We argue that the contributions made by rank and file movement members, as well as by wealthier sponsors, both demon- strate commitment to the ideals of the movement and simultaneously generate commitment to the movement. An analysis of Gülen-inspired financial contributions must include the ideological and reli- gious motivations inherent in the concepts of hizmet, himmet, sohbet, istisare, and mutevelli. For an understanding of these concepts, we are most indebted to the superb work of Mehmet Kalyoncu whose study of the Gülen movement in Mardin, a city in southeastern Turkey, was very helpful both in understanding these ideas and in demonstrating their applicability to the financing of local projects in the city.