Academic literature on the topic 'Liability Terms'

Suretyship agreement is one of the ancient personal security devices known from Roman law. This agreement pursues the aim to protect property interests of the creditor. Nowadays, it is especially concluded between the parties in order to ensure the performance of the debt contracts. Taking into account the essence of suretyship contracts in practice, the legal consequences emerging from the default of the main debtor have to be enlightened. That is why, the scope and characteristics of the surety’s liability in respect of joint and subsidiary suretyship are researched in this article. It illustrates the basis of the creditor’s right to resort to the surety, the comparative analysis of legislative norms regulating the types of surety’s liabilities with foreign legal systems. Key words: a basis of surety’s liability, types of suretyship agreement, joint suretyship, subsidiary suretyship, default by the debtor, co-sureties

In this paper the authors analyse the introduced model of genuine corporate criminal liability in the Slovak Republic. Genuine corporate criminal liability is described in a more simplified way through the obligatory elements of corporate criminal liability. The authors also focus and conclude on practical reflections about potential excesses in the enforcement of the corporate criminal liability.

The article is sanctified to the questions of civil liability on the legislation of Ukraine. Taking these theoretical positions for basis, it is possible to assert that the normative founding of legal responsibility envisages the presence of legal norms, that determine possible and necessary behavior of the subject of legal relationships, embargo on certain behavior, and system of approvals and legal binding overs that determine the process of realization of responsibility. It is marked that traditionally a range of problems of responsibility was of interest such fields of law, as civil, administrative, ecological, domestic. Summarizing the above-mentioned in the article, it is possible to establish, that legal responsibility, including civil legal in whatever form she came forward always is direct influence on an offender. The substantial line of responsibility - it so to say perceptible bears by the face of negative consequences of offence in form privations of the personal, organizational or property order, regardless of what her measures will be realized: imprisonment, compensation of harm or something other. It stipulates the orientation of responsibility actually on the face of offender, stipulates penalty, punitive character of legal responsibility keywords: legal responsibility, offence, guilt, founding, inflicted harm, socially dangerous behavior. Thus, it costs to consider the composition of civil offence, that includes for itself the presence of the inflicted harm, unlegality of behavior of malefactor, causal connection between behavior of person and harmful result, guilt of malefactor the condition of civil responsibility. Thus, it costs consider that illegal there can be actions that violate the norms of legislation and equitable rights of citizens, and illegal - only those actions that violate the norm of law. Keywords: legal responsibility, offence, guilt, founding, inflicted harm, socially dangerous behavior.

Abstract In this article, we extend the model of Newman, H., and D. Wright. 1990. “Strict Liability in a Principal-Agent Model.” International Review of Law and Economics 10: 219–231 and strengthens their result that the strict liability can attain social optimum in a principal-agent relation to the situation in which the court appreciates any contractual terms regarding apportionment of damages between an employer and an employee under vicarious liability rule. Our model also generalizes and extends vicarious liability to the negligence-based liability rule.

This research aims to analyze: (1) the corporate liability as a law subject in terms of human trafficking criminal act; and (2) the concept of restitution application as a form of corporate criminal liability in the case of law enforcement towards human trafficking criminal act. This research is categorized as normative legal research through the statue and conceptual approaches. The result of the research found that: (1) in terms of criminal law, both seen from the Law of Human Trafficking or theories of corporate liability, corporate is one of law subject in terms of human trafficking criminal act whose liability can be asked regarding human trafficking criminal act. The corporate liability which conducts human trafficking criminal act can be determined through the fulfillment of general criminal liability terms (subjective terms) including the presence of liability, the presence of guilt both intentionally and negligence, and the absence of reasons to omit the criminal law. The form of liability of corporate criminal in terms of human trafficking criminal act can be decided precisely using vicarious liability; and (2) restitution application concept, as a form of corporate criminal liability in law enforcement towards the human trafficking criminal act so that justice principle, legal certainty and benefit for the victim of human trafficking. Therefore, the concept offered is first, fulfillment of material rights. Second, the availability of legal protection accompanied with its implementing which is a very urgent matter. Third, the availability of structure (in the form of institution/entity) and infrastructure is an essential thing in process managing, deciding and executing the human trafficking criminal act.

Modern society has to live and have activities with risks daily. Consequently, the probability of adverse events is high. In the article, the objective of the research is the risks of professional liability, which, in contrast to other risks, damage the third person. In this kind of insurance, it is difficult to define the amount of damage, the amount of compensation. Therefore, Based on historical facts, an algorithm is designed to determine the professional liability insurance tariff, taking into account the principles of tariff policy and working out the professional rating scale. Keywords: professional Risk, Level of professionalism, Risk of insurance, Net rate, Insurance tariff, risk added

The article is devoted to the problems of introduction of the institute of compulsory insurance ofprofessional liability of lawyers in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authoranalyzes the current legislation of the two states, in terms of mandatory insurance of professional liabilityof lawyers, identifies current problems in this area, justifies ways to solve them. The article has a certainscientific and practical value, since it analyzes the experience of the establishment of the institute ofcompulsory insurance of professional liability of lawyers in Russia and the Republic of Kazakhstan, whichwill improve the legislative and law enforcement practice of both states.

Дисертаційне дослідження присвячено розробці моделі адміністративної відповідальності за порушення порядку подання декларації про доходи та ведення обліку доходів і витрат. У роботі визначено правову природу юридичної відповідальності за правопорушення у податковій сфері України, розкрито сутність і зміст адміністративної відповідальності, передбаченої у ст. 164-1 КУпАП, в структурі юридичної відповідальності за податкові правопорушення. Встановлено та систематизовано підстави та умови адміністративної відповідальності за ст. 164-1 КУпАП. Конкретизовано зміст і складові елементи об’єктивних і суб’єктивних елементів складу порушення, передбаченого ст. 164-1 КУпАП. Виокремлено, проаналізовано та узагальнено основні актуальні проблеми притягнення порушників до адміністративної відповідальності за ст. 164-1 КУпАП, зокрема: теоретичні; ідеологічні; нормативно-правові; політико-правові, економічні і процедурні. Сформульовано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення чинного адміністративного законодавства у досліджуваній сфері, а також окреслено основні шляхи оптимізації адміністративно-юрисдикційної діяльності органів, уповноважених притягувати порушників до адміністративної відповідальності за ст. 164-1 КУпАП. The dissertation for the first time reveals theoretical and practical issues of administrative responsibility for violation of the procedure for income declaration and maintaining records of income and expenditure, as defined in the Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. Administrative liability for violation of Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine is considered as a special manifestation of the «system of legal responsibility in the tax area», being its integral element, characterized by many common and special features. This liability takes place as a result of illegal actions committed by individuals in the tax area. These unlawful acts belong to the group of «administrative violations of legal obligations for tax payment and declaration of incomes and property status». The social and legal essence and legal content of causes and conditions for administrative responsibility have been clarified. The criteria for causes and a set of necessary conditions for the liability under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine have been defined. Particular attention is paid to a critical analysis of the composition of the offense under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. The object of this offense is public relations that take place in the field of tax accounting and income declaration, the objective side is the illegal acts provided for in Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. The social consequences of the illegal act are determined; in addition, a causal link was established between the act under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine, and its consequences. The main characteristics of the subject of the offense (an individual with a corresponding duty) and the subjective side (guilt in the form of intent or negligence; optional characteristics of the offense are the purpose and motive of crime) are revealed. Special conditions have been established under which the objective and subjective elements of this offense will be sufficient for the emergence of administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. The work systematized the problems of bringing violators to administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine, in particular: conceptual problems (lack of an integrated scientific approach for understanding the responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine); ideological problems (low level of legal society awareness, an increase of legal nihilism, discredited state tax policy); normative problems (a difficult concept understanding of an offense as in Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine, uncertainty in the consequences of ineffective use of administrative resources when prosecuted under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine); political and legal, economic and cultural crisis (difficulties in identifying and bringing violators to responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine: in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine); procedural problems (slow response to offenses, non-compliance with the rules for drawing up a protocol and/or other documents of a case on an administrative offense under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. Dissertation has identified the factors that aggravate the negative effect of the identified problems of bringing violators to administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine. Moreover, specific proposals were formulated in order to solve the identified problems, improve the current national legislation, as well as to optimize the administrative and jurisdictional activities of the recently created Tax Service of Ukraine in the context of bringing the relevant violators to administrative responsibility under Art. 164-1 of the Administrative Offense Code of Ukraine.

The aim of this master thesis is to analyse the market of courier, express and parcels services. It focuses on the issue of relevant national and international legal framework, with a particular interest in the principles of liability. Furthermore, it provides information on activities of the major courier, express and parcels suppliers: TNT Express Worldwide and DHL Express. These two companies and their Terms and conditions of carriage are subjects for a case study which deals with logistics provider's liability for destruction or loss of or damage to cargo and liability for damage caused by delay.

Includes bibliographical references.
A regime-switching model allows a process to switch randomly between different regimes which have different parameter estimates. This study investigates the use of a two regime-switching model for inflation in South Africa as a means of determining a hedging strategy for inflation linked liabilities of a financial institution. Each regime is modeled using an autoregressive process with different parameters and the change in regimes is governed by a two state Markov chain. Once the parameters have been estimated, the predictive validity of the regime-switching process as a model for inflation in South Africa is tested and a hedging strategy is outlined for a set of inflation linked cash flows. The hedging strategy is to invest in inflation linked bonds, the number of which is determined through the use of a Rand-per-point methodology that is applied to the inflation linked cash flows and inflation linked bonds. Over the period from January 2008 to June 2013 this hedging strategy was shown to be profitable.

This Master's thesis deals with analysis of the Czech business liability insurance market, while using a predefined client for preparation of insurance proposals. It then performs an analysis of fulfilling the requirements through control of insurance terms and conditions. Furthermore, the thesis compares the information required by individual insurance companies for the insurance calculations and examines the factors on which the client decides among the proposed insurances. In the course of the thesis is mapped the work of insurance broker, whose activity corresponds to the individual tasks performed by the thesis.

У дисертації наведено теоретичне узагальнення та нове вирішення наукового завдання, що полягає у визначенні сутності, змісту та розкриття особливостей адміністративно-правових засад відповідальності за правопорушення, пов’язані з корупцією. Установлено, що чинне українське законодавство, яким визначено адміністративно-правові засади відповідальності за правопорушення, пов’язані з корупцією, представлене положеннями Конституції України, Кодексу України про адміністративні правопорушення, законами України, серед яких основоположним є спеціальний антикорупційний закон – Закон України "Про запобігання корупції", а також підзаконними нормативноправовими актами. Ознаки адміністративної відповідальності за правопорушення, пов’язані з корупцією, класифіковано на загальні (властиві будь-якому виду юридичної відповідальності) та спеціальні (характерні саме адміністративній відповідальності). Установлено, що адміністративна відповідальність за правопорушення, пов’язані з корупцією, має на меті перевиховання та покарання особи-правопорушника шляхом застосування заходів державного примусу у формі адміністративних стягнень. Водночас мета адміністративної відповідальності за вчинення зазначеного виду адміністративних правопорушень конкретизується і певним чином виявляється в її функціях, з яких основними є виховна, превентивна та регулятивна. Поняття "адміністративне правопорушення, пов’язане з корупцією" визначене як протиправне, винне діяння (дія чи бездіяльність), що порушує встановлені спеціальним антикорупційним законом та іншими нормативно правовими актами вимоги, заборони та обмеження, за вчинення якого законом передбачено адміністративну відповідальність. Виділено характерні ознаки адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією, які класифіковано на загальні (характерні для всіх видів адміністративних правопорушень) та спеціальні (властиві досліджуваному виду адміністративних правопорушень), зокрема, останні додатково класифіковано на обов’язкові й факультативні. Запропоновано під юридичним складом адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією, розуміти сукупність основних, визначальних, юридично значущих ознак, за наявності яких протиправне винне діяння (дія чи бездіяльність) можна кваліфікувати як порушення встановлених спеціальним антикорупційним законом та іншими нормативноправовими актами вимог, заборон та обмежень, за вчинення якого законом передбачено адміністративну відповідальність. Розширено класифікацію юридичних складів адміністративних правопорушень, пов’язаних із корупцією, залежно від: 1) ступеня суспільної небезпеки: основні, кваліфіковані; 2) структури складу адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією: однозначні, альтернативні; 3) наявності шкідливих наслідків: формальні, матеріальні; 4) особливостей конструкції: описові, банкетні (або відсильні). Кваліфікацію адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією, визначено як діяльність спеціально уповноваженого суб’єкта щодо пізнання, аналізу та оцінки діяння (дії чи бездіяльності), змістом якої є зіставлення і співвідношення ознак учиненого діяння (дії чи бездіяльності) до юридично значущих ознак (юридичного складу) адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією, визначених чинним адміністративним законодавством, із відповідним процесуальним оформленням. Установлено коло суб’єктів здійснення кваліфікації адміністративних правопорушень, пов’язаних із корупцією (суб’єкти здійснення первинної та остаточної кваліфікації адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією), а також визначено процес її здійснення як комплекс проведення таких дій: 1) вибору суб’єктом кваліфікації адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією, відповідної норми глави 13-А КУпАП, зміст якої відповідає учиненому діянню (дії чи бездіяльності); 2) зіставлення та співвідношення ознак вчиненого діяння (дії чи бездіяльності) до юридично значущих ознак (юридичного складу) адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією, визначених чинним адміністративним законодавством; 3) процесуального оформлення кваліфікації діяння (дії чи бездіяльності), що передбачає складення протоколу про адміністративне правопорушення, пов’язане з корупцією; винесення судом (суддею) постанови у справі про адміністративне правопорушення, пов’язане з корупцією. Адміністративні правопорушення, пов’язані з корупцією, класифіковано за такими критеріями: 1) юридичним складом залежно від: ступеня суспільної небезпеки, наявності шкідливих наслідків, структури складу адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією, особливостей конструкції складу адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією; 2) характером об’єктивної сторони; 3) моментом учинення. З урахуванням норм КУпАП установлено, що видами адміністративних стягнень за вчинення правопорушень, пов’язаних із корупцією, є: 1) штраф; 2) конфіскація; 3) позбавлення права обіймати певні посади або займатися певною діяльністю. Виділено особливості адміністративних стягнень за правопорушення, пов’язані з корупцією: 1) є мірою (формою вираження) адміністративної відповідальності, до якої притягається особа в разі вчинення протиправного винного діяння (дії чи бездіяльності), передбаченого відповідною статтею глави 13-А КУпАП; 2) має державно-примусовий характер, що виражається в притягненні особи до адміністративної відповідальності за вчинення правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією, незалежно від її волі та бажання; 3) реалізується спеціально уповноваженими органами влади – притягнення особи до адміністративної відповідальності за вчинення правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією, шляхом накладення відповідного адміністративного стягнення здійснюється судом; 4) мета застосування містить дві взаємозв’язані складові, а саме: адміністративне покарання (накладення штрафу, конфіскація, позбавлення права обіймати певні посади або займатися певною діяльністю) та запобігання вчиненню нових адміністративних правопорушень (як самою особою-правопорушником, так і іншими особами); 5) здійснюється у визначеному законодавством порядку; 6) має чітко визначені законодавством строки накладення – виходячи зі змісту ст. 38 КУпАП, адміністративне стягнення за вчинення правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією, може бути накладене впродовж шести місяців з дня його виявлення, але не пізніше двох років з дня його вчинення. Узагальнено зарубіжний досвід правового регулювання відповідальності за діяння, аналогічні адміністративним правопорушенням пов’язаним із корупцією, визначеним українським законодавством. З аналізу деяких нормативно-правових документів, що входять до законодавства розглянутих зарубіжних країн (ФРН, Італії, Великобританії, Франції, США, Румунії, Республіки Білорусь, Республіки Польща), з’ясовано, що вчинення протиправних діянь, які, за українським законодавством, визнаються правопорушеннями, пов’язаними з корупцією, і передбачають притягнення до адміністративної відповідальності, за законодавством інших країн, можуть передбачати настання іншого виду юридичної відповідальності (кримінальної, дисциплінарної). Огляд судової практики дозволив з’ясувати проблемні питання, пов’язані з неоднозначним підходом до вирішення судами окремих питань щодо притягнення особи до адміністративної відповідальності за вчинення правопорушень, пов’язаних із корупцією. Зокрема, це стосується: встановлення вини особи у вчиненні такого виду адміністративного правопорушення в разі закриття провадження у справах про притягнення до адміністративної відповідальності; визначення дня виявлення адміністративного правопорушення, пов’язаного з корупцією; обчислення строку накладення адміністративного стягнення (притягнення до адміністративної відповідальності), що мають важливе практичне значення для вирішення та ухвалення судами рішень у категорії таких справ тощо. З метою усунення проблемних аспектів законодавчого регулювання, виявлених під час дослідження особливостей адміністративно-правових засад відповідальності за правопорушення, пов’язані з корупцією, та вдосконалення законодавства України, яким установлено такий вид юридичної відповідальності, запропоновано внести відповідні зміни та доповнення до Кодексу України про адміністративні правопорушення та спеціального антикорупційного закону (Закону України "Про запобігання корупції").
The dissertation provides a theoretical generalization and a new solution to the scientific problem, which is to determine the nature, content and disclosure of the administrative and legal basis of liability for offenses related to corruption. It is established that the current Ukrainian legislation, which defines the administrative and legal basis for liability for corruption-related offenses, is represented by the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Code of Administrative Offenses, Laws of Ukraine, among which is a special special anticorruption law - Law of Ukraine "On Prevention corruption ”, as well as by-laws. Signs of administrative liability for corruption-related offenses are classified into general (inherent in any type of legal liability) and special (specific to administrative liability). It has been established that administrative liability for corruption-related offenses is aimed at re-education and punishment of the offender by applying coercive measures in the form of administrative penalties. In this case, the purpose of administrative liability for the commission of this type of administrative offenses is specified and in some way manifested in its functions, the main of which are educational, preventive and regulatory. The term "administrative offense related to corruption" is defined as an illegal, culpable act (action or omission) that violates the requirements established by a special anti-corruption law and other regulations, prohibitions and restrictions, for which the law provides for administrative liability. The characteristic features of an administrative offense related to corruption, which are classified into general (characteristic of all types of administrative offenses) and special (inherent in the investigated type of administrative offenses), in particular, the latter are further classified as mandatory and optional. It is proposed to understand the legal structure of an administrative offense related to corruption as a set of basic, defining, legally significant features, in the presence of which an illegal act (action or omission) can be qualified as a violation of special anti-corruption law and other regulations, prohibitions and restrictions, for the commission of which the law provides for administrative liability. The classification of legal structures of administrative offenses related to corruption has been expanded, depending on: 1) the degree of public danger: the main ones; qualified; 2) the structure of the administrative offense related to corruption: unambiguous; alternative; 3) the presence of harmful effects: formal; material; 4) design features: descriptive; banquet (or sending). The qualification of an administrative offense related to corruption is defined as the activity of a specially authorized entity for knowledge, analysis and evaluation of the act (action or inaction), the content of which is the comparison and ratio of signs of the act (action or inaction) to legally significant features ( legal composition) of an administrative offense related to corruption, defined by the current administrative legislation, with the appropriate procedural design. The range of subjects of qualification of administrative offenses related to corruption (subjects of primary and final qualification of administrative offenses related to corruption) has been established, and the process of its implementation as a set of the following actions has been defined: 1) choice the subject of qualification of an administrative offense related to corruption, the relevant provisions of Chapter 13-A of the Code of Administrative Offenses, the content of which corresponds to the committed act (action or omission); 2) comparison and correlation of the signs of the committed act (action or inaction) to the legally significant signs (legal composition) of the administrative offense related to corruption, defined by the current administrative legislation; 3) procedural registration of the qualification of an act (action or omission), which provides for the drawing up of a report on an administrative offense related to corruption; issuance of a court (judge) ruling in a case of an administrative offense related to corruption. Administrative offenses related to corruption are classified according to the following criteria: 1) by legal composition depending on: the degree of public danger; the presence of harmful effects; the structure of the administrative offense related to corruption; features of the structure of the administrative offense related to corruption; 2) by the nature of the objective side; 3) at the time of commission. Taking into account the norms of the Code of Administrative Offenses, it has been established that the types of administrative penalties for committing offenses related to corruption are: 1) a fine; 2) confiscation; 3) deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities. The peculiarities of administrative penalties for offenses related to corruption are highlighted: 1) is a measure (form of expression) of administrative responsibility to which a person is brought in case of committing an illegal offense (action or omission) under Article 13-A of the Code of Administrative Offenses; 2) has a state-coercive character, which is expressed in bringing a person to administrative responsibility for committing an offense related to corruption, regardless of his will and desire; 3) is implemented by specially authorized authorities – bringing a person to administrative responsibility for committing an offense related to corruption, by imposing an appropriate administrative penalty is carried out by the court; 4) the purpose of application includes two interrelated components, namely: administrative punishment (imposition of a fine, confiscation, deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities) and prevention of new administrative offenses (both by the offender and others) ; 5) is carried out in the manner prescribed by law; 6) has clearly defined by law deadlines for imposition - based on the content of Art. 38 of the Code of Administrative Offenses, an administrative penalty for committing an offense related to corruption may be imposed within six months from the date of its detection, but not later than two years from the date of its commission. The foreign experience of legal regulation of liability for acts similar to administrative offenses related to corruption, defined by the Ukrainian legislation, is generalized. From the analysis of some legal documents included in the legislation of the considered foreign countries (Germany, Italy, Great Britain, France, the USA, Romania, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Poland), it is found out that commission of illegal actions which under the Ukrainian legislation are recognized as offenses related to corruption, and provide for administrative prosecution, under the laws of other countries may provide for the emergence of another type of legal liability (criminal, disciplinary). The review of the case law revealed the problematic issues related to the ambiguous approach to the resolution of certain issues by the courts regarding the bringing to justice of a person for committing offenses related to corruption. In particular, this applies to: establishing the guilt of a person in committing this type of administrative offense in the case of closing the proceedings in cases of bringing to administrative responsibility; determining the date of detection of an administrative offense related to corruption; calculation of the term of imposition of administrative penalties (bringing to administrative responsibility), which are of great practical importance for the decision and decision-making of courts in the category of such cases, etc. In order to eliminate the problematic aspects of legislative regulation identified in the study of the administrative and legal basis of liability for corruption-related offenses, and to improve the legislation of Ukraine, which establishes this type of legal liability, it is proposed to make appropriate amendments to the Code of Administrative Offenses and a special anti-corruption law (Law of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption").

Composition of financial plan for year 2012 and executing financial analysis of a limited liability company. In composition of financial plan were used three variant -- an optimistic, a realistic and a pesimistic. Used methods of financial analysis were analysis of absolute indicators and financial ratios, including logaritmical decomposition of Return on Equity. Comparing each of those variants with reality valid on May 31, 2012.

Na história recente, o exercício da profissão de Cirurgião-Dentista tem sido alvo de inúmeras ações judiciais das mais diversificadas, impetradas por pacientes descontentes com os resultados obtidos em seus tratamentos odontológicos. Considerando os direitos inerentes à pessoa do paciente e a enorme preocupação da classe odontológica com relação às demandas judiciais originadas pela falta de informação adequada a seus pacientes, alguns aspectos importantes do Consentimento Informado bem como da própria responsabilidade civil odontológica estão abordados neste estudo, a fim de esclarecer e evitar as constantes demandas judiciais contra dentistas por falta de um termo de Consentimento Informado. A informação, seja verbal ou escrita, sobre um diagnóstico, procedimento terapêutico, ou tratamento odontológico aos pacientes ou familiares, e a forma como explicar de maneira compreensiva o que está sendo repassado é um grande conflito entre a classe odontológica nos dias atuais. O Consentimento Informado e o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido vem ser a forma, verbal e escrita de como o cirurgião-dentista informa o seu paciente ou representante, de modo límpido, os atos e etapas, relacionados ao diagnóstico e ao seu tratamento terapêutico, esclarecendo os riscos e benefícios, vantagens e desvantagens de forma que possa, autonomamente, escolher por realizar, ou não, o possível tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o levantamento e análise das decisões recursais dos Tribunais de Justiça do sul do Brasil, utilizando a Internet. Dos 102 acórdãos avaliados 30 são do Tribunal de Justiça do Paraná, 17 do Tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina e 55 do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul. Em relação ao Consentimento Informado, Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido ou mesmo a prova da Informação, constatou-se que nos referidos acórdãos estes assuntos foram pouco citados, porém observou-se que quando mencionados serviram de subsídios consistentes para defesa do profissional.
In recent history, the profession of dental surgeon has been the target of numerous lawsuits from more diverse, filed by patients dissatisfied with the results obtained in their dental treatment. Considering the inherent rights of the patient and the dental class of great concern with respect to lawsuits stem from the lack of adequate information to their patients, some important aspects of informed consent as well as from civil liability in dentistry are addressed in this study in order to clarify and avoid the constant lawsuits against dentists by a lack of informed consent The information, whether oral or written, about a diagnosis, therapeutic procedure, or dental treatment to patients or relatives, and how to comprehensively explain what is being passed is a major conflict between the dental class nowadays. Informed Consent and the Term of Consent has to be the case, verbal and written like the dentist tells the patient or his representative, so clear, the actions and steps, related to diagnosis and therapeutic treatment, accounting the risks and benefits, advantages and disadvantages so that you can, independently, choose to perform, or not, the possible treatment. The aim of this study was to survey and analysis of appellate decisions of the Courts of Justice in southern Brazil, using the Internet. Of the 102 judgments are assessed 30 of the Court of Paraná, 17 of the Court of St. Catherine and 55 of the Court of Rio Grande do Sul. Regarding Informed Consent, Termination of Consent or even proof of Information it was found that the judgments were seldom mentioned these issues, but noted that when mentioned served as subsidies for consistent defense of the professional.

Tort laws aim to deter risky medical practices and increase accountability for harm. This research examines their effects on deterrence of a high-risk obstetric practice in the United States: elective early-term (37-38 weeks gestation) induction of labor. Using birth certificate data from the Natality Detail Files and state-level data from publicly available sources, this study analyzes the effects of tort laws on labor induction with multilevel models (MLM) of 665,491 early-term births nested in states. Results reveal that caps on damages are associated with significantly higher odds of early-term induction and Proportionate Liability (PL) is associated with significantly lower odds compared to Joint and Several Liability (JSL). The findings suggest that clinicians are more likely to engage in practices that defy professional guidelines in tort environments with lower legal burdens. I discuss the implications of the findings for patient safety and the deterrence of high-risk practices.

Parties to contracts frequently seek to exclude or modify the liabilities and remedies which would otherwise arise through breach of the express and implied terms discussed in earlier chapters. Such exemption or exclusion clauses may take a variety of forms. For example, there may be a simple statement that the goods are sold as is, or with all faults; or the clause may be exhaustively comprehensive. Similarly there may be an attempt to place a time limit on claims, to circumscribe the ability to reject defective goods, to limit the damages recoverable whether by reference to a specified sum or by excluding claims for consequential loss, or to substitute lesser obligations for those which would arise under the general law. There is nothing inherently objectionable in this where the parties are bargaining on an equal footing and the contract is the result of a genuine agreement between them. In principle commercial enterprises ought to be free to decide on the allocation of risks (and so of insurance cover) under their contract. They are unlikely to approve of well-meaning attempts to override the effect of their bargain.

An important characteristic of the terms as to correspondence with description, satisfactory quality, and fitness for purpose implied by ss 13 and 14 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 is that being designated conditions their breach will prima facie entitle the buyer to reject the goods. In addition, damages may be claimed as compensation for any physical injury or property damage suffered by the buyer, provided that this is within the reasonable contemplation of the parties as being not unlikely to result from the breach. Until relatively recently it was not necessary to distinguish too closely in this context according to whether the buyer was dealing as a business or as a consumer. The same general rules applied in both cases. The introduction of the Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002 changed the position markedly in this respect by enacting additional rights for buyers who deal as consumers.

In addition to imposing liability for any express warranties and misrepresentations, English law imposes a further measure of contractual liability on sellers of goods through the medium of the implied term. From at least the early nineteenth century, contracts for the sale of goods have been taken to require that the seller supply goods which correspond with the contract description and which are of merchantable (now satisfactory) quality and reasonably fit for their purpose.

The first part of this book covers the liability of a seller of goods for misrepresentations and for breaches of the express and implied terms of a contract of sale. Reference is also made to certain analogous transactions such as contracts for the hire-purchase or hire of goods and contracts for work and materials.

This chapter addresses the obligation imposed by TUPE on the transferor to provide the transferee with specified ‘employee liability information’ about the transferring employees by no later than 28 days before the transfer. The relevant provisions of the Acquired Rights Directive and TUPE are summarized before detailed consideration is given to which employees fall within the scope of the obligation to provide ELI, the information that must be provided, the related data protection issues, and the specific provisions of the legislation addressing delivery and updating of the required ELI, its provision indirectly and in instalments. The remedy for breach is addressed in terms of the award to be made, the minimum award, the scope of the award, mitigation of loss and the commercial terms agreed between the parties. The chapter concludes with discussion of due diligence exercises in relation to TUPE transfers and the inability to contract out of the obligation.

The purpose of this chapter is to reconsider a traditional approach to the compliance function of firms from a modern perspective, which broadens its concept as a company's liability to only secure its adherence to applicable laws and avoid regulatory sanctions in serving company's interests. The observation of issues regulated by the compliance function in the contest of managing situations of conflict of interest (COI) in different spheres concludes that, in fact, those issues, to a greater extent, relate to sustaining ethical behavior in business rather than stem from regulatory norms. Based on the findings of this analysis as well as other different sources, a new definition for effective compliance has been developed with the focus on adherence to ethical principles in respect to third parties, which addresses compliance function in terms of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its sustainability role setting a vector for a further research.

The Casebook series provides a comprehensive selection of case law that addresses all aspects of the subject encountered on undergraduate courses. This chapter deals with exemption clauses and unfair contract terms. An exemption clause is a term in a contract or notice that can be either an exclusion clause (excluding liability or remedies) or a limitation clause (limiting liability to a specified sum). The chapter primarily focuses on the requirements that must be satisfied before an exemption clause can be relied upon, the question of construction and the natural and ordinary meaning of the clause, contra proferentem, liability for negligence, limitation clauses, inconsistent terms and fundamental breach. It then examines the legislative regulation of exemption clauses, emphasizing the growing distinction between commercial and consumer contracts in this context. It considers in some depth the enforceability of exemption clauses in a B2B context in accordance with the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and its interpretation in case law. In the B2C context, it discusses control of unfair terms in accordance with Part 2 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 and the case law interpreting the previous legislative regulation of unfair terms.

Poole’s Casebook on Contract Law provides a comprehensive selection of case law that addresses all aspects of the subject encountered on undergraduate courses. This chapter deals with exemption clauses and unfair contract terms. An exemption clause is a term in a contract or notice that can be either an exclusion clause (excluding liability or remedies) or a limitation clause (limiting liability to a specified sum). The chapter primarily focuses on the requirements that must be satisfied before an exemption clause can be relied upon, the question of construction and the natural and ordinary meaning of the clause, contra proferentem, liability for negligence, limitation clauses, inconsistent terms, and fundamental breach. It then examines the legislative regulation of exemption clauses, emphasizing the growing distinction between commercial and consumer contracts in this context. It considers in some depth the enforceability of exemption clauses in a B2B context in accordance with the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and its interpretation in case law. In the B2C context, it discusses control of unfair terms in accordance with Part 2 of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 and the case law interpreting the previous legislative regulation of unfair terms.

This chapter focuses on the duty of fair presentation and the duty of utmost good faith. Before any reinsurance contract is concluded, the reinsured has to make a fair presentation of the risk to the reinsurer. A reinsured must disclose every material circumstance which the reinsured knows or ought to know or, at least, circumstances which would put a prudent reinsurer on notice that it needs to make further enquiries. That disclosure must be in a manner which would be reasonably clear and accessible to a prudent underwriter. A failure to give a fair presentation, if established, may entitle the reinsurer to avoid the contract without returning the premium where the reinsured has been deliberate or reckless or with a return of premium if the insurer would not have entered into the contract on any terms had the information provided been accurate and complete or where the parties have contracted out of the regime imposed by the Insurance Act 2015. The genesis of the duty of utmost good faith was a protection for insurers and reinsurers because the proposer knew everything about the risk and the underwriter knew nothing.

Lessons Learned have long been used to refine designs and work practices. In recent years, litigation has caused this effort to be reviewed in terms of worth versus liability. Even the best-managed Lessons Learned program can have a negative impact to a company’s bottom line. This paper is intended to promote the beneficial rewards of, without regard for liabilities associated with, “Lessons Learned”.

In the frame of economic analysis of nuclear power (NP) with SMRs in their total life cycle the expert analysis of the problems associated with the civil liability for nuclear damage from SMRs on the example of transportable nuclear power units (TNUs) was performed. Purpose of the analysis is as follows: • Assessment of NP’ safety and economy changes in its development based on TNUs with KLT-40S and partly with RITM-200M reactor units. • Work out of recommendations on this development’ direction in terms of the insurance approach justification and amount of compensation for nuclear damage. The following aspects were considered in the analysis: 1. National and international approaches and practice of nuclear insurance. 2. Specific features of TNUs and differences from large NPPs basing on example of the design of floating power unit FPU “Academician Lomonosov” with KLT-40S reactors. 3. Assessment of severe accident consequences during TNU’ life cycle. 4. Analysis of insurances’ approaches and assessment of possible insurance costs.

The article is devoted to the problems of constitutional and legal regulation of the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights in Russia and some foreign countries. It is noted that the status of the Ombudsman is defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the most general terms and needs to be clarified. The author of the article suggests considering the introduction of legal liability for officials who do not comply with the decisions of the Commissioner for Human Rights, hinder his activities or clearly violate the rights and freedoms of a person and citizen.

Abstract The paper provides a detailed estimation of the interfaces that exist in a split SURF-SPS execution model and provides a qualitative comparison to an integrated SURF-SPS execution model. A comprehensive matrix of dependencies between SURF and SPS is presented and is categorized into engineering, procurement, construction/fabrication and installation work packages. The matrix is used to illustrate the exact scope dependencies and thus, the sources of interfaces. A hypothetical greenfield development has been assumed to develop the interface matrix and to use it for comparison of the two execution models. The comparison also reveals how interfaces are naturally eliminated in an integrated SURF-SPS execution model. In each of the workstreams (E-P-C-I), top risks have been identified and monetary liability estimates for those risks have been provided. By transfer of these risks from company to contractor, monetary liability gets transferred to the contractor, thus, resulting in significant savings for operating companies. The following tangible results are provided in the paper: a) % of interface(s) reduced in the E-P-C-I areas; b) Risk reduction in monetary terms for operators – estimated values. This paper justifies the fact that there is a significant interface scope and risk reduction for operators, if they adopt an integrated SURF-SPS execution model.

The contribution focuses on the analysis of the most urgent and relevant issues in the field of legal regulation of robotics, including the prospects of future development and the proposals de lege ferenda. In particular, it will be dedicated to the determination and delimitation of the relevant terms, the issues of liability for harm caused by autonomous robots, the eventuality of the creation of electronic personality and its possible impacts, including correlation with the field of human rights. The comparative method was widely used, as well as deductive and inductive methods, which enabled to proceed from general hypothesis to the special and concrete manifestation in certain areas.

Local self-governments in Slovakia have on their disposal several ways of performing entrepreneurial activities. In general municipal entrepreneurship leads to the appreciation of municipal assets and generation of additional own budget revenues. The aim of the paper was to identify and analyse commercial enterprises, through which local self-governments conduct entrepreneurial activities. Within the research, we focused on the enterprises with the property share of municipalities, which have the status of the town. The following factors were taken into account when analysing the municipal enterprises: number of enterprises, their distribution in regions, legal form, economic activity and their economic results. Research results point to the fact that Slovak municipalities have long-term experience in performing of entrepreneurial activities using the municipal enterprises. They are mostly enterprises with 100 percent ownership of towns, and in terms of legal form, they are mostly limited liability companies. As for the economic activities, these enterprises are active in the fields corresponding with the municipal competences. An important positive effect of the entrepreneurial activities of the local self-governments is the increase in the value of assets.

The decommissioning of offshore structures around the world will be a persisting problem in the coming decades as many existing structures will exceed their design life, or when the reservoirs are depleted. This paper examines an overview of regulations in countries deemed to be more experienced in decommissioning such as the UK, Norway and the USA. The regulations were identified in terms of three areas: the legal, technical and financial security framework. It is concluded that the majority of the regulations covering the technical section are similar. The major differences are between two overarching philosophies — one that is more prescriptive with stricter requirements and another that is more flexible with a goal-setting regime. Non-technical aspects of decommissioning appear to attract increasing attention from governments, such as decommissioning financial capability, minimisation of costs while meeting regulatory requirements, transfer of liability if other decommissioning options are accepted, and the movement of wastes from offshore to onshore and their subsequent disposal.

Today, the interdisciplinary design approach has been quickly adopted as a new trend in the modern product design process. Whereas, it is believed that manufacturers try to make shortcuts in order to reduce the time-to-market. Therefore, many inherent or uncertain safety parameters and factors are normally ignored in the early stage of the process until problems occur during the life cycles of products. This is very harmful to users. Enterprises may face liability claims and recalls of those products. In addition to the claims, additional time and cost are required to investigate the root cause of problems and to redesign the products and. Those problems mostly happen in some developing countries in which their product design and manufacturing process is still in a labor-intensive mode. Systematic and knowledge-based design approaches have not yet been popularly adopted. In order to have a better consideration, in terms of safety at the early stage of design process, the integration of practical experience of safety assessment concept and analysis methods into the traditional electronic product design process is the key proposed idea in this paper. A new design workflow with safety assessment concept at the early stage is generated, with a result of saving redesign cost and time.

<p>Professional engineers in the US may be found negligent and therefore liable for damages arising from failure to exercise a level of care, diligence, and skill exercised by other reputable practitioners in similar circumstances. If the professional engineer has accepted the obligation to design for sustainability or resilience, where those terms or performance levels are ill-defined or open to interpretation depending on assumptions or outcomes, the professional engineer may be accepting an extreme or uninsurable risk.</p><p>This paper describes the standard of care, which is the measure of a practitioner’s performance as it relates to professional negligence. It examines the relationship between the standard of care and design for sustainability or resilience. The paper addresses 1) a discussion of the sources of the practitioner’s responsibility to design for sustainability or resilience, 2) an explanation of the concept of the standard of care, and 3) the professional liability pitfalls inherent in that design effort. The subject may be unique to professional practice in societies where litigation is used to allocate responsibility for damages, but it may also be universally relevant for practitioners wishing to understand professional responsibilities for such designs.</p>