Journal articles on the topic 'Li-ion pouch cell'
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1
Kovachev, Schröttner, Gstrein, Aiello, Hanzu, Wilkening, Foitzik, Wellm, Sinz, and Ellersdorfer. "Analytical Dissection of an Automotive Li-Ion Pouch Cell." Batteries 5, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5040067.
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Information derived from microscopic images of Li-ion cells is the base for research on the function, the safety, and the degradation of Li-ion batteries. This research was carried out to acquire information required to understand the mechanical properties of Li-ion cells. Parameters such as layer thicknesses, material compositions, and surface properties play important roles in the analysis and the further development of Li-ion batteries. In this work, relevant parameters were derived using microscopic imaging and analysis techniques. The quality and the usability of the measured data, however, are tightly connected to the sample generation, the preparation methods used, and the measurement device selected. Differences in specimen post-processing methods and measurement setups contribute to variability in the measured results. In this paper, the complete sample preparation procedure and analytical methodology are described, variations in the measured dataset are highlighted, and the study findings are discussed in detail. The presented results were obtained from an analysis conducted on a state-of-the-art Li-ion pouch cell applied in an electric vehicle that is currently commercially available.
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Fofana, Gaoussou Hadia, and You Tong Zhang. "Thermal Analysis of Li-ion Battery." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 450–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.450.
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Abstract. The paper has built 3D-FEA models to simulate the electro-thermal behavior of Li-ion battery cells with Pouch Cell and Prismatic Cell by ANSYS. As for two models, the Li-ion battery system is simplified as a single equivalent battery layer (Pouch Cell) or multiple equivalent battery layers (Prismatic Cell) with the equivalent electrodes and separator. They were simulated under air cooling conditions. Simulations were compared with available battery temperature measurements. This shows that the 3D electro-thermal model applied in this study characterizes the electro-thermal behavior of the Li-ion battery cells reasonably well.
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Zhao, Chen-Zi, Peng-Yu Chen, Rui Zhang, Xiang Chen, Bo-Quan Li, Xue-Qiang Zhang, Xin-Bing Cheng, and Qiang Zhang. "An ion redistributor for dendrite-free lithium metal anodes." Science Advances 4, no. 11 (November 2018): eaat3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat3446.
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Lithium (Li) metal anodes have attracted considerable interest due to their ultrahigh theoretical gravimetric capacity and very low redox potential. However, the issues of nonuniform lithium deposits (dendritic Li) during cycling are hindering the practical applications of Li metal batteries. Herein, we propose a concept of ion redistributors to eliminate dendrites by redistributing Li ions with Al-doped Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LLZTO) coated polypropylene (PP) separators. The LLZTO with three-dimensional ion channels can act as a redistributor to regulate the movement of Li ions, delivering a uniform Li ion distribution for dendrite-free Li deposition. The standard deviation of ion concentration beneath the LLZTO composite separator is 13 times less than that beneath the routine PP separator. A Coulombic efficiency larger than 98% over 450 cycles is achieved in a Li | Cu cell with the LLZTO-coated separator. This approach enables a high specific capacity of 140 mAh g−1 for LiFePO4 | Li pouch cells and prolonged cycle life span of 800 hours for Li | Li pouch cells, respectively. This strategy is facile and efficient in regulating Li-ion deposition by separator modifications and is a universal method to protect alkali metal anodes in rechargeable batteries.
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Liang, Jianhua, Wei Deng, Xufeng Zhou, Shanshan Liang, Zhiyuan Hu, Bangyi He, Guangjie Shao, and Zhaoping Liu. "High Li-Ion Conductivity Artificial Interface Enabled by Li-Grafted Graphene Oxide for Stable Li Metal Pouch Cell." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 25 (June 22, 2021): 29500–29510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c04135.
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Gardner, Christopher, Elin Langhammer, Wenjia Du, Dan J. L. Brett, Paul R. Shearing, Alexander J. Roberts, and Tazdin Amietszajew. "In-Situ Li-Ion Pouch Cell Diagnostics Utilising Plasmonic Based Optical Fibre Sensors." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030738.
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As the drive to improve the cost, performance characteristics and safety of lithium-ion batteries increases with adoption, one area where significant value could be added is that of battery diagnostics. This paper documents an investigation into the use of plasmonic-based optical fibre sensors, inserted internally into 1.4 Ah lithium-ion pouch cells, as a real time and in-situ diagnostic technique. The successful implementation of the fibres inside pouch cells is detailed and promising correlation with battery state is reported, while having negligible impact on cell performance in terms of capacity and columbic efficiency. The testing carried out includes standard cycling and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) tests, and the use of a reference electrode to correlate with the anode and cathode readings separately. Further observations are made around the sensor and analyte interaction mechanisms, robustness of sensors and suggested further developments. These finding show that a plasmonic-based optical fibre sensor may have potential as an opto-electrochemical diagnostic technique for lithium-ion batteries, offering an unprecedented view into internal cell phenomena.
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Perez Estevez, Manuel Antonio, Carlo Caligiuri, and Massimiliano Renzi. "A CFD thermal analysis and validation of a Li-ion pouch cell under different temperatures conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 09003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123809003.
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Li-ion cells are one of the core components for the actual and future electric mobility. Differently from other types of applications and due to the high charge/discharge rates, the thermal-related issues in batteries for mobility are drastically relevant and can affect the reliability, the safety and the performance of the system. Indeed, limited temperature differences within a battery pack have a significant impact on its efficiency, thus it is important to predict and control the cell and battery pack temperature distribution. In the proposed study, a CFD analysis has been carried out to quantify the temperature and heat distribution on a single li-ion pouch cell. The main objective of this work is to determine the temperature imbalance on the cell and the required cooling load in order to be able to correctly design the cooling system and the best module architecture. The internal heat generation occurs as a result of electrochemical reactions taking place during charge and discharge of batteries. An electric model of the cell allows to assess the thermal power generation; the model parameters are changed according to the operative conditions to improve the accuracy, specifically to take into account varying temperature conditions and C-rates. The high accuracy of the model with respect to experimental data shows the potentiality of the proposed approach to support the optimization of Li-ion modules cooling systems and architecture design.
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Lin, Nan, Fridolin Röder, and Ulrike Krewer. "Multiphysics Modeling for Detailed Analysis of Multi-Layer Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112998.
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Multiphysics modeling permits a detailed investigation of complex physical interactions and heterogeneous performance in multiple electro-active layers of a large-format Li-ion cell. For this purpose, a novel 3D multiphysics model with high computational efficiency was developed to investigate detailed multiphysics heterogeneity in different layers of a large-format pouch cell at various discharge rates. This model has spatial distribution and temporal evolution of local electric current density, solid lithium concentration and temperature distributions in different electro-active layers, based on a real pouch cell geometry. Other than previous models, we resolve the discharge processes at various discharge C-rates, analyzing internal inhomogeneity based on multiple electro-active layers of a large-format pouch cell. The results reveal that the strong inhomogeneity in multiple layers at a high C-rate is caused by the large heat generation and poor heat dissipation in the direction through the cell thickness. The thermal inhomogeneity also strongly interacts with the local electrochemical and electric performance in the investigated cell.
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Pi, Yuqiang, Gangwei Luo, Peiyao Wang, Wangwang Xu, Jiage Yu, Xian Zhang, Zhengbing Fu, et al. "Material Optimization Engineering toward xLiFePO4·yLi3V2(PO4)3 Composites in Application-Oriented Li-Ion Batteries." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 3668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103668.
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The development of LiFePO4 (LFP) in high-power energy storage devices is hampered by its slow Li-ion diffusion kinetics. Constructing the composite electrode materials with vanadium substitution is a scientific endeavor to boost LFP’s power capacity. Herein, a series of xLiFePO4·yLi3V2(PO4)3 (xLFP·yLVP) composites were fabricated using a simple spray-drying approach. We propose that 5LFP·LVP is the optimal choice for Li-ion battery promotion, owning to its excellent Li-ion storage capacity (material energy density of 413.6 W·h·kg−1), strong machining capability (compacted density of 1.82 g·cm−3) and lower raw material cost consumption. Furthermore, the 5LFP·LVP||LTO Li-ion pouch cell also presents prominent energy storage capability. After 300 cycles of a constant current test at 400 mA, 75% of the initial capacity (379.1 mA·h) is achieved, with around 100% of Coulombic efficiency. A capacity retention of 60.3% is displayed for the 300th cycle when discharging at 1200 mA, with the capacity fading by 0.15% per cycle. This prototype provides a valid and scientific attempt to accelerate the development of xLFP·yLVP composites in application-oriented Li-ion batteries.
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Sun, H. Hohyun, Un-Hyuck Kim, Soobean Lee, and Yang-Kook Sun. "Transition Metal-Doped Ni-Rich Layered Cathode Materials for Sustainable Li-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023323mtgabs.
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Doping is a well-known strategy to enhance the electrochemical energy storage performance of layered cathode materials. Many studies on various dopants have been reported; however, a general relationship between the dopants and their effect on the stability of the positive electrode upon prolonged cell cycling has yet to be established. Here, we explore the impact of the oxidation states of various dopants (i.e., Mg2+, Al3+, Ti4+, Ta5+, and Mo6+) on the electrochemical, morphological, and structural properties of a Ni-rich cathode material (i.e., Li[Ni0.91Co0.09]O2). Galvanostatic cycling measurements in pouch-type full Li-ion cells show that cathodes featuring dopants with high oxidation states significantly outperform their undoped counterparts and the dopants with low oxidation states. In particular, Li-ion pouch cells with Ta5+- and Mo6+-doped Li[Ni0.91Co0.09]O2 cathodes retain about 81.5% of their initial specific capacity after 3,000 cycles at 200 mAh g-1. Furthermore, physicochemical measurements and analyses suggest substantial differences in the grain geometries and crystal lattice structures of the various cathode materials, which contribute to their widely Myung et al. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 196-223. Kim et al. Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 1271-1279. Kim et al. energy. 2020, 5, 860-869. Kim et al. ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 1848-1854.
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Sørensen, Daniel Risskov, Michael Heere, Anna Smith, Christopher Schwab, Florian Sigel, Mads Ry Vogel Jørgensen, Volodymyr Baran, et al. "Methods—Spatially Resolved Diffraction Study of the Uniformity of a Li-Ion Pouch Cell." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac59f9.
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A lab-made, multilayered Li-ion battery pouch cell is investigated using in-operando neutron powder diffraction (NPD) and spatially resolved powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXRD) with the aim of investigating how to compare the information obtained from the two complementary techniques on a cell type with a complicated geometry for diffraction. The work focusses on the anode and cathode lithiation as obtained from the LiC6/LiC12 weight ratio and the NMC111 c/a-ratio, respectively. Neutron powder diffractograms of a sufficient quality for Rietveld refinement are measured using a rotation stage to minimize geometrical effects. Using SR-PXRD, the cell is shown to be non-uniform in its anode and cathode lithiation, with the edges of the cell being less lithiated/delithiated than the center in the fully charged state. The non-uniformity is more pronounced for high charging current than low charging current. The averaged SR-PXRD data is found to match the bulk NPD data well. This is encouraging as it seems to allow comparisons between studies using either of these complementary techniques. This work will also serve as a benchmark for our future studies on pouch cells with novel non-commercial cathode and/or anode materials.
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Schmidt, Florian, Alexander Korzhenko, Paul Härtel, Florian S. Reuter, Sebastian Ehrling, Susanne Dörfler, Thomas Abendroth, Holger Althues, and Stefan Kaskel. "Influence of external stack pressure on the performance of Li-S pouch cell." Journal of Physics: Energy 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 014004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ac4ee3.
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Abstract The lithium-sulfur (Li-S) cell system is promising to satisfy the increasing need for cost-efficient energy storage with high theoretical energies due to the enormous theoretical gravimetrical capacity and the abundance of sulfur. Furthermore, the technology readiness level of Li-S batteries increased steadily in recent years due to extensive research, as well as the number of reported prototype cells. However, an often ignored test parameter is the application of external pressure to the cell stack. In this study, the influence of external pressure on the performance of Li-S cells is investigated. Therefore, five-layered pouch cells with solvent-free processed cathodes are assembled. These cells are tested under lean electrolyte conditions (electrolyte to sulfur ratio of 4.5 µl mg(S)−1). To evaluate the influence of the used electrolyte system either the state-of-the-art 1,2-dimethoxyethane/1,3-dioxolane electrolyte or the sparing polysulfide solvating hexyl methyl ether/1,3-dioxolane electrolyte is deployed. The impact of pressure application is evaluated electrochemically as well as by post-mortem focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy of the cycled electrodes. Moreover, a technique for infiltration of sulfur into the carbon host matrix is presented, discussed, and successfully implemented.
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Cao, Chuntian, Hans-Georg Steinrück, Partha P. Paul, Alison R. Dunlop, Stephen E. Trask, Andrew N. Jansen, Robert M. Kasse, et al. "Conformal Pressure and Fast-Charging Li-Ion Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 040540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac653f.
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Batteries capable of extreme fast-charging (XFC) are a necessity for the deployment of electric vehicles. Material properties of electrodes and electrolytes along with cell parameters such as stack pressure and temperature have coupled, synergistic, and sometimes deleterious effects on fast-charging performance. We develop a new experimental testbed that allows precise and conformal application of electrode stack pressure. We focus on cell capacity degradation using single-layer pouch cells with graphite anodes, LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) cathodes, and carbonate-based electrolyte. In the tested range (10–125 psi), cells cycled at higher pressure show higher capacity and less capacity fading. Additionally, Li plating decreases with increasing pressure as observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical imaging. While the loss of Li inventory from Li plating is the largest contributor to capacity fade, electrochemical and SEM examination of the NMC cathodes after XFC experiments show increased secondary particle damage at lower pressure. We infer that the better performance at higher pressure is due to more homogeneous reactions of active materials across the electrode and less polarization through the electrode thickness. Our study emphasizes the importance of electrode stack pressure in XFC batteries and highlights its subtle role in cell conditions.
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Schwab, Christopher, Lea Leuthner, Anna Smith, and Helmut Ehrenberg. "Calibration of Fiber Bragg Grating - Sensors for Subsequent Temperature and Pressure Measurements in Li-Ion Pouch Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 52 (July 7, 2022): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01522152mtgabs.
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The monitoring of temperature during operation of lithium ion batteries is crucial for a stable and safe performance of a battery system. However, a major challenge is to obtain exact internal temperature progression upon charge and discharge processes. Though commonly used resistance temperature sensors can give considerably accurate temperature values, they are limited to the application outside of the cell due to the distortion of their signal through induction effects of the applied cell currents, if installed inside the pouch cell and therefore, they are not suitable for in situ measurements. This poses serious problems especially for big cell stacks, as core temperatures for those cells differ greatly from the outer parts and particularly the surface of the cell encasement. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors on the other hand, provide data that are unaffected by induction effects as their operating principle is solely based on the reflection of light of certain wavelengths within a glass fiber. However, a specific difficulty is the distinction between temperature and pressure effects, as the reflected signal is sensitive to both. Often times additional tubing around the sensor is needed to eliminate pressure effects or an additional sensor is placed in close proximity, inside or outside, to the FBG-sensor as a reference. The former, however, can affect the cell stack physically acting as a defect spot with unwanted side effects. In our work, we show that a careful calibration of the FBG-sensor can be accomplished, so that both effects can be separated and the FBG-sensor can then be used to gather information not only about temperature but also about volume changes in an operating cell. Therefore, a temperature calibration took place, with the cell being held at a constant SoC. Subsequently, a calibration of the SoC - dependent pressure-induced mechanical deformation was performed at very low C-rate to minimize thermal effects. The so gathered calibration parameters can then be applied to all performed cycling tests, regardless of the C - rate. A calibration routine and mathematical solution to separate the influences of temperature and pressure to receive exact in situ temperature values for a 10 Ah lithium ion battery cell is presented. The calibration method is applied to cycling and rate tests at various C-rates. The results show, that wavelength shifts upon charging and discharging processes are mainly resulting from volume changes of the active cell components, meaning that the FBG – sensor has a very high sensitivity towards pressure changes. With the before mentioned calibration method the impact of mechanical deformation on the FBG - sensor can be subtracted from the raw data and allow for a direct temperature reading. The temperature data correlates with data gathered from commonly used sensors placed on the outside of the pouch cell. Tests with varying discharge rates confirm these results and show, that the method produces precise temperature data even at different C-rates, even though only slow C-rates were applied during calibration. In detailed comparison, the FBG - sensors show a faster response towards temperature changes compared to conventional external temperature sensors, which can be related to the insulating effect of the pouch foil. In case of high discharge rates, we were able to show that the measured temperatures inside of the pouch cell are higher in comparison to the outside ones. Furthermore, SoC - induced changes in pressure measured by two FBG-sensors, which were located at different positions on the cell stack, are almost identical. This indicates that pressure build-up within a pouch cell occurs evenly through the cell stack.
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Schmidt, Jan Philipp, Daniel Manka, Dino Klotz, and Ellen Ivers-Tiffée. "Investigation of the thermal properties of a Li-ion pouch-cell by electrothermal impedance spectroscopy." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 19 (October 2011): 8140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.05.047.
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Fulik, Natalia, Andreas Hofmann, Dorit Nötzel, Marcus Müller, Ingo Reuter, Freya Müller, Anna Smith, and Thomas Hanemann. "Effect of Flame Retardants and Electrolyte Variations on Li-Ion Batteries." Batteries 9, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020082.
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Lithium-ion batteries are being increasingly used and deployed commercially. Cell-level improvements that address flammability characteristics and thermal runaway are currently being intensively tested and explored. In this study, three additives—namely, lithium oxalate, sodium fumarate and sodium malonate—which exhibit fire-retardant properties are investigated with respect to their incorporation into graphite anodes and their electro/chemical interactions within the anode and the cell material studied. It has been shown that flame-retardant concentrations of up to approximately 20 wt.% within the anode coating do not cause significant capacity degradation but can provide a flame-retardant effect due to their inherent, fire-retardant release of CO2 gas. The flame-retardant-containing layers exhibit good adhesion to the current collector. Their suitability in lithium-ion cells was tested in pouch cells and, when compared to pure graphite anodes, showed almost no deterioration regarding cell capacity when used in moderate (≤20 wt.%) concentrations.
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Lee, Kikang, Sungho Yoon, Sunghoon Hong, Hyunmi Kim, Kyuhwan Oh, and Jeongtak Moon. "Al2O3-Coated Si-Alloy Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 15, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 4189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15124189.
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Silicon-based anodes can increase the energy density of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their large weights and volumetric capacities. However, repeated charging and discharging can rapidly deteriorate the electrochemical properties because of a large volume change in the electrode. In this study, a commercial Fe-Si powder was coated with Al2O3 layers of different thicknesses via atomic layer deposition (ALD) to prevent the volume expansion of Si and suppress the formation of crack-induced solid electrolyte interfaces. The Al2O3 content was controlled by adjusting the trimethyl aluminum exposure time, and higher Al2O3 contents significantly improved the electrochemical properties. In 300 cycles, the capacity retention rate of a pouch full-cell containing the fabricated anodes increased from 69.8% to 72.3% and 79.1% depending on the Al2O3 content. The powder characterization and coin and pouch cell cycle evaluation results confirmed the formation of an Al2O3 layer on the powder surface. Furthermore, the expansion rate observed during the charging/discharging of the pouch cell indicated that the deposited layer suppressed the powder expansion and improved the cell stability. Thus, the performance of an LIB containing Si-alloy anodes can be improved by coating an ALD-synthesized protective Al2O3 layer.
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Yang, Chuanbo, Kandler Smith, Andrew M. Colclasure, and Matthew Keyser. "Mitigating Heterogeneities in Lithium-Ion Battery Modules Under Fast Charging." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 5 (October 9, 2022): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-025563mtgabs.
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Temperature control is essential for fast-charging performance of Li-ion battery. Cold temperature leads to sluggish ion transportation of electrolyte, brittle polymeric cell components, changes in solid electrolyte interface (SEI) properties and associated resistance build-up, and Li plating and dendrite growth [1]. High temperature boosts fast charging but can also accelerate battery degradation and increase the rise of battery thermal failure. This is caused by the increased rate of side-reactions, resulting in loss of cyclable lithium and higher rate of attrition of active materials at higher temperatures. Temperature and its gradient in a battery unit strongly affect performance and life of battery units [2]. It is recommended that pack temperature uniformity of a li-ion battery pack in electric vehicles shall be less than 3 ºC [3]. Battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are important for controlling battery pack temperature and minimizing temperature gradients to prevent thermal-related issues in Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). This thermal management goal is more critical for fast charging of battery modules made of large format, high-energy-density cells. Current BTMS in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are inadequate in limiting the maximum temperature rise of the battery during extreme fast charge (i.e., 6C charge). To achieve fast-charge, the size of the battery thermal management system needs to increase from today’s BEV average size of 1–5 kW to around 15–25 kW [4]. A combined experimental and modelling approach is employed to access thermal and electrochemical heterogeneities of a battery module under extreme fast charge conditions and develop corresponding mitigation approaches. The electrochemical-thermal model was built based on electrical characterization of 32 mAh pouch cells, including constant-current 1C to 9C rates of charging at varying temperatures. Predictive performance of the model in heat generation was validated by comparing results against measurements conducted using a microcalorimeter. Thereafter, the validated model is used to predict performance of a battery module consisting of six large format pouch cells. The large pouch cell has a capacity of 25 Ah and the identical electrode design of the 32 mAh cells. 3D simulation results suggest significant temperature and charge differences can be produced. The heterogeneous behavior was enlarged along charging. As shown in Figure 1, it was found that electrodes close to the tabs were preferentially charged. Cell electrochemical heterogeneity can be reduced by reducing cell temperature difference. Two potential solutions are investigated using the developed 3D model, including the enhancement of heat transfer within cells, such as increasing cell thermal conductivities with thicker current collectors, and the optimal design of thermal management systems. The feasibility of state-of-the-art thermal management strategies for fast charging is evaluated, including liquid cooling using cold plate devices and direct liquid cooling. References [1] Pesaran, S. Santhanagopalan, G.H. Kim, Addressing the Impact of Temperature Extremes on Large Format Li-Ion Batteries for Vehicle Applications, 30th International Battery Seminar, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, 2013. [2] Garimella et. Al., A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, ISSN 1945-7111, 158(3), R1-R25(2011) [3] USABC, Li-Ion Battery Thermal Management System Requirements, 2018 [4] Keyser et. Al., Enabling Fast Charging – Battery Thermal Considerations, Journal of Power Sources, ISSN 0378-7753, 367(2017) 228-236 Figure 1
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Ellersdorfer, Christian, Patrick Höschele, Eva Heider, Georgi Kovachev, and Gregor Gstrein. "Safety Assessment of High Dynamic Pre-Loaded Lithium Ion Pouch Cells." Batteries 9, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020071.
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The knowledge of the influence of high dynamic loads on the electrical and mechanical behavior of lithium-ion cells is of high importance to ensure a safe use of batteries over the lifetime in electric vehicles. For the first time, the behavior of six commercial Li-Ion pouch cells after a constrained short-time acceleration (300 g over 6 ms) with a resulting cell surface pressure of 9.37 MPa was investigated. At this load, two out of six cells suffered from an internal short circuit, showing several damaged separator layers across the thickness in the area of the cell tabs. For the cells that remained intact, a range of measurement techniques (e.g., inner resistance measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), or thermal imaging) was used to reveal changes in the electrical property resulting from the load. The cells without short circuit show an increase of internal resistance (average of 0.89%) after the dynamic pre-load. The electric circuit model based on the EIS measurement indicates a decrease of the resistance R1 up to 30.8%. Additionally, mechanical properties of the cells in an abuse test subsequent to the dynamic pre-load were significantly influenced. The pre-loaded cell could sustain an 18% higher intrusion depth before electrical failure occurred as compared to a fresh cell in an indentation test. The results of this study revealed that a high acceleration pulse under realistic boundary conditions can lead to critical changes in a battery cell’s properties and needs to be taken into account for future safety assessments.
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Zhao, Yue, Ziqiang Liu, Zhendong Li, Zhe Peng, and Xiayin Yao. "Constructing stable lithium metal anodes using a lithium adsorbent with a high Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio." Energy Materials 2, no. 5 (2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.44.
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Lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) have emerged as the most prospective candidates for post-Li-ion batteries. However, the practical deployment of LMBs is frustrated by the notorious Li dendrite growth on hostless Li metal anodes. Herein, a protonated Li manganese (Mn) oxide with a high Mn3+/Mn4+ ratio is used as a Li adsorbent for constructing highly stable Li metal anodes. In addition to the Mn3+ sites with high Li affinity that afford an ultralow Li nucleation overpotential, the decrease in the average Mnn+ oxidation state also induces a disordered adsorbent structure via the Jahn-Teller effect, resulting in improved Li transfer kinetics with a significantly reduced Li electroplating overpotential. Based on the mutually improved Li diffusion and adsorption kinetics, the Li adsorbent is used as a versatile host to enable dendrite-free and stable Li metal anodes in LMBs. Consequently, a modified Li||LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) coin cell with a high NMC811 loading of 4.3 mAh cm-2 delivers a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.85% over 200 cycles and the modified Li||NMC811 pouch cell also achieves a remarkable improvement in electrochemical performance. This work demonstrates a novel approach for the preparation of highly efficient Li protection structures for safe LMBs with long lifespans.
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Wang, Changhong. "(Digital Presentation) All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries: From Materials and Interface Design to Practical Pouch Cell Engineering." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 6 (July 7, 2022): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0162435mtgabs.
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All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) have gained substantial attention because of their intrinsic safety and high energy density.1 However, the commercialization of ASSLBs has been stymied by insufficient ionic conductivity of solid-state electrolytes, significant interfacial challenges, as well as the large gap between fundamental research and practical engineering. Over the past several years, we have been dedicated to developing ASSLBs from solid electrolyte synthesis to interface design to engineering practical solid-state pouch cells. First, a wet-chemistry method with a low cost was proposed to produce solid-state electrolytes at the kilogram level with a high room-temperature ionic conductivity (> 1 mS.cm-1).2 Second, the interfacial challenges of ASSLBs have been well addressed via increasing the ionic conductivity of interfacial buffer layers,3 manipulating interfacial nanostructures,4, 5 using single-crystal cathodes,6 deciphering interfacial reaction mechanisms,7 and constructing artificial solid electrolyte interphases (SEI),8 which successfully boosted interfacial ion and electron transport kinetics.9 Resultantly, ASSLBs demonstrated superior electrochemical performance. Third, practical solid-state pouch cells with high energy density have been engineered. Recently, a solvent-free process was proposed to fabricate freestanding and ultrathin inorganic solid electrolyte membranes.10 Furthermore, a feasible solid-liquid transformable interface was devised to improve the solid-solid ionic contact and accommodate the significant volume change of solid-state pouch cells.11, 12 The resultant solid-state pouch cells successfully demonstrated high energy density and unparalleled safety. In summary, our research not only provides an in-depth understanding of solid electrolyte synthesis and rational interface design but also offers feasible strategies to commercialize ASSLBs with high energy density, low cost, and excellent safety. References C. Wang, J. Liang, Y. Zhao, M. Zheng, X. Li and X. Sun, Energy Environ. Sci., 2021, 14, 2577-2619. C. Wang, J. Liang, J. Luo, J. Liu, X. Li, F. Zhao, R. Li, H. Huang, S. Zhao, L. Zhang, J. Wang and X. Sun, Sci. Adv., 2021, 7, eabh1896. C. Wang, J. Liang, S. Hwang, X. Li, Y. Zhao, K. Adair, C. Zhao, X. Li, S. Deng, X. Lin, X. Yang, R. Li, H. Huang, L. Zhang, S. Lu, D. Su and X. Sun, Nano Energy, 2020, 72, 104686. C. Wang, X. Li, Y. Zhao, M. N. Banis, J. Liang, X. Li, Y. Sun, K. R. Adair, Q. Sun, Y. Liu, F. Zhao, S. Deng, X. Lin, R. Li, Y. Hu, T.-K. Sham, H. Huang, L. Zhang, R. Yang, S. Lu and X. Sun, Small Methods, 2019, 3, 1900261. C. Wang, J. Liang, M. Jiang, X. Li, S. Mukherjee, K. Adair, M. Zheng, Y. Zhao, F. Zhao, S. Zhang, R. Li, H. Huang, S. Zhao, L. Zhang, S. Lu, C. V. Singh and X. Sun, Nano Energy, 2020, 76, 105015. C. Wang, R. Yu, S. Hwang, J. Liang, X. Li, C. Zhao, Y. Sun, J. Wang, N. Holmes, R. Li, H. Huang, S. Zhao, L. Zhang, S. Lu, D. Su and X. Sun, Energy Storage Mater., 2020, 30, 98-103. C. Wang, S. Hwang, M. Jiang, J. Liang, Y. Sun, K. Adair, M. Zheng, S. Mukherjee, X. Li, R. Li, H. Huang, S. Zhao, L. Zhang, S. Lu, J. Wang, C. V. Singh, D. Su and X. Sun, Adv. Energy Mater., 2021, 11, 2100210. C. Wang, Y. Zhao, Q. Sun, X. Li, Y. Liu, J. Liang, X. Li, X. Lin, R. Li, K. R. Adair, L. Zhang, R. Yang, S. Lu and X. Sun, Nano Energy, 2018, 53, 168-174. C. Wang, K. Adair and X. Sun, Acc. Mater. Res., 2022, 3, 21-32. C. Wang, R. Yu, H. Duan, Q. Lu, Q. Li, K. R. Adair, D. Bao, Y. Liu, R. Yang, J. Wang, S. Zhao, H. Huang and X. Sun, ACS Energy Lett., 2022, DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02261, 410-416. C. Wang, Q. Sun, Y. Liu, Y. Zhao, X. Li, X. Lin, M. N. Banis, M. Li, W. Li, K. R. Adair, D. Wang, J. Liang, R. Li, L. Zhang, R. Yang, S. Lu and X. Sun, Nano Energy, 2018, 48, 35-43. C. Wang, K. R. Adair, J. Liang, X. Li, Y. Sun, X. Li, J. Wang, Q. Sun, F. Zhao, X. Lin, R. Li, H. Huang, L. Zhang, R. Yang, S. Lu and X. Sun, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2019, 29, 1900392.
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Crowther, Owen. "Practical Considerations in the Development of 3 and 15 Ah Rechargeable Lithium Pouch Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01185mtgabs.
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Commercially available Li-ion batteries using graphite or graphite-silicon blended anodes are currently approaching a cell level specific energy of 350 Wh kg−1. EaglePicher previously demonstrated a 2 Ah rechargeable pouch with a lithium metal anode that delivered 375 Wh kg−1 (Crowther, Owen. "Solving Barriers to Commercialization of Cells with Lithium Metal Anodes." 236th ECS Meeting (October 13-17, 2019). ECS, 2019). Further improvements to chemistry and cell design resulted in a 3 Ah pouch with longer cycle life and specific energies above 400 Wh kg−1 (Crowther, Owen. "Rechargeable Lithium Metal Pouch Cell Development." ECS Meeting Abstracts. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2021). This paper will discuss several new areas that resulted in improved cell performance such as increasing the tab size, optimizing the electrolyte type and amount, and introducing excess lithium metal into the anode. Figure 1 demonstrates the rate capability of the cell with larger tabs to minimize the ohmic resistance. The cell with delivers ~425 Wh kg−1 at low rate and >300 Wh kg−1 at a 6.6C rate. The maximum continuous rate for the cell with the original tabs was 1C. Finally, the initial prototype performance of a 15 Ah rechargeable lithium pouch cell with a specific energy >500 Wh kg−1 will be highlighted. Figure 1
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Chen, Yunxia, Yaosong Liu, Wenjun Gong, and Biao Zhang. "Sealing life prediction of Li-ion pouch cell under uncertainties using a CZM-based degradation model." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 84 (August 2018): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2018.04.016.
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Schmid, Alexander Uwe, Alexander Ridder, Matthias Hahn, Kai Schofer, and Kai Peter Birke. "Aging of Extracted and Reassembled Li-ion Electrode Material in Coin Cells—Capabilities and Limitations." Batteries 6, no. 2 (June 12, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries6020033.
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Cycling Li-ion cells with large capacities requires high currents and hence an expensive measurement setup. Aging the Li-ion cell material in coin cells offers an orders-of-magnitude-lower power requirement to the battery tester. The preparation procedure used in this work allows one to build coin cells in a reproducible manner. The original 40 Ah pouch cells and the corresponding 4.3 mAh coin cells (PAT-Cell) utilizing electrode material from the original cells are cycled with 1C at different temperatures. The results show the same basic aging mechanisms in both cell types: loss of lithium inventory at room temperature but an increasing proportion of loss of active material toward higher temperatures. This is confirmed by similar activation energies in capacity degradation of the 40 Ah cells and the averaged coin cells. However, the capacity of the coin cells decreases faster over time. This is caused by diffusion of moisture into the coin cell housing. Nonetheless, the increasing water contamination over measurement time is not directly linked to the loss of capacity of the coin cells. Thus, the observed aging mechanisms of the 40 Ah cells can be qualitatively transferred to coin cell level.
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Müller, Daniel, Alexander Fill, and Kai Peter Birke. "Cycling of Double-Layered Graphite Anodes in Pouch-Cells." Batteries 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8030022.
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Incremental improvement to the current state-of-the-art lithium-ion technology, for example regarding the physical or electrochemical design, can bridge the gap until the next generation of cells are ready to take Li-ions place. Previously designed two-layered porosity-graded graphite anodes, together with LixNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 cathodes, were analysed in small pouch-cells with a capacity of around 1 Ah. For comparison, custom-made reference cells with the average properties of two-layered anodes were tested. Ten cells of each type were examined in total. Each cell pair, consisting of one double-layer and one single-layer (reference) cell, underwent the same test procedure. Besides regular charge and discharge cycles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, incremental capacity analysis, differential voltage analysis and current-pulse measurement are used to identify the differences in ageing behaviour between the two cell types. The results show similar behaviour and properties at beginning-of-life, but an astonishing improvement in capacity retention for the double-layer cells regardless of the cycling conditions. Additionally, the lifetime of the single-layer cells was strongly influenced by the cycling conditions, and the double-layer cells showed less difference in ageing behaviour.
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Bhattacharjya, Dhrubajyoti, María Arnaiz, María Canal-Rodríguez, Silvia Martin, Tandra Panja, Daniel Carriazo, Aitor Villaverde, and Jon Ajuria. "Development of a Li-Ion Capacitor Pouch Cell Prototype by Means of a Low-Cost, Air-Stable, Solution Processable Fabrication Method." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 110544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac39e1.
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Due to the dual advantage of capacitive and faradaic charge storage mechanisms, Li-ion capacitors (LICs) are regarded as a promising energy storage technology for many high-power applications. However, high cost and intricacy of indispensable pre-lithiation step in LIC fabrication are the major stumbling block against its widespread commercial interest. In this regard, operando pre-lithiation through incorporating lithium containing sacrificial salt in the positive electrode holds high potential to solve this issue. Herein, we present an industrially compatible fabrication method based on a solution processable positive electrode consisting of an activated carbon mixed with a low-cost, air-stable dilithium squarate as sacrificial salt. Through careful optimization of electrode design, laboratory scale cells are upscaled to pouch cell prototypes. Fabricated LIC pouch cells deliver high specific energy (i.e. max. 58 Wh kg−1 AM) and power (i.e. max. 8190 W kg−1 AM) with respect to active electrode mass. Moreover, cycle life and floating tests performed at room temperature show capacitance retention of 83% after 80000 charge-discharge cycles and 100% retention after 1000 floating hours at 3.8 V. However, the accelerated aging tests at 70 °C induce fast device failure. Post-mortem analyses reveal different ageing mechanisms for cycled and floated LIC pouch cells.
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Eldesoky, A., Michael Bauer, S. Azam, E. Zsoldos, Wentao Song, Rochelle Weber, Sunny Hy, M. B. Johnson, Michael Metzger, and J. R. Dahn. "Impact of Graphite Materials on the Lifetime of NMC811/Graphite Pouch Cells: Part I. Material Properties, ARC Safety Tests, Gas Generation, and Room Temperature Cycling." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 110543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac39fc.
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The impact of graphite materials on capacity retention in Li-ion cells is important to understand since Li inventory loss due to SEI formation, and cross-talk reactions between the positive and negative electrodes, are important cell failure mechanisms in Li-ion cells. Here, we investigate the impact of five graphite materials from reputable suppliers on the performance of NMC811/graphite cells. We show that natural graphites (NG) here have a mixture of 3R and 2H phases, while artificial graphites (AG) were 2H only. We find that there are differences between the N2 BET surface area and the electrochemically-accessible area where redox reactions can take place and it is the latter that is most important when optimizing graphite-containing cells. Part I of this 2-part series investigates physical and electrochemical differences between the graphite materials of interest here, as well as room temperature cycling to probe improvements in capacity retention. We demonstrate that advanced AG materials with small accessible surface areas can improve safety, 1st cycle efficiency (FCE) and long-term cycling compared to NG materials with higher accessible surface areas. Part II of this work examines elevated temperature cycling, cell swelling, and makes lifetime predictions for the best NMC811/graphite cells.
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Ahn, Seongki, Hitoshi Mikuriya, Eri Kojima, and Tetsuya Osaka. "Synthesis of Li Conductive Polymer Layer on 3D Structured S Cathode by Photo-Polymerization for Li–S Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac5c07.
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The dissolution of lithium polysulfide (Li2Sx, 4 ≤ x ≤ 8, LiPS) during charge/discharge testing is a critical issue hindering the practical application of lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). To suppress LiPS dissolution, we propose a facile method to fabricate a Li-ion-conductive polymer layer by photopolymerization. The electrochemical performance of LSBs was investigated by preparing small pouch cells containing a three-dimensional (3D) structured sulfur-based cathode that either was or was not layered with the new polymer. Analysis of the electrolyte in the LSB pouch cell by UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed that a 3D S cathode with polymer layer shows a good discharge capacity of 535 mA h g−1 and a coulombic efficiency (CE) of over 96% after 40 cycles. In comparison, the 3D S cathode without a polymer layer has a poor discharge capacity of 389 mA h g−1 and a CE of over 22% after 40 cycles. The dissolution suppressing ability of our new polymer layer demonstrates promise for the practical application of LSBs.
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Bozorgchenani, Maral, Gints Kucinskis, Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, and Thomas Waldmann. "Experimental Confirmation of C-Rate Dependent Minima Shifts in Arrhenius Plots of Li-Ion Battery Aging." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac580d.
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Li-ion batteries show a minimum of their aging rate at a certain temperature. This minimum in the corresponding Arrhenius plot expresses the longest cycle life at a certain C-rate. By characterizing aging of laboratory-made pouch cells and commercial 21700 cells as a function of C-rate and ambient temperature, we confirm that this minimum indeed shifts with the charging C-rate. Increasing C-rates lead to higher optimal ambient temperatures with respect to the aging rate. The differences between both cell types are discussed regarding the specific energy and anode coating thickness of the tested cells.
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Oh, Hyeseong, Naeun Gil, Daeun Kim, and Kyeong-Min Jeong. "Performance Estimation Method of Li-Ion Starting-Lighting-Ignition Batteries of Electric Vehicle through Lab-Scale Pouch Cell Experiment." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 55 (July 7, 2022): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01552256mtgabs.
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CCA (cold-cranking amps) is used as one of the standards to define the power of a SLI (starting-lighting-ignition) battery of electric vehicles (EVs) by applying a large discharge current for a short time. It is easier to start an engine at a high temperature than a low temperature, so tests are usually conducted at a low temperature to meet the demands of users. However, in a large cell, the internal temperature of the cell rises due to the heat of the cell when a large current is applied. This phenomenon can increase the overall cell power performance because it has the effect of reducing ohmic overvoltage and improving electrode kinetics. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish the effect of the temperature rise and applied current on the voltage curve during the consecutive pulse discharge. In this study, three times of 10 C discharge current pulse (~ 7 mA/cm2 in this study) is applied on a cell for 30 seconds, with rest periods of 600s, 30s included between each pulse. Evaluations were conducted from -18 ℃ to 50 ℃, with a LiFePO4/graphite lab-scale pouch cell rather than an actual large cell. Therefore, the temperature of the cell remained constant under the evaluation conditions in which heat generation is almost zero, so the voltage curves can be interpreted by excluding the effect of the temperature rise of a cell. Based on these experimental results, voltage curves were simulated depending on each internal resistance that related to Joule heating of the actual large cell. It is possible to predict the performance and degree of temperature rise of large cells. Also, this study proposes an effective and economical method to distinguish the effect of the temperature rise of the large cell and the applied current by using a lab-scale pouch cell with controlled temperature.
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Mastrogiorgio, Massimiliano, Basab Ranjan Das Goswami, Marco Ragone, Farzad Mashayek, and Vitaliy Yurkiv. "Advanced Data-Driven Modeling Framework for Predicting Thermal Failures in Li-Ion Pouch Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012434mtgabs.
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With the rapid development and widespread applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), there is an ongoing need to extend and apply theoretical models that assist LIB’s safety aspects. It is particularly important for electric vehicles (EVs) due to numerous recent fire accidents. Thermal runaway (TRA) is one of the principal causes of LIB’s failures in EVs occurring due to thermal or mechanical breakdown, internal/external short-circuiting, or electrochemical abuse. During EV’s operation, it is impossible to directly monitor the TRA; however, the change in thermo-electrical characteristics (pattern) during TRA-like events could signal the presence of a failure, allowing for the prediction of LIB malfunction. Thus, in this work, we employ machine learning-based techniques informed by multi-physics models to predict and prevent the TRA in large pouch LIBs as presently used in various EVs. The multi-physics model is implemented in commercial software Comsol, with the P2D electrochemical model1 and a 3D thermal model. The degradation sub-model2 includes oxygen release in the positive electrode to simulate the overcharge phenomenon during EV’s charging. In addition, the oxygen released in the positive electrode may exothermically react with the electrolyte as well as create significant stress in the electrode, which may lead to the mechanical deformation of the electrode and a subsequent TRA. An LG Chem lithium-ion pouch cell consisting of Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2 – NMC622 – cathode and graphite anode are studied to address this severe TRA problem. As a result of the time-varying nature of the variables that affect TRA, we propose three potential machine learning algorithms. These are Support Vector Machine, Deep Neural Network, and Recurrent Neural Network, tailored and implemented for estimating the TRA likelihood, using thermal images acquired from the multi-physics modeling of LIB pouch cells. Hyperparameters optimization has been performed to identify a set of variables for the best performing ML method. The proposed combined multi-physics and machine learning modeling methodology provide interesting insight and predictive capabilities for TRA prediction. References J. Newman and W. Tiedemann, J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 1–5 (1993). X. Feng, X. He, M. Ouyang, L. Wang, L. Lu, D. Ren and S. Santhanagopalan, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A3748–A3765 (2018).
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Qi, Xiaopeng, Bingxue Liu, Jing Pang, Fengling Yun, Rennian Wang, Yi Cui, Changhong Wang, et al. "Unveiling micro internal short circuit mechanism in a 60 Ah high-energy-density Li-ion pouch cell." Nano Energy 84 (June 2021): 105908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105908.
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Kumar, A., S. Kalnaus, S. Simunovic, S. Gorti, S. Allu, and J. A. Turner. "Communication—Indentation of Li-Ion Pouch Cell: Effect of Material Homogenization on Prediction of Internal Short Circuit." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163, no. 10 (2016): A2494—A2496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0151613jes.
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Du, Zhijia. "Electrolyte Development for Fast Charging of High Energy Density Li-Ion Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023191mtgabs.
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Different lithium salt concentrations in carbonate electrolyte were studied on the fast charging performance of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622)/graphite pouch cells. The cells with electrolyte concentration from 0.75 M to 1.50 M showed similar fast charging capabilities. Further increase of the concentration to 1.75 M and 2.00 M decreased the attainable capacity in fast charging. In the long-term cycling test, the capacity retention after 200 fast charging cycles increased with the increase of salt concentration in electrolyte. Cells with 1.5 M electrolyte showed the best overall performance in fast charging capacity and long-term cycling. Li plating were observed in the cells with 0.75 M, 1.00 M and 1.25 M electrolyte. It was improved with greatly reduced Li plating area in 1.50 M, and no Li plating at all in 1.75 M and 2.00 M electrolyte. Post-mortem analysis such as neutron powder diffraction (NPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the electrode after cycling. It suggests that electrolyte concentration needs to be optimized for a given cell configuration with specific electrode and loading. Figure 1
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Goutam, Shovon, Alexandros Nikolian, Joris Jaguemont, Jelle Smekens, Noshin Omar, Peter Van Dan Bossche, and Joeri Van Mierlo. "Three-dimensional electro-thermal model of li-ion pouch cell: Analysis and comparison of cell design factors and model assumptions." Applied Thermal Engineering 126 (November 2017): 796–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.206.
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Kim, Jin-Yeong, Jae-Yeon Kim, Yu-Jin Kim, Jaeheon Lee, Kwon-Koo Cho, Jae-Hun Kim, and Jai-Won Byeon. "Influence of Mechanical Fatigue at Different States of Charge on Pouch-Type Li-Ion Batteries." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 5557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165557.
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Since flexible devices are being used in various states of charge (SoCs), it is important to investigate SoCs that are durable against external mechanical deformations. In this study, the effects of a mechanical fatigue test under various initial SoCs of batteries were investigated. More specifically, ultrathin pouch-type Li-ion polymer batteries with different initial SoCs were subjected to repeated torsional stress and then galvanostatically cycled 200 times. The cycle performance of the cells after the mechanical test was compared to investigate the effect of the initial SoCs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to analyze the interfacial resistance changes of the anode and cathode in the cycled cells. When the initial SoC was at 70% before mechanical deformation, both electrodes well maintained their initial state during the mechanical fatigue test and the cell capacity was well retained during the cycling test. This indicates that the cells could well endure mechanical fatigue stress when both electrodes had moderate lithiation states. With initial SoCs at 0% and 100%, the batteries subjected to the mechanical test exhibited relatively drastic capacity fading. This indicates that the cells are vulnerable to mechanical fatigue stress when both electrodes have high lithiation states. Furthermore, it is noted that the stress accumulated inside the batteries caused by mechanical fatigue can act as an accelerated degradation factor during cycling.
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Qi, Xiaopeng, Bingxue Liu, Fengling Yun, Changhong Wang, Rennian Wang, Jing Pang, Haibo Tang, et al. "Probing heat generation and release in a 57.5 A h high-energy-density Li-ion pouch cell with a nickel-rich cathode and SiOx/graphite anode." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 3 (2022): 1227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta08597b.
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This study clarifies the heat generation and release of a 57.5 Ah HED (266.9 W h kg−1) Li-ion cell with a nickel-rich cathode and SiOx/graphite anode. Significant heat accumulation and delayed heat release effects in large-format cells are uncovered.
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Werner, Daniel, Sabine Paarmann, and Thomas Wetzel. "Calendar Aging of Li-Ion Cells—Experimental Investigation and Empirical Correlation." Batteries 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7020028.
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The lifetime of the battery significantly influences the acceptance of electric vehicles. Calendar aging contributes to the limited operating lifetime of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, its consideration in addition to cyclical aging is essential to understand battery degradation. This study consequently examines the same graphite/NCA pouch cell that was the subject of previously published cyclic aging tests. The cells were aged at different temperatures and states of charge. The self-discharge was continuously monitored, and after each storage period, the remaining capacity and the impedance were measured. The focus of this publication is on the correlation of the measurements. An aging correlation is obtained that is valid for a wide range of temperatures and states of charge. The results show an accelerated capacity fade and impedance rise with increasing temperature, following the law of Arrhenius. However, the obtained data do also indicate that there is no path dependency, i.e., earlier periods at different temperature levels do not affect the present degradation rate. A large impact of the storage state of charge at 100% is evident, whereas the influence is small below 80%. Instead of the commonly applied square root of the time function, our results are in excellent agreement with an exponential function.
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He, Meinan, and Mei Cai. "(Digital Presentation) Lifsi Based Electrolyte Corrosion Study on Al Current Collector and Its Effect on Cu Side." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023190mtgabs.
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High energy density Li-ion battery with ultra-stable electrolyte is essential to facilitate the massive application of electric vehicles. Despite being used ubiquitously in Li-ion batteries, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) is not stable both chemical and electrochemically, rendering the battery using LiPF6 based electrolyte. While lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) based electrolyte possesses both higher conductivity and better compatibility with the electrode materials compared to the traditional LiPF6 electrolyte, the high cost and the inability to suppress aluminum corrosion hinder its application in Li-ion batteries. In this work, we developed a bi-salt electrolyte by blending LiPF6 and LiFSI, as well as introducing Lithium difluoroborate (LiDFOB) as the anti-corrosion additive to mitigate the Al corrosion. Although the newly formulated electrolyte shows promising result at coin cell level, the big format pouch cell using the new electrolyte failed after prolonged cycling due to the detachment of the Cu tab. Based on the NMR results, we revealed that Al corrosion was accelerated by the change in the electrolyte formulation during cycling, and the situation was further escalated by the high state of charge (SOC). Most importantly, the Al3+ ions dissolved from the cathode side migrated to the anode side and formed alloy with Li and Cu, triggering the detachment of Cu tab, which was confirmed by SEM, ICP-MS and HRXRD. Owing to the higher current density and temperature on the tab region, it has significantly higher chance to be torn apart. In sum, it is imperative to precisely control both the SOC and the amount of LiFSI added to minimize the corrosion problem.
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Sturm, J., S. Friedrich, S. Genies, D. Buzon, Rahn-Koltermann G., A. Rheinfeld, and Jossen A. "Experimental Analysis of Short-Circuit Scenarios Applied to Silicon-Graphite/Nickel-Rich Lithium-Ion Batteries." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 020569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac51f3.
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Short-circuit incidents pose a severe safety threat to lithium-ion batteries during lifetime. Understanding the underlying electrochemical behavior can help to mitigate safety risks. The electrochemically-caused rate-limiting behavior is analyzed using a quasi-isothermal test-bench, where external and local short-circuit conditions are applied to single-layered pouch cells (<50 mAh). The cell voltage, the heat generation rate, and either the short-circuit current or a local electrical potential are measured and used to characterize the short-circuit intensity. The results of 35 custom-built silicon-graphite SiC/NCA and SiC/NMC-811 cells with 2.5 wt.-% silicon are benchmarked to previously studied graphite G/NMC-111 cells. An additional current plateau appears for the silicon-graphite/nickel-rich cells, which is ascribed to the anode-limited electrode balancing. At a maximum, 29% of the total dissipated heat is caused during over-discharge. The effect of cyclic aging on the impact of the short-circuit behavior is investigated with aged single-layered pouch cells (SoH < 80%), which revealed nearly the same levels of over-discharge as non-aged cells. A lithium reference electrode is used to visualize polarization effects in the anode during ESCs and to evaluate the onset of copper dissolution (>3.2 V vs Li/Li+), which could be estimated up to 20% of the negative current collector mass.
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Barker, Jeremy. "(Europe Section Alessandro Volta Award) The Journey Towards the Large-Scale Commercialization of Low-Cost and High Energy Density Na-ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 6 (October 9, 2022): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0262494mtgabs.
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Na-ion batteries based on non-aqueous electrolytes represent an inexpensive and sustainable alternative to their Li-ion counterparts [1,2]. The cost advantage is particularly apparent at the present time as the prices of battery grade Li and Co precursor salts have spiraled upwards in the last 18 months. Faradion Limited is a UK-based company, founded in 2011 and from December 2021, part of Reliance Industries Limited of India*. It is commercializing its Na-ion battery technology in a number of large format applications. It has identified and developed a wide range of inexpensive and proprietary active materials and non-aqueous electrolyte systems which offer low manufacturing costs as well as outstanding electrochemical performance and intrinsic safety. Over the past 10 years the company has incorporated these materials into full-scale Na-ion cells to a point where battery performance characteristics such as energy density, rate capability and cycle life are competitive with commercial Li-ion technologies. The Faradion Na-ion prototype cells demonstrate low-capacity fade on cycling, coupled to low polarization and excellent columbic and energy (round-trip) efficiency and may be configured for both energy and power applications. The use of Al for both current collectors serves as an additional and significant cost and safety benefit and allows the cells to be stored and transported at 0 V (i.e. physically shorted) [3]. The Faradion Na-ion cells are manufactured on commercial Li-ion production lines using proven battery designs [4,5]. Pouch, cylindrical and prismatic cell designs have all been demonstrated successfully [6]. Faradion has worked with its commercial partners to scale-up its Na-ion cell chemistry to the 40 Wh and 90 Wh pouch cell level – see for example, figure 1. These cells deliver a cell level specific energy of over 150 Wh/kg and have been incorporated into a range of demonstrator energy storage applications, including E-bike, residential, renewables, telecoms and automotive [6]. Faradion’s technology roadmap indicates that a specific energy in excess of 190 Wh/kg will be accessible in the near future. Other key attributes such as low precursor costs, material sustainability and excellent temperature range, confirm that Faradion’s Na-ion battery technology will prove commercially successful in a range of large format applications [7]. Reference s: [1] J. Barker, M.Y. Saidi and J. Swoyer, Electrochem. Solid-State Chem. 6 (2003) A1 [2] K. Kubota and S. Komaba, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162 (2015) A2538. doi.org/10.1149/2.0151514jes [3] (a) A. Rudola, C.J. Wright and J. Barker, Energy Materials Advances, 2021 Article ID 9798460. doi.org/10.34133/2021/9798460 (b) J. Barker and C.J. Wright, Assignee: Faradion Limited. US Patent #11159027 [4] A. Bauer, J. Song, S. Vail, W. Pan, J. Barker and Y. Lu, Adv. Energy Materials, 1 2018, 1702869. doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702869 [5] For example, J. Barker and R.J. Heap, Assignee: Faradion Limited, US Patent#9774035, US Patent #9917307, US Patent #1019628, US Patent #10115966, US Patent #10050271, US Patent #10399863 [6] (a) American Chemical Society, Chemical & Engineering News, July 20, 2015, Vol. 93, Issue 29. (b) American Chemical Society, Chemical & Engineering News, May 24, 2022, Vol. 100, Issue 19 [7] A. Rudola et al. J. Mater Chem A, 2021, 9, 8279-8302. doi.org/10.1039/D1TA00376C Footnote: [*] In late 2021, Faradion Limited was acquired by Reliance New Energy Systems Limited (RNESL), a wholly owned subsidiary of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) of India. Figure 1
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Kovachev, Georgi, Andrea Astner, Gregor Gstrein, Luigi Aiello, Johann Hemmer, Wolfgang Sinz, and Christian Ellersdorfer. "Thermal Conductivity in Aged Li-Ion Cells under Various Compression Conditions and State-of-Charge." Batteries 7, no. 3 (June 25, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030042.
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Thermal conductivity (TC) is a parameter, which significantly influences the spatial temperature gradients of lithium ion batteries in operative or abuse conditions. It affects the dissipation of the generated heat by the cell during normal operation or during thermal runaway propagation from one cell to the next after an external short circuit. Hence, the thermal conductivity is a parameter of great importance, which concurs to assess the safety of a Li-ion battery. In this work, an already validated, non-destructive measurement procedure was adopted for the determination of the evolution of the through-plane thermal conductivity of 41 Ah commercially available Li-ion pouch cells (LiNiMnCoO2-LiMn2O4/Graphite) as function of battery lifetime and state of charge (SOC). Results show a negative parabolic behaviour of the thermal conductivity over the battery SOC-range. In addition, an average decrease of TC in thickness direction of around 4% and 23% was measured for cells cycled at 60 °C with and without compression, respectively. It was shown that pretension force during cycling reduces battery degradation and thus minimises the effect of ageing on the thermal parameter deterioration. Nevertheless, this study highlights the need of adjustment of the battery pack cooling system due to the deterioration of thermal conductivity after certain battery lifetime with the aim of reducing the risk of battery overheating after certain product life.
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Kim, Min-Sung, Jae-Hyun Shim, Bom Kim, Woo-Jin Kim, and Jae-Hoon Kim. "Comparative Study on the Electrochemical Properties of Cylindrical and Pouch-Type Lithium Ion Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272581mtgabs.
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As the field expands from portable electronic devices to large energy storage devices such as electric vehicles, more reliable and innovative battery technologies are more important than ever. Currently, there are three types of lithium battery packaging: cylindrical, prismatic and pouch. Cylindrical batteries with a cylindrical shape and structure were one of the first mass-produced battery types and are still mass-produced and dominate in some applications. On the other hand, prismatic batteries are gaining popularity due to their high capacity, thin form, and efficient use of space. Due to the angular shape, multiple cells can be easily connected to form larger packs. Finally, pouch batteries are known for their lighter construction, using a sealed flexible foil as the packaging material. Each of these battery types offers a set of advantages and disadvantages. There is no clear winner, but the battery you choose can influence your product design in many ways. For example, each of these battery form factors can have a different temperature distribution and heat transfer model. In this study, a cylindrical battery and a pouch-type battery of the same capacity were manufactured using the same four major materials (positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, and electrolyte), respectively, to study the cell chemical characteristics of Li-ion secondary batteries. In particular, it is intended to provide a field to which each type of lithium ion secondary battery can be applied by understanding the characteristics of thermal and deterioration.
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Carelli, Serena, and Wolfgang G. Bessler. "Prediction of Reversible Lithium Plating during Fast Charging with a Pseudo-3D Lithium-Ion Battery Model." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012344mtgabs.
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Mathematical modelling and numerical simulation have become standard techniques in Li-ion battery research and development, with the purpose of studying the issues of batteries, including performance and ageing, and consequently increasing the model-based predictability life expectancy. The efficient and fast charging of Li-ion batteries remains a delicate challenge for the automotive industry, being seriously affected by the formation of lithium metal on the surface of the anode during charge. This degradation process, lithium plating, is very damaging for the mechanical and chemical integrity of the battery, which not only sees its capacity lowered but could also incur serious damage and the risk of thermal runaway. It is very difficult to detect lithium plating in situ without a direct observation of the open cell, but it is possible to deduce its presence by analyzing the cell behavior during cycles of charge/discharge in critical conditions and detecting some peculiarities which have been shown to indicate plating. The most common hints are a voltage plateau due to lithium oxidation during discharge at constant temperature and a voltage drop due to re-intercalation of metallic lithium during heating of the cell. On the other hand, the absence of any evidence of changes in voltage should not be considered as proof of evidence of a complete absence of lithium plating. Following our development of a comprehensive modelling and simulation framework for a commercial 0.35 Ah high-power lithium-ion pouch cell with LCO/NCA blend cathode1, here we present an extended pseudo-3D (P3D) model2 in which a lithium plating reaction has been integrated and parameterized. The model is able to describe and predict both the equilibrium potentials and the non-equilibrium kinetics of the competing intercalation and plating reactions for arbitrary macroscopic operating conditions (C-rate, temperature, SOC). A relatively simple and common way to assess plating risk with P2D models is to compare the simulated local anode potential Δφ an with the thermodynamic plating condition of Δφ Li eq = 0 V, but this approach shows several pitfalls that have not been well discussed in literature, including the effects of temperature, pressure and ion concentration on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the plating reaction (see Figure 1a). An extra reaction, simulating explicitly the re-intercalation of the plated lithium, has also been included and can be freely switched on to simulate a case in which the cell is likely not showing macroscopic plating hints. The models allow the creation of operation maps (see Figure 1b) and an accurate spatiotemporal analysis of the competing reactions and lithium plating formation at the electrode-pair scale (1D, mesoscale) and intraparticle scale (1D, microscale) over a wide range of conditions. The governing equations for this model are implemented in an in-house multiphysics software. The electrochemistry model is based on the use of the open-source chemical kinetics code CANTERA, enabling the thermodynamically consistent description of the main and side reactions. To validate our extended model, we simulated and successfully reproduced our own experimental data on our modelling reference cell (0.35 Ah high-power lithium-ion pouch cell with LCO/NCA blend cathode - where no macroscopic plating hints are present) and the published experimental data from Ecker et al.3 (40 Ah high-power lithium-ion pouch cell with NMC cathode - where the plating hints are instead clearly visible). References S. Carelli, M. Quarti, M. C. Yagci and W. G. Bessler, J. Electrochem. Soc., 166(13), A2990-A3003 (2019). S. Carelli and W. G. Bessler, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167(100515) (2020). M. Ecker, Lithium Plating in Lithium-Ion batteries: An experimental and simulation approach, RWTH Aachen University (2016). Figure 1
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Eldesoky, Ahmed, Nicholas Kowalski, Eric R. Logan, Connor P. Aiken, Michael Bauer, Jessie Harlow, and Jeff R. Dahn. "The Role of Long Lifetime Li-Ion Cells in a Sustainable Future." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023222mtgabs.
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State-of-the-art Li-ion cells can have decades of lifetime (>40 years) and tremendous cycle life greater than 10000 cycles1. Such incredible cells greatly exceed the goal of 80% capacity retention after 800 cycles, promoted by some as sufficient for electric vehicles (EVs). However, by 2030 it is projected that more than 90% of all Li-ion batteries will be used to power vehicles2, with very few remaining for energy storage from intermittent renewables which must displace fossil fuels for power generation. The batteries in electric vehicles will represent a vast amount of energy storage capacity, which can be harnessed using vehicle to grid (V2G) technology. Batteries with that can maintain 80% of their capacity after a mere 800 cycles are unsustainable since most of the charge-discharge cycles in V2G will occur when the EV is stationary. For this reason, ultra-long-lived cells are a critical component of a sustainable future. In this talk, we will discuss the important role of graphite material and upper cut-off voltage (UCV) on the lifetime of NMC811 cells, and how avoiding volume contraction in Ni-rich materials yields cells that should be eminently suitable V2G applications3,4. Additionally, we will discuss the results of a two-year study on the impact of C-rate, depth of discharge (DoD), UCV, and temperature on the lifetime of NMC811 cells. Finally, we will demonstrate that NMC cells with a low UCV, with an emphasis on Ni-rich materials, yield greater energy throughput compared to their higher energy counterparts due to their prolonged lifetime. The $/kWh metric is surely important when selecting a battery technology, but the levelized cost of energy over the battery lifetime is more important when batteries last for many decades. References Harlow, J. E. et al. A Wide Range of Testing Results on an Excellent Lithium-Ion Cell Chemistry to be used as Benchmarks for New Battery Technologies. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166, A3031–A3044 (2019). Pillot, C. The Rechargeable Battery Market and Main Trends 2018-2030. https://rechargebatteries.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Keynote_2_AVICENNE_Christophe-Pillot.pdf (2019). Eldesoky, A. et al. Impact of Graphite Materials on the Lifetime of NMC811/Graphite Pouch Cells: Part I. Material Properties, ARC Safety Tests, Gas Generation, and Room Temperature Cycling. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, 110543 (2021). Eldesoky, A. et al. Impact of Graphite Materials on the Lifetime of NMC811/Graphite Pouch Cells: Part II. Long-Term Cycling, Stack Pressure Growth, Isothermal Microcalorimetry, and Lifetime Projection. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, 010501 (2022).
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Trinuruk, Piyatida, Warongkorn Onnuam, Nutthanicha Senanuch, Chinnapat Sawatdeejui, Papangkorn Jenyongsak, and Somchai Wongwises. "Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Effect of Lithium-Ion Batteries’ Shape and Chemistry on Heat Generation." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010264.
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Data sets of internal resistances and open-circuit voltage of a particular battery are needed in ANSYS Fluent program to predict the heat generation accurately. However, one set of available data, called Chen’s original, does not cover all types and shapes of batteries. Therefore, this research was intended to study the effects of shapes and polarization chemistries on heat generation in Li-ion batteries. Two kinds of material chemistries (nickel manganese cobalt oxide, NMC, and lithium iron phosphate, LFP) and three forms (cylindrical, pouch, and prismatic) were studied and validated with the experiment. Internal resistance was unique to each cell battery. Differences in shapes affected the magnitude of internal resistance, affecting the amount of heat generation. Pouch and prismatic cells had lower internal resistance than cylindrical cells. This may be the result of the forming pattern, in which the anode, cathode, and separator are rolled up, making electrons difficult to move. In contrast, the pouch and prismatic cells are formed as sandwich layers, resulting in electrons moving easily and lowering the internal resistance. The shapes and chemistries did not impact the entropy change. All batteries displayed exothermic behavior during a lower SOC that gradually became endothermic behavior at around 0.4 SOC onwards.
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Ishtiaque, MD Mahdi UL, Jayanth R. Ramamurthy, Cary L. Pint, and Todd A. Kingston. "Quantifying the Thermo-Electrochemical Sensitivity of Li-Ion Batteries to Modulating Interelectrode Thermal Gradients." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023348mtgabs.
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Li-ion secondary batteries are used in many applications and technologies as energy storage devices because of their relatively high Coulombic efficiency and energy and/or power density. However, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are prone to safety concerns (e.g., thermal runaway), which limit their application [1]. Thermal conditions are one of the major parameters that influence the safety and performance of LIBs due to temperature-dependent electrochemistry. Low temperatures [2] and high temperatures [3] have distinct effects on LIB electrochemistry and are well-reported in the literature. Although non-uniform thermal conditions are more practical during use, the effect of various non-uniform thermal conditions is not fully understood. A non-uniform temperature distribution can easily develop inside Li-ion cells by surface cooling, and the resulting thermal gradient can have adverse effects. Moreover, the direction of the thermal gradient can dictate local transport mechanisms and can cause different degradation modes [4]. Thus, further assessment of the impact of thermal gradients is needed to fully understand the fundamental electrochemical mechanisms, performance, and safety implications. In this work, we quantify the thermo-electrochemical sensitivity of LIBs to modulating interelectrode thermal gradients in synchronization with electrochemical cycling using a custom test facility. Instrumented single-layer pouch cells are fabricated using NMC cathodes and graphite anodes. The internal temperature of each electrode is obtained in real-time using a thin thermistor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is performed before and after galvanostatic cycling at C/5, and the magnitude and the direction of the thermal gradient in synchronization with cell cycling is varied. Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. Michele Anderson (Office of Naval Research, grant N00014-21-1-2307) for financial support of this work. The authors also acknowledge Dr. Corey Love and Dr. Rachel Carter (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory) for technical discussion of this work. References [1] X. Wu, K. Song, X. Zhang, N. Hu, L. Li, W. Li, L. Zhang, H. Zhang, Safety Issues in Lithium Ion Batteries: Materials and Cell Design, Frontiers in Energy Research, 7 (2019). [2] H.P. Lin, D. Chua, M. Salomon, H.C. Shiao, M. Hendrickson, E. Plichta, S. Slane, Low-temperature behavior of Li-ion cells, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 4(6) (2001) A71-A73. [3] P. Ramadass, B. Haran, R. White, B.N. Popov, Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures, Journal of Power Sources, 112(2) (2002) 614-620. [4] R. Carter, T.A. Kingston, R.W. Atkinson, M. Parmananda, M. Dubarry, C. Fear, P.P. Mukherjee, C.T. Love, Directionality of thermal gradients in lithium-ion batteries dictates diverging degradation modes, Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(3) (2021) 100351.
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Feinauer, Max, Nils Uhlmann, Carlos Ziebert, and Thomas Blank. "Simulation, Set-Up, and Thermal Characterization of a Water-Cooled Li-Ion Battery System." Batteries 8, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100177.
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A constant and homogenous temperature control of Li-ion batteries is essential for a good performance, a safe operation, and a low aging rate. Especially when operating a battery with high loads in dense battery systems, a cooling system is required to keep the cell in a controlled temperature range. Therefore, an existing battery module is set up with a water-based liquid cooling system with aluminum cooling plates. A finite-element simulation is used to optimize the design and arrangement of the cooling plates regarding power consumption, cooling efficiency, and temperature homogeneity. The heat generation of an operating Li-ion battery is described by the lumped battery model, which is integrated into COMSOL Multiphysics. As the results show, a small set of non-destructively determined parameters of the lumped battery model is sufficient to estimate heat generation. The simulated temperature distribution within the battery pack confirmed adequate cooling and good temperature homogeneity as measured by an integrated temperature sensor array. Furthermore, the simulation reveals sufficient cooling of the batteries by using only one cooling plate per two pouch cells while continuously discharging at up to 3 C.
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Veitl, Jakob, Hans-Konrad Weber, Martin Frankenberger, and Karl-Heinz Pettinger. "Modification of Battery Separators via Electrospinning to Enable Lamination in Cell Assembly." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 8430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228430.
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To meet the requirements of today’s fast-growing Li-ion battery market, cell production depends on cheap, fast and reliable methods. Lamination of electrodes and separators can accelerate the time-consuming stacking step in pouch cell assembly, reduce scrap rate and enhance battery performance. However, few laminable separators are available on the market so far. This study introduces electrospinning as a well-suited technique to apply thin functional polymer layers to common battery separator types, enabling lamination. The method is shown to be particularly appropriate for temperature resistant ceramic separators, for which stable interfaces between separator and electrodes were formed and capacity fading during 600 fast charging cycles was reduced by 44%. In addition, a straightforward approach to apply the method to other types of separators is presented, including separator characterization, coating polymer selection, mechanical tests on intermediates and electrochemical validation in pouch cells. The concept was successfully used for the modification of a polyethylene separator, to which a novel fluoroelastomer was applied. The stability of the electrode/separator interface depends on the polymer mass loading, lamination temperature and lamination pressure, whereas poorly selected lamination conditions may cause damage on the separator. Appropriate adhesion force of 8.3 N/m could be achieved using a polymer loading as low as 0.25 g/m2. In case separator properties, coating polymer, morphology of the fibrous coating and lamination conditions are well adjusted to each other, the implementation of electrospinning and lamination allows for faster, more flexible and robust pouch cell production at comparable or better electrochemical cell behaviour.
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Rutz, Daniel, Ingolf Bauer, Felix Brauchle, and Timo Jacob. "Designing a Reference Electrode – an Approach to Fabricate Laser Perforated Reference Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272444mtgabs.
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The implementation of reference electrodes (RE) in lithium-ion battery cells represents a promising way to optimize fast-charging, evaluate the C-rate capability of new electrode materials, and monitor cell aging more precisely. However, their design and material choice are under debate. Recently, lithium titanate oxide (LTO, Li4Ti5O12) and lithium iron oxide (LFP, LiFePO4) have been dip-coated onto wide-meshed metal nets to reduce the blocking effect. Still, this process is elaborate and not common in electrode manufacturing. In this study, we show a new post-processing method to fabricate user-defined REs based on LFP via an ultrashort pulse laser. The REs were designed in such a way that the blocking of the Li+ ion pathways should be as small as possible. Testing these special REs in NMC811/graphite full pouch cells revealed slim to no influence on the cell capacity while delivering reproducible voltages, even at high C-rates. Moreover, cell thickness change measurements at the RE site during cycling and post-mortem analysis showed no sign of blocking.
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Du, Wenjia, Rhodri E. Owen, Anmol Jnawali, Tobias P. Neville, Francesco Iacoviello, Zhenyu Zhang, Sebastien Liatard, Daniel J. L. Brett, and Paul R. Shearing. "In-situ X-ray tomographic imaging study of gas and structural evolution in a commercial Li-ion pouch cell." Journal of Power Sources 520 (February 2022): 230818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230818.
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