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Andriienko, Olha, Kateryna Vasylkovska, Andrii Andriienko, Oleksii Vasylkovskyi, Mykola Mostipan, and Larysa Salo. "Response of sunflower hybrids to crop density in the steppe of Ukraine." Helia 43, no. 72 (August 27, 2020): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helia-2020-0011.
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AbstractField studies conducted in 2018–2019 in the northern Steppe of Ukraine with sunflower hybrids of different maturity groups (LG 50300, LG 5580, LG 5478, LG 5638, LG 5662) showed that the crop density of early-crop hybrid LG 50300 from 55,000 plants/hectare to 70,000 plants/hectare led to a decrease in productivity by 0.11 t ha−1 and a decrease in oil content by 0.9%. The density of middle-early hybrid LG 5580 resulted in a decrease in sowing productivity of 0.21 t ha−1, while oil content remained nearly the same. Another middle-early hybrid LG 5478 showed slight variations in productivity and oil content with an increase of crop density. The study of the mid-season hybrid LG 5038 showed a decrease in sowing productivity by 0.2 t ha−1 with the density up to 70,000 plants/hectare. Mid-season hybrid LG 5662 with density of 70,000 plants/hectare showed productivity increase by 0.14 t ha−1.
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Febriyanti, Devi, and Linawati Linawati. "ANALISIS PENGARUH BRAND EQUITY TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN TV LED LG DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA." Jurnal Riset Akuntansi dan Bisnis Indonesia 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32477/jrabi.v2i1.426.
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This study aims to determine: (1) The effect of brand equity on purchasing decisions, (2) The effect of perceived quality on purchasing decisions, (3) The effect of brand association on purchasing decisions, and (4) The effect of brand loyalty on purchasing decisions. This type of research is a survey research using a questionnaire. The population in this study were all consumers of LG brand LED TVs in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The samples used are consumers who have made purchases and consumers who use LG branded LED TVs. The sampling method used accidental sampling with a number of respondents 100 people. Data were collected using a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The results of this study indicate that: based on the results of the t test (1) Brand Equity does not have a significant effect on the decision to buy LED TV products with the LG brand in Yogyakarta with a significance value of 0.427> 0.05. (2) Perception of quality does not have a significant effect on purchasing decisions for LG brand LED TV products in the Special Region of Yogyakarta with a significance value of 0.222> 0.05. (3) Brand Association has a significant effect on purchasing decisions for LG brand LED TV products in Yogyakarta with a significance value of 0.037 <0.05. (4) Brand Loyalty has a significant effect on purchasing decisions for LG LED TV products in the Special Region of Yogyakarta with a significance value of 0.000> 0.05. Meanwhile, based on the F test, it shows that brand association and brand loyalty simultaneously influence the decision to buy LED TV products with the LG brand in Yogyakarta, with a calculated F value of 56,968> 0.05 with a significance value of 0.000 <0.05.
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Butler, D. K. "Ribosomal DNA is a site of chromosome breakage in aneuploid strains of Neurospora." Genetics 131, no. 3 (July 1, 1992): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/131.3.581.
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Abstract In wild-type strains of Neurospora crassa, the rDNA is located at a single site in the genome called the nucleolus organizer region (NOR), which forms a terminal segment on linkage group (LG) V. In the quasiterminal translocation strain T(I;V)AR190, most of the right arm of LG I moved to the distal tip of the NOR, and one or a few rDNA repeat units are moved to the truncated right arm of LG I. I report here that, in partial diploid strains derived from T(I;V)AR190, large terminal deletions result from chromosome breakage in the NOR. In most of these partial diploids, chromosome breakage is apparently frequent and the breakpoints occur in many parts of the NOR. The rDNA ends resulting from chromosome breakage are "healed" by the addition of new telomeres. Significantly, the presence of ectopic rDNA creates a new site of chromosome breakage in the genome of partial diploids. These results raise the possibility that, under certain conditions, rDNA is a region of fragility in eukaryotic chromosomes.
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Walter, Alexander. "Anmerkung zu LG Stuttgart, Beschl. v. 9.12.2015 – 19 T 488/15 (AG Ludwigsburg)." Medizinrecht 34, no. 6 (June 2016): 452–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00350-016-4313-2.
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Sáez, Laura, Eoin Murphy, Richard J. FitzGerald, and Phil Kelly. "Exploring the Use of a Modified High-Temperature, Short-Time Continuous Heat Exchanger with Extended Holding Time (HTST-EHT) for Thermal Inactivation of Trypsin Following Selective Enzymatic Hydrolysis of the β-Lactoglobulin Fraction in Whey Protein Isolate." Foods 8, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8090367.
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Tryptic hydrolysis of whey protein isolate under specific incubation conditions including a relatively high enzyme:substrate (E:S) ratio of 1:10 is known to preferentially hydrolyse β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), while retaining the other major whey protein fraction, i.e., α-lactalbumin (α-LA) mainly intact. An objective of the present work was to explore the effects of reducing E:S (1:10, 1:30, 1:50, 1:100) on the selective hydrolysis of β-LG by trypsin at pH 8.5 and 25 °C in a 5% (w/v) WPI solution during incubation periods ranging from 1 to 7 h. In addition, the use of a pilot-scale continuous high-temperature, short-time (HTST) heat exchanger with an extended holding time (EHT) of 5 min as a means of inactivating trypsin to terminate hydrolysis was compared with laboratory-based acidification to <pH 3 by the addition of HCl, and batch sample heating in a water bath at 85 °C. An E:S of 1:10 resulted in 100% and 30% of β-LG and α-LA hydrolysis, respectively, after 3 h, while an E:S reduction to 1:30 and 1:50 led >90% β-LG hydrolysis after respective incubation periods of 4 and 6 h, with <5% hydrolysis of α-LA in the case of 1:50. Continuous HTST-EHT treatment was shown to be an effective inactivation process allowing for the maintenance of substrate selectivity. However, HTST-EHT heating resulted in protein aggregation, which negatively impacts the downstream recovery of intact α-LA. An optimum E:S was determined to be 1:50, with an incubation time ranging from 3 h to 7 h leading to 90% β-LG hydrolysis and minimal degradation of α-LA. Alternative batch heating by means of a water bath to inactivate trypsin caused considerable digestion of α-LA, while acidification to <pH 3.0 restricted subsequent functional applications of the protein.
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Mendes Hacke, Ana Carolina, Taynara Valério, Mateus Cubo, Dhésmon Lima, Christiana Pessoa, and Romaiana Pereira. "Antioxidant Capacity of Myrciaria Cauliflora Seeds Extracts By Spectrophotometric, Biochemical and Electrochemical Methods Preferred Presentation." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 43 (July 7, 2022): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01431868mtgabs.
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It is well known that fruit processing industries lead to the generation of large amounts of by-products every year, such as seeds and peels, which are frequently considered as waste. However, it has already been proved that these by-products can consist in a rich source of bioactive compounds with valuable nutritional and biological effects (1). In this perspective, there is a growing interest in the discovery of natural antioxidants which can be used as an alternative to synthetic substances by pharmaceutical and food industries (2). Jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) is a typical fruit from Brazil that belongs to Myrtaceae family. Its seeds are usually discarded as waste by industries and studies have already proven that these by-products are rich in bioactive compounds with promising biological effects (3,4). In this study, it was evaluated the antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic (EtOH), methanolic (MEtOH), aqueous (AQ) and propanone (AQAc) extracts from jabuticaba seeds. This effect was assessed by their ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2’-azino-bis (ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and superoxide anion (O2 •−) radicals. The redox properties of jabuticaba seed extracts were studied by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Their protective effect to prevent in vitro oxidative cellular damages induced by 2,2-azobis(2-aminopropanone) dihydrochloride (AAPH) in human erythrocytes was also investigated. The obtained results revealed that all extracts were able to scavenge free radicals used in this work, due to their lower IC50 (inhibitory concentration) values. A similarity between E pa values suggested that the extracts were constituted by analogous electroactive species and exhibited similar antioxidant effect in this assay. However, it was observed that the AQAc extract presented the lowest E pa value (115.1 ± 0.95 mV) indicating a higher antioxidant activity when compared to the other extracts (p < 0.05). Furthermore, it was showed a good positive correlation between the results obtained by using DPV and the synthetic and biological radicals (DPPH•: r = 0.8215; ABTS•+: r = 0.9123; HOCl: r = 0.8193, and O2 •-: r = 0.9916). The extracts protected human erythrocytes against oxidative cellular damage caused by AAPH, which was confirmed by using field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis. Taken together, the results reported in this work evidence that jabuticaba seeds are a source of antioxidant compounds that present a remarkable potential to prevent damage related to oxidative stress in biological systems. In this way, our work suggests the use of this fruit byproduct in further biochemical studies aiming its use as a new nutraceutical and food additive. References Fierascu RC, Sieniawska E, Ortan A, Fierascu I, Xiao J. Fruits By-Products – A Source of Valuable Active Principles. A Short Review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2020;8:1–8. Villacís-Chiriboga J, Elst K, Camp J van, Vera E, Ruales J. Valorization of byproducts from tropical fruits: Extraction methodologies, applications, environmental, and economic assessment: A review (Part 1: General overview of the byproducts, traditional biorefinery practices, and possible applications ). Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2020;19:405–47. Hacke ACM, Granato D, Maciel LG, Weinert PL, do Prado-Silva L, Alvarenga VO, et al. Jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) Seeds: Chemical Characterization and Extraction of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Compounds. Journal of food science. 2016;81(9). Fidelis M, do Carmo MA v, Azevedo L, Cruz TM, Marques MB, Myoda T, et al. Response surface optimization of phenolic compounds from jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora [Mart.] O.Berg) seeds: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive and cytotoxic assessments. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2020;142.
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Vacchio, M. S., O. Kanagawa, K. Tomonari, and R. J. Hodes. "Influence of T cell receptor V alpha expression on Mlsa superantigen-specific T cell responses." Journal of Experimental Medicine 175, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 1405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.175.5.1405.
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Recognition of conventional foreign antigen by T cells is determined by the expression of multiple variable regions of both alpha and beta chains of the T cell receptor (TCR) alpha/beta heterodimer. In contrast, there exists a class of antigens that appears to interact with the TCR alpha/beta heterodimer through the variable region on the beta chain (V beta), independent of other TCR components, a property that has led to their designation as superantigens. The goal of the present study was to analyze V alpha use in V beta 6+ T cells responsive to the superantigen, Mlaa. Results indicate that while deletion of T cells expressing V beta 6 in Mlsa-expressing mice is essentially complete and therefore appears to occur regardless of V alpha usage, in vitro Mlsa stimulation of T cells from Mlsa-negative mice results in significant skewing of V alpha use among responding V beta 6+ T cells. This indicates that V alpha expression influences recognition of the superantigen, Mlsa by mature peripheral T cells.
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Cheng, Chiu-Min, Yu-Rong Cheng, Hsuan-Yu Lin, Wei-Ting Sun, Chih-Hung Pan, and De-Sing Ding. "Effects of LED Light Illumination on the Growth, Digestive Enzymes, and Photoacclimation of Goniopora columna in Captivity." Animals 12, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030306.
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Goniopora columna is a stony coral valued for its reef-building potential and its unique appearance. Thus, identifying the optimal culture conditions for G. columna would enable efficient cultivation and prevent the illegal exploitation of marine resources. Light sources are crucial for the growth of corals because zooxanthellae provide them with basic nutrients through photosynthesis. Different corals and zooxanthellae have different photoacclimation characteristics; therefore, selecting a suitable light wavelength remains the key inhibitor of coral maintenance in marine aquariums. Accordingly, this study investigated the effects of different light wavelengths on G. columna. It was illuminated for 6 or 12 h a day under white light, yellow light, red light (LR), green light (LG), blue light (LB), or purple light (LP) for 8 weeks. During the experiment, R(R; i.e., a formula feed that combines sodium alginate, protein and probiotics) of 5% (w/v) of G. columna tissue and skeletal dry weight was fed every day. Coral polyps were counted, zooxanthellae density, chlorophyll a concentration, specific growth rates, and survival rates were calculated; polyp stretching and contractile behaviors were observed; and body composition and digestive enzyme activity were analyzed. LB or LP (but not LG or LR) illumination for at least 6 h per day significantly promoted the growth, survival, protein content, and protease activity of the G. columna specimens. Furthermore, coral polyp extension reached 100% after 30 min of LP and LB light irradiation. Although no significant differences in the zooxanthellae density or chlorophyll a concentration were noted under various light wavelengths, significant reductions were detected in the absence of light. To achieve energy-efficient coral aquaculture with regard to G. columna cultivation, 6 h of LB or LP illumination per day can improve the growth.
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Gaballah, A. E. H., Alaaeldin Abdelmageed, and E. M. El-Moghazy. "Investigation of energy efficiency index for indoor LED lighting units." Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 26, no. 1 (March 24, 2023): 097–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo26.01.097.
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The energy efficiency index (EEI) is an important factor used as an indicator either for building energy consumption or electronic device performance; it allows one to select effective devices that save energy. This work studies the performance of different types of LED lamps used in indoor lighting, the lamps currently available in the Egyptian market have been tested according to their photometric and electric parameters, namely: luminous flux, power factor, and EEI. Three different brands E, T, and V have been chosen with the nominal powers 9, 12, and 15 W. The results showed that both 9- and 15-Watt lamps have the same EEI values as 0.14, 0.13, and 0.12 for T, V, and E lamps, respectively, whereas 12-Watt lamps have EEI values of 0.16, 0.13, and 0.13 for T, V, and E lamps, respectively. The experimental testing of these lamps revealed that all the lamps have the same EEI class (A+) regardless of the nominal power. The results also revealed a relationship between the power factor and EEI: as the power factor increases, EEI increases, too. The expanded uncertainty in luminous flux has been calculated.
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Kanagawa, O. "In vivo T cell tumor therapy with monoclonal antibody directed to the V beta chain of T cell antigen receptor." Journal of Experimental Medicine 170, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): 1513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.170.5.1513.
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To test whether antibodies directed to TCR affect T cell tumor growth in vivo, mice were inoculated intravenously with C6VL tumor cells expressing V beta 6 TCR and then treated intraperitoneally with mAb specific for V beta 6 TCR. Administration of anti-V beta 6 antibody prolonged survival of mice bearing V beta 6-expressing tumor cells and it led to the induction of host immunity to the tumor cells in surviving animals. This treatment eliminated not only tumor cells bearing V beta 6 TCR but also normal host T cells expressing V beta 6 T cells receptors. However, the lack of V beta 6-expressing T cells in such treated mice did not result in generalized immune disfunction. These data demonstrate the utility of anti-TCR V segment antibody in the treatment of T cell tumors. Most importantly, since the number of V genes for the T cell antigen receptor is limited, both in man and in mouse, it should be possible to establish a panel of mAbs directed to each V gene product and use such antibodies in the treatment of T cell neoplasms.
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Katti, Guruprasad, Michele Stucchi, Dimitrios Velenis, Sarasvathi Thangaraju, Kristin De Meyer, Wim Dehaene, and Eric Beyne. "Technology Assessment of Through-Silicon Via by Using $C$–$V$ and $C$–$t$ Measurements." IEEE Electron Device Letters 32, no. 7 (July 2011): 946–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2011.2141650.
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Roizin, Y., E. Pikhay, and M. Gutman. "Suppression of erased state V/sub t/ drift in two-bit per cell SONOS memories." IEEE Electron Device Letters 26, no. 1 (January 2005): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2004.840711.
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Held, W., A. N. Shakhov, G. Waanders, L. Scarpellino, R. Luethy, J. P. Kraehenbuhl, H. R. MacDonald, and H. Acha-Orbea. "An exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus with properties of Mls-1a (Mtv-7)." Journal of Experimental Medicine 175, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.175.6.1623.
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The classical minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) antigens, which induce a strong primary T cell response in vitro, are closely linked to endogenous copies of mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV). Expression of Mls genes leads to clonal deletion of T cell subsets expressing specific T cell receptor (TCR) V beta chains. We describe the isolation and characterization of a new exogenous (infectious) MMTV with biological properties similar to the Mls antigen Mls-1a. In vivo administration of either Mls-1a-expressing B cells or the infectious MMTV (SW) led to an increase of T cells expressing V beta 6 followed by their deletion. Surprisingly, different kinetics of deletion were observed with the exogenous virus depending upon the route of infection. Infection through the mucosa led to a slow deletion of V beta 6+ T cells, whereas deletion was rapid after subcutaneous infection. Sequence analysis of the open reading frames in the 3' long terminal repeat of both this exogenous MMTV (SW) and of Mtv-7 (which is closely linked to Mls-1a) revealed striking similarities, particularly in the COOH terminus, which has been implicated in TCR V beta recognition. The identification of an infectious MMTV with the properties of a strong Mls antigen provides a new, powerful tool to study immunity and tolerance in vivo.
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Su, X., T. Zhou, P. A. Yang, Z. Wang, and J. D. Mountz. "Hematopoietic cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase-deficient motheaten mice exhibit T cell apoptosis defect." Journal of Immunology 156, no. 11 (June 1, 1996): 4198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.156.11.4198.
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Abstract We previously demonstrated that hematopoietic cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase is one of the molecules that can transduce Fas-mediated apoptosis signals in lymphoid cells. The present study analyzed the effect of defective Fas signaling on the T cell phenotype and apoptosis function in hematopoietic cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase-deficient motheaten mice. Viable motheaten (me(v)/me(v)) mice exhibited increased T cell proliferation and defective activation-induced apoptosis of Fas+ T cells in the lymph node, which was not ascribed to defective Fas ligand function. Furthermore, the Fas-mediated apoptosis defect in activated T cells from me(v)/me(v) mice was confirmed by their resistance to anti-Fas-induced apoptosis. No protein tyrosine dephosphorylation signal was delivered after anti-Fas cross-linking in the lymph node cells of me(v)/me(v) mice as revealed by 32Pi labeling of protein phosphatase substrates. The defective activation-induced apoptosis of Fas+ T cells in me(v)/me(v) mice led to lymphadenopathy with an accumulation of CD4- CD8- B220+ CD3+ T cells. Pneumonitis in me(v)/me(v) mice was associated with infiltration of cycling T cells detected by bromodeoxyuridine uptake in vivo. Thus, T cells from me(v)/me(v) mice are resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis which results in lymphoproliferative disease and tissue infiltration.
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Daugirdas, J. T. "Second generation logarithmic estimates of single-pool variable volume Kt/V: an analysis of error." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 4, no. 5 (November 1993): 1205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v451205.
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The original formula proposed to estimate variable-volume single-pool (VVSP) Kt/V was Kt/V = -In(R - 0.008 * t - f * UF/W), where in the Kt/V range of 0.7 to 1.3, f = 1.0 (* denotes multiplication). This formula tends to overestimate Kt/V as the Kt/V increases above 1.3. Because higher Kt/V values are now commonly delivered, the validity of both the urea generation term (0.008 * f) and correction for UF/W were explored by solving VVSP equations for simulated hemodialysis situations, with Kt/V ranging from 0.6 to 2.6. The analysis led to the development of a second-generation formula, namely: Kt/V = -In(R - 0.008 * t) + (4-3.5 * R) * UF/W. The first and second generation formulas were then used to estimate the modeled VVSP Kt/V in 500 modeling sessions in which the Kt/V ranged widely from 0.7 to 2.1. An analysis of error showed that this second-generation formula eliminated the overestimation of Kt/V in the high ranges found with the first-generation formula. Also, total error (absolute value percent error + 2 SD) was reduced with the second-generation formula. These results led to the proposal of a new formula that can be used for a very wide range of delivered Kt/V.
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Carrasco, Daniel, Paloma Perez, Anne Lewin, and Rodrigo Bravo. "IκBα Overexpression Delays Tumor Formation in v-rel Transgenic Mice." Journal of Experimental Medicine 186, no. 2 (July 21, 1997): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.186.2.279.
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We have previously shown that transgenic mice expressing the oncoprotein v-Rel under the control of a T cell–specific promoter develop T cell lymphomas. Tumor formation was correlated with the presence of p50/v-Rel and v-Rel/v-Rel nuclear κB-binding activity. Since experimental evidence has led to the suggestion of a potential tumor suppressor activity for IκBα, we have studied the role of IκBα in the transforming activity of v-Rel by overexpressing IκBα in v-rel transgenic mice. Overexpression of IκBα in v-rel transgenic mice resulted in an extended survival, and the development of cutaneous T cell lymphomas of CD8+CD4− phenotype. These phenotypic alterations were associated with a dramatic reduction of p50/v-Rel, but not v-Rel/v-Rel nuclear DNA binding activity and an increased expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Our results indicate that v-Rel homodimers are active in transformation and that the capacity of v-Rel–containing complexes to escape the inhibitory effect of IκBα may be a key element in its transforming capability.
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Martins, J. C., M. M. Goulart, L. A. Isoldi, E. D. dos Santos, M. N. Gomes, and L. A. O. Rocha. "GEOMETRIC EVALUATION USING CONSTRUCTAL DESIGN OF A COASTAL OVERTOPPING DEVICE WITH DOUBLE RAMP CONSIDERING A REGULAR WAVE AND TIDAL VARIATION." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 18, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v18i1.67051.
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Concern for the environment and new ways of electricity generation, have led to studies of renewable energy sources, among these the Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are an option, however there are still many challenges to define how best to realize the conversion of the energy of the waves into electricity. In this work, a numerical study was carried out with the purpose of maximizing the available power (Pd) of a two-ramp overtopping device, considering the area fraction of ramps (ϕ1 and ϕ2) equal to 0.0006 and the ratio between height and length of the ramps (H1/L1 = H2/L2) equal to 0.3. The distance between the ramps (Lg) was varied in three values: 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 m, besides three values for the free surface of water (h): 9.8; 10.0 and 10.2 m; simulating a tidal effect. The Constructal Design and Exhaustive Search methods were used, respectively, in the geometric evaluation (determination of a search field) and optimization. For the wave generation, the Second Order Stokes Theory was used, with wave period (T) of 7.5 s and wave height (H) 1.0 m. The results showed that there was no accumulation of water in the upper ramp of the device, in addition, with the increase of Lg there was an increase of Pd in h = 10.0 and 10.2 m, and Pd kept practically constant in h = 9, 8 m. And, as expected, with increasing of h, there was an increase in Pd.
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Padula, S. J., E. G. Lingenheld, P. R. Stabach, C. H. Chou, D. H. Kono, and R. B. Clark. "Identification of encephalitogenic V beta-4-bearing T cells in SJL mice. Further evidence for the V region disease hypothesis?" Journal of Immunology 146, no. 3 (February 1, 1991): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.146.3.879.
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Abstract Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system mediated by T cells bearing TCR of restricted heterogeneity. Thus, in the murine PL strain, V beta-8.2 is used by 80% of the encephalitogenic T cells. This observation has led to the successful prevention and reversal of EAE by the in vivo use of mAb directed to these restricted gene products. In SJL mice, the V beta-17a gene product has been shown to be used by approximately 50% of encephalitogenic T cells subsequent to immunization with a myelin basic protein (MBP)-derived peptide. However, the other V beta genes used by encephalitogenic T cells in SJL EAE have remained uncharacterized. We now report, for the first time, the beta-chain-encoding DNA sequence of two encephalitogenic, MBP-reactive, SJL-derived T cell clones. These clones which are specific for H-2s and the carboxyl-terminus (amino acid 92-103) of MBP, use TCR encoded by V beta-4. In addition, we demonstrate that the transfer of EAE by a heterogenous SJL-derived encephalitogenic T cell line can be prevented using an anti-V beta-4 antibody in vivo. V beta-4 usage has been previously described in a H-2u/MBP amino-terminus-reactive encephalitogenic T cell. The present findings may thus further support the "V region-disease" hypothesis.
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Zhang, X. M., and E. Heber-Katz. "T cell receptor sequences from encephalitogenic T cells in adult Lewis rats suggest an early ontogenic origin." Journal of Immunology 148, no. 3 (February 1, 1992): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.148.3.746.
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Abstract In the Lewis rat, the encephalitogenic determinant of myelin basic protein (MBP), residues 68 to 88, induces an alpha beta + T cell population whose TCR beta-chains are exclusively derived from the V beta 8 TCR gene family. As presented here, sequencing of these beta-chains has revealed the following. 1) There is an absolute restriction to a single V beta 8 family member, previously identified as V beta 8.2. This V region is used by only 10% of the V beta 8+ TCR found in normal unprimed mesenteric and cervical lymph node T cell populations. 2) There is a serine at residue 97 (in the CDR3 region of the beta-chain) which appears to be Ag-specific and is not found in normal populations of adult T cells. 3) There is a size restriction of these MBP-specific beta-chains, resulting from the addition and deletion of nucleotides in the CDR3 region, which tend to cancel each other out. 4) There is a paucity of N-region nucleotide additions in the J region of these MBP-specific beta-chains. Such a reduced number of nontemplate-added nucleotides has been associated with receptors that rearrange early during development and fail to add nucleotides due to a lack of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase at that time. These results have led us to propose that the selection of MBP-reactive autoimmune T cells is based on both the Ag and the time frame when these cells are generated and enter the peripheral T cell pool.
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Chen, Z. X., N. Singh, G. Q. Lo, and D. L. Kwong. "Realization of Ni Fully Silicided Gate on Vertical Silicon Nanowire MOSFETs for Adjusting Threshold Voltage $({V}_{T})$." IEEE Electron Device Letters 32, no. 11 (November 2011): 1495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2011.2164231.
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Santhana Raj Prabhu, M., Uppara Ugandhar, and Viswanathan Baskar. "In situ generated polysiloxanes stabilizing μ3-oxo bridged Sb3 triangles." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 16 (2016): 6963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt01590a.
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Lafon, M., D. Scott-Algara, P. N. Marche, P. A. Cazenave, and E. Jouvin-Marche. "Neonatal deletion and selective expansion of mouse T cells by exposure to rabies virus nucleocapsid superantigen." Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 1207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.180.4.1207.
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The nucleocapsid (NC) of the rabies virus behaves as an exogenous superantigen (SAg) in humans. In the present report, we analyzed whether it is also a SAg in mice by studying the effect of NC on T cell receptor (TCR) V beta expression in BALB/c mice. Repeated injection of NC in newborn BALB/c mice led to a marked reduction by two- to sixfold of V beta 6 expressing CD4+ T cells in spleen and in peripheral blood. Decrease of V beta 6-expressing CD3+ mature T cells was also observed in thymus. Single NC injection in footpad resulted in a three- to sixfold expansion of V beta 6 CD4+ T cells, but not of CD8+ T cells, in the draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice. The intensity of the stimulation was dose dependent and was maximal 3 d after the NC injection. The clonal deletion of T cells bearing a particular V beta demonstrates that NC is a SAg in mice. T cells, especially CD4+ T cells, are an essential factor in host resistance to rabies virus and also in the pathophysiology of paralysis; thus, we postulate that a rabies virus component, which stimulates T cells, such as a SAg, may increase virus immunopathogenicity. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the course of rabies in adult BALB/c lacking V beta 6, 7, 8.1, and 9 T cells and in normal BALB/c. Immune-related paralysis was decreased in BALB/c missing the NC target V beta T cells. Transfer of V beta 6 but not of V beta 8.1-3 T cells into recipient mice lacking V beta 6, 7, 8.1, and 9 allowed the immune-related paralysis to evolve. Taken together, these results strongly support the hypothesis that T cells expressing rabies SAg-specific V beta 6 T cells, are involved in the genesis of the immunopathology that is characteristic of paralytic rabies.
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XI, Y., and E. F. SCHUBERT. "JUNCTION-TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN GaN UV LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES USING THE DIODE FORWARD VOLTAGE." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 14, no. 03 (September 2004): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156404002715.
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A theoretical model for the dependence of the diode forward voltage (V f ) on junction temperature (T) is developed. A new expression for d V f / d T is derived that takes into account all relevant contributions to the temperature dependence of the forward voltage including the intrinsic carrier concentration, the bandgap energy, and the effective density of states. Experimental results on the junction temperature of GaN UV LEDs are presented. Excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental temperature coefficient of the forward voltage ( d V f / d T) is found. The experimentally found linear dependence of the junction temperature on forward current is explained by a thermal conduction model. A thermal resistivity of 342.2 K/W is found for the UV LED.
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Lee, Hyun-Soo, Dong Yun Jung, Youngrak Park, Jeho Na, Hyun-Gyu Jang, Hyoung-Seok Lee, Chi-Hoon Jun, et al. "0.34 $\text{V}_{\mathrm {T}}$ AlGaN/GaN-on-Si Large Schottky Barrier Diode With Recessed Dual Anode Metal." IEEE Electron Device Letters 36, no. 11 (November 2015): 1132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2015.2475178.
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Gurunathan, Sangiliyandi, Michael Marash, Adina Weinberger, and Jeffrey E. Gerst. "t-SNARE Phosphorylation Regulates Endocytosis in Yeast." Molecular Biology of the Cell 13, no. 5 (May 2002): 1594–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.01-11-0541.
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Earlier we demonstrated that activation of a ceramide-activated protein phosphatase (CAPP) conferred normal growth and secretion to yeast lacking their complement of exocytic v-SNAREs (Snc1,2) or bearing a temperature-sensitive mutation in an exocytic t-SNARE (Sso2). CAPP activation led to Sso dephosphorylation and enhanced the assembly of t-SNAREs into functional complexes. Thus, exocytosis in yeast is modulated by t-SNARE phosphorylation. Here, we show that endocytic defects in cells lacking the v- and t-SNAREs involved in endocytosis are also rescued by CAPP activation. Yeast lacking the Tlg1 or Tlg2 t-SNAREs, the Snc v-SNAREs, or both, undergo endocytosis after phosphatase activation. CAPP activation correlated with restored uptake of FM4-64 to the vacuole, the uptake and degradation of the Ste2 receptor after mating factor treatment, and the dephosphorylation and assembly of Tlg1,2 into SNARE complexes. Activation of the phosphatase by treatment with C2-ceramide,VBM/ELO gene inactivation, or by the overexpression of SIT4 was sufficient to confer rescue. Finally, we found that mutation of single PKA sites in Tlg1 (Ser31 to Ala31) or Tlg2 (Ser90 to Ala90) was sufficient to restore endocytosis, but not exocytosis, to snc cells. These results suggest that endocytosis is also modulated by t-SNARE phosphorylation in vivo.
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Mittrücker, H. W., A. Shahinian, D. Bouchard, T. M. Kündig, and T. W. Mak. "Induction of unresponsiveness and impaired T cell expansion by staphylococcal enterotoxin B in CD28-deficient mice." Journal of Experimental Medicine 183, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 2481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.6.2481.
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We used CD28-deficient mice to analyze the importance of CD28 costimulation for the response against Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in vivo. CD28 was necessary for the strong expansion of V beta 8+ T cells, but not for deletion. The lack of expansion was not due to a failure of SEB to activate V beta 8+ T cells, as V beta 8+ T cells from both CD28-/- and CD28+/+ mice showed similar phenotypic changes within the first 24 h after SEB injection and cell cycle analysis showed that an equal percentage of V beta 8+ T cells started to proliferate. However, the phenotype and the state of proliferation of V beta 8+ T cells was different at later time points. Furthermore, in CD28-/- mice injection with SEB led to rapid induction of unresponsiveness in SEB responsive T cells, indicated by a drastic reduction of proliferation after secondary SEB stimulation in vitro. Unresponsiveness could also be demonstrated in vivo, as CD28-/- mice produced only marginal amounts of TNF alpha after rechallenge with SEB. In addition CD28-/- mice were protected against a lethal toxic shock induced by a second injection with SEB. Our results indicate that CD28 costimulation is crucial for the T cell-mediated toxicity of SEB and demonstrate that T cell stimulation in the absence of CD28 costimulation induces unresponsiveness in vivo.
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Cascino, Gregory. "Functional MRI for Language Localization." Epilepsy Currents 2, no. 6 (November 2002): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7597.2002.00065.x.
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Language Dominance in Partial Epilepsy Patients Identified with an fMRI Reading Task Gaillard WD, Balsamo L, Xu B, Grandin CB, Braniecki SH, Papero PH, Weinstein S, Conry J, Pearl PL, Sachs B, Sato S, Jabbari B, Vezina LG, Frattali C, Theodore WH Neurology 2002;59(2):256–265 Background Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) language tasks readily identify frontal language areas; temporal activation has been less consistent. No studies have compared clinical visual judgment with quantitative region-of-interest (ROI) analysis. Objective To identify temporal language areas in patients with partial epilepsy by using a reading paradigm with clinical and ROI interpretation. Methods Thirty patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, aged 8 to 56 years, had 1.5-T fMRI. Patients silently named an object described by a sentence compared with a visual control. Data were analyzed with ROI analysis from t-maps. Regional asymmetry indices (AIs) were calculated ([L-R]/[L+R]), and language dominance defined as >0.20. t-Maps were visually rated by three readers at three t thresholds. Twenty-one patients had the intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT). Results The fMRI reading task provided evidence of language lateralization in 27 of 30 patients with ROI analysis. Twenty-five were left dominant, two right, one bilateral, and two were nondiagnostic; IAT and fMRI agreed in most patients; three had partial agreement, and none overtly disagreed. Interrater agreement ranged between 0.77 to 0.82 (Cramer V; p < 0.0001); agreement between visual and ROI reading with IAT was 0.71 to 0.77 (Cramer V; p < 0.0001). Viewing data at lower thresholds added interpretation to 12 patients on visual analysis and eight with ROI analysis. Conclusions An fMRI reading paradigm can identify language dominance in frontal and temporal areas. Clinical visual interpretation is comparable to quantitative ROI analysis.
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Chou, Y. K., W. J. Morrison, A. D. Weinberg, R. Dedrick, R. Whitham, D. N. Bourdette, G. Hashim, H. Offner, and A. A. Vandenbark. "Immunity to TCR peptides in multiple sclerosis. II. T cell recognition of V beta 5.2 and V beta 6.1 CDR2 peptides." Journal of Immunology 152, no. 5 (March 1, 1994): 2520–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.152.5.2520.
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Abstract The biased expression of V beta 5.2 and V beta 6.1 by T cells specific for myelin basic protein (BP) has led to our use of TCR peptides from these V gene sequences to induce anti-TCR immunity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Injection of V beta 5.2-39-59 or V beta 6.1-39-59 peptides significantly increased the peptide specific T cell frequency in 7 of 11 MS patients, often with an accompanying delayed hypersensitivity reaction at the injection site. Here, we validate these cellular immune responses by characterizing TCR peptide specific T cells from an MS patient with biased V beta 5.2 expression in BP reactive T cells before treatment with TCR peptides, and from two MS patients in whom the frequencies of anti-TCR peptide specific T cells were significantly boosted after injection with low doses of TCR peptides. In both cases, T cell lines were established with relative ease, especially after boosting with the peptides. A V beta 5.2-39-59 reactive line responded selectively to the boosting peptide and was restricted by both MHC class I (HLA-B7) and MHC class II (HLA-DR2) molecules. Characterization of 22 clonal isolates revealed that the responding T cells were predominantly activated CD4+CD8lo, circulating memory cells restricted by either HLA-B7 or HLA-DR2, that utilized mainly V beta 4, V beta 6, V beta 12, and V beta 14, but not V beta 5.2 in their TCR. T cell isolates specific for V beta 6.1-39-59 possessed similar characteristics but contained specificities cross-reactive with an N-terminal sequence on V beta 5.2-39-59. Upon stimulation with peptide or Con A, the TCR peptide specific T cell lines had increased message production for IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, and to a lesser degree, IL-2. This lymphokine mRNA profile differed from a BP-specific T cell line that produced message for IFN-gamma and GM-CSF but low or absent levels of IL-4 and IL-5. The extensive parallels between human T cells specific for V beta 5.2 and V beta 6.1 CDR2 peptides and rat T cells specific for V beta 8.2 CDR2 peptide that are highly protective against experimental encephalomyelitis strengthen the rationale for the therapeutic use of TCR peptides in human autoimmunity.
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Peters, N. "A spectral closure for premixed turbulent combustion in the flamelet regime." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 242 (September 1992): 611–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112092002519.
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Premixed turbulent combustion in the flamelet regime is analysed on the basis of a field equation. This equation describes the instantaneous flame contour as an isoscalar surface of the scalar field G(x,t). The field equation contains the laminar burning velocity sL as velocity scale and its extension includes the effect of flame stretch involving the Markstein length [Lscr ] as a characteristic lengthscale of the order of the flame thickness. The scalar G(x,t) plays a similar role for premixed flamelet combustion as the mixture fraction Z(x,t) in the theory of non-premixed flamelet combustion.Equations for the mean $\overline{G}$ and variance $\overline{G^{\prime 2}}$ are derived. Additional closure problems arise for the mean source terms in these equations. In order to understand the nature of these terms an ensemble of premixed flamelets with arbitrary initial conditions in constant-density homogeneous isotropic turbulence is considered. An equation for the two-point correlation $\overline{G^{\prime}({\boldmath x},t)G^{\prime}({\boldmath x}+{\boldmath r},t)}$ is derived. When this equation is transformed into spectral space, closure approximations based on the assumption of locality and on dimensional analysis are introduced. This leads to a linear equation for the scalar spectrum function Γ(k,t), which can be solved analytically. The solution Γ(k,t) is analysed by assuming a small-wavenumber cutoff at k0 = lT−1, where lT is the integral lengthscale of turbulence. There exists a $k^{-\frac{5}{3}}$ spectrum between lT and LG, where LG is the Gibson scale. At this scale turbulent fluctuations of the scalar field G(x,t) are kinematically restored by the smoothing effect of laminar flame propagation. A quantity called kinematic restoration ω is introduced, which plays a role similar to the scalar dissipation χ for diffusive scalars.By calculating the appropriate moments of Γ(k,t), an algebraic relation between ω, $\omega,\overline{G^{\prime}({\boldmath x},t)^2}$, the integral lengthscale lT and the viscous dissipation ε is derived. Furthermore, the scalar dissipation χ[Lscr ], based on the Markstein diffusivity [Dscr ][Lscr ] = sL [Lscr ], and the scalar-strain co-variance Σ[Lscr ] are related to ω. Dimensional analysis, again, leads to a closure of the main source term in the equation for the mean scalar $\overline{G}$. For the case of plane normal and oblique turbulent flames the turbulent burning velocity sT and the flame shape is calculated. In the absence of flame stretch the linear relation sT ∼ u′ is recovered. The flame brush thickness is of the order of the integral lengthscale. In the case of a V-shaped flame its increase with downstream position is calculated.
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Kang, J., E. Ido, J. Pawling, U. Beutner, B. T. Huber, and N. Hozumi. "Expression of Mtv-7 sag gene in vivo using a retroviral vector results in selective inactivation of superantigen reactive T cells." Journal of Immunology 152, no. 3 (February 1, 1994): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.152.3.1039.
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Abstract T cells expressing specific TCR V beta chains are intrathymically eliminated in mice expressing the murine Mls (minor lymphocyte stimulating) superantigens. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that the endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-7 sag gene encodes Mls-1 Ag. The demonstrated ability of MMTV superantigen proteins to react with TCRs has led to the postulate that other infectious retroviruses may use superantigen-like molecules to modify the host's immune system. In this report, successful retrovirus-mediated Mtv-7 sag gene transfer into pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells is described. In two different strains of Mls-1- host mice (CBA/Ca and BALB/c) reconstituted with Mtv-7 sag gene expressing bone marrow cells, low levels of ectopic Mtv-7 sag gene expression on syngeneic donor hematopoietic stem cell-derived population alone can induce partial clonal deletion of Mls-1 reactive V beta 6+ and V beta 8.1+ T cells, and complete clonal inactivation of V beta 8.1+ T cells.
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Ochi, A., K. Migita, J. Xu, and K. Siminovitch. "In vivo tumor immunotherapy by a bacterial superantigen." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 6 (September 15, 1993): 3180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.6.3180.
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Abstract We have investigated the in vivo efficacy of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) coupled to tumor-specific anti-idiotypic antibody in redirecting T cell effector activity to the growth inhibition of B lymphoma 38C13. Incubation of 38C13 lymphoma cells with syngeneic C3H/He splenic cells and SEB-anti-Id conjugate was associated with between 80 and 100% growth inhibition of the tumor cells. V beta 8+ T cells were integral for the SEB-anti-Id-induced tumor cell growth inhibition. Administration of SEB-anti-Id i.v. to mice previously inoculated with 38C13 lymphoma cells led to greater than 40% survival at 100 days compared to a mean survival of 21 days in control animals. When we compared this reagent with other targeting constructs--the anti-CD3-anti-Id and anti-TCR V beta 8-anti-Id--these more or less effectively prevented tumor growth. However, anti-CD3-anti-Id impaired almost the entire T cell response, whereas the effects of SEB-anti-Id or anti-V beta 8-anti-Id had effects limited to V beta 8+ T cells. Previous studies showed that in vivo administration of SEB caused a small change in V beta 8+ T cell numbers in contrast to anti-V beta 8 antibody, which depleted the entire population. These results together suggest that SEB-anti-tumor antibody conjugates represent a potentially powerful approach for better tumor immunotherapy.
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Sutkowski, N., T. Palkama, C. Ciurli, R. P. Sekaly, D. A. Thorley-Lawson, and B. T. Huber. "An Epstein-Barr virus-associated superantigen." Journal of Experimental Medicine 184, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.3.971.
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More than 90% of adults are latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis, a self-limiting lymphoproliferative disease characterized by extensive T cell activation. Reactivation of this herpesvirus during immunosuppression is often associated with oncogenesis. These considerations led us to analyze the early events that occur after exposure of the immune system to EBV. Strong major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-dependent but not MHC-restricted, T cell proliferation was observed in vitro in response to autologous, lytically infected EBV-transformed B cells. By measuring the appearance of the early activation marker CD69 on individual T cell V beta subsets, we could demonstrate selective activation of human V beta 13- T cells. This was confirmed with murine T cell hybridomas expressing various human BV genes. While EBV- Burkitt's lymphoma cells were nonstimulatory, they induced V beta-restricted T cell activation after EBV infection. EBV specific activation was also demonstrated in cord blood cells, excluding a recall-antigen response. Thus, all of the characteristics of a superantigen-stimulated response are seen, indicating that induction of the EBV lytic cycle is associated with the expression of a superantigen in B cells. A model is presented proposing a role for the superantigen in infection, latency, and oncogenesis.
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Payer, E., A. Elbe, and G. Stingl. "Circulating CD3+/T cell receptor V gamma 3+ fetal murine thymocytes home to the skin and give rise to proliferating dendritic epidermal T cells." Journal of Immunology 146, no. 8 (April 15, 1991): 2536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.146.8.2536.
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Abstract The presence of CD3/TCR V gamma 3 moieties on both dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) and fetal murine thymocytes has led to the concept that fetal thymocytes expressing this particular TCR phenotype are the actual DETC precursors. To test this assumption, we injected i.v. thymocyte suspensions prepared from day 16 and day 19 fetal mice as well as from adult animals, into syngeneic and Thy-1-disparate nude mice, the epidermis of which contains only Thy-1+/CD3- lymphocytes. Phenotypic analysis of the recipient epidermis by in situ immunolabeling revealed that injection of day 16 and day 19 fetal, but not of adult, thymocytes resulted in the appearance of distinct clusters of DETC as judged by their dendritic morphology and uniform expression of CD3/TCR V gamma 3 receptors. The presence of CD3+/TCR V gamma 3+ cells in the fetal, but not in the adult, thymocyte population(s) together with the failure to detect DETC after transfer of Thy-1+/CD3- fetal thymocytes strongly suggest that CD3+/TCR V gamma 3+ thymocytes are the DETC precursors. Kinetic studies of the DETC population from 2 to 12 wk after cell transfer revealed a substantial increase in the cell density within the DETC clusters that was not accompanied by an increase in the number of clusters. Thus, it appears that newly arriving DETC undergo proliferative activity in situ. Collectively, our results show that, under the experimental conditions chosen, CD3+/TCR V gamma 3+ fetal thymocytes are actual DETC precursors. Although it is not clear whether these experimental conditions are representative of the in vivo situation, they may serve as a useful model for studying the mechanisms underlying the homing properties of different lymphocyte subsets.
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Six, A., E. Jouvin-Marche, D. Y. Loh, P. A. Cazenave, and P. N. Marche. "Identification of a T cell receptor beta chain variable region, V beta 20, that is differentially expressed in various strains of mice." Journal of Experimental Medicine 174, no. 5 (November 1, 1991): 1263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.174.5.1263.
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A cDNA library of TCR beta chain transcripts from BALB/c thymocytes was constructed using anchored polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Screening of this library led to the identification of a V beta gene segment, V beta 20, structurally related to V beta 3 and V beta 17. Genomic analysis of mice displaying deletions in their V beta loci, together with mapping of cosmid clones, situated V beta 20 2.5 kb beside V beta 17. The expression of V beta 20 was estimated by PCR in mice of different H-2 and Mls types. Peripheral T cells from H-2k and H-2d mice did not express V beta 20, whereas in I-E-negative mice (C57Bl/6 and SJL), V beta 20 transcripts were detected. The lack of V beta 20 transcripts in (C57Bl/6 x CBA/J)F1, (C57Bl/6 x BALB/c)F1, and in congenic B6.H-2k mice suggests that the differential use of V beta 20 is due to an I-E-mediated clonal deletion process. The involvement of the Mls super antigens was excluded by analysis of all Mls type combinations. The nature of the V beta 20-deleting element(s) is discussed in the context of the I-E/superantigen systems controlling the expression of V beta 11 and V beta 17.
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Amy, Matthew, Andrew N. Glaudell, and Neil J. Ross. "Number-Theoretic Characterizations of Some Restricted Clifford+T Circuits." Quantum 4 (April 6, 2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-04-06-252.
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Kliuchnikov, Maslov, and Mosca proved in 2012 that a 2×2 unitary matrix V can be exactly represented by a single-qubit Clifford+T circuit if and only if the entries of V belong to the ring Z[1/2,i]. Later that year, Giles and Selinger showed that the same restriction applies to matrices that can be exactly represented by a multi-qubit Clifford+T circuit. These number-theoretic characterizations shed new light upon the structure of Clifford+T circuits and led to remarkable developments in the field of quantum compiling. In the present paper, we provide number-theoretic characterizations for certain restricted Clifford+T circuits by considering unitary matrices over subrings of Z[1/2,i]. We focus on the subrings Z[1/2], Z[1/2], Z[1/i2], and Z[1/2,i], and we prove that unitary matrices with entries in these rings correspond to circuits over well-known universal gate sets. In each case, the desired gate set is obtained by extending the set of classical reversible gates {X,CX,CCX} with an analogue of the Hadamard gate and an optional phase gate.
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Dziublyk, I. V., O. P. Trokhimenko, S. O. Soloviov, G. L. Gumeniuk, O. Ya Dziublyk, N. I. Gumeniuk, and O. K. Yakovenko. "ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF AMINOCAPROIC ACID AGAINST INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS CORONAVIRUS IN VITRO." Ukrainian Pulmonology Journal 29, no. 4 (2021): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31215/2306-4927-2021-29-4-35-39.
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I. V. Dziublyk, O. P. Trokhimenko, S. O. Soloviov, G. L. Gumeniuk, O. Ya. Dziublyk, N. I. Gumeniuk, O. K. Yakovenko Abstract The aim of the study is a preclinical evaluation of the antiviral activity of aminocaproic acid (ACA) against the prototype strain IBV (Infectious bronchitis virus) of Coronavirus family in vitro. Material and methods. During the research, modern methods were used to determine the cytotoxic effect of the evaluation on a monolayer of BHK-21 cell culture in vitro; cultivation, accumulation and determination of the infectious titer of IBV by cytopathic action on a monolayer of cell cultures; assessment of the antiviral effect of the drug — the establishment of the inhibitory concentration and the chemotherapeutic index (CTI) of ACA in various modes of drug administration: 2 hours before infection, simultaneously with infection and 2 hours after infection. Results. With the introduction of ACA 2 hours before infection, a decrease in the infectious titer of the IBV virus was not established. The antiviral activity of ACA was detected when the drug was added in 2 modes: simultaneously and 2 hours after infection. The introduction of ACА into the medium for cell cultivation at non-toxic concentrations of 7.91–15.82 mg / ml led to a decrease in the infectious titer of the virus by 1.4–2.0 lg TCD50 / 0.1 ml. The CTI of the ACA was 6 in the indicated concentrations and modes, which is an indicator of its promising potential for further studies of antiviral activity in vivo, including clinical studies. Conclusions. The direct antiviral effect of ACA against the prototype H-120 virus strain from the Coronaviridae family in vitro was revealed. The suppression of viral reproduction with an established low toxicity of the drug, a decrease in the infectious titer of IBV by 1.4–2.0 lg TCD50 / 0.1 ml and with a CTD equal to 6.0, indicate the prospects for further study of the antiviral properties of ACA in clinical trials. Key words: aminocaproic acid, coronavirus, antiviral activity.
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Hunter, Tony. "Discovering the first tyrosine kinase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 26 (June 30, 2015): 7877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508223112.
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In the middle of the 20th century, animal tumor viruses were heralded as possible models for understanding human cancer. By the mid-1970s, the molecular basis by which tumor viruses transform cells into a malignant state was beginning to emerge as the first viral genomic sequences were reported and the proteins encoded by their transforming genes were identified and characterized. This was a time of great excitement and rapid progress. In 1978, prompted by the discovery from Ray Erikson’s group that the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) v-Src–transforming protein had an associated protein kinase activity specific for threonine, my group at the Salk Institute set out to determine whether the polyomavirus middle T-transforming protein had a similar kinase activity. Here, I describe the experiments that led to the identification of a kinase activity associated with middle T antigen and our serendipitous discovery that this activity was specific for tyrosine in vitro, and how this in turn led to the fortuitous observation that the v-Src–associated kinase activity was also specific for tyrosine. Our finding that v-Src increased the level of phosphotyrosine in cellular proteins in RSV-transformed cells confirmed that v-Src is a tyrosine kinase and transforms cells by phosphorylating proteins on tyrosine. My colleague Bart Sefton and I reported these findings in the March issue of PNAS in 1980. Remarkably, all of the experiments in this paper were accomplished in less than one month.
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Mokyr, M. B., M. Rubin, K. A. Newell, A. Prokhorova, and J. A. Bluestone. "Involvement of TCR-V beta 8.3+ cells in the cure of mice bearing a large MOPC-315 tumor by low dose melphalan." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 9 (November 1, 1993): 4838–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.9.4838.
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Abstract We have previously shown that the curative efficacy of low dose melphalan (L-phenylalanine mustard; L-PAM) for mice bearing a large s.c. MOPC-315 tumor requires the participation of CD8+ (but not CD4+) T cell-dependent antitumor immunity. Here we show that CD8+ T cells obtained from regressing tumors on day 4 or 5 after low dose L-PAM therapy of MOPC-315 tumor bearers (L-PAM TuB mice) display a preferential enhancement in the utilization of the TCR-V beta 8.3 gene segment as compared to CD8+ T cells from normal lymph nodes. Treatment of L-PAM TuB mice with mAb F23.1, which leads to the depletion of V beta 8.3+ cells, as well as V beta 8.1 and 8.2+ cells, led to a significant reduction in the ability of their tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes as well as their spleen cells to lyse MOPC-315 tumor cells in vitro in a short term assay. In addition, the mAb F23.1 treatment almost completely abrogated the lytic activity of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes against another syngeneic, antigenically related plasmacytoma (the MOPC-104E). Moreover, the mAb F23.1 treatment significantly reduced the curative effectiveness of low dose L-PAM for mice bearing a large MOPC-315 tumor. In contrast, mAb KJ16 treatment, which leads to the depletion of V beta 8.1 and 8.2+ cells (but not V beta 8.3+ cells), did not reduce significantly the curative effectiveness of low dose L-PAM for such MOPC-315 tumor bearers. Thus, V beta 8.3+ T cells are important for the curative effectiveness of low dose L-PAM therapy for MOPC-315 tumor bearers, and it is conceivable that the V beta 8.3+ cells mediate their effect (at least in part) by contributing to the acquisition of CTL activity against plasmacytoma-shared Ag.
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Hurvitz, Sara A., Miguel Martin, Kyung Hae Jung, Chiun-Sheng Huang, Nadia Harbeck, Vicente Valero, Daniil Stroyakovskiy, et al. "Neoadjuvant Trastuzumab Emtansine and Pertuzumab in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Breast Cancer: Three-Year Outcomes From the Phase III KRISTINE Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 25 (September 1, 2019): 2206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.19.00882.
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PURPOSE The KRISTINE study compared neoadjuvant trastuzumab emtansine plus pertuzumab (T-DM1+P) with docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab plus P (TCH+P) for the treatment human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive stage II to III breast cancer. T-DM1+P led to a lower pathologic complete response rate (44.4% v 55.7%; P = .016), but fewer grade 3 or greater and serious adverse events (AEs). Here, we present 3-year outcomes from KRISTINE. METHODS Patients were randomly assigned to neoadjuvant T-DM1+P or TCH+P every 3 weeks for six cycles. Patients who received T-DM1+P continued adjuvant T-DM1+P, and patients who received TCH+P received adjuvant trastuzumab plus pertuzumab. Secondary end points included event-free survival (EFS), overall survival, patient-reported outcomes (measured from random assignment), and invasive disease-free survival (IDFS; measured from surgery). RESULTS Of patients, 444 were randomly assigned (T-DM1+P, n = 223; TCH+P, n = 221). Median follow-up was 37 months. Risk of an EFS event was higher with TDM-1+P (hazard ratio [HR], 2.61 [95% CI, 1.36 to 4.98]) with more locoregional progression events before surgery (15 [6.7%] v 0). Risk of an IDFS event after surgery was similar between arms (HR, 1.11 [95% CI, 0.52 to 2.40]). Pathologic complete response was associated with a reduced risk of an IDFS event (HR, 0.24 [95% CI, 0.09 to 0.60]) regardless of treatment arm. Overall, grade 3 or greater AEs (31.8% v 67.7%) were less common with T-DM1+P. During adjuvant treatment, grade 3 or greater AEs (24.5% v 9.9%) and AEs leading to treatment discontinuation (18.4% v 3.8%) were more common with T-DM1+P. Patient-reported outcomes favored T-DM1+P during neoadjuvant treatment and were similar to trastuzumab plus pertuzumab during adjuvant treatment. CONCLUSION Compared with TCH+P, T-DM1+P resulted in a higher risk of an EFS event owing to locoregional progression events before surgery, a similar risk of an IDFS event, fewer grade 3 or greater AEs during neoadjuvant treatment, and more AEs leading to treatment discontinuation during adjuvant treatment.
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Junghans, Ulrike, Justin J. Bernhardt, Ronja Wollnik, Dominik Triebert, Gerd Unkelbach, and Daniela Pufky-Heinrich. "Valorization of Lignin via Oxidative Depolymerization with Hydrogen Peroxide: Towards Carboxyl-Rich Oligomeric Lignin Fragments." Molecules 25, no. 11 (June 11, 2020): 2717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112717.
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The extraction and characterization of defined and carboxyl-rich oligomeric lignin fragments with narrow molecular weight distribution is presented herein. With regard to the well-known pulp bleaching process, oxidative lignin depolymerization was investigated using hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous alkaline solution (i.e., at T = 318 K, t = 1 h) and subsequent selective fractionation with a 10/90 (v/v) acetone/water mixture. While the weight average molecular weight (MW) of lignin in comparison to the starting material was reduced by 82% after oxidation (T = 318 K, t = 1 h, clignin = 40 g L−1, cH2O2 = 80 g L−1, cNaOH = 2 mol L−1) and subsequent solvent fractionation (T = 298 K, t = 18 h, ccleavage product = 20 g L−1), the carboxyl group (–COOH) content increased from 1.29 mmol g−1 up to 2.66 mmol g−1. Finally, the successful scale-up of this whole process to 3 L scale led to gram amounts (14% yield) of oligomeric lignin fragments with a MW of 1607 g mol−1, a number average molecular weight (MN) of 646 g mol−1, a narrow polydispersity index of 3.0, and a high –COOH content of 2.96 mmol g−1. Application of these oligomeric lignin fragments in epoxy resins or as adsorbents is conceivable without further functionalization.
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Apriani, An-Nisa, and Ruwet Rusiyono. "PENGARUH METODE MORAL REASONING TERHADAP PENANAMAN KARAKTER NASIONALISME SISWA SD DALAM PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK." Taman Cendekia: Jurnal Pendidikan Ke-SD-an 3, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/tc.v3i1.3333.
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This research aims to determine the influence of moral reasoning method on elementary students’ nationalism character development in thematic learning. This is a quasi experiment research with a nonequivalent control group design. The subjects of this research were fifth graders of Ngebel Kasihan State Elementary School. Ngebel Kasihan State Elementary School has two fifth grade classes, class V-A as the control group used a storytelling method, and class V-B as the experiment group used a morel reasoning method. The data collection techniques used were observation and interview. The data analysis used was t-test with a significance level of 0.05. The research results showed that there was a significant difference between nationalism character development using a moral reasoning method and a storytelling method. The difference was seen is all nationalism sub characters which include “Belief in the one and only God” value with the t test result = 0.155, “Just and civilized humanity” value with the t test result = 0.129, “the unity of Indonesia” value with the t test result = 0.405, “Popularism Led by Wisdom of Wisdom in Consultation / Representation” value with the t test result = 0.529, and “Social justice for all the people of Indonesia” value with the t test result = 0.608.
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Plourde, Kristy, and CAPT Harlan. "The Southern Traffic Lane Spill (T/V Command): A Case Study of Spiller Accountability1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-445.
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ABSTRACT On September 24, 1998, the T/V Command had a small spill in San Francisco Bay, California while taking on bunkers in Anchorage Nine. The cause was determined to be due to a small crack in the outer hull plating of the tank. The T/V Command departed on the evening of September 26 after completing temporary repairs required by the Captain of the Port (COTP)/Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC). The next morning, a large 10-mile by 2-mile oil slick was discovered just south of the entrance to San Francisco Bay. This triggered one of the largest, most far-reaching oil spill investigations ever. Since no one took responsibility for this spill, the U.S. Coast Guard accessed the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) and established a Unified Command with the state of California Department of Fish and Game, Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) to begin immediate cleanup. The Coast Guard and OSPR also began an aggressive joint investigation to track down the spiller. Hundreds of vessels had entered or departed San Francisco Bay during the 5-day window before the spill was discovered. The investigators were able to narrow the search and sample vessels. The Coast Guard Marine Safety Lab (MSL) and OSPR's lab were able to match the spilled oil to the T/V Command,. The Coast Guard tracked down the location of the T/V Command and began the first ever request for high seas boarding of a vessel for an environmental crime. A Coast Guard team from the USCGC Boutwell boarded the T/V Command 200 miles off Guatemala to begin the investigation. A follow-on multiagency team of investigators, led by the Coast Guard again, boarded the vessel in Panama. In a plea bargain agreement, the T/V Command's operator, master, and chief engineer pled guilty in federal court to criminal charges stemming from the spill on September 27, 1998, remarkably 1 year from the date of the original spill. The operator agreed to pay over $9.4 million dollars in criminal and civil penalties. This paper and presentation discusses the complexities of this international spill response investigation and events leading up to the settlement.
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Renz, H., K. Bradley, G. L. Larsen, C. McCall, and E. W. Gelfand. "Comparison of the allergenicity of ovalbumin and ovalbumin peptide 323-339. Differential expansion of V beta-expressing T cell populations." Journal of Immunology 151, no. 12 (December 15, 1993): 7206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.12.7206.
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Abstract We analyzed the effects of sensitization of BALB/c mice to the OVA peptide amino acids 323-339, on the development of an IgE response, immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity and airways responsiveness (AR). Daily aerosolization of OVA 323-339 for 20 min over a period of 10 days was as effective in the stimulation of a serum anti-OVA IgE antibody response as sensitization to native OVA by the same route. After sensitization to native OVA, the majority of the IgE anti-OVA response was directed against peptide 323-339. The antibody responses were paralleled by skin test responses in sensitized mice: 73% of OVA-sensitized mice developed immediate type reactions when tested with native OVA and 82% of the mice had positive immediate skin test responses to intradermal injection of peptide 323-339. After sensitization to the peptide, 69% of the mice had positive responses to native OVA and 77% responded to peptide 323-339. Aerosolization of OVA as well as OVA 323-339 led to a comparable increase in airway responsiveness as measured by electrical field stimulation of tracheal smooth muscle preparations. To characterize T cell subpopulations that were stimulated after allergen sensitization, the distribution of specific V beta-expressing T cells was analyzed in local draining lymph nodes of the airways and the lungs. These lymph nodes were found to be enlarged after both OVA and OVA peptide sensitization. Sensitization to native OVA resulted in an increased percentage of V beta 8.1 and V beta 8.2 T cells whereas selective stimulation of V beta 8.1 T cells was found after peptide sensitization. These data indicate that OVA peptide 323-339 represents a T and B cell epitope of OVA, which is important in the generation and development of immediate hypersensitivity responses in BALB/c mice.
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Borisevich, G. V., S. L. Kirillova, I. V. Shatokhina, V. N. Lebedev, S. S. Solov’ev, S. I. Syromyatnikova, N. V. Shagarova, et al. "The Flow Cytometry Study of Cellular Immunity in Rhesus Monkeys after Experimental Infection with SARS CoV 2 Virus." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (October 29, 2022): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2022-3-53-60.
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Cellular immunity plays an important role in the pathogenesis and formation of protective immune defense against the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus.The aim of the work was to study the cellular immunity of rhesus monkeys applying flow cytometry after experimental infection with the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus.Materials and methods. Male rhesus monkeys were intranasally inoculated with the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus, Isolate B strain and hCoV-19/Russia/SP48-1226/2020 strain (abbreviated name U-2), at a dose of 5.0 lg PFU. Using flow cytometry, the levels of 21 populations/subpopulations of mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood of animals were determined before experimental infection with the pathogen and on day 14 after infection. SARS‑CoV‑2 coronavirus RNA was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Determination of the titer of virus-neutralizing antibodies to the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus in the blood sera of animals was conducted through neutralization test evaluating the ability to suppress negative colonies.Results and discussion. Infection with Isolate B strain culture has led to an increase in the relative content of total T-lymphocytes (p˂0.2), cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (p˂0.1), as well as monocytes expressing the early activation marker CD25 (p˂0.2). The decrease in levels has been observed for total B-lymphocytes (p˂0.2) and T-helper cells (p˂0.1). Infection with the U-2 strain culture revealed an increase in the relative content of monocytes expressing the early activation marker CD25 (p˂0.2). Thus, for the first time in the Russian Federation, flow cytometry was used to study the cellular immunity of rhesus monkeys before and after experimental infection with the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus. The obtained information can be used for studying the pathogenesis of SARS‑CoV‑2 infection, course, and outcome of the disease, and developing strategies for vaccination and treatment.
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Kudrina, Elena V. "“Severnoe Siyanie. A Magazine for Children” (Petrograd, 1919–1920). Table of Contents." Literary Fact, no. 4 (26) (2022): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2022-26-278-296.
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The work gives a bibliographical description of the contents of the children’s magazine “Severnoe Siyanie” (published in 1919–1920 in Petrograd, edited by M. Gorky). The authors of the magazine were V. Shishkov, A. Chapygin, F. Groshikov, V. Knyazev, V. Voinov, S. Morozova, V. Abramova, M. Beketova, P. Surozhsky, V. Mai, T. Sapozhnikova, V. Tomilina, A. Radakov and others. S.V. Chekhonin, P.D. Buchkin, V.M. Konashevich, V.S. Svarog and others were involved in the magazine as artists. The introductory part of the article gives the general characteristics of the journal, presents the publisher I.R. Belopolsky and indicates the role of M. Gorky, who led the editorial work. The article considers the purpose and objectives of the journal, analyzes the first responses of reviewers, shows the degree of influence of the journal on subsequent children’s periodicals. The editorial board of the magazine started a new development in children’s literature and Soviet children’s journalism. The list of the contents of the magazine includes all 7 issues of the “Severnoe Siyanie,” as well as the “Applications” (“Appendices”) to the magazine — brochures “Library of the Magazine ‘Severnoe Siyanie’.”
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Øster, Bodil, Bettina Bundgaard, and Per Höllsberg. "Human Herpesvirus 6B Induces Cell Cycle Arrest Concomitant with p53 Phosphorylation and Accumulation in T Cells." Journal of Virology 79, no. 3 (February 1, 2005): 1961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.3.1961-1965.2005.
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ABSTRACT We studied the interactions between human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) and its host cell. Productive infections of T-cell lines led to G1/S- and G2/M-phase arrest in the cell cycle concomitant with an increased level and enhanced DNA-binding activity of p53. More than 70% of HHV-6B-infected cells did not bind annexin V, indicating that the majority of cells were not undergoing apoptosis. HHV-6B infection induced Ser20 and Ser15 phosphorylation on p53, and the latter was inhibited by caffeine, an ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase inhibitor. Thus, a productive HHV-6B infection suppresses T-cell proliferation concomitant with the phosphorylation and accumulation of p53.
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Luo, Q., D. B. Lewis, P. Eh Hovsepian, and W.-D. Münz. "Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-ray Diffraction Investigation of the Microstructure of Nanoscale Multilayer TiAlN/VN Grown by Unbalanced Magnetron Deposition." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 4 (April 2004): 1093–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0143.
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Cubic NaCl-B1 structured multilayer TiAlN/VN with a bi-layer thickness of approximately 3 nm and atomic ratios of (Ti+Al)/V = 0.98 to 1.15 and Ti/V = 0.55 to 0.61 were deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering at substrate bias voltages between -75 and -150 V. In this paper, detailed transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction revealed pronounced microstructure changes depending on the bias. At the bias -75 V, TiAlN/VN followed a layer growth model led by a strong (110) texture to form a T-type structure in the Thornton structure model of thin films, which resulted in a rough growth front, dense columnar structure with inter-column voids, and low compressive stress of -3.8 GPa. At higher biases, the coatings showed a typical Type-II structure following the strain energy growth model, characterized by the columnar structure, void-free column boundaries, smooth surface, a predominant (111) texture, and high residual stresses between -8 and -11.5 GPa.
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Anna, Zelenková. "Česká inteligencia v procese budovania slovenskej vzdelanosti a kultúry." Česko-slovenská historická ročenka 24, no. 2 (2022): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cshr.2022.24.2.2.
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The study evaluates the role of the Czech intelligentsia in Slovakia in the interwar period. The Czech intelligentsia’s main contribution (apart from its work within the civil service) was the development of education at all levels. In this regard, attention has mostly focused on the founding of Comenius University by President T. G. Masaryk’s decree in July 1919. From a sociological point of view, the Czech intelligentsia operating in Slovakia can be divided into three groups: (1.) emotional supporters of Czechoslovak reciprocity drawing on the moral ideals of T. G. Masaryk (e.g. L. Narcis Zvěřina, J. Jirásek) and following up on the Czech Slovakophile movement; (2.) officials, artists, railway professionals, and gendarmes, who saw coming to Slovakia as a chance for social advancement, with young university graduates as a specific subgroup; (3.) speculative business people taking advantage of the underdeveloped Slovak market to get rich quickly, who were numerically the smallest of these three groups. The topos of the protectoral, profiteering Czech led to irritated reactions by the autonomist wing of Slovak nationalists, associated with Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party (cf. M. Rázus’s 1929 novel Svety [Worlds]). Interesting information on the position of Czech university graduates in Slovakia can be gleaned from the letters of Frank Wollman, a Slavic languages specialist, who reflected on the problematic nature of Czech-Slovak cultural equalization. The Czech intelligentsia virtually disappeared from Slovakia in 1939 as a consequence of the political decisions made by the new Slovak government, and its “spiritual legacy” remains to this day a reminder of the positive contribution of Czechs to the constitution of Slovak national and state-forming identity.
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Jiang, Yanfang, Zhenhua Ma, Guijie Xin, Hongqing Yan, Wanyu Li, Huining Xu, Chunhai Hao, Junqi Niu, and Pingwei Zhao. "Th1 and Th2 Immune Response in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients during a Long-Term Treatment with Adefovir Dipivoxil." Mediators of Inflammation 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/143026.
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Adefovir dipivoxil treatment has significantly improved the outcome of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, it remains largely unknown how immune system responds to the treatment. Chronic HBV patients were treated with adefovir dipivoxil and examined for serum HBV DNA loads, cytokines, and T helper (Th1) and 2 (Th2) cytokine producing T cells during 104 weeks of the treatment. Th1/Th2 cytokines producing T cells were significantly lower in chronic HBV patients as compared to normal individuals. Adefovir dipivoxil treatment led to the increase of Th1/Th2 cytokines producing T cells and serum cytokine levels in association with the decline of HVB DNA load. In contrast, Th1/Th2 cytokines producing T cells remained lower in one patient detected with adefovir dipivoxil resistant HBV A181T/V mutation. This study has established inverse correlation of the increase of Th1/Th2 immunity and the decline of HBV DNA load in chronic HBV patients during adefovir dipivoxil treatment.
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Partula, S., A. de Guerra, J. S. Fellah, and J. Charlemagne. "Structure and diversity of the T cell antigen receptor beta-chain in a teleost fish." Journal of Immunology 155, no. 2 (July 15, 1995): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.2.699.
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Abstract Cell-mediated immunity (e.g., allograft rejection) is found in all vertebrates, and these reactions are known to depend on thymus-derived cells in amphibian, avian, and mammalian species. The participation of peripheral T cell-like lymphocytes subpopulations to fish immunity is now well documented, but the developmental origin, migration, and peripheral tissue distribution of these cells remain practically unknown. This is mainly due to the difficulty of efficiently thymectomizing fish at an early stage of development and to the lack of Ab strictly specific for thymocytes and T cell surface Ag. One strategy for analyzing T cell biology in fish would be to characterize the genes encoding polypeptides homologous to the TCR molecules. This report describes cDNA clones from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that have sequences very similar to amphibian, avian, and mammalian TCR beta-chains. Three complete trout V beta segments belonging to different families were analyzed; one of them had limited amino acid sequence similarity to the human V beta 20 family. The 10 trout beta-chain-joining segments all retain the invariant mammalian J beta residues, and comparison of 66 V beta-J beta junctions led to the identification of a D beta-like sequence (GGACAGGG) that is shorter than but very similar to the chicken D beta and mammalian D beta 1 sequences. There is considerable diversity at the V beta-D beta and D beta-J beta junctions, suggesting the presence of N-nucleotides. The trout C beta extracellular domain is shorter than mammalian C beta, and the hinge region has no cysteine residue. The transmembrane C beta domain contains a lysine residue that in mammals is thought to be involved in charged interactions with members of the CD3 complex.