Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lfgn'

The central issue in this thesis is configurationality, which has broadly been defined in terms of a division of the world's languages based on their core syntactic structure. Specifically, languages are traditionally divided into so-called configurational and non-configurational languages. Configurational languages are assumed to be languages with many restrictions on word order, and non-configurational languages are assumed to be languages with very few or no word order restrictions. Many linguists posit a strict division between the two different types of languages. In this thesis I propose a non-derivational approach to configurationality, and I discuss in detail three posited characteristics of non-configurational languages (in comparison to configurational languages): free word order, discontinuous expressions and subject-object asymmetries in binding. I propose a four-way classification of languages instead of a two-way one, based on constraints on annotations on phrase structure nodes, both for argument functions and for information structural roles (such as topic and focus). I propose that this four-way distinction is what underlies configurationality. I show that discontinuous expressions and potentially subject-object symmetries follow from the nature of languages that have traditionally been classified as non-configurational. For my analysis I employ Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), a non-derivational framework which is particularly well-suited to account for languages in which grammatical functions are not tied to specific phrase structural positions, due to its parallel architecture. This characteristic of LFG enables me to provide a straightforward classification of languages, by the ability to separate the influence of grammatical functions and information structural roles on word order and phrase structural configuration.

This study provides description and analysis of some verbal complementation patterns in Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA), namely the Auxiliary /kaan/, Causative /xalla/, phasal verbs and modals. Each verb is represented by a set of sentences extracted from a 5 million word corpus of ECA online texts that was built for the purpose of the current study using the Sketch Engine tool. These verbal complements are described and analysed within the principles of LFG syntactic theory, and represented in a grammar fragment implemented using the XLE tool. The analysis shows that both tense and aspect can be expressed verbs in ECA, where in simple tense forms the verb carries tense only, while in compound tense, the main predicate marks tense and occupies I while the following lexical verb marks grammatical aspect and occupies V. The bi- prefix marks present tense on verbs in I and imperfect aspect on verbs in V, as well as a HAB/PROG feature. The bare Imperfective verb form is treated as a non-finite verb in ECA, where it can not occupy I and is marked by VFORM=BARE. All of the verbal constructions analysed are bi-clausal structures, however, they show differences regarding the kind of control relation. Functional control was attested in constructions where the main predicate is the auxiliary /kaan/, the causative verb /xalla/, phasal verbs, as well as non-inflecting modals. Anaphoric control was attested only with inflecting modals, with the modal /yi2dar/ ‘able’ showing a case of obligatory anaphoric control. This is, to my knowledge, the first study which attempts to develop a grammar for ECA using the XLE platform. It provides an insight over the issues correlated with developing this grammar, which could be a step towards including ECA into the ParGram project in order to develop broad coverage grammars for a bigger number of languages.

Cette thèse traite l'inférence statistique de quelques processus de diffusion affine dans \( \R^m_+ \times \R^n \), avec m,n\in\N. Cette sous-classe de diffusions, notée par \textit{AD}(m,n), est appliquée à la tarification des options sur obligations et des actions, ce qui est illustré pour les modèles de Vasicek, Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) et Heston. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons deux différents modèles: le premier lorsque \( m = 1 \) et \( n \in \mathbb{N} \) et le deuxième lorsque \( m = 2 \) et \( n = 1 \). Pour le modèle \mathit{AD}(1, n), nous introduisons, au Chapitre 2, un résultat de classification où nous distinguons trois cas différents : sous-critique, critique et surcritique. Ensuite, nous étudions la stationnarité et l'ergodicité de sa solution sous certaines hypothèses sur les paramètres du drift. Pour le problème d'estimation paramétrique, nous utilisons deux méthodes différentes : l'estimation par maximum de vraisemblance (MLE) et l'estimation des moindres carrés conditionnels (CLSE). Au Chapitre 2, nous présentons l'estimateur obtenu par la méthode MLE basée sur des observations en temps continu et nous étudions sa consistance et son comportement asymptotique dans des cas ergodiques et non-ergodiques particuliers. Au Chapitre 3, nous présentons l'estimateur obtenu par la méthode CLSE basée sur des observations en temps continu puis discret avec haute fréquence et horizon infini et nous étudions sa consistance et son comportement asymptotique dans des cas ergodiques et non-ergodiques particuliers. Il est à noter ici que nous obtenons les mêmes résultats asymptotiques que dans le cas continu sous des hypothèses supplémentaires sur le pas de discrétisation \( \Delta_N \). Au Chapitre 4, nous étudions le modèle \mathit{AD}(2, 1), également appelé modèle de double Heston. Dans un premier temps, nous introduisons sa classification suivant les cas sous-critique, critique et surcritique. Dans un second temps, nous établissons les théorèmes de stationnarité et d'ergodicité y associés. Dans la partie statistique de ce chapitre, nous étudions les estimateurs par la méthode MLE et la méthode CLSE du modèle de double Heston en se basant sur des observations en temps continu dans le cas ergodique et nous introduisons les théorèmes de consistance et de normalité asymptotique pour chaque estimateur obtenu
This thesis deals with statistical inference of some particular affine diffusion processes in the state space \R_+^m\times\R^n, where m,n\in\N. Such subclass of diffusions, denoted by \mathit{AD}(m,n), is applied to the pricing of bond and stock options, which is illustrated for the Vasicek, Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) and Heston models. In this thesis, we consider two different cases : the first one is when m=1 and n\in\N and the second one is when m=2 and n=1. For the \mathit{AD}(1,n) model, we introduce, in Chapter 2, a classification result where we distinguish three different cases : subcritical, critical and supercritical. Then, we study the stationarity and the ergodicity of its solution under some assumptions on the drift parameters. For the parameter estimation problem, we use two different methods: the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and the conditional least squares estimation (CLSE). In Chapter 2, we present the estimator obtained by the MLE method based on continuous time observations and we study its consistency and its asymptotic behavior in ergodic and particular non-ergodic cases. In Chapter 3, we present the estimator obtained by the CLSE method based on continuous then discrete time observations with high frequency and infinite horizon and we study its consistency and its asymptotic behavior in ergodic and particular non-ergodic cases. It is worth to note here that we obtain the same asymptotic results in both discrete and continuous sets under additional assumptions on the discretization step \Delta_N. In Chapter 4, we study the \mathit{AD}(2,1) model, called also double Heston model, we introduce first its classification with respect to subcritical, critical and supercritical case and we establish the relative stationarity and ergodicity theorems. In the statistical part of this chapter, we study the MLE and the CLSE of the ergodic double Heston model based on continuous time observations and we introduce its consistency and asymtotic normality theorems for each estimation method

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A presente tese descreve a elaboraÃÃo de uma gramÃtica da frase do PortuguÃs Brasileiro, desenvolvida no quadro de um modelo teÃrico de sofisticado formalismo computacional, a Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) e implementada no sistema que constitui o estado da arte em ambiente de processamento sintÃtico profundo no modelo gerativo da LFG, o robusto Xerox Linguistic Environment (XLE). A principal caracterÃstica da gramÃtica à que adota o sistema de anotaÃÃo do ParGram e a metodologia convencionada por desenvolvedores de gramÃtica XLE. No fragmento de gramÃtica estÃo modelados diversificados elementos da sintaxe frasal. Em nossa gramÃtica, foram modelados constituintes oracionais como IP e CP, elementos que encabeÃam as sentenÃas do portuguÃs. TambÃm foram modelados determinados aspectos da subcategorizaÃÃo verbal e da estrutura argumental. Dos elementos verbais, nossa gramÃtica contempla alguns casos de complexos verbais constituÃdos de verbos modais e verbos de controle. Os elementos nominais tratados na gramÃtica, de modo central, foram os pronomes expletivos e reflexivos, e os casos de sintagmas nominais e determinantes com pronomes demonstrativos e interrogativos. Os demais aspectos modelados na gramÃtica sÃo os sintagmas preposicionados, cuja complexidade se dà na distinÃÃo entre preposiÃÃes semÃnticas e nÃo semÃnticas; os sintagmas adjetivais, cuja projeÃÃo na sentenÃa pode ocorrer a partir de formas adjetivais atributivas, de formas ordinais ou cardinais e na forma de intensificadores; e os sintagmas adverbiais, cuja estrutura interna foi modelada levando-se em consideraÃÃo tanto advÃrbios intransitivos quanto transitivos com complemento PP. A nossa avaliaÃÃo demonstra que das 40 sentenÃas testadas, a nossa gramÃtica atribui, para todas elas, anÃlises consistentes e bem fundamentadas, ao passo que o parser Palavras, o atual estado da arte em processamento sintÃtico profundo do portuguÃs, atribui, a 9 sentenÃas, anÃlises incorretas. Uma outra avaliaÃÃo demonstra que, das 20 sentenÃas agramaticais testadas tanto em nossa gramÃtica, quanto no Palavras, somente 2 receberam anÃlises por parte de nossa gramÃtica, enquanto o Palavras fornece anÃlises para 19 sentenÃas. O trabalho tem, essencialmente, o objetivo de fazer uma descriÃÃo formal e fundamentada de um amplo leque de fenÃmenos do portuguÃs brasileiro, mas, sobretudo, tem o objetivo de contribuir com uma gramÃtica nÃo trivial da frase do portuguÃs no formalismo LFG-XLE, disponibilizando efetivamente um recurso gramatical do portuguÃs voltado para o processamento de linguagem natural.
The present thesis describes the development of a Brazilian Portuguese sentence grammar, developed in the framework of a sophisticated computational formalism, named Lexical Functional Grammar, and implemented on a system that is state of the art in deep parsing environment in LFG generative model, the robust XLE. The main feature of the grammar is that it adopts the ParGram annotation system and the methodology agreed by XLE grammar developers. In the grammar fragment are modeled diverse elements of phrasal syntax. In our grammar were modeled constituents as IP and CP, elements that are head the sentences of the Portuguese. Also were modeled certain aspects of verbal subcategorization and argument structure. In terms of verbal elements, our grammar includes some cases of verbal complex made up of modal verbs and control verbs. The nominal elements treated in grammar, centrally, were the expletives and reflexive pronouns, and cases of nominal and determiners phrases with demonstrative pronouns and interrogative. The other aspects modeled in the grammar are PPs, whose complexity is given the distinction between semantic and nonstandard prepositions; the adjectival phrases, whose projection in the sentence can occur from attributive adjectival forms of ordinal or cardinal forms and as intensifiers; and adverbial phrases, whose internal structure was modeled taking into account both adverbs as intransitive and as transitive, with PP complement. Our evaluation shows that of the 40 tested sentences, our grammar assigns, for all of them, consistent and well-founded analysis, while the parser Palavras, the current state of the art in deep syntactic processing of Portuguese, assigns incorrect analysis for 9 sentences. Another evaluation shows that, of the 20 ungrammatical sentences tested both in our grammar, as in Palavras, only 2 received analysis by our grammar, while the Palavras provides analysis to 19 sentences. The work has essentially the goal of making a formal and grounded description in a broad range of phenomena in Brazilian Portuguese, but mainly aims to collaborate with a not trivial grammar of the sentence in the LFG-XLE formalism, effectively contributing to a grammatical resource turned to the natural language processing.

La activación del Receptor de Muerte Fas, también llamado APO-1 o CD95, da lugar a la formación del Death Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC). Este complejo proteico contiene FADD y caspasa-8, entre otras proteínas, y causa el corte y activación de caspasa-8, que finalmente da lugar a la apoptosis. Existen dos vías de señalización diferenciadas en la apoptosis inducida por Fas. En las células tipo I, la activación de Fas da lugar a la formación de altos niveles de DISC, y los niveles de caspasa-8 son suficientes para cortar directamente la caspasa-3 ejecutora, que desencadena la apoptosis. En las células tipo II, los niveles de formación de DISC son más bajos y caspasa-3 no es cortada directamente por caspasa-8. En vez de ello, caspasa-8 corta la proteína BH3- only Bid, dando lugar a su forma truncada tBid, que transloca a la mitocondria e induce su permeabilización. Esto conlleva la salida de factores apoptogénicos de la mitocondria al citosol, como citocromo c, que da lugar a la activación de caspasa-3 a través del apoptosoma. Así, las células tipo II necesitan un paso de amplificación de la señal a través de la mitocondria. Los Antagonistas de los Receptores de Muerte son proteínas que son capaces de modular la actividad de los Receptores de Muerte. Entre ellos, Lifeguard (LFG), también llamado NMP35 o FAIM2, es un antagonista de Fas altamente expresado en el sistema nervioso. Esta proteína ha sido caracterizada como un inhibidor de la apoptosis inducida por Fas, y se ha comprobado su localización en los sitios postsinápticos y en las dendritas. Además, se ha comprobado que interacciona directamente con el receptor Fas en los rafts, e inhibe la actividad de las caspasas-8 y -3 tras la activación de Fas. Sin embargo, su mecanismo de acción aún no ha sido descrito. En este trabajo tratamos de arrojar algo de luz sobre este problema. Primero, resultados previos en nuestro laboratorio mostraron que LFG interacciona con varias proteínas del sistema ubiquitina. Confirmamos que LFG está ubiquitinado, y también mostramos que esta ubiquitinización no induce su degradación. Además, nuestros resultados sugieren que la ubiquitinización de LFG es no-canónica. Por otro lado, llevamos a cabo un extenso estudio para elucidar la localización subcelular de LFG. Demostramos que LFG localiza en las membranas del RE y del Golgi, y en menor medida, también en los endosomas. Dado que LFG es miembro de la familia de proteínas TMBIM, que son capaces de modular la actividad de las proteínas de la familia Bcl-2, investigamos su relación con ellas, y encontramos que interacciona con Bcl-xL y Bcl-2 a través de su región C-terminal. Además, demostramos que LFG solamente protege a las células tipo II de la muerte inducida por Fas, y esta protección es dependiente de la expresión endógena de Bcl-xL. Para finalizar, nuestros resultados revelan un paso no descrito hasta el momento en la vía de señalización de las células tipo II. La movilización de calcio del RE se ha comprobado que es relevante en la vía de señalización apoptótica inducida por Fas. Aquí, demostramos que LFG modula la salida de calcio del RE tras la estimulación de Fas, e inhibe la apoptosis inducida por Fas en células tipo II. Basándonos en estas observaciones, proponemos que LFG protege de la apoptosis inducida por Fas mediante la modulación de la salida de calcio del RE.
Activation of the Death Receptor Fas, also called APO-1 or CD95, leads to the formation of the Death Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC). This protein complex comprises FADD and caspase-8, among other proteins, and it causes the cleavage and activation of caspase-8, that ultimately leads to apoptosis. There are two differentiated pathways in the Fas induced apoptosis. In type I cells, high levels of DISC are formed upon Fas activation, and caspase-8 levels are sufficient to directly cleave the effector caspase-3, which will trigger apoptosis. In type II cells, DISC formation levels are lower and caspase-3 is not directly cleaved by caspase-8. Instead, caspase-8 cleaves the BH3-only protein Bid, generating its truncated form tBid, which translocates to the mitochondria and induce its permeabilization. This will result in release of apoptogenic factors from the mitochondria to the cytosol, such as cytochrome c, which will activate caspase-3 through the apoptosome. Thus, type II cells need a signal amplification step through the mitochondria. Death Receptor Antagonists are proteins that are able to modulate Death Receptor activity. Among them, Lifeguard (LFG), also called NMP35 or FAIM2, is a Fas antagonist highly expressed in the nervous system. This protein has been characterized as a Fas-induced apoptosis inhibitor, and it has been shown that localizes at postsynaptic sites and dendrites. Moreover, it has been reported to interact directly with Fas receptor in the lipid rafts and inhibit caspase-8 and caspase-3 activity upon Fas activation. However, its mechanism of action has remained elusive. In this work, we try to shed some light on this problem. First, previous results in our lab have shown that LFG interacts with several proteins from the ubiquitin system. We confirmed that LFG is ubiquitinated, and we also show that this ubiquitination does not induce its degradation. In addition, we present data that suggest that LFG ubiquitination is done in a non-canonycal way. On the other hand, we make an extensive study to elucidate LFG subcellular localization. We demonstrate that LFG localizes to ER and Golgi membranes, and to a lesser extent, to endosomes. Since LFG is member of the TMBIM family proteins, that are able to modulate Bcl-2 family activity, we investigated its relationship with them, and found that it interacts with Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, through its C-terminal region. Moreover, we prove that LFG protects only type II cells from Fasinduced apoptosis, and this protection is dependant on Bcl-xL endogenous expression. Finally, our results reveal a hitherto undescribed step in the signaling pathway in type II cells. Calcium mobilization from the ER has been shown to be relevant in Fas apoptotic signaling. We demonstrate that LFG modulates calcium release from the ER after Fas stimulation and inhibits Fasinduced apoptosis in type II cells. On the basis of our observations, we propose that LFG protects against Fas-induced apoptosis by modulating calcium release from the ER.

SANTOS, Andréa Feitosa dos. Uma gramática LFG-XLE para o processamento sintático profundo da frase do português brasileiro. 2014. 181f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2014.
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The present thesis describes the development of a Brazilian Portuguese sentence grammar, developed in the framework of a sophisticated computational formalism, named Lexical Functional Grammar, and implemented on a system that is state of the art in deep parsing environment in LFG generative model, the robust XLE. The main feature of the grammar is that it adopts the ParGram annotation system and the methodology agreed by XLE grammar developers. In the grammar fragment are modeled diverse elements of phrasal syntax. In our grammar were modeled constituents as IP and CP, elements that are head the sentences of the Portuguese. Also were modeled certain aspects of verbal subcategorization and argument structure. In terms of verbal elements, our grammar includes some cases of verbal complex made up of modal verbs and control verbs. The nominal elements treated in grammar, centrally, were the expletives and reflexive pronouns, and cases of nominal and determiners phrases with demonstrative pronouns and interrogative. The other aspects modeled in the grammar are PPs, whose complexity is given the distinction between semantic and nonstandard prepositions; the adjectival phrases, whose projection in the sentence can occur from attributive adjectival forms of ordinal or cardinal forms and as intensifiers; and adverbial phrases, whose internal structure was modeled taking into account both adverbs as intransitive and as transitive, with PP complement. Our evaluation shows that of the 40 tested sentences, our grammar assigns, for all of them, consistent and well-founded analysis, while the parser Palavras, the current state of the art in deep syntactic processing of Portuguese, assigns incorrect analysis for 9 sentences. Another evaluation shows that, of the 20 ungrammatical sentences tested both in our grammar, as in Palavras, only 2 received analysis by our grammar, while the Palavras provides analysis to 19 sentences. The work has essentially the goal of making a formal and grounded description in a broad range of phenomena in Brazilian Portuguese, but mainly aims to collaborate with a not trivial grammar of the sentence in the LFG-XLE formalism, effectively contributing to a grammatical resource turned to the natural language processing.
A presente tese descreve a elaboração de uma gramática da frase do Português Brasileiro, desenvolvida no quadro de um modelo teórico de sofisticado formalismo computacional, a Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) e implementada no sistema que constitui o estado da arte em ambiente de processamento sintático profundo no modelo gerativo da LFG, o robusto Xerox Linguistic Environment (XLE). A principal característica da gramática é que adota o sistema de anotação do ParGram e a metodologia convencionada por desenvolvedores de gramática XLE. No fragmento de gramática estão modelados diversificados elementos da sintaxe frasal. Em nossa gramática, foram modelados constituintes oracionais como IP e CP, elementos que encabeçam as sentenças do português. Também foram modelados determinados aspectos da subcategorização verbal e da estrutura argumental. Dos elementos verbais, nossa gramática contempla alguns casos de complexos verbais constituídos de verbos modais e verbos de controle. Os elementos nominais tratados na gramática, de modo central, foram os pronomes expletivos e reflexivos, e os casos de sintagmas nominais e determinantes com pronomes demonstrativos e interrogativos. Os demais aspectos modelados na gramática são os sintagmas preposicionados, cuja complexidade se dá na distinção entre preposições semânticas e não semânticas; os sintagmas adjetivais, cuja projeção na sentença pode ocorrer a partir de formas adjetivais atributivas, de formas ordinais ou cardinais e na forma de intensificadores; e os sintagmas adverbiais, cuja estrutura interna foi modelada levando-se em consideração tanto advérbios intransitivos quanto transitivos com complemento PP. A nossa avaliação demonstra que das 40 sentenças testadas, a nossa gramática atribui, para todas elas, análises consistentes e bem fundamentadas, ao passo que o parser Palavras, o atual estado da arte em processamento sintático profundo do português, atribui, a 9 sentenças, análises incorretas. Uma outra avaliação demonstra que, das 20 sentenças agramaticais testadas tanto em nossa gramática, quanto no Palavras, somente 2 receberam análises por parte de nossa gramática, enquanto o Palavras fornece análises para 19 sentenças. O trabalho tem, essencialmente, o objetivo de fazer uma descrição formal e fundamentada de um amplo leque de fenômenos do português brasileiro, mas, sobretudo, tem o objetivo de contribuir com uma gramática não trivial da frase do português no formalismo LFG-XLE, disponibilizando efetivamente um recurso gramatical do português voltado para o processamento de linguagem natural.

In this dissertation we propose a new mapping theory within the OT-LFG framework to account for the fact that in Catalan and other Romance languages, the direct argument of intransitive verbs (whether unaccusative or unergative), as well as the internal argument of transitive verbs in passive constructions, alternates between subject and object, but is consistently in the nominative case and agrees with the main predicate of the clause. The proposed analysis diverges from standard versions of mapping theories in LFG, as it discards the generally assumed [±r]/[±o] feature decomposition system and the Subject Condition as an inviolable principle, allowing an external argument to map onto an object and permitting a clause to lack a subject. In our new mapping theory, case assignment plays a major role. The theory is a simple one, consisting of a principle mapping a core argument onto a direct grammatical function (DGF), in addition to a small set of case assignment principles, argument-to-grammatical function (GF) mapping rules, and constraints restricting GF assignment on the basis of case features and definiteness of the arguments, as well as morphosyntactic operations such as passivization, causativization, and reflexivization. The subject-object alternation is constrained by definiteness: the argument is a subject if it is definite and is an object if it is indefinite. The claim that verbs agree with a nominative function (either subject or object) is explained by applying a theory of agreement proposed independently of the facts of Catalan, namely, by assuming a set of agreement features (AGR) of the clause that are identified with the AGR of a GF, and not necessarily the subject, by general constraints. One of the implications of our theory is that argument-to-GF realization takes place in the syntax, instead of in the lexicon. The assumption of standard LFG mapping theories that the mapping of arguments to GFs happens in the lexicon implies that languages with expletives should also stipulate the expletive in the lexical entry of the predicate that co-occurs with the expletive. We thus propose a theory for English expletives according to which predicates do not lexically specify whether they take an expletive or what expletive they take, but the distribution of expletives follows from general principles and from the lexical entries of the expletives, thereby opening up new lines of relevant typological research.
En aquesta tesi, proposem una nova teoria de mapeig dins el marc teòric OT-LFG per explicar el fet que en català i altres llengües romàniques, tant l’argument directe dels verbs intransitius (siguin inacusatius o inergatius), com l’argument intern dels verbs transitius en construccions passives alternen entre subjecte i objecte, però tenen invariablement cas nominatiu i concorden amb el predicat principal de l’oració. L’anàlisi proposada difereix de les versions estàndards de les teories de mapeig en LFG pel fet de descartar el sistema de descomposició de trets [±r]/[±o] i la Condició de Subjecte com a principi inviolable. Com a conseqüència, és possible que un argument extern correspongui a un objecte i que una oració no tingui subjecte. En la teoria de mapeig proposada, l’assignació de cas té un paper important. La nostra teoria és simple: l’idea principal és que un argument nuclear es mapeja a una funció gramatical directa (FGD) i es complementa amb uns principis d’assignació de cas, unes regles de mapeig d’arguments a funcions gramaticals (FG) i restriccions que condicionen l’assignació de FG d’acord amb el cas assignat i la definitud dels arguments, a més d’operacions morfosintàctiques, com la passivització, la causativització i la reflexivització. L’alternança entre subjecte i objecte és restringida per la definitud de l’argument: és un subjecte si és definit i és un objecte si és indefinit. El fet que els verbs concordin amb una funció nominativa (sigui subjecte o objecte) s’explica aplicant una teoria de concordança proposada independentment dels fets del català, és a dir, assumint un conjunt de trets de concordança de l’oració (AGR) que s’identifica amb el d’una funció gramatical –que no és necessàriament el subjecte– segons restriccions generals. Una de les implicacions de la nostra teoria és que el mapeig d’arguments a FG té lloc en la sintaxi, en comptes del lexicó. La suposició de les teories estàndards de mapeig en LFG que la realització d’arguments com a FG té lloc en el lexicó implica que les llengües amb expletius han d’especificar la funció expletiva a l’entrada lèxica del predicat que coocorre amb aquesta funció expletiva. Per aquest motiu, proposem una teoria d’expletius per a l’anglès segons la qual no cal que els predicats estableixin lèxicament si demanen una funció expletiva ni quina funció demanen, sinó que es pot derivar la distribució dels expletius de principis generals i de les entrades lèxiques dels expletius. D’aquesta manera, s’obren noves línies d’investigació rellevants per a altres llengües.
En esta tesis, proponemos una nueva teoría de mapeo dentro del marco teórico OT-LFG para explicar el hecho de que en catalán y otras lenguas romances, tanto el argumento directo de los verbos intransitivos (sean inacusativos o inergativos) como el argumento interno de los verbos transitivos en construcciones pasivas alternan entre sujeto y objeto, pero tienen invariablemente caso nominativo y concuerdan con el predicado principal de la oración. El análisis propuesto difiere de las versiones estándares de las teorías de mapeo en LFG en el hecho de descartar el sistema de descomposición de rasgos [±r]/[±o] y la Condición de Sujeto como un principio inviolable. Como consecuencia, es posible que un argumento externo corresponda a un objeto y que una oración carezca de sujeto. En la teoría de mapeo propuesta, la asignación de caso juega un papel importante. Nuestra teoría es simple: la idea principal es que un argumento nuclear se mapea a una función gramatical directa (FGD), y se complementa con unos principios de asignación de caso, unas reglas de mapeo de argumentos a funciones gramaticales (FG) y restricciones que condicionan la asignación de FG de acuerdo con el caso asignado y la definitud de los argumentos, así como operaciones morfosintácticas, como la pasivización, la causativización y la reflexivización. La alternancia entre sujeto y objeto se ve restringida por la definitud del argumento: es un sujeto si es definido y es un objeto si es indefinido. El hecho de que los verbos concuerden con una función nominativa (sea sujeto u objeto) se explica aplicando una teoría de concordancia propuesta independientemente de los hechos del catalán, es decir, asumiendo un conjunto de rasgos de concordancia de la oración (AGR) que se identifica con el de una función gramatical –que no es necesariamente el sujeto– según restricciones generales. Una de las implicaciones de nuestra teoría es que el mapeo de argumentos a FG ocurre en la sintaxis, en lugar de en el léxico. La suposición de las teorías estándares de mapeo en LFG de que el mapeo de argumentos a FG tiene lugar en el léxico implica que las lenguas con expletivos deben especificar la función expletiva en la entrada léxica del predicado que coocurre con dicha función en una oración. Por este motivo, proponemos una teoría de expletivos para el inglés según la cual no es necesario que los predicados establezcan léxicamente si toman una función expletiva ni qué función toman, sino que se puede derivar la distribución de los expletivos de principios generales y de las entradas léxicas de los expletivos. De este modo, se abren nuevas líneas de investigación relevantes para otras lenguas.
本文提出，加泰语及其他一些罗曼语语言中一元谓词的唯一论元（无论是非宾格动词还是非作格动词）及被动结构中二元谓词的内论元可实现为主语或宾语，但该论元恒定获得主格，并与小句主谓词的人称和数目相一致。为解释该现象，我们在优选论–词汇功能语法理论框架下提出了新的映射理论。与传统词汇功能语法的映射理论不同，本文提出的映射理论不再采用 [±r]/[±o] 特征分解系统，也不再假设小句必须包含且仅包含一个主语。由此，外论元可映射至宾语，且小句允许主语缺失。在该映射理论中，格的分配起到了关键作用。其核心思想为，谓词的核心论元（core argument）映射至某一直接语法功能（direct grammatical function, DGF）。该映射理论包含了三条格分配准则，两条论元映射规则，数条规范语法功能实现的制约条件，及包括被动、致使、自复在内的一系列形态–句法层面的操作。主语与宾语之间的切换由相关论元的有定性来决定：若相关论元有定，则其实现为主语；若相关论元无定，则其实现为宾语。我们也对谓词与其主格论元（不管其实现为主语还是宾语）保持人称和数目相一致的现象进行了解释：小句谓词的人称和数目特征构成特征一致组，用AGR表示；小句谓词是否与某个语法功能共享特征一致组取决于该语法功能是否为主格。由此，小句谓词并非一定与主语保持一致。此外，根据本理论，论元至语法功能的映射发生于句法层面，而非传统词汇映射理论所认为的词汇层面。若论元与功能之间的映射发生于词汇层面，则对于包含虚功能词的语言来说，包含虚功能的小句的主谓词必须在其词汇中规定相关虚功能的语法信息。为避免在词汇中作出过多规定，我们为英语虚功能词创立新的理论。在该理论中，小句的虚功能不必在其谓词词汇中作出规定，而是取决于一般性准则以及虚功能词本身的词汇信息。本文提出的映射理论与关于虚功能词的理论为相关跨语言研究提供了新的研究思路。

L'objectif de notre travail est d'etudier le traitement de l'accord dans differents modeles syntaxiques : gb, gpsg, hpsg et lfg. Ces modeles sont appliques a des langues presentant des variations morphologiques et structurales: le francais, l'italien, l'anglais, l'arabe, le gallois et autres. Quelles solutions ces modeles proposent-ils pour resoudre l'accord verbal, adjectival et participial? dans gb, le mouvement des constituants vers une position tete agr ou tns, selon les langues, regle l'accord alors que dans les grammaires d'unification, l'ordre des constituants n'est pas determine par des positions geometriques dans l'arbre syntagmatique mais par un trait syntaxique de poids leger ou non leger tel que dans hpsg. L'unification des structures de traits permet de realiser l'accord morphologique entre les constituants.

The primary aim of this thesis is to map the syntactic and semantic nature, and the frequency of the Double Passive in Swedish. The results showed that the Double Passive is a control construction where the internal argument (OBJ) of the embedded verb is raised to subject of the s-passive matrix verb, and the verb of the infinitival complement co-occurs as an s-passive infinitive. In the thesis Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is used as a model for semantic and syntactic analysis. The analysis showed that when the AGENT in a Double Passive construction is suppressed, it creates an argument structure that triggers an equi verb to occur as a raising verb (cf. Ørsnes 2006:404). Overt agents within constructions containing the Double Passive showed an even lower frequency than the low frequencies documented in previous research of passive constructions by Silén (1997) and Laanemets (2010). The lower frequency is partly a result of the fact that agents in a Double Passive construction are suppressed twice. The results of a corpus study showed a frequency of 3.57 % of overt agents within constructions containing Double Passives. The complementizer att ‘to’ in the subordinated infinitive clause of a Double Passive is overtly expressed, partly depending on the degree of modality of the matrix verb (cf. Sundman 1983; Teleman 1999; Lagerwall 1999), and the degree of semantic bonding between the matrix verb and the complement (Givón 2001b). The data (matrix verbs) collected in the corpus study were analysed according to a categorising-system in SAG (Teleman et al. 1999) and in Givón (2001a) and Givón (2001b). The matrix verbs with strong nominal (lexical) properties, e.g. planera ‘plan’, showed a high frequency of co-occurrence with full infinitives, as compared to matrix verbs with largely grammatical meaning, e.g. avse ‘intend’.
Det primära syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga dubbelpassiv-konstruktionens syntaktiska och semantiska natur samt frekvens i det svenska språket. Resultaten visade att dubbelpassiven är en kontrollkonstruktion där det inbäddade verbets interna argument (OBJ) lyfts till positionen som det s-passiva matrisverbets subjekt, och där verbet i infinitivsatsen uttrycks som en s-passiv infinitiv. I uppsatsen används Lexical functional grammar (LFG) som modell för semantisk och syntaktisk analys. Analysen visade att då AGENTEN undertrycks, så skapas en argumentstruktur som får ett equi-verb att framträda som ett raising-verb (jmfr Ørsnes 2006:404). Explicita agenter, i konstruktioner med dubbelpassiver, visade en ännu lägre frekvens än den redan låga frekvens som dokumenterats i tidigare forskning om passiv-konstruktioner av Silén (1997) och Laanemets (2010). Den lägre frekvensen, är delvis ett resultat av faktumet att agenterna i en dubbelpassiv-konstruktion undertrycks två gånger. Resultaten av en korpusstudie visade att frekvensen av explicita agenter, i konstruktioner som innehåller dubbelpassiver, uppgick till 3.57 %. Komplementeraren "att" i den underordnade infinitivsatsen i en dubbelpassiv uttrycks explicit – delvis beroende på matrisverbens modala egenskaper (jmfr. Sundman 1983; Teleman 1999; Lagerwall 1999), samt beroende av grad av semantisk länkning mellan matrisverbet och komplementet (Givón 2001b). Den insamlade datan (matrisverb) i korpusstudien analyserades enligt ett kategoriseringssystem hämtat ur SAG (Teleman et al. 1999), Givón (2001a) och Givón (2001b). Matrisverb med starka nominella (lexikala) egenskaper, till exempel planera, visade en högre frekvens i förekomst med fullständiga infinitivsatser, i jämförelse med mer funktionella matrisverb som avse.

O presente trabalho propõe sistemas para eliminar o efluente líquido (lixiviado) de um aterro sanitário a partir da combustão do efluente gasoso (biogás) gerado no mesmo local, caracterizando a integração energética dos dois efluentes. As gerações de biogás e lixiviado são referentes ao aterro de Guajuviras e são estimadas usando o modelo de IPCC, 2006 e o modelo de balanço hídrico respetivamente, estimando também suas incertezas de geração. Os resultados foram obtidos para a fase de operação e posteriormente de fechamento de um aterro real, com uma incerteza estimada de 50%. A integração energética dos efluentes é primeiramente verificada para situações de máxima eficiência por meio de balanços de massa e energia. Em sequencia, cinco propostas conceituais de sistemas são apresentadas, tendo em comum a completa eliminação do lixiviado a partir da energia do biogás. Os sistemas Combustor-Evaporador (CE) e Incinerador-Evaporador (IE) tem como produto apenas a evaporação do lixiviado, e consomem cerca de 30% do biogás disponível no aterro. Os sistemas Motor-Evaporador (ME), Combustor-Motor-Evaporador (CME) e Incinerador-Motor-Evaporador (IME) são montados com a finalidade de aproveitar o excedente de biogás, mantendo sempre a evaporação completa do lixiviado. O desempenho dos sistemas propostos é avaliado por meio de indicadores técnico-ambientais e financeiros ao longo de um período de vinte anos, e sua importância é ordenada usando elementos da análise hierárquica de processos (AHP). Todos os sistemas propostos indicam ser viáveis, destacando-se aqueles que produzem energia elétrica, que se mostraram mais atraentes do ponto de vista técnico-ambiental, porém com investimentos específicos altos. Os sistemas que promovem a eliminação do lixiviado e produzem eletricidade com o excedente de biogás (CME e IME) são os mais viáveis financeiramente, com payback de 7 e 8 anos, VPL na media de US $4.790.00 e TIR de 39% aproximadamente. A AHP indica que os sistemas baseados em cogeração têm pesos similares, variando só em 3% ao serem avaliados num viés ambiental. Da mesma forma, o cenário de viés financeiro apresentou uma pequena diferença entre os sistemas CME, IME e CE.
The present work proposes systems to carry out the thermal decommissioning of the liquid effluent (leachate) from a sanitary landfill through the combustion of the gas effluent (biogas) produced in the same place, characterizing the energy integration of the two effluents. The biogas and leachate productions refer to the Guajuviras landfill and are estimated using the IPCC model, 2006, and the water balance model respectively, their production uncertainties are also estimated. The results are obtained for the operation phase and afterwards for a former real landfill, with an estimated uncertainty of 50%. The energy integration of effluents is first verified for situations of maximum efficiency through mass and energy balances. In the sequence, five conceptual proposals of systems are presented, having in common the complete reduction of the leachate from the biogas energy. The simplest CE and CI systems have only the leachate evaporation, and consume about 30% of the biogas available in the landfill. The ME, CME and IME systems are set up to take advantage of the biogas surplus, always maintaining complete evaporation of the leachate. The performance of the proposed systems is evaluated through technical-environmental (PEB and PEL) and financial indicators (IES, NPV, TIR and PB) over a period of twenty years, and their importance is ordered using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). All proposed systems indicate that they are feasible, especially those that produce electricity, which have been more attractive from an environmental and technical point of view, but with high specific investments (IES). The systems that promote leachate abatement and produce electricity with biogas surplus (CME and EMI) are the most financially viable, with paybacks of 7 and 8 years, NPV average of US $ 4,790.00 and IRR of approximately 39%. The AHP indicates that the cogeneration-based systems have similar weights, varying only by 3% when evaluated in an environmental bias. Likewise, the financial bias scenario presented a small difference between the CME, EMI and EC systems.

The document reviews the current and projected electricity demand until the year 2030 along with the fuel mix. Several projections based on different agencies were studied in order to understand the trend of fuel mix projected to be used. Clearly, the fuel mix being used or projected is unsustainable. Depletion of fossil fuels, increasing demand and environmental impacts are some of the factors that emphasize the use of Alternative Sources of Electricity. Three of the upcoming Alternative Sources - Solar, Wind and Landfill Gases - are discussed and compared in the document. Based on the comparison, Landfill Gas projects seem to be very favorable, despite the higher costs related with such projects, several advantages over the other two Alternative Sources are discussed in the document. The several advantages of Landfill Gas projects, such as emissions reduction, better power quality, reduction in transmission losses, and several others are discussed in the document

O aumento da preocupação de soluções ambientalmente adequadas e energeticamente eficientes, aliado às recentes mudanças nas diretrizes políticas Brasileiras em relação à gestão e ao gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos e suas práticas de disposição final, permite a oportunidade de investigar a recuperação energética e o abatimento dos efluentes gerados por aterros sanitários. O presente trabalho explora, separadamente, o uso de modelo de previsão de produção de biogás baseado no decaimento de primeira ordem, e para a estimativa de produção de lixiviado, aplica-se o método do balanço hídrico (MBH). A partir de variação dos principais parâmetros de entrada de cada modelo, obtêm-se cenários de produção de biogás e estimativas da capacidade de geração máxima e mínima de lixiviado para o aterro sanitário de Guajuviras (Canoas - RS, Brasil). Tomando os resultados de geração de lixiviado e de biogás calculados, estima-se o potencial energético disponível e o desempenho de três diferentes sistemas de conversão energética propostos: geração elétrica por motogeradores, evaporação de lixiviado em regime de cogeração com motogeradores, motogeradores com trocadores de calor em regime de cogeração e sistema de evaporação de lixiviado (LES). Resultados obtidos para o período analisado, mostram que a produção elétrica do cenário mais conservador está na faixa entre 17.300 a 18.800 MWh, enquanto que a produção de energia elétrica do cenário otimista atinge valores entre 416.976 e 459.900 MWh. Já para a evaporação de lixiviado, os volumes evaporados em regime de cogeração variaram de 1 a 70% em relação ao volume de lixiviado gerado pelo aterro sanitário, enquanto que o LES, considerando o cenário otimista, foi capaz de evaporar 100% do lixiviado durante 18 anos.
The growing concern on environmentally suitable and energy efficient solutions allied with the recent changes in the Brazilian policies on the solid waste management and its final disposal practices, enables an opportunity to investigate the energy recovery and abatement of landfills emissions. The present work explores separately the utilization of 1st order decay model for assess the landfill gas (LFG) production, and applies the water budget method for prediction of leachate generation. Ranging the main input parameters on each model, were obtained distinct scenarios for LFG production and the maximum and minimum leachate generation capacity of Guajuviras landfill (Canoas- RS, Brazil). Based in the calculated results for leachate and LFG production were assessed the available energetic potential and the performance of three distinct energetic conversion systems: motogenerators, heat exchangers in cogeneration with motogenerators and leachate evaporation system (LES). Results for the analyzed period show that the electric generation for conservative scenario ranges between 17.300 to 18.800 MWh, whereas, the electricity production for more optimistic scenario ranges between 416.976 to 459.900 MWh. As for the leachate evaporation, the evaporated volume by the cogeneration system reaches values between 1 to 70% of the leachate produced by the landfill, whereas, the LES, considering the optimistic scenario, is able to evaporate all the generated leachate by the landfill among 18 years.

O Ruído de Baixa Frequência (LFN), tais como o ruído flicker e o Random Telegraph Noise (RTN), são limitadores de performance em muitos circuitos analógicos e digitais. Para transistores diminutos, a densidade espectral de potência do ruído pode variar muitas ordens de grandeza, impondo uma séria limitação na performance do circuito e também em sua confiabilidade. Nesta tese, nós propomos um novo modelo de RTN estatístico para descrever o ruído de baixa frequência em MOSFETs. Utilizando o modelo proposto, pode-se explicar e calcular o valor esperado e a variabilidade do ruído em função das polarizações, geometrias e dos parâmetros físicos do transistor. O modelo é validado através de inúmeros resultados experimentais para dispositivos com canais tipo n e p, e para diferentes tecnologias CMOS. É demonstrado que a estatística do ruído LFN dos dispositivos de canal tipo n e p podem ser descritos através do mesmo mecanismo. Através dos nossos resultados e do nosso modelo, nós mostramos que a densidade de armadilhas dos transistores de canal tipo p é fortemente dependente do nível de Fermi, enquanto para o transistor de tipo n a densidade de armadilhas pode ser considerada constante na energia. Também é mostrado e explicado, através do nosso modelo, o impacto do implante de halo nas estatísticas do ruído. Utilizando o modelo demonstra-se porque a variabilidade, denotado por σ[log(SId)], do RTN/LFN não segue uma dependência 1/√área; e fica demonstrado que o ruído, e sua variabilidade, encontrado em nossas medidas pode ser modelado utilizando parâmetros físicos. Além disso, o modelo proposto pode ser utilizado para calcular o percentil do ruído, o qual pode ser utilizado para prever ou alcançar certo rendimento do circuito.
Low Frequency Noise (LFN) and Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) are performance limiters in many analog and digital circuits. For small area devices, the noise power spectral density can easily vary by many orders of magnitude, imposing serious threat on circuit performance and possibly reliability. In this thesis, we propose a new RTN model to describe the statistics of the low frequency noise in MOSFETs. Using the proposed model, we can explain and calculate the Expected value and Variability of the noise as function of devices’ biases, geometry and physical parameters. The model is validated through numerous experimental results for n-channel and p-channel devices from different CMOS technology nodes. We show that the LFN statistics of n-channel and p-channel MOSFETs can be described by the same mechanism. From our results and model, we show that the trap density of the p-channel device is a strongly varying function of the Fermi level, whereas for the n-channel the trap density can be considered constant. We also show and explain, using the proposed model, the impact of the halo-implanted regions on the statistics of the noise. Using this model, we clarify why the variability, denoted by σ[log(SId)], of RTN/LFN doesn't follow a 1/√area dependence; and we demonstrate that the noise, and its variability, found in our measurements can be modeled using reasonable physical quantities. Moreover, the proposed model can be used to calculate the percentile quantity of the noise, which can be used to predict or to achieve certain circuit yield.

Les substrats Silicium-sur-Isolant (SOI) représentent la meilleure solution pour obtenir des dispositifs microélectroniques ayant de hautes performances. Des méthodes de caractérisation électrique sont nécessaires pour contrôler la qualité SOI avant la réalisation complète de transistors. La configuration classique utilisée pour les mesures du SOI est le pseudo-MOFSET. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur l'amélioration des techniques autour du Ψ-MOFSET, pour la caractérisation des plaques SOI et III-V. Le protocole expérimental de mesures statiques ID-VG a été amélioré par l'utilisation d'un contact par le vide en face arrière, permettant ainsi d'augmenter la stabilité des mesures. De plus, il a été prouvé que ce contact est essentiel pour obtenir des valeurs correctes de capacité avec les méthodes split-CV et quasi-statique. L'extraction des valeurs de Dit avec split-CV a été explorée, et un model physique nous a permis de démontrer que ceci n'est pas possible pour des échantillons SOI typiquement utilisés, à cause de la constante de temps reliée à la formation du canal. Cette limitation a été résolue un effectuant des mesures de capacité quasi-statique (QSCV). La signature des Dit a été mise en évidence expérimentalement et expliquée physiquement. Dans le cas d'échantillons passivés, les mesures QSCV sont plus sensibles à l'interface silicium-BOX. Pour les échantillons non passivés, un grand pic dû à des défauts d'interface apparait pour des valeurs d'énergie bien identifiées et correspondant aux défauts à l'interface film de silicium-oxyde natif. Nous présentons des mesures de bruit à basses fréquences, ainsi qu'un model physique démontrant que le signal émerge de régions localisées autour des contacts source et drain
Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates represent the best solution to achieve high performance devices. Electrical characterization methods are required to monitor the material quality before full transistor fabrication. The classical configuration used for SOI measurements is the pseudo-MOSFET. In this thesis, we focused on the enrichment of techniques in Ψ-MOSFET for the characterization of bare SOI and III-V wafers. The experimental setup for static ID-VG was improved using a vacuum contact for the back gate, increasing the measurement stability. Furthermore, this contact proved to be critical for achieving correct capacitance values with split-CV and quasi-static techniques (QSCV). We addressed the possibility to extract Dit values from split-CV and we demonstrated by modeling that it is impossible in typical sized SOI samples because of the time constant associated to the channel formation. The limitation was solved performing QSCV measurements. Dit signature was experimentally evidenced and physically described. Several SOI structures (thick and ultra-thin silicon films and BOX) were characterized. In case of passivated samples, the QSCV is mostly sensitive to the silicon film-BOX interface. In non-passivated wafers, a large defect related peak appears at constant energy value, independently of the film thickness; it is associated to the native oxide present on the silicon surface. For low-frequency noise measurements, a physical model proved that the signal arises from localized regions surrounding the source and drain contacts

Dans certains contextes, les méthodes classiques utilisées pour le calcul de champs rayonnés ou diffractés en présence d'obstacles de grande taille par rapport à la longueur d'onde, comme l'Optique Physique ou les méthodes de rayons, ne sont pas valides ou deviennent très lourdes en temps de calcul. La théorie des frames de Gabor fournit un cadre rigoureux permettant de décomposer une distribution de sources électromagnétiques, définie dans une ouverture équivalente plane, en une somme plus ou moins redondante de fenêtres gaussiennes. Cette décomposition peut servir de base à des algorithme de lancer de faisceaux gaussiens.Jusqu'à présent cette théorie était limitée à des décompositions dans un plan (rayonnement dans un demi-espace). L'objet de cette thèse est d'utiliser cette théorie pour décomposer des champs rayonnés ou diffractés dans toutes les directions de l'espace. Ce travail de thèse commence par une étude approfondie de l'influence des paramètres utilisés pour le calcul des coefficients de frame. La mise en oeuvre numérique permet de tester l'efficacité de techniques de troncation et de compression en termes de compromis précision/temps de calcul. Le coeur de la thèse consiste en une méthode originale de partitionnement spectral, utilisant des fonctions de partition de l'unité, qui permet d'utiliser le lancer de faisceaux gaussiens à partir de frames définis dans six plans, pour un rayonnement dans tout l'espace tridimensionnel. La formulation de la méthode est présentée. Elle est appliquée à la décomposition en faisceaux gaussiens du champ rayonné par des antennes théoriques omnidirectionnelles (réseau de dipôles et dipôle demi-onde). Une antenne réaliste sert enfin de cas test pour la mise en œuvre de la décomposition à partir de données expérimentales discrètes

This paper will discuss the conversion of gas produced from biomass into liquid fuel through the combination of naturally occurring processes, which occur in landfills and anaerobic digesters, and a gas-to-liquids (GTL) facility. Landfills and anaerobic digesters produce gases (LFG) that can be converted into syngas via a Tri-reforming process and then synthesized into man-made hydrocarbon mixtures using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Further processing allows for the separation into liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as diesel and gasoline, as well as other middle distillate fuels. Conversion of landfill gas into liquid fuels increases their energy density, ease of storage, and open market potential as a common “drop in” fuel. These steps not only allow for profitable avenues for landfill operators but potential methods to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this paper is to present a preliminary design of an innovative facility which processes contaminated biogases and produces a valuable product. An economic analysis is performed to show feasibility for a facility under base case scenario. A sensitivity analysis is performed to show the effect of different cost scenarios on the breakeven price of fuel produced. Market scenarios are also presented in order to further analyze situations where certain product portions cannot be sold or facility downtime is increased. This facility is then compared to traditional mitigation options, such as flaring and electricity generation, to assess the effect each option has on cost, energy efficiency, and emissions reduction.

As a response to the growing global sustainability challenges related to industrial agriculture, alternative approaches of food production and distribution are emerging. One approach that fosters direct consumer-producer relationships and sustainable local food production is known as Community Supported Agriculture (CSA). This study explored how the CSA movement can be supported strategically towards a flourishing movement in Europe. A qualitative research approach was chosen with a comparative element of the two countries with contrastive characteristics in terms of the degree of successfulness of the movement; with France being successful and Sweden having less success in terms of the number of CSAs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 CSA farmers, network members and researchers. The results revealed barriers and enablers for a flourishing movement under five overarching themes: (1) Definition, structure and operation (2) The direction of the movement (3) Social aspects (4) Knowledge and communication, and (5) Country-/region-specific aspects. Crucial factors and contrastive features between countries were identified and discussed in relation to how they hinder or enable a flourishing movement. Based on the findings, strategic guidelines were developed with the aim of contributing to CSA practitioners and leaders in Europe.

Dans certains contextes, les méthodes classiques utilisées pour le calcul de champs rayonnés ou diffractés en présence d'obstacles de grande taille par rapport à la longueur d'onde, comme l'Optique Physique ou les méthodes de rayons, ne sont pas valides ou deviennent très lourdes en temps de calcul. La théorie des frames de Gabor fournit un cadre rigoureux permettant de décomposer une distribution de sources électromagnétiques, définie dans une ouverture équivalente plane, en une somme plus ou moins redondante de fenêtres gaussiennes. Cette décomposition peut servir de base à des algorithme de lancer de faisceaux gaussiens.Jusqu'à présent cette théorie était limitée à des décompositions dans un plan (rayonnement dans un demi-espace). L'objet de cette thèse est d'utiliser cette théorie pour décomposer des champs rayonnés ou diffractés dans toutes les directions de l'espace. Ce travail de thèse commence par une étude approfondie de l'influence des paramètres utilisés pour le calcul des coefficients de frame. La mise en oeuvre numérique permet de tester l'efficacité de techniques de troncation et de compression en termes de compromis précision/temps de calcul. Le coeur de la thèse consiste en une méthode originale de partitionnement spectral, utilisant des fonctions de partition de l'unité, qui permet d'utiliser le lancer de faisceaux gaussiens à partir de frames définis dans six plans, pour un rayonnement dans tout l'espace tridimensionnel. La formulation de la méthode est présentée. Elle est appliquée à la décomposition en faisceaux gaussiens du champ rayonné par des antennes théoriques omnidirectionnelles (réseau de dipôles et dipôle demi-onde). Une antenne réaliste sert enfin de cas test pour la mise en œuvre de la décomposition à partir de données expérimentales discrètes
In some contexts, conventional methods used for large problems involving radiated or diffracted field computations in the presence of obstacles, such as Physical Optics and ray based methods, become really inaccurate or prohibitively time-consuming. Gabor frame theory provides a rigorous framework for the initial decomposition of equivalent source distributions into a redundant set of Gaussian windows. Frame decomposition has been introduced as a first discretization step into Gaussian Beam Shooting (GBS) algorithms. Until now, frame decomposition has essentially been restricted to planar source distributions, radiating into one half space. The main goal of this thesis is to extend the application range of this theory to radiated or diffracted field decomposition into Gaussian beams propagating into the whole space. The thesis begins with a thorough study of influence of the parameters used for frame coefficient calculation. Numerical implementation is used to test the efficiency of truncation and compression techniques in terms of accuracy / computation time balance optimization. The core of the thesis consists of an original spectral domain partitioning method involving partition of unity functions, which allows to use Gaussian beam shooting from frames defined in six planes, for radiation into the whole three-dimensional space. The formulation of the method is presented and applied to the decomposition of fields radiated by theoretical omnidirectional antennas (dipole array and half-wave dipole) into Gaussian beams. A realistic antenna is used as a test case for the implementation of decompositions based on experimental discrete initial data

Le travail presente dans ce memoire a pour objet principal l'etude des phenomenes de bruit du fond electrique basse frequence dans des transistors pour applications micro-ondes de type effet de champ (HEMT) sur SiGe et GaN ainsi que de type bipolaire a heterojonction (TBH) a base de silicium-germanium (SiGe). Dans un premier chapitre nous rappelons les caracteristiques et proprietes essentielles des sources de bruit en exces que l'on rencontre generalement dans ce type de composants et proposons une description des bancs de mesure de bruit mis en oeuvre. Dans les deuxieme et troisieme chapitres, nous proposons une analyse detaillee de l'evolution du bruit observe en fonction de la frequence, de la polarisation, et de la geometrie sur des HEMTs des deux familles technologiques SiGe et GaN. Nous avons en particulier etudie les deux generateurs de bruit en courant en entree et en sortie respectivement iG et iD ainsi que leur correlation. Ceci nous a permis, en nous appuyant aussi sur l'analyse des caracteristiques statiques des transistors, d'identifier les diverses sources de bruit en exces presentes dans ces composants et de faire des hypotheses sur leurs origines. Le dernier chapitre est consacre aux TBHs a base de SiGe. Dans une premiere partie nous etablissons comment varie le bruit basse frequence de TBHs, fabriques par un premier constructeur, en fonction de la polarisation, de la geometrie et de la fraction molaire de germanium. Dans une seconde partie nous mettons en evidence, d'apres nos observations effectuees sur des TBHs fabriques par un second constructeur, l'impact important sur le bruit BF de stress thermiques appliques sur ce type de composants.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire a pour objet principal l’étude des phénomènes de bruit du fond électrique basse fréquence dans des transistors pour applications micro-ondes de type effet de champ (HEMT) sur SiGe et GaN ainsi que de type bipolaire à hétérojonction (TBH) à base de silicium-germanium (SiGe). Dans un premier chapitre nous rappelons les caractéristiques et propriétés essentielles des sources de bruit en excès que l’on rencontre généralement dans ce type de composants et proposons une description des bancs de mesure de bruit mis en oeuvre. Dans les deuxième et troisième chapitres, nous proposons une analyse détaillée de l’évolution du bruit observé en fonction de la fréquence, de la polarisation, et de la géométrie sur des HEMTs des deux familles technologiques SiGe et GaN. Nous avons en particulier étudié les deux générateurs de bruit en courant en entrée et en sortie respectivement iG et iD ainsi que leur corrélation. Ceci nous a permis, en nous appuyant aussi sur l’analyse des caractéristiques statiques des transistors, d’identifier les diverses sources de bruit en excès présentes dans ces composants et de faire des hypothèses sur leurs origines. Le dernier chapitre est consacré aux TBHs à base de SiGe. Dans une première partie nous établissons comment varie le bruit basse fréquence de TBHs, fabriqués par un premier constructeur, en fonction de la polarisation, de la géométrie et de la fraction molaire de germanium. Dans une seconde partie nous mettons en évidence, d’après nos observations effectuées sur des TBHs fabriqués par un second constructeur, l’impact important sur le bruit BF de stress thermiques appliqués sur ce type de composants
This thesis deals mainly with electrical noise in microwave silicon germanium (SiGe) and gallium nitride (GaN) field effect transistors (HEMT’s) and SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT’s). The organisation of this memory is as follows, in first chapter, we remember the important properties of excess noise sources encountered in these type devices. In addition, we describe the measurement set-ups used for static and noise characterization. In the second and third chapters, a thoroughful analysis of the noise dependence on frequency, bias, and geometry of both SiGe and GaN HEMT’s, has been carried out, specifically, the input and output current noise sources respectively iG and iD and their correlation. This in combination with static characterization, allowed to identify the different noise sources present in these devices and their supposed origin. .

In this thesis, an interface passivation by a lattice matched atomic layer deposition (ALD) epitaxial magnesium calcium oxide (MgCaO) on wide-bandgap gallium nitride (GaN) has been applied for the first time and expensively studied via various characterization methods (including AC conductance methods, pulsed current-voltage, and single pulse charge pumping). Also, beta-Ga2O3 with a monoclinic crystal structure that offers several surface oriented channels has been demonstrated as potential beta-Ga2O3 FET. On the other hand, low frequency noise studies in 2-D MoS2 NC-FETs was reported for the first time. Low frequency noise of the devices is systematically studied depending on various interfacial oxides, different thicknesses of interfacial oxide, and ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide. Interestingly enough, the low frequency noise is found to decrease with thicker ferroelectric HZO in the subthreshold regime of the MoS2 NC-FETs, in stark contrast to the conventional high-k transistors. Also, the ferroelectric switching speed is found to be related with the maximum electric field applied during the fast gate voltage sweep, suggesting the internal ferroelectric switching speed can be even faster depending on the device’s electrical bias conditions and promises a high speed performance in our ferroelectric HZO

This thesis aims to investigate the acquisitional path of English as a second language (ESL) by a Japanese primary school child within the framework of Processability Theory (PT) (Pienemann 1998; Pienemann, Di Biase, and Kawaguchi 2005). Recent developments in linguistic theories, such as Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) (e.g., Bresnan 2001), incorporate now new dimensions such as the interface between pragmatic-discourse functions and syntax. These have not been sufficiently investigated in ESL, especially through developmental (i.e., longitudinal) data. PT proposes three new hypotheses, which clarify the language-specific bases of syntactic development, the acquisition of sentential topic/focus, and the development of non-canonical mapping of argument on functional structures in the second language learner. These guided my investigation. The goal of this thesis is twofold: (1) to provide a more detailed description of morphological and syntactic development as observed in ESL acquisition by a Japanese primary school child; and (2) to test, for English L2, two of the new hypotheses in the extension of PT, namely the Unmarked Alignment Hypothesis and the Topic Hypothesis (Pienemann, et al, 2005), against this longitudinal data set. The issues I focus on in this investigation include the relative timing of the evolution of tense (-ed) and aspect (-ing) marking, a closer examination of the acquisition of plural -s in different linguistic contexts, the timing of the acquisition of possessive marking (-’s) with head nouns, and the development of verb phrasal morphology in English L2. Further, the developmental stages for English syntax are examined with longitudinal ESL data, according to the new PT hypotheses as represented in current PT literature (Bettoni and Di Biase, in press; Di Biase and Kawaguchi, in press; Pienemann, et al, 2005). In order to achieve these goals, I conducted a two-year longitudinal study on a Japanese child learning English in Australia from age 5;8 to 7;8. Full distributional analyses of speech data are carried out for a set of English morphological and syntactic structures hypothesized to emerge in the current processability hierarchies. Results show that the acquisitional path of ESL by the Japanese child is generally compatible with the current developmental PT framework. The findings in this study also demonstrate that English declaratives and interrogatives develop in rather independent manners. Further, this study shows that syntax develops faster than morphology at the early stages, while morphology develops faster than syntax at the later stages in ESL acquisition. It is also found that there are some connections between the development of interrogatives and morphological development. By testing the extended processability hierarchies for English on longitudinal data, this study contributes to second language acquisition on account of PT’s important theoretical position in the field. It also contributes to the development of ESL education as it provides a more detailed developmental map for possible pedagogical design, particularly in the planning of educational programs for primary school children.