Academic literature on the topic 'Ley pasture legumes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ley pasture legumes"
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Singh, D. K., N. McGuckian, R. A. Routley, G. A. Thomas, R. C. Dalal, Y. P. Dang, T. J. Hall, et al. "Poor adoption of ley-pastures in south-west Queensland: biophysical, economic and social constraints." Animal Production Science 49, no. 10 (2009): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09015.
Full textAbstract:
The present review identifies various constraints relating to poor adoption of ley-pastures in south-west Queensland, and suggests changes in research, development and extension efforts for improved adoption. The constraints include biophysical, economic and social constraints. In terms of biophysical constraints, first, shallower soil profiles with subsoil constraints (salt and sodicity), unpredictable rainfall, drier conditions with higher soil temperature and evaporative demand in summer, and frost and subzero temperature in winter, frequently result in a failure of established, or establishing, pastures. Second, there are limited options for legumes in a ley-pasture, with the legumes currently being mostly winter-active legumes such as lucerne and medics. Winter-active legumes are ineffective in improving soil conditions in a region with summer-dominant rainfall. Third, most grain growers are reluctant to include grasses in their ley-pasture mix, which can be uneconomical for various reasons, including nitrogen immobilisation, carryover of cereal diseases and depressed yields of the following cereal crops. Fourth, a severe depletion of soil water following perennial ley-pastures (grass + legumes or lucerne) can reduce the yields of subsequent crops for several seasons, and the practice of longer fallows to increase soil water storage may be uneconomical and damaging to the environment. Economic assessments of integrating medium- to long-term ley-pastures into cropping regions are generally less attractive because of reduced capital flow, increased capital investment, economic loss associated with establishment and termination phases of ley-pastures, and lost opportunities for cropping in a favourable season. Income from livestock on ley-pastures and soil productivity gains to subsequent crops in rotation may not be comparable to cropping when grain prices are high. However, the economic benefits of ley-pastures may be underestimated, because of unaccounted environmental benefits such as enhanced water use, and reduced soil erosion from summer-dominant rainfall, and therefore, this requires further investigation. In terms of social constraints, the risk of poor and unreliable establishment and persistence, uncertainties in economic and environmental benefits, the complicated process of changing from crop to ley-pastures and vice versa, and the additional labour and management requirements of livestock, present growers socially unattractive and complex decision-making processes for considering adoption of an existing medium- to long-term ley-pasture technology. It is essential that research, development and extension efforts should consider that new ley-pasture options, such as incorporation of a short-term summer forage legume, need to be less risky in establishment, productive in a region with prevailing biophysical constraints, economically viable, less complex and highly flexible in the change-over processes, and socially attractive to growers for adoption in south-west Queensland.
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Cameron, AG. "Evaluation of tropical pasture species as leys in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960929.
Full textAbstract:
Testing of pasture plants as leys in the semiarid tropics of northern Australia has been limited. Characteristics of successful ley pasture plants are discussed. The most important characteristic is the ability to contribute nitrogen to subsequent crops, which has been demonstrated for a number of legumes but not for grasses. Over 2300 legume and grass introductions have been evaluated as permanent pastures. Of the genera which are adapted to the environment of northern Australia, 14 grass cultivars (including Brachiaria, Cenchrus and Digitaria spp.) and 11 legume cultivars (including Aeschynomene, Centrosema and Stylosanthes spp.) are productive and are currently recommended for use as permanent pasture plants. Field experiments and commercial practice have shown that Centrosema pascuorum (cvv. Bundey, Cavalcade) is well adapted for use as a ley pasture plant. Other legumes which are suitable for use in leys are Alysicarpus vaginalis, Chamaecrista rotundifolia cv. Wynn, Macroptilium gracile cv. Maldonado and Stylosanthes hamata cvv. Amiga and Verano. The grasses are generally not suitable for ley pastures as they are strong perennials which are difficult to control in cropping areas. The exception is Urochloa mosambicensis which may be suitable as a break crop to control broadleaf weeds such as Sida acuta, Senna obtusifolia and Hyptis suaveolens. This species can be controlled with economic rates of herbicide and has seed dormancy characteristics which allow it to regenerate following a cropping phase.
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Whitbread, A. M., and R. L. Clem. "Graze to grain—measuring and modelling the effects of grazed pasture leys on soil nitrogen and sorghum yield on a Vertosol soil in the Australian subtropics." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 5 (2006): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05189.
Full textAbstract:
Highly productive sown pasture systems can result in high growth rates of beef cattle and lead to increases in soil nitrogen and the production of subsequent crops. The nitrogen dynamics and growth of grain sorghum following grazed annual legume leys or a grass pasture were investigated in a no-till system in the South Burnett district of Queensland. Two years of the tropical legumes Macrotyloma daltonii and Vigna trilobata (both self regenerating annual legumes) and Lablab purpureus (a resown annual legume) resulted in soil nitrate N (0–0.9 m depth), at sorghum sowing, ranging from 35 to 86 kg/ha compared with 4 kg/ha after pure grass pastures. Average grain sorghum production in the 4 cropping seasons following the grazed legume leys ranged from 2651 to 4012 kg/ha. Following the grass pasture, grain sorghum production in the first and second year was <1900 kg/ha and by the third year grain yield was comparable to the legume systems. Simulation studies utilising the farming systems model APSIM indicated that the soil N and water dynamics following 2-year ley phases could be closely represented over 4 years and the prediction of sorghum growth during this time was reasonable. In simulated unfertilised sorghum crops grown from 1954 to 2004, grain yield did not exceed 1500 kg/ha in 50% of seasons following a grass pasture, while following 2-year legume leys, grain exceeded 3000 kg/ha in 80% of seasons. It was concluded that mixed farming systems that utilise short term legume-based pastures for beef production in rotation with crop production enterprises can be highly productive.
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Loi, A., J. G. Howieson, B. J. Nutt, and S. J. Carr. "A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their potential for inclusion in Mediterranean-type farming systems." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 3 (2005): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03134.
Full textAbstract:
A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their root-nodule bacteria has been released to agriculture in Mediterranean-type environments. These new species emanate from selection activity focussed upon ‘alternative legumes’. In 1992, in response to changing constraints upon production, a program was initiated which sought species with different ideotypic traits to the traditional annual medics and clovers used in agriculture in southern Australia. Traits sought in the new species were deeper root systems, improved persistence from higher hardseed levels, acid tolerant symbioses, tolerance to pests and diseases and ease of harvesting with conventional cereal harvesters. Several cultivars of species new to Australian agriculture such as biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus), French serradella (Ornithopus sativus), gland clover (Trifolium glanduliferum) and improved varieties of arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) were developed and have had rapid adoption and impact in southern Australian ley- and phase-farming systems. This paper reviews the importance of ley farming for Australian agriculture, the shortcomings of the traditional medics and clovers and the imperatives for a second generation of annual pasture legume species to be developed. In addition to enhancing ley farming, the commercial availability of a second generation of annual pasture legume species has provided a much needed impetus for the development of more flexible and sustainable farming systems.
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Clem, RL, and TJ Hall. "Persistence and productivity of tropical pasture legumes on three cracking clay soils (Vertisols) in north-eastern Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 2 (1994): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940161.
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There are few commercial legumes available for sowing on the cracking clay soils of northeastern Queensland, where legumes are needed to improve quality of perennial native grass pastures and to arrest nitrogen decline in cropping land. To evaluate introduced legumes from heavy-textured soils, a replicated row experiment was established in 3 environments to assess the adaptation of 56 accessions from 37 species (22 genera). The sites were on 3 dark cracking clay soils supporting the following grasslands: Dichanthium -Bothriochloa- Astrebla; Dichanthium aristatum; and Cenchrus ciliaris on cleared Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) country.The main selection criteria during the 4-year evaluation were persistence, regeneration, production, and spread, with green leaf retention, nutrient concentrations, and pest susceptibility also being considered. The perennial legumes Clitoria ternatea (CPI 47 187 and CPI 49963), Desmanthus virgatus (CPI 78373), Leucaena leucocephala (CPI 61227 and cv. Cunningham), Stylosanthes scabra (CPI 55868), and Indigofera schimperi (CPI 69495), and annuals Centrosema pascuorum (CPI 55697), Desmodium dichotomum (CPI 47 186), and Vigna trilobata (CPI 47510), showed promise as pasture or short-term ley species for these clay soils (Vertisols) in subcoastal, north-eastern Queensland. Other species were identified that require evaluation of a wider range of genetic material. The role of perennial and annual sown legumes in pasture and cropping systems on these cracking clay soils is discussed.
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Hossain, SA, SA Waring, WM Strong, RC Dalal, and EJ Weston. "Estimates of nitrogen fixations by legumes in alternate cropping systems at Warra, Queensland, using enriched - 15N dilution and natural 15N abundance techniques." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 3 (1995): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950493.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen fixation was measured using two isotopic techniques over 2 years as part of a long-term field experiment established to test alternative management strategies for restoring fertility in a vertisol at Warra, Southern Queensland. Treatments containing legumes were: grass- legume ley (purple pigeon grass and Rhodes grass, lucerne and annual medics) for 4 years followed by 4 years of wheat; a 2-year rotation of lucerne and wheat; a 2-year rotation of medic and wheat; and a 2-year rotation of chickpea and wheat. For the enriched-15N procedure, the proportion of N derived from air (% Ndfa) for the grass-legume and lucerne and medic leys ranged from 67 to 97%, and averaged 85%, with little evidence for effects of season, pasture establishment, time or species. The % Ndfa for chickpea was significantly lower (62%). Values for the natural abundance 15N procedure were mostly lower and more variable than for the enriched method, ranging from 62 to 91% for the grass-legume, lucerne and medic leys, and averaged 76%. It was concluded that the enriched procedure provided more reliable estimates of N2 fixed by the legumes. N2 fixation measured by the enriched-15N dilution method in the grass-legume ley averaged 80 kg N ha-1 during 2 years. A similar amount of N was fixed by the lucerne ley during 1 year (83 kg N ha-1 but medic ley fixed less (56 kg N ha-1 The amount of N2 fixed by chickpea was 72 kg N ha-lyear-1. The dry matter yield of the legumes in leys, mainly lucerne, was closely associated with the amount of N2 fixed, with a value of 28 kg of N2 fixed for each tonne of dry matter produced.
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McDonald, GK. "The contribution of nitrogen fertiliser to the nitrogen nutrition of rainfed wheat crops in Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 3 (1989): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890455.
Full textAbstract:
Very little nitrogen (N) fertiliser is applied to wheat crops in Australia. Currently, about 105 t of N fertiliser (less than 20% of Australia's total consumption) are used annually at an average rate of 2-3 kg Nha. This scant use of N fertiliser over much of the Australian wheat belt N is because the N derived from a legume-dominant pasture ley is thought to provide a wheat crop's N requirement. However, trends in the grain protein content of Australian wheat and some other indices of soil fertility suggest that legume-based pastures have not always been able to supply all the N required for adequate nutrition of the wheat crop and that there has been some occasional need for extra N from applications of fertiliser. Recent declines in the productivity and quality of pastures has further increased the need for supplementary applications of N fertiliser. The increase in grain legume production also has been partly based on the presumption that grain legumes contribute to the N economy of the following wheat crop. Many experiments throughout the wheat belt show a yield advantage of wheat grown after a grain legume, but these rotation trials also show that the level of productivity of the grain legume has little effect on the yield of the following wheat crop. A review of these experiments suggests that grain legumes, directly, contribute little to the N nutrition of a following wheat crop and their benefit may be from the legume acting as a disease break or providing the opportunity to control grassy weeds.
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Carberry, PS, RL McCown, RC Muchow, JP Dimes, ME Probert, PL Poulton, and NP Dalgliesh. "Simulation of a legume ley farming system in northern Australia using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961037.
Full textAbstract:
An innovative ley farming system, involving cereal crops grown in rotation with pasture legumes, has been tentatively adopted by farmers in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia. Yet, after more than a decade of experimental research, the long-term
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Martin, CC. "Weed control in tropical ley farming systems: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961013.
Full textAbstract:
The first sustained effort to develop a ley farming system (a pasture legume rotated with a grain crop) for the Australian semi-arid tropics began in the late 1970s at Katherine, Northern Territory, where various strategies were identified and implemented. It was soon discovered that a main constraint to success was the invasion of the legume ley by grass weeds. This occurred despite the replacement of Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis), which provided the base for the early work, with more competitive legumes such as Verano (Stylosanthes hamata) and Centurion centro (Centrosema pascuorum). Early weed control work focused on the use of chemicals, but later competition and population dynamics were studied in S. humilis pastures. The ley farming system comprised a number of essential elements, each of which offered opportunities for weed control First, a legume ley was rotated with grain crops. Past work concentrated on legume leys, but nitrogen (N)-fertilised grass leys may be successful if the N was economically supplied. Grasses can effectively suppress weeds. Rotation of herbicides is possible. Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) can be controlled with atrazine in the sorghum phase, and emergent Sida spp. can be controlled in the pasture phase using a herbicide roller. Second, cattle graze the legume ley and crop residues in the dry season. Cattle can be used to suppress grass weeds in the wet season. The major use of the legume ley, however, was to provide high quality food in the dry season when there was little other available food. Future research should investigate the economics of balancing the need for grass weed control with food provision in the dry season. Third, crops sown directly into a ley killed with a knockdown herbicide. Although the need for improved soil surface management was recognised early, development of reduced tillage was delayed until the availability of glyphosate. Initial work concentrated on improving plant establishment under mulch. Recent work has shown that mulches can effectively control weeds in crops without the use of herbicides; best weed control occurred when glyphosate was applied as a single application at sowing. Fourth, ley regenerated as an intercrop in the grain crop. There is no doubt that the presence of an intercrop reduces the yield of the grain crop. Future research should investigate the economics and risks associated with intercrop-induced changes in yield and herbicide use patterns. The extreme climate and sandy soils pose problems for herbicide use. There is marked seasonal variation in effectiveness of pre-emergence herbicides, ranging from zero to marked crop phytotoxicity. The effectiveness of knockdown herbicides is reduced by stressed target plants and rain soon after spraying. Mulch dynamics, grazing, competition and interference, and herbicide interactions with target plants and the environment, were identified as key features requiring attention in a ley farming system to achieve practical weed management.
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McCown, RL. "Being realistic about no-tillage, legume ley farming for the Australian semi-arid tropics." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961069.
Full textAbstract:
There is a long tradition of expectation that, in time, land use in the better-endowed areas of Australia's semi-arid tropics would intensify from beef production on grassy woodlands to broadacre production of dryland crops. However, successive development attempts have yet to result in a substantial field crop industry. This paper reflects on a recent 20-year research and development episode in which ley farming, so successful in the wheat-sheep zone of southern Australia, was adapted and trialed in the tropical north. The system tested in the tropics was one which featured (i) coarse grain crops in rotation with legume leys and (ii) cattle grazing native pasture in the crop growing season and ley and crop residues in the dry season. It can be concluded that this system is technically successful. But compared with the ley system in southern Australia, the benefits of pasture legumes are less efficiently captured, both in the animal and the crop production enterprises. In addition, in this climate and on these soils, pastures with the high legume composition needed to substantially substitute for nitrogen fertiliser in the crop phase pose a serious threat of soil acidification. In contrast to legume leys, the advantage of no-tillage, mulch farming practices over conventional cultivation is much greater in this semi-arid tropical region than in temperate or Mediterranean areas: by slowing evaporation, mulch is often crucial in reducing high temperature injury or impedance to emerging seedlings as well as reducing the deleterious effects of intensive summer rainfall. But even with this improvement the climatic risks in dryland grain cropping remain a strong deterrent to crop industry development. Today, the findings from past experimentation, accrued farming experience, and new information products combine to provide what seem to be more realistic expectations for agriculture in this region. Even with the 'best' technology, this region suffers comparative disadvantage with respect to dryland field crop production and marketing. However, the region enjoys comparative advantages in the production of several other types of commodities, and a more realistic approach to 'Research and Development' includes a shift of resources toward activities with production and marketing advantages.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ley pasture legumes"
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(12804776), Stephen Barry Johnson. "Nitrogen fixation by potential ley pasture legumes for Central Queensland." Thesis, 1997. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Nitrogen_fixation_by_potential_ley_pasture_legumes_for_Central_Queensland/20010641.
Full textAbstract:
Yield decline following continuous cropping cycles in Central Queensland has been attributed to the declining soil nitrogen status. In this study an assessment of the level of nitrogen fixation was made to assist in the selection of potential ley pasture legumes for use in rotational systems to achieve sustainable cropping yields.
Twenty one winter and summer growing legumes were evaluated for nitrogen fixation in glasshouse trials in two seasons. Nitrogen fixation was determined using the hydrogen evolution technique (an instantaneous measure of fixation rate) in an artificial media trial and the 15N natural abundance technique (an integral measure of fixation) in a soil based trial.
Book chapters on the topic "Ley pasture legumes"
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Fitzhugh, H. A. "Competition between Livestock and Mankind for Nutrients: Let Ruminants Eat Grass." In Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113129.003.0024.
Full textAbstract:
As we contemplate the challenge of feeding more than 8 billion people —more than three quarters living in developing countries —the even greater challenge will be feeding their grandchildren. Consideration of competition between livestock and mankind for nutrients must include both near-term food needs and long-term sustainability of agricultural production systems. Producing more livestock products at the expense of eroding the natural resource base is not an acceptable solution. Livestock have been denigrated as both competitors for food and degraders of the natural resource base for food production. These often emotionally argued allegations against livestock generally do not stand up to objective analysis. Livestock arc most often complementary elements of food production systems, converting otherwise unused feed sources to highly desired food and livestock products such as leather and wool. Moreover, well-managed livestock are positive contributors to the natural resources base supporting balanced agricultural systems. In this chapter, the following points are addressed from the perspective of current and future role for livestock in feeding 8 billion people: . . . • Growing demands for human food and livestock feed • Domesticated food-producing animals • World livestock production systems • Human food preferences and requirements • Dietary requirements and conversion efficiencies • Contributions of science to livestock improvement . . . The overarching issue is the difference in the current and future role for livestock in developed and in developing regions. Less than 11 percent of the global land mass of 13.3 billion hectares is cultivated; the remainder supports permanent pasture, 26%; forest, 31%; and other nonagricultural uses, 32% (U.N. data as cited by Waggoner, 1994). The concerns about competition between livestock and mankind for nutrients center primarily on grains and legumes grown on arable land. Even the most avid vegetarians have little taste for the forages and other herbaceous materials from pasturelands, forests, roadsides, and fence rows that arc consumed by livestock. Since the 18th century, the amount of land cultivated has increased from approximately 0.3 to 1.5 billion ha (Richards, 1990, as cited by Waggoner, 1994). This increase in cultivated land has primarily come at the expense of forest and grasslands.
Conference papers on the topic "Ley pasture legumes"
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Soldatova, Irina, Soslan KOZYREV, and Eduard SOLDATOV. "Optimization of productive potential of mountain forage land in the Central Caucasus." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-28-76-40-46.
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The unregulated use of mountain fodder lands has led to the degradation of soil and vegetation. The use of the biologically active drug "Extrasol", zeolite-containing agro-ore and humus of sheep manure on the natural forage land of the mountain zone contributed to a change in the composition of soil nutrients by reducing the acidity of the soil solution. The germination of fallow seeds of cereals increased from 30.4 to 55.3%, legumes from 5.2 to 17.1-26.8%, which had an impact on the reduction of weed forbs from 64 to 27.6-19.5 %. The change in the structure of the herbage contributed to an increase in yield from 9.9 to 69.4 c/ha of dry weight, the concentration of feed units from 0.9 to 6.1 thousand feed units and MA to 73.9 GJ/ha, allowing to increase the load livestock on pasture and its productivity, while maintaining the ecological stability of mountain agricultural landscapes.