Journal articles on the topic 'Lexicography – Data processing'

The article discusses the importance of automating the order of data processing, creating new active lexicographic systems, resulting in the creation of automated (electronic) dictionaries from traditional dictionaries. In particular, information was provided on the advantages and convenience of electronic dictionaries available on the Internet over traditional dictionaries. There are also comments onthe need for electronic dictionaries in the Uzbek language, such as the electronic dictionary abby lingvo or the electronic dictionary Urban Dictionary. It was noted that the issue of creating a terminological database (TBD) and the creation of Uzbek cyber lexicography

In recent years, we are witnessing staggering improvements in various semantic data processing tasks due to the developments in the area of deep learning, ranging from image and video processing to speech processing, and natural language understanding. In this paper, we discuss the opportunities and challenges that these developments pose for the area of electronic lexicography. We primarily focus on the concept of representation learning of the basic elements of language, namely words, and the applicability of these word representations to lexicography. We first discuss well-known approaches to learning static representations of words, the so-called word embeddings, and their usage in lexicography-related tasks such as semantic shift detection, and cross-lingual prediction of lexical features such as concreteness and imageability. We wrap up the paper with the most recent developments in the area of word representation learning in form of learning dynamic, context-aware representations of words, showcasing some dynamic word embedding examples, and discussing improvements on lexicography-relevant tasks of word sense disambiguation and word sense induction.

AbstractIn recent years, new developments in the area of lexicography have altered not only the management, processing and publishing of lexicographical data, but also created new types of products such as electronic dictionaries and thesauri. These expand the range of possible uses of lexical data and support users with more flexibility, for instance in assisting human translation. In this article, we give a short and easy-to-understand introduction to the problematic nature of the storage, display and interpretation of lexical data. We then describe the main methods and specifications used to build and represent lexical data.This paper is targeted for the following groups of people: linguists, lexicographers, IT specialists, computer linguists and all others who wish to learn more about the modelling, representation and visualization of lexical knowledge. This paper is written in two languages: French and German.

Introduction. Associative research is widely practiced in the field of sciences related to linguistics as an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the relationship of language with consciousness, psyche, and human culture; the corpus of associative data we have created in the Kazakh language replenishes associative lexicography in the context of broad intercultural comparisons. Materials and methods. The dictionaries of the associative norms of the Kazakh language (Dmitryuk, 1978; Dmitryuk, Moldalieva et al., 2014), prepared on the basis of data of free associative experiments (SAE) with 1000 Kazakh students, contain unique information about the mentality and ethnocultural characteristics of the Kazakh ethnic group in the Soviet and modern period. FAE is a well-known method of employing the associative experiment data, the reliable way to access a person’s linguistic consciousness; statistical processing of the FAE body associative data provided for the analytical comparison of a hierarchical sequence of the Kazakh basic values as a linguistic consciousness core – its central and peripheral zones – in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. Results. Due to the diachronic and interethnic comparative analysis: such basic Kazakh values as religion beliefs, freedom, sovereignty, state symbols have been subjected to the significant changes; ethnic cultural kernel preferences remained traditionally unchanged, constituting the specific essence of the ethnic national mentality: attitude to motherland, mother, elders, men, gender and age as specific peculiarities in the hierarchy of family relations. Conclusions. The intralingua comparison of the dictionaries’ contents revealed a very stable body of unchanging value priorities, indicating a fairly strong core and a significant vitality degree of Kazakh society. The work contributes to the intercultural associative research, associative lexicography and provides for the development of promising research in Psycholinguistics in Kazakhstan.

For Chinese information processing, automatic classification based on a large-scale database for different patterns of semantic word-formation can remarkably improve the identification for the unregistered word, automatic lexicography, semantic analysis, and other applications. However, owing to noise, anomalies, nonlinear characteristics, class-imbalance, and other uncertainties in word-formation data, the predictive performance of multi-criteria optimization classifier (MCOC) and other traditional data mining approaches will rapidly degenerate. In this paper we put forward an novel MCOC with fuzzification, kernel, and penalty factors (FKP-MCOC) based on layered and weighted graph edit distance (GED): firstly the layered and weighted GEDs between each semantic word-formation graph and prototype graphs are calculated and used for the dissimilarity measure, then the normalized GEDs are embedded into a new feature vector space, and FKP-MCO classifier based on the feature vector space is built for predicting the patterns of semantic word-formation. Our experimental results of Chinese word-formation analysis and comparison with support vector machine (SVM) show that our proposed approach can increase the separation of different patterns, the predictive performance of semantic pattern of a new compound word.

The manuscript collection of the Specialized Library “Behram-beg” in Tuzla contains 131 manuscript codices written in Arabic, Turkish, Persian and Bosnian. The largest part of the collection consists of manuscripts of the Qur’an, works from the Qur’anic disciplines, hadith sciences, Islamic law, dogmatics, prayers, sermons, grammar, lexicography and belles lettres. Of particular value to this collection are the works of Bosniak authors and works by other authors copied by Bosniaks, as well as works that are rarely found in other manuscriptcollections and those written in Arabic script in the Bosnian language. Of the total number of manuscripts stored in the collection of the Behram-beg library, 78 have been digitised. We will present a part of these manuscripts in this paper, trying to draw attention to the growing importance of digital data processing and storage with the aim of valid protection, study and valorization of written heritage. Digital archives as safe places of storage on the one hand, and top presenters of cultural heritage to a large number of users on the other, can reliably guarantee that times of “archival silence” have passed and that the manuscript treasure will experience its reaffirmation and increasingly arouse the interest of researchers and scientists around the world.

The ability to process language data has become fundamental to the development of technologies in various areas of human life in the digital world. The development of digitally readable linguistic resources, methods, and tools is, therefore, also a key challenge for the contemporary Slovene language. This challenge has been recognized in the Slovene language community both at the professional and state level and has been the subject of many activities over the past ten years, which will be presented in this paper. The idea of a comprehensive dictionary database covering all levels of linguistic description in modern Slovene, from the morphological and lexical levels to the syntactic level, has already formulated within the framework of the European Social Fund’s Communication in Slovene (2008-2013) project; the Slovene Lexical Database was also created within the framework of this project. Two goals were pursued in designing the Slovene Lexical Database (SLD): creating linguistic descriptions of Slovene intended for human users that would also be useful for the machine processing of Slovene. Ever since the construction of the first Slovene corpus, it has become evident that there is a need for a description of modern Slovene based on real language data, and that it is necessary to understand the needs of language users to create useful language reference works. It also became apparent that only the digital medium enables the comprehensiveness of language description and that the design of the database must be adapted to it from the start. Also, the description must follow best practices as closely as possible in terms of formats and international standards, as this enables the inclusion of Slovene into a wider network of resources, such as Open Linked Data, babelNet and ELExIS. Due to time pressures and trends in lexicography, procedures to automate the extraction of linguistic data from corpora and the inclusion of crowdsourcing into the lexicographic process were taken into consideration. Following the essential idea of creating an all-inclusive digital dictionary database for Slovene, a few independent databases have been created over the past two years: the Collocations Dictionary of Modern Slovene, and the automatically generated Thesaurus of Modern Slovene, both of which also exist as independent online dictionary portals. One of the novelties that we put forward together with both dictionaries is the ‘responsive dictionary’ concept, which includes crowdsourcing methods. Ultimately, the Digital Dictionary Database provides all (other) levels of linguistic description: the morphological level with the Sloleks database upgrade, the phraseological level with the construction of a multi-word expressions lexicon, and the syntactic level with the formalization of Slovene verb valency patterns. Each of these databases contains its specific language data that will ultimately be included in the comprehensive Slovene Digital Dictionary Database, which will represent basic linguistic descriptions of Slovene both for the human and machine user.

Consistent demand for highly professional translators determines continuous attempts of researchers and programmers to develop and propose reliable tools for both improvement of translation quality and facilitation of translators’ work. Last ten years have brought the parallel and comparable corpora into the focus of Ukrainian scientists’ attention. The aim of the paper is to specify the prerequisites for building the English-Ukrainian parallel corpus and describe its application in Translation Studies. A parallel corpus as a separate type of linguistic corpora cannot be built without alignment that enables placing and extracting corresponding sentences/paragraphs of source and target texts in one space. To create parallel corpora, it is necessary to perform additional text preparation. The Sketch Engine system (an example of a web-oriented system for work with corpora) can offer the solution for annotation with Excel. However, Sketch Engine lacks artificial intelligence techniques for further word processing. There is probability that employment of a neural network in the future will enable text alignment in parallel corpora instead of system users. Data from parallel corpora can be used in translation lexicography, comparative lexico-grammatical works, studies in the theory and practice of translation, language teaching, and development of machine translation systems. Corpus-based translation analysis is extremely relevant to identifying translation solutions that can only be explored on the basis of translation products. It is stipulated by rather frequent absence of dictionary equivalents in most contexts and ready evidence of possible translation variants in parallel corpora that provide the usage of a language unit in a wide range of contexts.

Within the framework of FUNK Lab – a virtual laboratory for natural language processing inspired on a functionally-oriented linguistic theory like Role and Reference Grammar-, a number of computational resources have been built dealing with different aspects of language and with an application in different scientific domains, i.e. terminology, lexicography, sentiment analysis, document classification, text analysis, data mining etc. One of these resources is ARTEMIS (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">A</span>utomatically <span style="text-decoration: underline;">R</span>epresenting <span style="text-decoration: underline;">TE</span>xt <span style="text-decoration: underline;">M</span>eaning via an <span style="text-decoration: underline;">I</span>nterlingua-Based <span style="text-decoration: underline;">S</span>ystem), which departs from the pioneering work of Periñán-Pascual (2013) and Periñán-Pascual &amp; Arcas (2014). This computational tool is a proof of concept prototype which allows the automatic generation of a conceptual logical structure (CLS) (cf. Mairal-Usón, Periñán-Pascual and Pérez 2012; Van Valin and Mairal-Usón 2014), that is, a fully specified semantic representation of an input text on the basis of a reduced sample of sentences. The primary aim of this paper is to develop the syntactic rules that form part of the computational grammar for the representation of simple clauses in English. More specifically, this work focuses on the format of those syntactic rules that account for the upper levels of the RRG Layered Structure of the Clause (LSC), that is, the <em>core</em> (and the level-1 construction associated with it), the <em>clause</em> and the <em>sentence </em>(Van Valin 2005). In essence, this analysis, together with that in Cortés-Rodríguez and Mairal-Usón (2016), offers an almost complete description of the computational grammar behind the LSC for simple clauses.

It is my pleasure to introduce this thematic issue dedicated to the lexicography of Japanese as a second or foreign language, the first thematic issue in Acta Linguistica Asiatica since its inception.Japanese has an outstandingly long and rich lexicographical tradition, but there have been relatively few dictionaries of Japanese targeted at learners of Japanese as a foreign or second language until the end of the twentieth century. With the growth of Japanese language teaching and learning around the world, the rapid development of very large scale linguistic resources and language processing technologies for Japanese, a new generation of aggregated, collectively developed or crowd-sourced resources evolving in the context of the social web, a shift from static paper to constantly developing electronic resources, the spread of internet access on hand-held devices, and new approaches to the use of language reference resources stemming from these developments, dictionaries and other reference resources for learners, teachers and users of Japanese as a foreign/second language are being developed and used in new ways in different user communities. However, information about such developments often does not reach researchers, lexicographers, dictionary users and language teachers in other user communities or research spheres. This special issues wishes to contribute to the spread of such information by presenting some recent developments in this growing field.Having received a very lively response to our call for papers, not all papers selected for publishing could fit into this issue, and part of them will be included in the December issue of ALA, which is also going to be dedicated to Japanese lexicography.The first round of papers included in this issue presents a varied cross-section of current JFL lexicographical work and research. All papers in this issue point out the relative scarcity of appropriate reference works for learners of Japanese as a foreign language, especially when compared to lexicographical resources for Japanese native speakers, and each of the endeavours presented here confronts this lack with its own original approach. Reflecting the paradigm shift in Japanese language research, where corpus research is again playing a central role, most papers presented here take advantage of the bounty of newly available corpora and web data, most prominent among which is the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese developed by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics in Tokyo, and which is used by Mogi, Pardeshi et al. and Sunakawa et al. in their lexicographical research and projects, while Blin taps data for his research from the web, another increasingly important linguistic resource.The first two papers offer two perspectives on existing Japanese dictionaries. Tom Gally in his paper Kokugo Dictionaries as Tools for Learners: Problems and Potential points out the drawbacks of currently available Japanese dictionaries from the perspective of learners of Japanese as a foreign language, but at the same time offers a very detailed and convincing explanation of the merits of monolingual Japanese dictionaries for native speakers (kokugo dictionaries), such as their comprehensiveness, detailedness and quantity of contextual information, when compared to bilingual dictionaries, which make them a potentially useful resource even for an audience they are not targeting - foreign language learners. His detailed explanation of possible uses and potential hurdles and pitfalls learners may encounter in using them, is not only accurate and informative, but also of immediate practical value for language teachers and lexicographers.Toshinobu Mogi, in his paper Towards the Lexicographic Description of the Grammatical Behaviour of Japanese Loanwords: A Case Study, investigates the lexicographic description of loanwords in Japanese reference works and notes how information offered by currently available dictionaries, especially regarding the grammatical aspects of loanword use, is not sufficient for learners of Japanese as a foreign language. After pointing our the deficiencies of current dictionary descriptions and noting how dictionaries sense divisions do not reflect the frequency of different senses in actual use, as reflected in a large-scale representative general corpus of Japanese, he uses a fascinatingly detailed analysis of the behaviour of a Japanese loanword verb to describe a corpus-based method of lexical description, based on the correspondence between usage forms and senses, which could be used for the compilation of Japanese learners' dictionaries meant for the reception and production of Japanese.The second part of this special issue is composed of four reports on particular aspects of ongoing lexicographical work targeted at learners of Japanese as a foreign language.Prashant Pardeshi, Shingo Imai, Kazuyuki Kiryu, Sangmok Lee, Shiro Akasegawa and Yasunari Imamura in their paper Compilation of Japanese Basic Verb Usage Handbook for JFL Learners: A Project Report, after pointing out - as other authors in this issue - the lack of a detailed and pedagogically sound lexicographical description of Japanese basic vocabulary for foreign learners, propose a corpus-based on-line system which incorporates insights from cognitive grammar, contrastive studies and second language acquisition research to solve this problem. They present their current implementation of such a system, which includes audio-visual material and translations into Chinese, Korean and Marathi. The system also uses natural language processing techniques to support lexicographers who need to process daunting amounts of corpus data in order to produce detailed lexical descriptions based on actual use.The next article by Marcella Maria Mariotti and Alessandro Mantelli, ITADICT Project and Japanese Language Learning, focus on the learner's perspective. They present a collaborative project in which Italian learners of Japanese compiled an on-line Japanese-Italian dictionary using a purposely developed on-line dictionary editing system, under the supervision of a small group of teachers. One practical and obvious outcome of the project is a Japanese-Italian freely accessible lexical database, but the authors also highlight the pedagogical value of such an approach, which stimulates students' motivation for learning, hones their ICT skills, makes them more aware of the structure and usability of existing lexicographic and language learning resources, and helps them learn to cooperate on a shared task and exchange peer support.The third project report by Raoul Blin, Automatic Addition of Genre Information in a Japanese Dictionary, focuses on the labelling of lexical genre, an aspect of word usage which is not satisfactorily presented in current Japanese dictionaries, despite its importance for foreign language learners when using dictionaries for production tasks. The article describes a procedure for automatic labelling of genre by means of a statistical analysis of internet-derived genre-specific corpora. The automatisation of the process simplifies its later reiteration, thus making it possible to observe lexical genre development over time.The final paper in this issue is a report on The Construction of a Database to Support the Compilation of Japanese Learners’ Dictionaries, by Yuriko Sunakawa, Jae-ho Lee and Mari Takahara. Motivated by the lack of Japanese bilingual learners' dictionaries for speakers of most languages in the world, the authors engaged in the development of a database of detailed corpus-based descriptions of the vocabulary needed by learners of Japanese from beginning to advanced level. By freely offering online the basic data needed for bilingual dictionary compilation, they are building the basis from which editors in under-resourced language areas will be able to compile richer and more up-to-date contents even with limited human and financial resources. This project is certainly going to greatly contribute to the solution of existing problems in Japanese learners' lexicography.

Emphasis is placed on the need to record dialect material in various forms (text and answers to special programs) to ensure complete information about the structural features of reductive dialects of the Ukrainian language continuum and the importance of their study, because the relocation of people to other dialects leads to the destruction of the entire dialect area. In dialectology, a new concept appeared, a new term – reductive speech. The term is used outside the area of Northern Kyiv and North-Eastern Zhytomyr – the dialects of the Chornobyl zone. This conditional name is already firmly established in dialectology, and it wants to be shared on April 26, 1986, on the language map of Ukraine, and no one singled out a group of dialects. Migration movements from the Central Polis to other regions of Ukraine after the Chernobyl disaster led to the management of the entire dialect area, as a large 30-kilometer zone has been in the area for almost 35 years as almost depopulated, and its inhabitants have moved to villages and towns in several regions. Record, preserve and explore the actually lost language systems – this is the most important task of dialectologists. The representation of the Chornobyl zone dialects in various scientific hearings – descriptive, linguogeographical and lexicographic – is analyzed. The titles in the articles of the work to some extent represent data, factual material that can become one's own land, an empirical basis for publishing a dictionary of Chernobyl dialects. It should be noted that ethnographers and ethnographers found it difficult to collect and publish extremely rich material on the dialects of the Chornobyl zone. And although there are no requirements in their hearings (no transcription record is given, phonetic variants cannot be traced), they can significantly help lexicographers-dialectologists when teaching dictionaries as interpretations of individual tokens.

From the perspective of the theory of lexicographic functions, this paper analyses in a metalexicographic manner the system of processing inflection data on the verbs of the Serbian language in M. Benson?s SerboCroatian-English Dictionary (BENSON 1993). The processing system is perceived through the prism of the needs of users whose native language is not Serbian in three situations: reception, production (which includes translation situations) and the situation in which the dictionary is used for gaining knowledge on verb inflection in the Serbian language. In the analysis of the dictionary, it has been noted that the processing system is made up of four lexicographic methods: 1) inflected forms of the verbs with a suppletive present base form and apophony in that base compared to the infinitive base form were included as headwords of particular dictionary entries with cross-references to the infinitive, but this was not done systematically and consistently; 2) as for the thematic verbs which are included in 36 separate accentual-conjugation types, type marks were provided with the verb, with cross-references to the introductory pages of the dictionary, where those marks were textually interpreted; 3) as for the thematic verbs which are not included in the aforementioned types, as well as all athematic verbs, inflection data were listed in the grammar section immediately after the headword; 4) for a smaller number of verbs, the model verb from which the inflection data should be analogically derived is listed in the dictionary entry itself. However, if a sound change in the present tense appears in verbs to which the third and fourth lexicographic method was applied, then a partial paradigm of the present tense in its full or shortened form was provided before the cross-reference to the typical verb in the form of a mark or a specific verb. The analysis showed that the first aforementioned lexicographic method meets the reception-related needs of the users of Benson?s dictionary. However, considering that it was not consistently applied, it does not satisfy those needs in all cases. The remaining three methods completely meet production-related needs, but it remains uncertain whether the applied methods are clear to the average user and, if so, to what extent. Therefore, the paper also offers a simplified version of Benson?s system of processing verb inflection, which would be more harmonized with the users? needs. However, Benson?s dictionary cannot serve as a handbook for gaining knowledge on verb inflection in the Serbian language, because the introductory pages and the grammatical appendix neither offer the rules on the formation of verb forms nor include complete paradigms of basic inflection types. The results of the analysis in the conclusion are applied to the draft of a new, proposed, French-Serbian dictionary, which additionally points to the advantages and shortcomings of applied lexicographic methods.

Abstract The Georgian Dialect Corpus (GDC) has been created within the framework of the project “Linguistic Portrait of Georgia”. It was the first attempt to create a structured corpus of Georgian dialects. The work of this project includes building the technical framework for a corpus, collecting the corpus (text) data of Georgian dialects including the lexicographic data (dictionaries), their linguistic processing, digitizing, developing annotation framework, making decision on the morphosyntactic annotation. Currently, the Georgian Dialect Corpus is a platform consisting of the dialect corpus, the text library, the lexicographical database/online dialect dictionaries. For the purposes of developing the lexicographical database and dialect dictionaries, we have created a new program – the Lexicographic Editor. It allows us to structure and improve the dictionaries with multiple linguistic and lexicographic information. The lexicographic concept of the GDC has been developed taking into consideration linguistic and social features of the Georgian dialects.

In order to calculate the node big data contained in complex networks and realize the efficient calculation of complex networks, based on voluntary computing, taking ICE middleware as the communication medium, the loose coupling distributed framework DCBV based on voluntary computing is proposed. Then, the Master, Worker, and MiddleWare layers in the framework, and the development structure of a DCBV framework are designed. The task allocation and recovery strategy, message passing and communication mode, and fault tolerance processing are discussed. Finally, to calculate and verify parameters such as the average shortest path of the framework and shorten calculation time, an improved accurate shortest path algorithm, the N-SPFA algorithm, is proposed. Under different datasets, the node calculation and performance of the N-SPFA algorithm are explored. The algorithm is compared with four approximate shortest-path algorithms: Combined Link and Attribute (CLA), Lexicographic Breadth First Search (LBFS), Approximate algorithm of shortest path length based on center distance of area division (CDZ), and Hub Vertex of area and Core Expressway (HEA-CE). The results show that when the number of CPU threads is 4, the computation time of the DCBV framework is the shortest (514.63 ms). As the number of CPU cores increases, the overall computation time of the framework decreases gradually. For every 2 additional CPU cores, the number of tasks increases by 1. When the number of Worker nodes is 8 and the number of nodes is 1, the computation time of the framework is the shortest (210,979 ms), and the IO statistics data increase with the increase of Worker nodes. When the datasets are Undirected01 and Undirected02, the computation time of the N-SPFA algorithm is the shortest, which is 4520 ms and 7324 ms, respectively. However, the calculation time in the ca-condmat_undirected dataset is 175,292 ms, and the performance is slightly worse. Overall, however, the performance of the N-SPFA and SPFA algorithms is good. Therefore, the two algorithms are combined. For networks with less complexity, the computational scale coefficient of the SPFA algorithm can be set to 0.06, and for general networks, 0.2. When compared with other algorithms in different datasets, the pretreatment time, average query time, and overall query time of N-SPFA algorithm are the shortest, being 49.67 ms, 5.12 ms, and 94,720 ms, respectively. The accuracy (1.0087) and error rate (0.024) are also the best. In conclusion, voluntary computing can be applied to the processing of big data, which has a good reference significance for the distributed analysis of large-scale complex networks.

The paper focuses on culturally relevant properties of personal memory and the potential of natural languages in codifying them. The study is based on one of the key postulates of anthropological linguistics stating that dynamic changes in human mentality, cultural developments and newly accumulated knowledge find their reflection in the lexical subsystem of the language. Relying on the concept of phraseology as a fragment of linguistic reality bearing an information-intensive map of the national world view and the type of linguistic identity, the paper examines phraseological units verbalizing fundamental memory processes of encoding, storing, remembering and forgetting and offers a linguacultural perspective on the specifics of representing individual memory processes in English phraseology. A combination of automatic processing methods applied to analyzing authentic lexicographic sources along with conventional data-collecting procedures yielded an empirical base of the research composed of phraseological units representing key stages of mnemonic processing. To analyze the obtained data, component, lexicographic, and content-analysis methods were employed. Findings allowed compiling an inventory of mnemonic phraseological units in English, developing their typology on the basis of structural, semantic and functional criteria, identifying the proportion of each structural, semantic and stylistic type in the data sample. A multi-parameter cognitive interpretation procedure yielded a stage-based typology of mnemonic phraseological units reflecting phases of mnemonic processing, its content and nature. The results suggest a possible correlation between cultural specifics of Anglo-Saxon world view and verbal representation of individual memory on the phraseological level.

The paper describes a model for transferring data from dictionary structure into games. The model is developed on the example of Croatian Web Dictionary – Mrežnik. Mrežnik has a complex structure with fields and subfields for entering data created in TLex. Dictionary data organized in a fixed structure can be selected from the dictionary, exported, and used for automatic or semi-automatic creation of educational games like spelling games, accentuation, splitting words into syllables, idioms, and word relations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms). Dictionary data can be processed by a game algorithm that creates game assignments and corrects answers based on data structure. Game types based on structured dictionary data are quizzes, fill-in-the-blank games, drag-and-drop games, typing games, and crossword puzzles. The development process will be analyzed based on these initial steps: understanding dictionary structure, conceptualizing games based on structured dictionary data, choosing game data, exporting data, processing data, and gamifying dictionary data. After explaining each of the steps, the authors propose modifications to the steps and analyze how they can be used for other e-lexicographic works.

Though political discourse is in the mainstream of modern studies, scholars haven’t so far paid much attention to compiling political discourse-oriented dictionaries. The need to further develop lexicographic theory and practice for specific purposes and advance new methods to dictionary making is a challenge that linguists are facing today. The aim of the case study is twofold: to work out the principles for making an Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary (ECD) of English political conflict lexis and the microstructure of an ECD entry. The source of the data is the NOW corpus; the material is current American political discourse (2022). The ECD is generally consistent with Mel'čuk’s Meaning-Text theory (MTT). The authors describe a process of collecting and processing the data: corpus search and analysis, automatic and manual text processing, glossary compilation with the use of lexicographic, semasiological, and etymological methods and present an example of an ECD entry consisting of semantic, phonological, and cooccurrence zones. The findings prove that the use of electronic text corpora offers an effective way for compiling a specialized discourse-based dictionary. The research illustrates the validity of MTT: though based on the data of “language in context” , the dictionary is synthesis-oriented: it aims at speech production. The paper is the first result of a bigger project sketching the overall framework of the discursive ECD of political conflict lexis, which subsequent studies will hopefully develop with more precision and detail. The dictionary will be helpful for scholars in linguistics, discourse analysis, media and communication, political science, and conflict studies.

This paper presents the Digital Edition of the Vocabularies of the Academy of Sciences project, which aims to digitise the spelling vocabularies of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences (ACL) in order to create a digital lexicographic corpus bringing together the printed versions of all these lexicographical reference works – the 1940, 1947, 1970, and finally the 2012 editions. The first stage started with the Vocabulário Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa [Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language] (VOLP-1940), our case study. After digitising this vocabulary, the work described here focuses on the linguistic annotation of VOLP-1940 using eXtensible Markup Language (XML), an annotation metalanguage, and following the annotation directives of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), more specifically the application of TEI Lex-0, a new TEI sub-format. We aim to highlight the need for rigorous linguistic data processing in the creation of new lexical resources to increase the quality of their description and applicability.

The paper concerns stylistic parameters of car advertisements in English and the problems of their preservation in Russian translations. Although commercials today quite actively employ non-verbal expressive means, the verbal part in most cases plays a decisive role in the effectiveness of advertising. The choice of car advertisements for the present study was predetermined by extreme popularity of the car market and its special inventiveness in the art of advertising. The paper’s objective was to define the main stylistic features of car advertisements and slogans - short and striking phrases usually preceding the advertising text itself. Another objective was to single out the most popular stylistic devices and discuss the possible ways of their translation into Russian. The conducted research makes it possible to conclude that epithets, parallel constructions and metaphors are most frequently used to create certain symbolic images. Linguostylistic, lexicographic, situational and comparative analyses were applied to the data processing. The cited advertisements were taken from the websites of the corresponding producers of cars.

The article analyzes foreign experience and concludes that one of the ways to improve the efficiency of aviation security in the Russian Federation is to use modern network training complexes. A new approach to the assessment of the competence of the aviation security screeners was proposed and tested, that allows to take into account the parameters of the oculomotor activity and heart rate variability of the aviation security screeners being tested, different from the existing approaches using fuzzy classification models. The eye-tracking technology and the device of psychophysiological testing UPFT-1/30 "Psychophysiologist" were used as instruments of psychophysiological monitoring. The basics of automatic generation of fuzzy models such as Sugeno and Mamdani from experimental data are presented. Experimental studies were conducted on the basis of the Ulyanovsk Civil Aviation Institute. The results of the comparison of the generated models showed that the Sugeno model trained with the use of ANFIS-algorithm is more accurate than the Mamdani model and the linear regression model identifies the dependence being studied, according to the competence of aviation security screeners. As a criterion of quality of models on training and test data the average square error is used. The actual problem of choosing an effective concept of noise-resistant coding in the telecommunication component of advanced training complexes is substantiated. The ways of solving the important problem of increasing the reliability of actual digital data in network training complexes based on the use of noise-resistant coding are described. A model of permutation decoder of non-binary redundant code based on lexicographic cognitive map is presented. This model of redundant code decoder uses methods of cognitive data processing in the implementation of the procedure of permutation decoding to effectively protect remote control commands from the influence of destructive factors on the control process.

AbstractMotivated by mail delivery scheduling problems arising in Royal Mail, we study a generalization of the fundamental makespan scheduling $$P||C_{\max }$$ P | | C max problem which we call the bounded job start scheduling problem. Given a set of jobs, each specified by an integer processing time $$p_j$$ p j , that have to be executed non-preemptively by a set of m parallel identical machines, the objective is to compute a minimum makespan schedule subject to an upper bound $$g\le m$$ g ≤ m on the number of jobs that may simultaneously begin per unit of time. With perfect input knowledge, we show that Longest Processing Time First (LPT) algorithm is tightly 2-approximate. After proving that the problem is strongly $${\mathcal {N}}{\mathcal {P}}$$ N P -hard even when $$g=1$$ g = 1 , we elaborate on improving the 2-approximation ratio for this case. We distinguish the classes of long and short instances satisfying $$p_j\ge m$$ p j ≥ m and $$p_j<m$$ p j < m , respectively, for each job j. We show that LPT is 5/3-approximate for the former and optimal for the latter. Then, we explore the idea of scheduling long jobs in parallel with short jobs to obtain tightly satisfied packing and bounded job start constraints. For a broad family of instances excluding degenerate instances with many very long jobs, we derive a 1.985-approximation ratio. For general instances, we require machine augmentation to obtain better than 2-approximate schedules. In the presence of uncertain job processing times, we exploit machine augmentation and lexicographic optimization, which is useful for $$P||C_{\max }$$ P | | C max under uncertainty, to propose a two-stage robust optimization approach for bounded job start scheduling under uncertainty aiming in a low number of used machines. Given a collection of schedules of makespan $$\le D$$ ≤ D , this approach allows distinguishing which are the more robust. We substantiate both the heuristics and our recovery approach numerically using Royal Mail data. We show that for the Royal Mail application, machine augmentation, i.e., short-term van rental, is especially relevant.

The article states the investigation results and highlights the peculiarities of natural codes representation in the tales (skazy) by P.P. Bazhov through the analysis of concept "zoloto" ("gold") and the associated concepts in contrast with the data from lexicographic sources of modern Russian literary language. The tales (skazy) by the Ural writer were used as the research material. As a result of the analysis, the features of the etymological, basic, associative levels of the concept "zoloto" ("gold") were revealed in the individual author's discourse of P. Bazhov. It has been found out that etymological level of the studied concept is represented by the meaning "precious metal of yellow colour" both in the Russian literary language and in the individual author's discourse of the Ural writer. Some denotative meanings recorded in the Russian literary language are revealed not to actualize in Bazhov's discourse. The differences in the associative level of the concept reflected in the writer's tales and in the minds of the speakers of the Russian literary language are determined. The appearance of additional regionally marked meanings is caused by natural, cultural, professional activities of the inhabitants of the Urals tightly connected with the extraction and processing of precious stones and metals, as well as the regional mythology. The practical significance of the research lies in the development of a system of theoretical knowledge about the concept structure, and the identification of regionally marked meanings of the conceptual sphere of P. Bazhov's individual author's discourse.

Join query evaluation with ordering is a fundamental data processing task in relational database management systems. SQL and custom graph query languages such as Cypher offer this functionality by allowing users to specify the order via the ORDER BY clause. In many scenarios, the users also want to see the first k results quickly (expressed by the LIMIT clause), but the value of k is not predetermined as user queries are arriving in an online fashion. Recent work has made considerable progress in identifying optimal algorithms for ranked enumeration of join queries that do not contain any projections. In this paper, we initiate the study of the problem of enumerating results in ranked order for queries with projections. Our main result shows that for any acyclic query, it is possible to obtain a near-linear (in the size of the database) delay algorithm after only a linear time preprocessing step for two important ranking functions: sum and lexicographic ordering. For a practical subset of acyclic queries known as star queries, we show an even stronger result that allows a user to obtain a smooth tradeoff between faster answering time guarantees using more preprocessing time. Our results are also extensible to queries containing cycles and unions. We also perform a comprehensive experimental evaluation to demonstrate that our algorithms, which are simple to implement, improve up to three orders of magnitude in the running time over state-of-the-art algorithms implemented within open-source RDBMS and specialized graph databases.

The quality of electronic catalogs is a guarantee of the library collections effective use. However, an adequate methodology for assessing the quality of an electronic catalog (EC) is not available today. It is necessary to introduce a new system of quality analysis. At the research first stage the terminological analysis of the EC notion has been carried out, which reveals the absence of a universal clear definition that allows highlighting an electronic catalog in a series of other similar objects. The author traces main approaches to the definitions formation. These approaches determining allowed us to begin refining the specific characteristics of the electronic catalog based on the professional literature analysis for 1990-2017. The author concludes: the modern EC is a complex multicomponent object, which various components require different criteria and methods of quality analysis. The composition of EC components as quality assessment objects and main evaluating indicators for each component are determined: bibliographical databases (including fullness, data identity and relevance, efficiency, completeness of documents’ identifying characteristics, compliance with the bibliographic description rules, entire and depth of document content reflection, stability of indexing); lexicographic databases (including the information search language (ISL) vocabulary completeness and detail, data identity and relevance, correct wording and alignment of the access points, the compliance with requirements of data presentation formats, ISL grammar tools composition and functionality); factographic data (information completeness and accuracy on the availability and location of publication copies, their movement); database management system and information processing s y st em (functional suitability, accessibility, ease of use, application reliability and security, efficiency, mobility); search system (ISL functionality, ease of navigation in the catalog, efficiency of search techniques and algorithms, relevance criteria, completeness and ease of understanding of search instructions, maintaining the system to help users); user interface (completeness of tasks solved by the system, compliance with human capabilities, visibility and functionality of formats, user-friendly modes of operation with the interface, user feedback, comfort, compliance with aesthetic requirements); system for ensuring the reliability of information storage .

This article introduces the reader to the variety of Russian vocabulary that denotes minerals, mineraloids, rocks, which lies outside the framework of the official scholarly nomenclature. The author suggests that the term nonstandard mineral vocabulary be used to refer to this layer of vocabulary; in a narrow sense, it includes the names of minerals themselves, and in a broader sense, it can include words of adjacent thematic groups naming processes and phenomena related to the existence of minerals in nature and culture, their extraction and processing, etc. The author identifies sociolinguistic layers that make up nonstandard mineralogical vocabulary in its narrow sense: dialect; professional vocabulary and slang; argotic; colloquial words. A special place is occupied by names that have emerged as a result of artificial nomination (in particular, trade names). The article also lists some thematic groups related to mineral vocabulary in a broad sense (a group of words denoting features of the structure of minerals; peculiarities of their occurrence; designations of people who mine and process stones; nominations of stone products; vocabulary from the sphere of mythology and beliefs related to stones, etc.). Each classification position is illustrated by language material from lexicographic and book sources; also data from the Vocabulary, Toponymy, Ethnography of Minerals card file, currently formed by the staff of the Department of the Russian Language, General Linguistics, and Speech Communication of Ural Federal University, is introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. The author focuses on issues around nonstandard mineral vocabulary that exist in linguistics today: it seems to lie “in the blind zone” of linguistics as it is insufficiently collected, poorly introduced into scholarly circulation, and understudied. There is a need to fill this gap in a systematic way.

Abstract In the context of the current heated debate surrounding the pervasive influence of the English language and Anglo-American culture on other languages, as well as the widespread purist attitude towards some contact-induced language change phenomena, both abroad and in Romania, our article discusses the situation of English lexical borrowings in present-day Romanian, focusing on the perception and processing of the so-called luxury Anglicisms (Sections 2 and 3) by young Romanian native speakers, in an attempt to see whether such an analysis can help clarify their acceptability and diffusion across our target population. We propose an alternative cognitive, psycholinguistic approach to the study of contact-induced lexical borrowings, aiming to show that there is no difference in the young Romanian native speakers’ processing of sentences containing luxury Anglicisms and their established Romanian counterparts. Such findings may support our claim that the acceptability and diffusion of such Anglicisms are pervasive across our target population, even if the official position generally condemns such uses, considering them gratuitous and a burden in communication, even making it unintelligible sometimes. Our analysis starts from the observation that most (but not all) Romanian academics, whether linguists or not, tend to embrace a purist attitude, while on the other hand young Romanians accept such Anglicisms and tend to use them extensively. In fact, such uses are not limited to young people, who have been the subjects of our research, but are the ‘norm’ in daily conversations and elsewhere across the general population (Stoichițoiu Ichim 2006). Thus, there seems to be a gap between the actual acceptability and diffusion of luxury Anglicisms among Romanians and the ‘official’ recommendations. Based on the results of a sensicality task, meant to show how 188 Romanians, aged 18–22, process and perceive sentences with or without luxury Anglicisms (see Section 6), we will try to show that luxury Anglicisms are accepted and, by recurrent use, diffused among the Romanian community. For a more accurate picture of their diffusion, the findings will be further correlated with data from CoRoLa, the only official corpus of present-day Romanian (beginning 1989) made available under the auspices of the Romanian Academy, as well as a corpus currently in the making, and the Internet (see Section 7). Besides showing that luxury Anglicisms cannot really be blamed for burdening or impairing processing, and thus communication, and explaining why such uses should not be censured or disapproved, we hope that our study of acceptability and diffusion will demonstrate that we are dealing with a complex, multi-layered phenomenon that can be better understood by going beyond a diachronic and synchronic analysis of particular words and a frequency count, and should incorporate more experimental data. Last but not least, we suggest that, on the practical side, such experimental studies as the one described here could be used as an additional criterion for the lexicographic inclusion of lexical borrowings.

The subject of the research is machine recognition of handwritten materials of the Archival Card Index (ACI) — lexical and phraseological materials of the dictionary commission of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, in particular, card index of the “Russian-Ukrainian dictionary” 1924–1933 ed. A. Krymsky and S. Yefremov. The study of the ACI should be considered in the context of cultural and national revival in Ukraine in the 20th — early 21st centuries. The relevance and value of the ACI became a prerequisite for the transfer of its materials to the digital format. In 2018 the Institute of Ukrainian Language of the NAS of Ukraine created a computer system “Archival Card Index”, which accessibles materials primarily in the form of scanned images. The problem that needs urgent resolution is the transfer of handwriting to a typewriter format. The complexity of manual recognition, which requires considerable effort and time, encourages the study and application of Transkribus resource capabilities, which involves the use of the machine teaching. The Aim of the study is to clarify by analyzing, systematizing, classifying and describing the material features of the preparation of ACI cards for machine processing of texts. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time, the issue of providing the HTR engine with ACI training data (loading to the platform, segmenting images into lines and text areas, transcribing content each page). The main result is finding out the content of the preparatory stage, the tasks of which are to eliminate the flaws of automatic segmentation: non-text elements, non-substantial text elements, incorrect automatic detection of text region or line. The prospects of lexicographic toloka (crowdsourcing) in the process of card recognition are outlined, for which it is envisaged to use collective access to the collection of transcribed documents in Transkribus. To recognize the cards manually and for the future check and adjustment of automatically recognized ones, you can join the new project “All-Ukrainian Toloka: Archival Card Index” — online platform on the website “ACI”.

Statement of the problem. Translation of fiction is one of the most difficult types of translation. Translators face an incredible task: to recreate a text in another language so that it does not lose its meaning, visual component, aesthetic impact on a reader and, most importantly, the author must be heard and understood. Preservation of a linguistic image is also a requirement for translation of a literary text. Among other things, knowledge of cultural characteristics of peoples, their mentality, traditions and lifestyle help a translator in the process of work. However, we must not forget about an important factor that can affect the perception of the original and subsequently affect the quality of the translation. Each of us has a certain set of psychological characteristics that somehow affect our lives, our views and beliefs. The translator is no exception. The choice of a word, the creation of a semantic image hides the personality, temperament and portrait of a translator. As a result of all these components, a translator’s own idiostyle appears. The purpose of the article is to analyze reflections of personal characteristics of professional translators and students (at the Department of Foreign Languages of the Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafyev) in translation of fiction on the example of Ray Bradbury’s work “Fahrenheit 451”. Methodology includes analysis of psychological and linguistic literature on the research problem, a method of lexicographic and contextual analysis, conduction of a survey, statistical processing of the data obtained. Conclusions. During the study, it was revealed that the choice of vocabulary, the usage of translation transformations, the interpretation of various linguistic units largely depends on a person’s character, temperament, worldview, emotions, and imagination. The same word can be understood in different ways. This trend can be traced not only among those who are professionally engaged in translation, but also among those who are just getting on this path.

This article aims to bring on some enlightenment on the specifics of an experimental base formation for the creation of web maps dedicated to the French common youth slang. The relevance of the article is due to the pervasive nature of the French youth's “argotization” over the past two decades. The proposed study is devoted to the specifics of the formation of an experimental base for the creation of French common youth slang web maps, which will allow an illustration of the territorial localization of the slang (argotic) vocabulary. In this context, the authors elaborate preparatory procedures to form the basis for web mapping, namely the multistage processing of “argotographic data”, the inventory of core and peripheral “argotisms” and the verification of the identified linguistic facts under anti-epidemic restrictions on the mobility of scientists. The stages of the youth speech survey, which can be conducted remotely, are described. A review of lexicographic sources for the collection of argotic units is carried out. At the same time, the latest linguistic phenomenon of the French youth common slang (argot commun des jeunes) is briefly examined, and its relationship to the French common slang (argot commun) is described. The material of the study is youth argot lexemes collected from four traditional dictionaries and vocabulary lists of French and Russian eminent slang specialists (“argotologists”), four collaborative digital dictionaries, and two oral linguistic corpora. Youth argotisms are studied from the aspect of frequency parameters and the number of fixations in the argotographic sources. At the stage of collecting and identifying the elements of the common French youth slang vocabulary, several methods were applied: the method of sampling, the continuous sampling method, and the corpus linguistics method, including automated information extraction and the textual searches in large-scale corpora (concordances). At the stage of verification of the collected lexemes for their attribution to the French common youth slang, multiple crossed procedures were used: questionnaires, interviews, introspection, and “the initiated to the initiated” one. The present study was carried out in an experimental way, which, in turn, is applied in the research field on an actively developing social dialect.

Abstract Learning idiomatic expressions is seen as one of the most challenging stages in second-language learning because of their unpredictable meaning. A similar situation holds for their identification within natural language processing applications such as machine translation and parsing. The lack of high-quality usage samples exacerbates this challenge not only for humans but also for artificial intelligence systems. This article introduces a gamified crowdsourcing approach for collecting language learning materials for idiomatic expressions; a messaging bot is designed as an asynchronous multiplayer game for native speakers who compete with each other while providing idiomatic and nonidiomatic usage examples and rating other players’ entries. As opposed to classical crowd-processing annotation efforts in the field, for the first time in the literature, a crowd-creating & crowd-rating approach is implemented and tested for idiom corpora construction. The approach is language-independent and evaluated on two languages in comparison to traditional data preparation techniques in the field. The reaction of the crowd is monitored under different motivational means (namely, gamification affordances and monetary rewards). The results reveal that the proposed approach is powerful in collecting the targeted materials, and although being an explicit crowdsourcing approach, it is found entertaining and useful by the crowd. The approach has been shown to have the potential to speed up the construction of idiom corpora for different natural languages to be used as second-language learning material, training data for supervised idiom identification systems, or samples for lexicographic studies.

07–198Agulló, G. (U Jaén, Spain; gluque@jaen.es), Overcoming age-related differences. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.4 (2006), 365–373.07–199Ammar, Ahlem (U de Montréal, Canada; ahlem.ammar@umontreal.ca) & Nina Spada, One size fits all? Recasts, prompts, and L2 learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.4 (2006), 543–574.07–200Bartram, Brendan (U Wolverhampton, UK), An examination of perceptions of parental influence on attitudes to language learning. Educational Research (Routledge/Taylor & Francis) 48.2 (2006), 211–221.07–201Bordag, Denisa (U Leipzig, Germany), Andreas Opitz & Thomas Pechmann, Gender processing in first and second languages: The role of noun termination. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition (American Psychological Association) 32.5 (2006), 1090–1101.07–202Brown, Jill (Monash U, Australia), Jenny Miller & Jane Mitchell, Interrupted schooling and the acquisition of literacy: Experiences of Sudanese refugees in Victorian secondary schools. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy (Australian Literacy Educators' Association) 29.2 (2006), 150–162.07–203Castagnaro, P. (Temple U, Japan), Audiolingual method and behaviorism: From misunderstanding to myth. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.3 (2006), 519–526.07–204Chang, Anna Ching-Shyang & John Read (Hsing-Wu College, Taiwan), The effects of listening support on the listening performance of EFL learners. TESOL Quarterly 40.2 (2006), 375–397.07–205Cieślicka, Anna (Adam Mickiewicz U, Poznań, Poland), Literal salience in on-line processing of idiomatic expressions by second language learners. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.2 (2006), 115–144.07–206Cots J. (U Lleida, Spain; jmcots@dal.udl.es), Teaching ‘with an attitude’: Critical Discourse Analysis in EFL teaching. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.4 (2006), 336–345.07–207Curdt-Christiansen, Xiao Lan (Nanyang Technological U, Singapore), Teaching and learning Chinese: Heritage language classroom discourse in Montreal Scots in contemporary social and educational context. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Multilingual Matters) 19.2 (2006), 189–207.07–208Ellis, Nick C. (U Michigan, USA), Selective attention and transfer phenomena in L2 acquisition: Contingency, cue competition, salience, interference, overshadowing, blocking, and perceptual learning. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.2 (2006), 164–194.07–209Ellis, Rod (U Auckland, New Zealand; r.ellis@auckland.ac.nz), Modelling learning difficulty and second language proficiency: The differential contributions of implicit and explicit knowledge. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.3 (2006), 431–463.07–210Ellis, Rod (U Auckland, New Zealand; r.ellis@auckland.ac.nz) & Younghee Sheen, Reexamining the role of recasts in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.4 (2006), 575–600.07–211Erlam, R. (U Auckland, New Zealand), Elicited imitation as a measure of L2 implicit knowledge: An empirical validation study. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.3 (2006), 464–491.07–212Farrell, Thomas S. C. (Brock U, Canada; tfarrell@brocku.ca) & Christophe Mallard, The use of reception strategies by learners of French as a foreign language. The Modern Language Journal (Blackwell) 90.3 (2006), 338–352.07–213Folse, Keith S. (U Central Florida, USA), The effect of type of written exercise on L2 vocabulary retention. TESOL Quarterly 40.2 (2006), 273–293.07–214Goad, Heather (McGill U, Montreal, Canada) & Lydia White, Ultimate attainment in interlanguage grammars: A prosodic approach. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.3 (2006), 243–268.07–215Gullberg, Marianne (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Germany; marianne.gullberg@mpi.nl), Some reasons for studying gesture and second language acquisition (Hommage à Adam Kendon). International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 103–124.07–216Hall, Joan Kelly, An Cheng & Matthew Carlson (Pennsylvania State U, USA), Reconceptualizing multicompetence as a theory of language knowledge. Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.2 (2006), 220–204.07–217Harada, Tetsuo (Waseda U, Japan; tharada@waseda.jp), The acquisition of single and geminate stops by English-speaking children in a Japanese immersion program. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.4 (2006), 601–632.07–218Hawkey, Roger (U Bristol, UK; roger@hawkey58.freeserve.co.uk), Teacher and learner perceptions of language learning activity. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.3 (2006), 242–252.07–219Hawkins, Roger (U Essex, UK) & Hajime Hattori, Interpretation of English multiplewh-questions by Japanese speakers: A missing uninterpretable feature account. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.3 (2006), 269–301.07–220Hayes-Harb, Rachel (U Utah, USA), Native speakers of Arabic and ESL texts: Evidence for the transfer of written word identification processes. TESOL Quarterly 40.2 (2006), 321–339.07–221Hirvela, Alan (Ohio State U, USA; hirvela.1@osu.edu), Computer-mediated communication in ESL teacher education. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.3 (2006), 233–241.07–222Hong-Nam, Kyungsim (U North Texas, USA; ksh0030@unt.edu) & Alexandra Leavell, Language learning strategy use of ESL students in an intensive English learning context. System (Elsevier) 34.3 (2006), 399–415.07–223Hopp, Holger (U Groningen, the Netherlands), Syntactic features and reanalysis in near-native processing. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.3 (2006), 369–397.07–224Jungheim, Nicholas (Waseda U, Japan; jungheim@waseda.jp), Learner and native speaker perspectives on a culturally-specific Japanese refusal. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 125–143.07–225Kim, Youngkyu (Ewha Womens U, Korea), Effects of input elaboration on vocabulary acquisition through reading by Korean learners of English as a Foreign Language. TESOL Quarterly 40.2 (2006), 341–373.07–226Lai, Chun & Yong Zhao (Michigan State U, USA; laichun1@msu.edu), Noticing and text-based chat. Language Learning & Technology (University of Hawaii) 10.3 (2006), 102–120.07–227Lee, Siok H. & James Muncie (Simon Fraser U, Canada), From receptive to productive: Improving ESL learners' use of vocabulary in a postreading composition task. TESOL Quarterly 40.2 (2006), 295–320.07–228Lee, Y. (DePaul U, USA; ylee19@depaul.edu), Towards respecification of communicative competence: Condition of L2 Instruction or its objective?Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press) 27.3 (2006), 349–376.07–229Lew, Robert (Adam Mickiewicz U, Poznań, Poland; rlew@amu.edu.pl) & Anna Dziemianko, A new type of folk-inspired definition in English monolingual learners' dictionaries and its usefulness for conveying syntactic information. International Journal of Lexicography (Oxford University Press) 19.3 (2006), 225–242.07–230Liaw, Meei-ling (National Taichung U, Taiwan; meeilingliaw@gmail.com), E-learning and the development of intercultural competence. Language Learning & Technology (University of Hawaii) 10.3 (2006), 49–64.07–231Lieberman, Moti (American U, USA; aoshima@american.edu), Sachiko Aoshima & Colin Phillips, Nativelike biases in generation ofwh-questions by nonnative speakers of Japanese. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.3 (2006), 423–448.07–232Lin, Huifen (Kun Shan U, China; huifen5612@yahoo.com.tw) & Tsuiping Chen, Decreasing cognitive load for novice EFL learners: Effects of question and descriptive advance organisers in facilitating EFL learners' comprehension of an animation-based content lesson. System (Elsevier) 34.3 (2006), 416–431.07–233Liu, Meihua (Tsinghua U, China; ellenlmh@yahoo.com), Anxiety in Chinese EFL students at different proficiency levels. System (Elsevier) 34.3 (2006), 301–316.07–234Lotz, Anja (Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany) & Annette Kinder, Transfer in artificial grammar learning: The role of repetition information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition (American Psychological Association) 32.4 (2006), 707–715.07–235Lozano, Cristobal (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain), Focus and split-intransitivity: The acquisition of word order alternations in non-native Spanish. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.2 (2006), 145–187.07–236Macaro, Ernesto (U Oxford; ernesto.macaro@edstud.ox.ac.uk), Strategies for language learning and for language use: Revising the theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal (Blackwell) 90.3 (2006), 320–337.07–237McCafferty, Steven (U Nevada, USA; mccaffes@unlv.nevada.edu), Gesture and the materialization of second language prosody. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 197–209.07–238Nassaji, Hossein (U Victoria, Canada; nassaji@uvic.ca), The relationship between depth of vocabulary knowledge and L2 learners' lexical inferencing strategy use and success. The Modern Language Journal (Blackwell) 90.3 (2006), 387–401.07–239Palfreyman, David (Zayed U, United Arab Emirates; David.Palfreyman@zu.ac.ae), Social context and resources for language learning. System (Elsevier) 34.3 (2006), 352–370.07–240Qing Ma (U Louvain, Belgium) & Peter Kelly, Computer assisted vocabulary learning: Design and evaluation. Computer Assisted Language Learning (Routledge/Taylor & Francis) 19.1 (2006), 15–45.07–241Reinders, Hayo & Marilyn Lewis (U Auckland, NZ), An evaluative checklist for self-access materials. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.3 (2006), 272–278.07–242Rule, Sarah (U Southampton, UK) & Emma Marsden, The acquisition of functional categories in early French second language grammars: The use of finite and non-finite verbs in negative contexts. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.2 (2006), 188–218.07–243Shin, Dong-Shin (U Massachusetts, Amherst, USA; dongshin@educ.umass.edu), ESL students' computer-mediated communication practices: Context configuration. Language Learning & Technology (University of Hawaii) 10.3 (2006), 65–84.07–244Sime, Daniela (U Strathclyde, UK; daniela.sime@strath.ac.uk), What do learners make of teachers' gestures in the language classroom?International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 211–230.07–245Slabakova, Roumyana (U Iowa, USA), Is there a critical period for semantics?Second Language Research (Sage) 22.3 (2006), 302–338.07–246Slevc, L. Robert (U California, San Diego, USA; slevc@psy.ucsd.edu) & Akira Miyake, Individual differences in second-language proficiency: Does musical ability matter?. Psychological Science (Blackwell) 17.8 (2006), 675–681.07–247Sorace, Antonella (U Edinburgh, UK) & Francesca Filiaci, Anaphora resolution in near-native speakers of Italian. Second Language Research (Sage) 22.3 (2006), 339–368.07–248Stam, Gale (National-Louis U, USA; gstam@nl.edu), Thinking for speaking about motion: L1 and L2 speech and gesture. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 145–171.07–249Subrahmanyam, Kaveri (California State U, Los Angeles, USA) & Hsin-Hua Nancy Chen, A crosslinguistic study of children's noun learning: The case of object and substance words. First Language (Sage) 26.2 (2006), 141–160.07–250Sunderman, Gretchen (Florida State U, USA; gsunderm@fsu.edu) & Judith F. Kroll, First language activation during second language lexical processing: An investigation of lexical form, meaning, and grammatical class. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.3 (2006), 387–422.07–251ten Hacken, Pius (Swansea U, UK; p.ten-hacken@swansea.ac.uk), Andrea Abel & Judith Knapp, Word formation in an electronic learners' dictionary: ELDIT. International Journal of Lexicography (Oxford University Press) 19.3 (2006), 243–256.07–252Thi Hoang Oanh, Duong (Hue U, Vietnam; dthoangoahn@gmail.com) & Nguyen Thu Hien, Memorization and EFL students' strategies at university level in Vietnam. TESL-EJ (http://www.tesl-ej.org) 10.2 (2006), 17 pp.07–253Waters, A. (U Lancaster, UK; A.Waters@lancaster.ac.uk), Thinking and language learning. ELT Journal (Oxford University Press) 60.4 (2006), 319–327.07–254Williams, Peter (U East London, UK; pete.williams@rixcentre.org), Developing methods to evaluate web usability with people with learning difficulties. British Journal of Special Education (Blackwell) 33.4 (2006), 173–179.07–255Woodrow, Lindy J. (U Sydney, Australia; l.woodrow@edfac.usyd.edu.au), A model of adaptive language learning. The Modern Language Journal (Blackwell) 90.3 (2006), 297–319.07–256Yoshii, Makoto (Prefectural U Kumamoto, Japan; yoshii@pu-kumamoto.ac.jp), L1 and L2 glosses: Their effects on incidental vocabulary learning. Language Learning & Technology (University of Hawaii) 10.3 (2006), 85–101.07–257Yoshioka, Keiko (Leiden U, the Netherlands; k.yoshioka@let.leidenuniv.nl) & Eric Kellerman, Gestural introduction of ground reference in L2 narrative discourse. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching (Walter de Gruyter) 44.2 (2006), 173–195.07–258Zyzik, Eve (Michigan State U, USA; zyzik@msu.edu), Transitivity alternations and sequence learning: Insights from L2 Spanish production data. Studies in Second Language Acquisition (Cambridge University Press) 28.3 (2006), 449–485.

The research has a purpose of revealing the specifics of the German emotional concept SEHNSUCHT on the basis of corpus-based method being one of the fragments of contrastive linguo-cultural (language-and-culture oriented) analysis of specific linguo-cultural (language-and-culture) concepts. The tested method includes two research procedures: 1) establishing relevant senses of the concept SEHNSUCHT and identifying their basic sense clusters by contrastive translation analysis of concordances built on the basis of the word query Sehnsucht; 2) determining the emotional concepts that can serve as the representatives of the concept SEHNSUCHT in the target linguo-cultures (languages and cultures). The latter procedure includes processing the co-occurrent profile of the word query Sehnsucht. This profile is an up-to-date definition of the lexeme Sehnsucht. By extrapolating the basic semantic features of this definition on the cognitive features of the concept SEHNSUCHT, the main concept representatives of the latter have been determined. It has been revealed that the basic emotional senses of the concept SEHNSUCHT (‘striving’, ‘desire’, ‘wish’, ‘longing’, ‘mourning for a person one loses’, ‘passionate attraction’ and others) create the following sense clusters: 1) ‘intensive inner affection’; 2) ‘passionate (sexual) affection’; 3) ‘striving for life changes (alternatives)’; 4) ‘longing (nostalgia) for life changes (alternatives)’; 5) ‘mourning (grief) for another person, often with no hope’. Based on the linguistic corpus statistic data as of the frequency of co-occurrent-like forms, co-occurrents and left- and right-hand collocates of the word query Sehnsucht, the co-occurrent profile of the word was developed. With the help of the relevant definition of the lexeme Sehnsucht studied on the basis of the co-occurrent profile, the basic concept representatives of the concept SEHNSUCHT, i.e. PASSION, DESIRE, SADNESS, were revealed. These concepts can facilitate an adequate transfer of the specific concept SEHNSUCHT to the target languages and cultures, provided no adequate analogue exists. The tested method may be also applied in psycholinguistic studies aimed at mental and verbal categorization of specific emotions. References Adolphs, S. (2006). Introducing Electronic Text Analysis: A practical guide for language and literary studies. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203087701 Bahn, D., Kauschke, Chr., Vesker, M., & Schwaryer, G. (2018). Perception of Valence and Arousal in German Emotion Terms: A Comparison between 9-year-old Children and Adults. Applied Psycholinguistics, 39(3), 463–481. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716417000443 Belica, C. (2011). Semantische Nähe als Ähnlichkeit von Kookkurrenzprofilen. In A. Abel & R. Zanin (Hrsg.), Korpora in Lehre und Forschung (pp. 155–178). Bozen-Bolzaro: Freie Universität. Bloch, R. (1967). Über die Bedeutung der Todessehnsucht für psychogene Störungen des Ernährungstriebes. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse, 13(1), 63–69. Citron, F., Weekes, B. S., & Ferstl, E. C. (2014). How are Affective Word Ratings Related to Lexicosemantic Properties? Evidence from the Sussex Affective Word List. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35, 313–331. doi:10.1017/S0142716412000409 Cowen, A. S., & Keltner, D. (2017). Self-report Captures 27 Distinct Categories of Emotion Bridged by Continuous Gradients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(38), 7900–7909. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702247114 DKW. (1997). Der kleine Wahrig. Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Gütersloh: Berstelsmann Lexikon. Du, S., Tao, Y., & Martinez, A. M. (2014). Compound Facial Expressions of Emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(15), 1454–1462. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1322355111 DWDS Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Retrieved from: http://www.dwds.de/ressourcen/korpora/ Edgar, A., & Sedgwick, P., (eds). (2007). Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge. Garnham, A. (1985). Psycholinguistics: Central Topics. London & New York: Methuen. Gawda, B. (2019). The Structure of the Concepts Related to Love Spectrum: Emotional Verbal Fluency Technique Application, Initial Psychometrics, and Its Validation. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 48, 1339–1361. https://doi.org./10.1007/s10936-019-09661-y Izard, C. E. (2011). Forms and Functions of Emotions: Matters of Emotion–Cognition Interactions. Emotion Review, 3, 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410737 Каліщук Д., Лазука О. Особливості вербалізації концепту freedom в американському політичному дискурсі доби «холодної війни». East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 2015. Т. 2, № 1, С. 52–58. Kotter-Grühn, D., Scheibe, S., Blanchard-Fields, F. & Baltes, P. B. (2009). Developmental Emergence and Functionality of “Sehnsucht” (Life Longings): The Sample Case of Involuntary Childlessness in Middle-aged Women. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 634–644. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016359 Kövecses, Z. 1990. Emotion Concepts. New York: Springer. Kulpina, V., & Tatarinov, V. (2018). Dictionary of Linguoculturology Terms as a Solution to the Current Research Problem. Open Journal for Studies in Linguistics, 1(1), 15–20. doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsl.0101.02015k Kuperman, V., Estes, Z., Brysbaert, M., & Warriner, A. B. (2014). Emotion and Language: Valence and Arousal Affect Word Recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 1065–1081. doi:10.1037/a0035669. LCC Leipzig Corpora Collection: Deutsches Nachrichten-Korpus basierend auf Texten gecrawlt 2018. Retrieved from: http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/de/res?word=Sehnsucht&corpusId=deu_newscrawl-public_2018 Levenson, R. W. (2011). Basic Emotion Questions. Emotion Review, 3, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410743 Ling. (2002). Sistema Elektronnyih Slovarey [System of Electronic Dictionaries]. ABBYY Lingvo 8.0. Software House. Lomas, T. (2016). Towards a Positive Cross-cultural Lexicography: Enriching Our Emotional Landscape through 216 “Untranslatable” Words Pertaining to Well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 546–558. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1127993 Маслова, В. А. Когнитивная лингвистика. Минск: ТетраСистемс, 2005. Mayer, S., Scheibe, S. & Riediger, M. (2008). (Un)Reachable? An Empirical Differentiation of Goals and Life Longings. European Psychologist, 13(2), 126–140. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.13.2.126 Mizin, K., Letiucha, L., & Petrov, O. (2019). Deutsche linguokulturelle Konzepte im Lichte der germanisch-ostslawischen Kontraste: Methode zur Feststellung von spezifischen bzw. einzigartigen Bedeutungen. Germanoslavica, 30(1), 49-70. Mizin, K., & Letiucha, L. (2019). The Linguo-Cultural Concept TORSCHLUSSPANIK as the Representative of Ethno-Specific Psycho-Emotional State of Germans. Psycholinguistics-Psiholingvistika, 25(2), 234–249. doi: 10.31470/2309-1797-2019-25-2 NWDTEL. (1993). New Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus of the English Language. Danbury CT: Lexicon Publications. Power, M. (2010). Emotion-Focused Cognitive Therapy. Chichester: Wiley. Scheibe, S., Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2007). Toward a Developmental Psychology of Sehnsucht (Life Longings): The Optimal (Utopian) Life. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 778–795. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.778 Scheibe, S., Blanchard-Fields, F., Wiest, M. & Freund, A. M. (2011). Is Longing only for Germans? A Cross-cultural Comparison of Sehnsucht in Germany and the United States. Developmental Psychology, 47(3), 603–618. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021807 Spiegel Online. (2004, October 25). “Habseligkeiten” ist schönstes deutsches Wort [“Belongings” is the most beautiful German word]. Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/0,1518,324670,00.html Stillings, N. A., Chase, Chr. H., Weisler, S. E., Feinstein, M. H., Garfield, J. L., Rissland, E. L., & Weisler, S. W. (1995). Cognitive Science: An Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350030113 Talmy, L. (2007). Foreword. In M. Gonzalez-Marquez, I. Mittelberg, S. Coulson & M. J. Spivey (Eds.), Methods in Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 11–21). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Vater, H. (2006). On the Mental Lexicon. Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online, 4(1), 175–204. Воркачев С. Г. Любов как лингвокультурный концепт. М.: Гнозис, 2007. Wierzbicka, A. (1999). Emotions Across Languages and Cultures: Diversity and Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521256 References (translated and transliterated) Adolphs, S. (2006). Introducing Electronic Text Analysis: A practical guide for language and literary studies. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203087701 Bahn, D., Kauschke, Chr., Vesker, M., & Schwaryer, G. (2018). Perception of valence and arousal in German emotion terms: A comparison between 9-year-old children and adults. Applied Psycholinguistics, 39(3), 463–481. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716417000443 Belica, C. (2011). Semantische Nähe als Ähnlichkeit von Kookkurrenzprofilen. In A. Abel & R. Zanin (Hrsg.), Korpora in Lehre und Forschung (pp. 155–178). Bozen-Bolzaro: Freie Universität. Bloch, R. (1967). Über die Bedeutung der Todessehnsucht für psychogene Störungen des Ernährungstriebes. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychoanalyse, 13(1), 63–69. Citron, F., Weekes, B. S., & Ferstl, E. C. (2014). How are affective word ratings related to lexicosemantic properties? Evidence from the Sussex Affective Word List. Applied Psycholinguistics, 35, 313–331. doi:10.1017/S0142716412000409 Cowen, A. S., & Keltner, D. (2017). Self-report captures 27 distinct categories of emotion bridged by continuous gradients. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(38), 7900–7909. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702247114 DKW. (1997). Der kleine Wahrig. Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Gütersloh: Berstelsmann Lexikon. Du, S., Tao, Y., & Martinez, A. M. (2014). Compound facial expressions of emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(15), 1454–1462. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1322355111 DWDS Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Retrieved from http://www.dwds.de/ressourcen/korpora/ Edgar, A., & Sedgwick, P., (Eds). (2007). Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts. London: Routledge. Garnham, A. (1985). Psycholinguistics: Central Topics. London & New York: Methuen. Gawda, B. (2019). The Structure of the Concepts Related to Love Spectrum: Emotional Verbal Fluency Technique Application, Initial Psychometrics, and Its Validation. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 48, 1339–1361. https://doi.org./10.1007/s10936-019-09661-y Izard, C. E. (2011). Forms and functions of emotions: Matters of emotion–cognition interactions. Emotion Review, 3, 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410737 Kalishchuk, D., & Lazuka, O. (2015). Osoblyvosti verbalizatsii contseptu freedom v amerykanskomu politychnomu dyskursi dobu “kholodnoyi viyny” [Verbalizing the Concept of Freedom in the Cold War U. S. Political Discourse]. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 2(1), 52–58. Kotter-Grühn, D., Scheibe, S., Blanchard-Fields, F. & Baltes, P. B. (2009). Developmental emergence and functionality of “Sehnsucht” (life longings): The sample case of involuntary childlessness in middle-aged women. Psychology and Aging, 24(3), 634–644. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016359 Kövecses, Z. 1990. Emotion Concepts. New York: Springer. Kulpina, V., & Tatarinov, V. (2018). Dictionary of Linguoculturology Terms as a Solution to the Current Research Problem. Open Journal for Studies in Linguistics, 1(1), 15–20. doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsl.0101.02015k Kuperman, V., Estes, Z., Brysbaert, M., & Warriner, A. B. (2014). Emotion and language: Valence and arousal affect word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 1065–1081. doi:10.1037/a0035669. LCC Leipzig Corpora Collection: Deutsches Nachrichten-Korpus basierend auf Texten gecrawlt 2018. Retrieved from http://corpora.uni-leipzig.de/de/res?word=Sehnsucht&corpusId=deu_newscrawl-public_2018 Levenson, R. W. (2011). Basic emotion questions. Emotion Review, 3, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911410743 Ling. (2002). Sistema Elektronnyih Slovarey [System of Electronic Dictionaries]. ABBYY Lingvo 8.0. Software House. Lomas, T. (2016). Towards a Positive Cross-cultural Lexicography: Enriching Our Emotional Landscape through 216 “Untranslatable” Words Pertaining to Well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 546–558. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1127993 Maslova, V. A. (2005). Kognitivnaya lingvistika [Cognitive Linguistics]. Minsk: TetraSistems. Mayer, S., Scheibe, S. & Riediger, M. (2008). (Un)Reachable? An empirical differentiation of goals and life longings. European Psychologist, 13(2), 126–140. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.13.2.126 Mizin, K., Letiucha, L., & Petrov, O. (2019). Deutsche linguokulturelle Konzepte im Lichte der germanisch-ostslawischen Kontraste: Methode zur Feststellung von spezifischen bzw. einzigartigen Bedeutungen. Germanoslavica, 30(1), 49-70. Mizin, K., & Letiucha, L. (2019). The Linguo-Cultural Concept TORSCHLUSSPANIK as the Representative of Ethno-Specific Psycho-Emotional State of Germans. Psycholinguistics-Psiholingvistika, 25(2), 234–249. doi: 10.31470/2309-1797-2019-25-2 NWDTEL. (1993). New Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus of the English Language. Danbury CT: Lexicon Publications. Power, M. (2010). Emotion-Focused Cognitive Therapy. Chichester: Wiley. Scheibe, S., Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2007). Toward a developmental psychology of Sehnsucht (life longings): The optimal (utopian) life. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 778–795. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.778 Scheibe, S., Blanchard-Fields, F., Wiest, M. & Freund, A. M. (2011). Is longing only for Germans? A cross-cultural comparison of Sehnsucht in Germany and the United States. Developmental Psychology, 47(3), 603–618. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021807 Spiegel Online. (2004, October 25). “Habseligkeiten” ist schönstes deutsches Wort [“Belongings” is the most beautiful German word]. Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/0,1518,324670,00.html Stillings, N. A., Chase, Chr. H., Weisler, S. E., Feinstein, M. H., Garfield, J. L., Rissland, E. L., & Weisler, S. W. (1995). Cognitive Science: An Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350030113 Talmy, L. (2007). Foreword. In M. Gonzalez-Marquez, I. Mittelberg, S. Coulson & M. J. Spivey (Eds.), Methods in Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 11–21). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Vater, H. (2006). On the Mental Lexicon. Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online, 4(1), 175–204. Vorkachev, S. G. (2007). Lyubov’ kak lingvokul’turniy kontsept [Love as a Linguocultural Concept]. Moscow: Gnozis [in Russian]. Wierzbicka, A. (1999). Emotions Across Languages and Cultures: Diversity and Universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511521256